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  • 1970-1974
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  • 1969  (546)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (546)
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  • 1970-1974
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  • 101
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 452-454 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 102
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 477-480 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 103
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 480-486 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 104
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 486-486 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 105
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 486-487 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 106
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. XVI 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 107
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 488-492 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 108
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 109
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 523-530 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 110
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 111
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 578-583 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Cathodic corrosion of lead in the soilCathodic corrosion of lead in the soil can be expected in exceptional cases only. The corrosion found on a particular lead cable could be simulated in the laboratory. It could be confirmed, that  -  probably by decomposition of primary lead hydride  -  metallic lead is deposited below layers of Ca and Mg compounds already at potentials below -1,7 V. A special switching method was developed to account for breakthrough polarisation.
    Notes: Kathodische Korrosion von Blei im Boden ist grundsätzlich nur in Ausnahmefällen zu erwarten. Diese an einem Kabel gefundene Korrosion wurde im Laboratorium nachgebildet. Hierbei konnte bestätigt werden, daß unter Deckschichten aus Calcium- und Magnesiumverbindungen bei Potentialen schon unter -1,7 V metallisches, Blei abgeschieden wurde, wahrscheinlich durch Zersetzung von primär entstandenem Bleihydrid. Für derartige Untersuchungen wurde eine spezielle Schaltmethode entwickelt, bei welcher auch die Durchtrittspolarisation berücksichtigt wird.
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  • 112
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 571-574 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Silicon nitride  -  a corrosion resistant refractory materialSilicon nitride as a material having high temperature strength (flexural strength at 1500° C still 15-20 kp/mm2) is, in addition, highly corrosion resistant. This resistance applies to mineral acids (although results are somewhat scattering), and even HF produces but slow dissolution. Oxide slags and glass melts attack but slowly, and it is resistant to many salt melts, not, however to hydroxide solutions or molten alkalies. Nonoxidising gases have no effect, in oxidising atmospheres a protective SiO2 layer is formed which yields good resistance up to 1600° C. Hydrogen does not react up to 1250° C with silicon nitride. Molten metals attack vehemently when the corresponding silicides are formed easily. The reaction with copper takes place in the air only, not in the vacuum.
    Notes: Siliziumnitrid als Werkstoff mit hoher Temperaturbeständigkeit (Biegefestigkeit bei 1500° C noch 15-20 kp/mm2) ist außerdem noch äußerst korrosionsbeständig. Gegen Mineralsäuren aller Konzentrationen ist es hoch beständig (obwohl die Ergebnisse stark streuen), und auch von HF wird es nur langsam gelöst. Oxidische Schlacken und Glasschmelzen greifen nur sehr langsam an, ebenso ist es beständig gegen viele Salzschmelzen, nicht hingegen in Hydroxidlösungen und Alkalischmelzen. Nichtoxydierende Gase zeigen keine Einwirkung, in oxydierenden Gasen entsteht eine SiO2-Schutzschicht, welche bis 1600° C gute Beständigkeit gewährleistet. Wasserstoff reagiert bis 1250° C nicht mit Si-Nitrid. Metallschmelzen wirken besonders stark, wenn die entsprechenden Silicide leicht entstehen können. Mit Cu-Schmelzen reagiert das Nitrid nur an der Luft, nicht im Vakuum.
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  • 113
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 575-578 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Transition resistance in rolling contact as an indication of oxide layers on galvanic metal layersUnder standard conditions the surfaces of spheres with metal coatings (Cu, Ag, Au, Sn, Zn, Cr, Ni, Pd) in rolling contact are covered by a thin continuous tarnish which is permeable to electrons. Thicker oxide islands without electron permeability are superimposed in statistical distribution. These islands are found the more frequent, the higher the free enthalpy of the particular metal oxide. In the contact faces tarnish and oxide islands are superimposed on each other during rolling contact, and after a duration characteristic of each metal there results a quasi-metallic or a nonmetallic contact accompanied by characteristic changes of electrical resistances. Different time functions for the variations in the contact faces are found with identical and non-identical contact partners.
    Notes: Bei Normalbedingungen sind die Oberflächen von miteinander in Rollkontakt stehenden Kugeln mit Metallüberzügen (Cu, Ag, Au, Sn, Zn, Cr, Ni, Pd) von einer dünnen, kohärenten Anlaufschicht bedeckt, die elektronendurchlässig ist. Auf dieser Schicht sind örtlich statistisch verteilt dickere Oxidinseln ohne Elektronendurchlässigkeit. Die Oxidinseln treten um so häufiger auf, je größer die freie Enthalpie der betreffenden Metalloxide ist. In den Kontaktflächen überlagern sich während des Rollens Oxidinseln und Anlaufschichten und nach für jedes Metall charakteristischen Zeiten ergibt sich quasimetallischer oder nichtmetallischer Kontakt mit charakteristischen Widerstandsänderungen. Bei gleichen und ungleichen Kontaktpartnern ergeben sich unterschiedliche Zeitabhängigkeiten für die Kontaktänderung.
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  • 114
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 583-595 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Destruction of high purity aluminium, zinc and plexiglass by flow cavitationCavitation in cold and warm water produces a strengthening of aluminium during a first incubation period, although fine cracks are already formed which induce erosion. It is for this reason that cathodic protection remains without effect. The same applies to Zn which undergoes a limited translation (because of its lower plasticity) and twin formation and, later on, erosion. Plexiglass absorbs water, while cracks starting at weak spots in the structure induce erosion and fatigue cracks are formed later on. The second stage of cavitation is characterized by high weight losses, connected with strong changes in the material surface, while in the third stage decreasing weight losses can be found. This decrease is attributed to the fact, that the water formed by bubble implosion in cracks cannot flow out easily and thus forms a sort of protective cushion.
    Notes: Al wird während einer Inkubationsperiode durch Kalt- und Warmwasserkavitation mechanisch verfestigt, doch bilden sich schon feine Risse, welche die Erosion einleiten. Aus diesem Grunde ist kathodischer Schutz unwirksam. Gleiches gilt für Zn, bei dem es zunächst zu begrenzter Translation und Zwillingsbildung, später zu Erosion kommt. Plexiglas nimmt Wasser auf, wobei durch Erosion an schwachen Gefügestellen Erosion eingeleitet wird und später Ermüdungsrisse auftreten. Der zweite Bereich ist charakterisiert durch hohe Gewichtsverluste, verbunden mit starker Veränderung der Werkstoffoberfläche, während im dritten Stadium wieder eine Abnahme der Gewichtsverluste festzustellen ist. Diese Verringerung dürtle darauf zurückzuführen sein, daß das durch Implosion von Blasen in den Rissen entstehende Wasser dann nicht mehr leicht abfließen kann und so eine Art Schutzpolster bildet.
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  • 115
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 651-658 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The behaviour of Pt/PtRh and Ni/NiMo thermal elements in the high temperature vacuum furnace in the presence of material containing chromiumDuring annealing under vacuum (10-3 to 10-4 Torr) at temperatures exceeding 1200° C, it is always necessary to reckon with the evaporation of Cr from the built-in parts of the furnace (highly alloyed steels). The evaporated Cr is, inter alia, deposited on the thermo-elements, affecting their thermal potentials and reducing their service life, due to the formation of hard and brittle inter-metal compounds. A remedy consists in the use of vacuum-tight thermo-element protection tubes (which admittedly gives rise to a certain inertia of indication) or in the reduction of the vacuum through the addition of nitrogen as soon as a temperature of 1000° C is exceeded. It is also recommended to use ceramic components or those consisting of Mo plates without Cr content.
    Notes: Bei Glühen unter Vakuum (10-3 bis 10-4 Torr) bei über 1200° C ist immer mit Verdampfen von Cr aus den Einbauteilen des Ofens (hochlegierte Stähle) zu rechnen. Das verdampfte Cr lagert sich u. a. auf den Thermoelementen ab, verändert deren Thermospannung und verkürzt deren Lebensdauer, und zwar infolge der Bildung harter und spröder intermetallischer Verbindungen. Abhilfe besteht in der Verwendung vakuumdichter Thermoelementschutzrohre (was allerdings zu einer gewissen Trägheit der Anzeige führt) oder in der Verringerung des Vakuums mittels Zusatz von Stickstoff, sobald 1000° C überschritten werden. Zu empfehlen ist auch die Verwendung von Einbauteilen aus Keramik oder aus Mo-Blechen ohne Cr-Gehalte.
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  • 116
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. XXVI 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 733-749 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: A comparative study of stress corrosion cracking and corrosion fatigueOn the basis of experiments (without external current, potentiostatic, anodic polarisation) in MgCl2, with CrNi steel 18/9 a mechanism is postulated for stress corrosion cracking; according to this theory the effect Of a primary movement of dislocations is increased by more difficult repassivation and a notch effect due to increasing surface roughness. The same applies to corrosion fatigue, but effects are more localized here.
    Notes: Aufgrund von Versuchen (außenstromlos, potentiostatisch, unter anodischer Polarisierung) in MgCl2, mit CrNi-Stahl 18/9 wird ein Mechanismus der SpRK disku- tiert; danach ist Ausgangspunkt der SpRK eine Versetzungsbewegung, wozu eine Erschwerung der Repassivierung und die durch zunehmende Oberflächenzerklüftung bedingte Kerbwirkung kommen. Für SRK gilt ähnliches, nur sind die Wirkungen örtlich konzentriert.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 784-789 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 791-799 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 800-805 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 807-817 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 805-807 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 838-838 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969) 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 922-923 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 923-930 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 975-980 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 990-990 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 1034-1039 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 1040-1044 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 1039-1040 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 1045-1046 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 1046-1049 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 22-27 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Testing of, and experience with, corrosion protection through coating systems on silicon resin basis, with special reference to stresses caused by temperature fluctuations.The paper reports on the development of aluminium-pigmented silicon resin coatings which hace temperature endurance strength of at least 600°C and can be exposed to temperature fluctations from 600°C to 0°C without suffering damage. A special advantage of these systems consists in the use of the same recipe for primer and finishing coat and in the fact that the coating provides a complete corrosion protection even without stoving. The systems have been throughly tried out both in realistic tests, which are described in detail, and in actual practice. After more than one year's successful experience with the coating applied to the doors of the drying kilns of a brickworks, under strong exposure to drying gases containing SO2, these coatings are expected to have to life of at least five years.
    Notes: Es wird über die Entwickling von aluminiumpigmentierten Siliconharzanstrichen berichtet, die eine Dauertemperaturbeständigkeit von mindestens 600°C besitzen und dabei Temperaturwechselbeanspruchungen von 600°C bis 0°C ohne Schaden ausgesetzt werden können. Einbesonderer Vorteil der entwicklten Systeme besteht in der Verwendung der gleichen Rezeptur für Grundierung und Deckanstrich sowie darin, daß auch der nicht eingebrannte Anstrich bereits einen vollkommenen Korrosionsschutz bietet. Die Systeme wurden in praxisnahen Tests, die ausführlich geschildert werden, wie auch in der Praxis eingehend erprobt. Nach mehr als einjähriger Bewährung in einem praktischen Einsatz auf den Trockenkammertüren einer Ziegelei, wobei eine sehr starke Belastung durch SO2-haltige Trockengase gegeben ist, wird erwartet, daß diese Anstriche eine Lebensdauer von mindestens 5 Jahren Besitzen.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigation into the pitting corrosion of passive austenitic CrNi steels in neutral chloride solutionsStainless steels of the 18/8 CrNi-Type suffer pitting corrosion by halogen ions. Potentiokinetic, galvanostatic and potentiostatic tests as well as the ferro-ferricyanide-tests showed that pitting susceptibility increases with Cl- content, temperature and oxygen content of the electrolyte, with decreasing homogeneity and purity of the material. Cold-working is without significant influence on the pitting potential. Mn up to 11,2% increases pitting potential by 50 mV, Ni up to 25% increases the potential by 200 mV, Cr up to 30 and Mo up to 4,6% increase the potential by max. 900 mV in 3% NaCl of pH 7,5 at 22° C. The four methods employed gave the same pitting potentials. Before arriving at the potential of stationary pitting all steels showed a region where formation and repassivation of single pits occur.Cathodic protection to suppress pitting causes H2-absorption. The amount of absorbed H2 increases as the potential becomes more negative. Hydrogen embrittlement was not observed. The absorbed H2 impairs pitting resistance. The study of Cl--adsorption as a pitting releasing process by help of the potentiostatic method, working with a reference source of triangular alternating voltage gave no indication of a preferential Cl--adsorption or an Cl--adsorption-potential near the pitting potential.
    Notes: Passive 18/8 Cr-Ni-Stähle unterliegen der durch Halogenionen hervorgerufenen Lochfraßkorrosion. Die Durchführung potentiokinetischer, potentiostatischer und galvanostatischer Versuche sowie des Indikatortestes zeigte, daß die Lochfraß-anfälligkeit von Chrom-Nickel-Stählen mit dem Chlorionengehalt, der Temperatur und dem Sauerstoffgehalt des Elektrolyten sowie mit abnehmender Homogenität und Reinheit des Werkstoffes ansteigt. Eine Kaltverformung zeigt keinen eindeutigen Einfluß. Überhöhte Potential-Vorschubgeschwindigkeiten verfälschen das Ergebnis der potentiokinetischen Messungen des Lochfraßpotentials. In 3%iger NaCl-Lösung vom pH-Wert 7,5 bei 22° C erhöhen Mn-Gehalte bis 11,2% und Ni-Gehalte bis 25% das Lochfraßpotential um maximal 50 bzw. 200 mV, Cr-Gehalte bis 30% sowie Mo-Gehalte bis 4,6% steigern das Lochfraßpotential um maximal 900 mV. Die vier Untersuchungsverfahren ergaben Übereinstimmende Ergebnisse bzw. Lochfraßpotentiale. Alle Stähle zeigten vor dem Potential des stationären Lochfraßes einen Potentialbereich, in dem repassivierbarer Lochfraß beobachtet wurde.Kathodischer Schutz zur Verhinderung von Lochfraß bewirkt eine mit negativer werdendem Potential zunehmende Wasserstoffaufnahme, jedoch keine Beeinflussung der Kerbschlagzähigkeit. Dagegen vermindert der aufgenommene Wasserstoff die Lochfraßbeständigkeit des Stahls. Die Untersuchung der Chlorionenadsorption als lochfraßauslösendem Vorgang mit der potentiostatischen Dreiecksspannungsmethode ergab keinen Hinweis auf die bevorzugte Cl--Adsorption oder ein Cl--Adsorptionspotential in der Nähe des Lochfraßpotentials.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 54-67 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 67-72 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 75-77 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 73-75 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 77-79 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 79-80 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 80-84 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 86-86 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 86-86 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 86-86 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 98-102 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The corrosion resistance of the silicides of transitional metalsThe disilicides of Ti, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo and W, as well as Mo5Si3, Mo3Si and W3Si2 have, in general, an extremely high resistance to acids. However, the silicides of Mo and W have a low resistance to most acids whilst the remaining silicides have a high resistance to nitric, hydrochloric and sulphuric acid, but a low resistance to hydrofluoric acid, but a low resistance to hydrofluoric acid. Similar conditions are encountered for hydroazoic acid whilst the resistance of all silicides to NaOH is poor. The high resistance to acids is due to the formation of a surface layer rich in SiO2. To obtain comparable results, the silicides were ground to powder which was then fused in a plasma are into fairly uniform globules.
    Notes: Die Disilicide von Ti, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo und W sowie Mo5Si3 Mo3Si und W3Si2 sind im allgemeinen äußerst beständig gegen Säuren. Schlecht beständig in den meisten Säuren sind die Silicide von Mo und W, während die übrigen Silicide in Salpeter-, Salz- und Schwefelsäure gut, in Flußsäure schlecht beständig sind. Ähnliche Verhältnisse ergeben sich auch für Stickstoffwasserstoffsäure, während in Natriumhydroxid sämtliche Silicide schlecht beständig sind. Die gute Beständigkeit in Säuren beruht auf der Bildung einer SiO2-reichen Oberflächenschicht. Um vergleichbare Ergebnisse zu erhalten, wurden die Silicide nach ihrer Herstellung gemahlen und in einem Plasmabrenner zu ziemlich einheitlichen Kügelchen geschmolzen.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 87-93 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Evaluation of atmospheric corrosion tests with iron, copper and zinc, extending over three years, at Czechoslovak testing stationsAt three testing stations in Czechoslovakia, carbon steel, metallurgical zinc and metallurgical copper were exposed to atmospheric corrosion for three years. Samples were taken for examination after 6 weeks, 14 weeks, 6 months, 12 months and 2 years. The humidity and temperature conditions experienced during the test period were recorded in „climatographs“, and the SO2 contents were measured cumulatively. After a time, the corrosion rate is found to assume a stationary condition which has often not been recognized in previous research work because the initial periods, showing a different behaviour, were included in the evaluation. The results confirm the known close correlation between corrosion and humidity, though different mechanisms must be assumed for the different metals investigated. In the case of Zn and Cu, the SO2 content in the atmosphere is the decisive factor whilst, for Fe, the content of SO42- ions in the rust is more important. In either case, critical values are encountered which are governed, respectively, by the possibility of adsorbing SO2 at the phase boundary and by the possibility of compounding the SO42- ions in the rust.
    Notes: Auf drei atmosphärischen Prüfstationen der ČSSR wurden C-Stahl, Hüttenzink und Hüttenkupfer 3 Jahre lang exponiert; nach 6 Wochen, 14 Wochen, 6 Monaten, 12 Monaten und 2 Jahren wurden Proben zur Untersuchung entnommen. Die während des Versuchszeitraums herrschenden Feuchtigkeits- und Temperaturwerte wurden in Klimatogrammen zusammengefaßt und der SO2-Gehalt kumulativ gemessen. Für die Geschwindigkeit der Korrosion ergibt sich nach einer gewissen Zeit ein stationärer Zustand, der in bisherigen Arbeiten häufig nicht erkannt wurde, weil bei der Auswertung auch die davon abweichenden Anfangsperioden mit berücksichtigt wurden. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen die schon bekannte starke Abhängigkeit der Korrosion von der Feuchtigkeit, wobei für die untersuchten Metalle verschiedene Mechanismen angenommen werden müssen. Für Zn und Cu ist der Gehalt an SO2 in der Atmosphäre entscheidend, während für Fe der Gehalt an SO42--Ionen im Rost ausschlaggebend ist. In beiden Fällen treten kritische Werte auf, die einmal durch die Möglichkeiten der Adsorption von SO2 an der Phasengrenze, zum anderen durch die Bindungsmöglichkeit für SO42--Ionen im Rost bedingt sind.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 102-108 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Occurrence, formation and phase transformation of β-FeOOH in rustA prerequisite to the formation of β-FeOOH is the presence of chloride or fluoride ions. These may take the form of corresponding acids, or of their salts. β-FeOOH is formed in the presence even of minute quantities of chloride, e. g. also under conditions of pitting corrosion, when FeCl2, - 4 H2O is formed. If the chloride input ceases, the hitherto unaffected surfaces will be affected by the normal α or γ-FeOOH, as the chloride ions are then fixed in the β-FeOOH lattice. β-FeOOH remains stable at low PH values only; at higher PH values, it is transformed into the α-modification or hematite. In contact with metallic iron, β-FeOOH has the effect of accelerating the corrosion rate, probably because of the continued liberation of chloride ions.
    Notes: Für die Bildung von β-FeOOH ist die Anwesenheit von Chlorid- oder Fluoridionen Voraussetzung. Diese können in Form der entsprechenden Säuren oder auch von Salzen vorliegen. Schon bei An- wesenheit kleinster Chloridmengen entsteht dabei β-FeOOH, z. B. auch unter Lochfraßbedingungen, wobei FeCl2·4H2O entsteht. Hört die Chloridzufuhr auf, so entsteht an den freien Flüchen noch das übliche α- oder γ-FeOOH, da die Chlorionen dann im Gitter von β-FeOOH fixiert sind. Das β-FeOOH ist nur bei niedrigen PHWerten stabil, bei höheren Werten wandelt es sich in die σ-Modifkation oder in Hämatit um. σ-FeOOH wirkt in Kontakt mit metallischem Eisen korrosionsbeschleunigend, wahrscheinlich weil hierbei immer wieder Chlorionen freiwerden.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 126-126 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 108-118 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The problem of pitting corrosion with copper pipes in drinking water mainsInvestigations into cases of corrosion observed on copper pipes of water mains in Vienna and Linz have given rise to some useful practical knowledge concerning corrosion prevention: Lengthy periods of stagnation after the installation are detrimental whilst short periods of stagnation are beneficial. This is because, in the latter case, protective layers (Cu2O) are formed whilst, in the former case  -  and especially if there is no intermediate rinsing  -  the sedimentation of suspend matter is liable to cause the formation of a non-uniform cover layer. The thickness of the cover layer must not exceed a certain critical value as the elasticity of the layer would otherwise decline so that metal would be bared when the pipe is bent. Soldering at the time of installation calls for great care since soldering remnants are, in principle, detrimental. In contrast, the aggressivity of the water (ions, sedimentations) is not of major importance if the above-mentioned conditions are met.
    Notes: Untersuchungen an Korrosionsfällen in kupfernen Wasserleitungsrohren (Wien und Linz) ermöglichen einige für die Praxis wichtige Hinweise zur Korrosionsverhinderung: längere Stillstandsperioden nach Installation sind ungünstig, kürzere Stillstandsperioden hingegen günstig, weil im letzten Falle schützende Deckschichten entstehen (Cu2O), während im ersten Falle  -  besonders, wenn zwischenzeitlich nicht gespült wird. Die Dicke der entstehenden Deckschicht darf eine gewisse Grenze nicht überschreiten, da sonst die Elastizität der Deckschichten abnimmt und beim Biegen der Rohre Metall freigelegt wird. Löten bei der Installation erfordert große Vorsicht, da Lötmittelrückstände grundsätzlich nachteilig sind. Die Aggressivität des Wassers (Ionen, Ablagerungen) spielt hingegen keine große Rolle, sofern die obengenannten Voraussetzungen erfüllt sind.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 119-124 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: The electrode behaviour of zinc and iron in calcium hydroxide solutions and in mortarThe behaviour of zinc (fine zinc and metallurgical zinc) and of unalloyed steel in a saturated calcium hydroxide solution and in mortar has been the subject of electrode-kinetic investigations. The observations showed that the behaviour of fine zinc, metallurgical zinc and galvanized steel is more or less identical, and that even the mortar coating has little effect on the electrode behaviour. It is found that (a)zinc is passivated by a zinc oxide layer;(b)the potential of a short-circuit cell consisting passive zinc and iron becomes so negative that hydrogen is developed at the iron at an appreciable rate;(c)the passivity Of the zinc in a solution containing chloride is removed at a much higher chloride concentration than that of steel.In the case of a galvanized electrode with an electrolytically dissolved layer of pure zinc, the current/potential characteristic was similar to that of the passive iron.
    Notes: Es wurden elektrodenkinetische Untersuchungen über das Verhalten von Zink (Feinzink und Hüttenzink) und von un-legiertem Stahl in gesättigter Calcium-hydroxidlösung und in Mörtel ausgeführt. Die Messungen ergaben, daß sich Feinzink, Hüttenzink und feuerverzinkter Stahl im wesentlichen gleich verhalten und daß auch die Mörtelumhüllung das Elektrodenverhalten kaum verändert. Es wird festgestellt, (a)daß Zink durch eine Zinkoxidschicht passiviert wird,(b)daß das Potential einer Kurzschlußzelle aus passivem Zink und Eisen so negativ wird, daß am Eisen mit merklicher Geschwindigkeit Wasserstoff entwickelt wird,(c)daß die Passivität des Zinks in chloridhaltiger Lösung erst bei wesentlich, höherer Chloridkonzentration aufgehoben wird als die des Stahls.Bei einer feuerverzinkten Elektrode mit elektrolytisch abgetragener Reinzinkschicht war die Stromspannungskurve der des passiven Eisens ähnlich.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 126-126 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 125-126 
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The chemical equilibria encountered with the chromium-plating of steelIn order to determine the equilibrium conditions, the authors investigated, in the compound system Fe(s) + CrJ2(g) ⇌ Cr(s) + FeJ2(g) used for diffusion-type chromium plating, the two stages Cr(s)+ 2J(g) ⇌ CrJ2(g) and Fe(s) + 2J(g) ⇌ FeJ2(g) which determine the reaction rate. The former stage was investigated at a temperature range of 700 to 1160° C, the latter at 760 to 1080° C. In this temperature range, the equilibrium is shifted somewhat to the left, the shift increasing with higher temperatures. However, as the general correlation of the equilibrium constants with temperature is low, it may be assumed that chromium-plating could be carried out over a much wider temperature range than is usual at present.
    Notes: Für die Ermittlung der Gleichgewichts-beziehungen wurden in dem für die Diffusionsverchromung verwendeten Verbindungs-system Fe(f) + CrJ2(g) ⇌ Cr(f) + FeJ(g) die beiden geschwindigkeitsbestim-menden Schritte Cr(f)+ 2 J(g) ⇌ CrJ2,(g) und Fe(f) + 2 J(g) ⇌ FeJ2(g) untersucht, und zwar die erste bei 700-1100, die zweite bei 760 und 1080° C. Das Gleichgewicht ist im untersuchten Temperaturbereich etwas nach links verschoben, und zwar um so stärker, je höher die Temperatur ist. Die insgesamt geringe Temperaturabhängigkeit der Gleichgewichtskonstanten läßt jedoch vermuten, daß die Inchromierung in einem weit breiteren Temperaturbereich geführt werden kann als es bisher in der Praxis geschieht.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 27-29 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion indicator for devices made of metals capable of passivationThe authors describe a fully transistorized instrument which indicates changes in the corrosion behaviour on the strength of the change in potential of a metal in the vicinity of the passivation potential, and - by means of visual and acoustic signals - indicates the need for remedial measures. Conversely, the instrument is also suited to indicate changes in the surrounding medium so that it can be used for the continuous monitoring of working conditions. Its application is, however, confined to those cases where the difference in the corrosion rates in the active and passive state is considerable.
    Notes: Beschrieben wird ein volltransitorisiertes Gerät, das aufgrund der Potential-änderung eines Metalls in der Umgebung des Passivierungspotentials Änderungen im Korrosionsverhalten anzeigt und damit -über optische und akustische Signale - auf die Notwendigkeit von Abhilfemaßnahmen hinweist. Es eignet sich umgekehrt auch zur Anzeige von Veränderungen im umgebenden Medium und damit zur kontinuierlichen Überwachung von Betriebsbediungungen. Die Anwedung ist allerdings auf die Fälle beschränkt, in denen der Unterschied der Korrosions geschwindigkeit im aktiven und passiven Zustand beträchtlich ist.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 166
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 29-30 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Contribution to the problem of the corrosion of lead in the building industryThe corrosion resistance of lead in mortar can be improved by surface treatment. The best protection is obtained with a chromate layer, followed by phosphate and the sulphate layers. The corrosion resistance of the protective layers is consistently superior when the mill scale on the lead sheet is removed by pickling prior to immersion into the treating solutions. While the useful life of a lead sheet (2.6 mm thick) without surface treatment is about 58 months in lime mortar and 43 months in cement mortar, the respective values for chromated sheets are 147 and 116 months.
    Notes: Die Korrosionsbeständigkeit von Blei in Mörtel kann durch Oberflächenbehandlung verbessert werden. Den besten Schutz bietet eine Chromatierungschicht, etwas schlechter ist eine Phosphatierungsschicht, und die geringste Schutzwirkung besitzt die Sulfatschicht. Der Korrosionswiderstand der Schutzschichten ist immer dann höher, wenn die Walzhaut des Bleibleches vor dem Eintauchen in die deckschichtbildenden Lösungen durch Ätzen entfernt wird. Während die Lebensdauer eines Bleiblechs von 2,6 mm Dicke ohne Oberflächenbehandlung in Kalkmörtel etwa 43 Monate beträgt, liegt sie im Falle der chromatierten Bleche bei 147 bzw. 166 Monaten.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 37-42 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 169
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 19-22 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Adhesive strength in interfacesOn the thesis that the adhesion between two phases - e.g. coating and substratum - is a function of the interfacial tension at the phase boundary concerned, tests have been carried out on a number of different surface protection systems. To begin with the thesis was corroborated by testing the adhesive strength of PTFE powder on different plastics. It was also found that the tensile and peeling strength calues of glued plastics show a rapid decline as the interfacial tension between plastics and hardened adhesive increases. In analogy, the same correlation was found to apply to the fouling resistance of coatings. -With decreasing interfacial tension, i.e. with increasing wettability, the resistance to fouling will decrease. In practice, it is necessary to accept a compromise in order to obtain an adequate adhesive strength of the lacquers film yet, at the same time, a low fouling-proneness.
    Notes: Ausgehend von der Annahme, daß die Haftfestigkeit zwischen zwei Phasen -z.B. Anstrichfilm und Substrat- eine Funktion der Grenzflächenspannung an der betreffenden Phasengrenzfläche ist, werden verschiedene Systeme zum Oberflächenschutz überprüft. Zunächst wird die Annahme bestätigt in Versuchen über das Haftvermögen von PTFE-Pulver an verschiedenen Kunststoffen. Außerdem wird gefunden, daß die Zug- und Schälfestigkeit verklebter Kunststoffe mit zunehmender Grenzflächenspannung zwischen Kunststoff und ausgehärtetem Klebstoff rasch abnehmen. In Analogie dazu wurde festgestellt, daß die gleiche Beziehung auch für die Verschmutzbarkeit von Anstrichfilmen gilt: mit abnehmender Grenzflächenspannung, d.h. zunehmender Benetzbarkeit, nimmt die Verschmutzungsanfälligkeit zu. In der Praxis ist man gezwungen, einen Kompromiß zu suchen, um einerseits austeichende Haftfestigkeit des Lackfilms und andererseits geringe Verchmutzungsanfälligkeit zu erhalten.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 12-19 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The effect of water on paint coatingsThe water absorption of varnishes and organic coatings is normally known as “swelling”. In many cases, however, a homogeneous water absorption through swelling of the polymer substance is of lesser importance than a heterogeneous water absorption. The latter may occur at the inner interfaces of a lacquers or plastic coating, e.g. at the interface between coating base, at the interface between polymer substance (binder) and filler (pigment), or at the interfaces within the polymer substance itself. One important cause of heterogeneous water absorption is the occurence of osmotic processes which are caused by water soluble substances present or originating at the boundaries. With such absorption, the freezing temperature of the polymer substance plays an important part. It is possible to ascertain experimentally how polymer films are absorbing the water. In this way, the influence of water on the film properties can be better evaluated than by simply ascribing all the water intake to a swelling process.
    Notes: Die Wasserabsorption von Lacken und organischen Beschichtungen wird üblicherweise als Quellung bezeichnet. Häufig ist aber eine homogene Wasserabsorption durch Quellung der Polymersubstanz gegenüber einer heterogenen Wasseraufnahme von untergeordneter Bedeutung. Eine hetrogene Wasseraufnahme kann an inneren Grenzflächen einer Lack- oder Kunststoffbeschichtung erfolgen, z.B. an der Grenzfläche zum Untergrund, an der Grenzfläche zwischen Polymersubstanz (Bubdenuttek) und Füllstoff (Pigment) oder an Grenzflächen innerhalb der Polymersubstanz selbst. Eine wichtige Ursache für heterogene Wassereinlagerungen sind osmotische Vorgänge, die durch an den Grenzflächen vorhandene oder dort entstehende wasserlösliche Stoffe verusacht werden. Die Einfriertemperatur der Polymersubstanz spielt bei dieser Einlagerung eine wichtige Rolle. Es ist experimentell möglich, festzustellen, in welcher Weise gefükkte Polymerfilme Wasser absorbieren. Dadurch läßt sich der Einfluß von Wasser auf Filmeigenschaften besser beurteilen, als wenn alles aufgenommene Wasser summarich einem Quellungsvorgang zugeschrieben wird.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 35-37 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 30-35 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Application of zirconium in chemical plant constructionIt ist in this decade only, that zirconium has become an established special material in chemical plant construction. Zirconium is used in particular where high corrosion resistance is required, e.g. with processes involving sulfuric, hydrochloric, nitric and phosphoric acids, chlorides (except ferric and cupric chlorides), alkalies, urea, hydrogen peroxide and lactic acid. Preferred types of equipment are reaction columns, pump casing, heat exchangers and tubing, e.g. in connection with the production of dyes, pigments (erosion resistance), foods, hydrogen peroxide and urea. The price of zirconium, though still high if compared with that of nickel-base alloys or high-alloy stainless steels is soon amortized as a consequence of the low maintenance requirement.
    Notes: Zirkonium ist im Laufe von nur 10 Jahren zu einem fest eingeführten Sonderwerkstoff des Apparatebaues geworden. Es wird vor allem bei hohen Ansprüchen an die Korrosionsbeständigkeit eingesetzt, z.B. bei Verfahren mit Schwefel-, Salz-, Salpeter- und Phosphorsäure, Chloriden (außer Eisen-III- und Kupfer-II-chlorid), Alkalien, Harnstoff, Wasserstoffsuperoxid, Milchsäure. Bevorzugte Apparaturen sind Reaktionstürme, Pumpengehäuse, Wärmeaustauscher und Rohrleitungen, z.B. bei der Herstellung von Farbstoffen, Pigmenten (Erosionsbeständigkeit), Nahrungsmitteln, Wasserstoffsuperoxid und Harnstoff. Der noch immer höhere Preis des Zirkoniums im Verleich mit Legierungen auf Bickelbasis oder hochlegierten nichtrostenden Stählen amortisiert sich bald aufgrund des geringen Wartungsbedarfs.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 43-48 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 48-53 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. I 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 94-98 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Electron-optical and electro-chemical investigation into the passive behaviour of fine lead in hot concentrated sulphuric acidThe passivation of fine lead in hot concentrated sulphuric acid is exclusively governed by a lead sulphate layer. A stable passive condition can only be maintained within a narrow range of potentials. In the trans-passive zone (above + 600 mV), as with potentials below the passivation potential, a loose suphate layer is formed. In either case, pitting corrosion is liable to occur. Whether any compounds of tetravalent lead play a part in the passivation phenomena has not yet been fully clarified.
    Notes: Die Passivierung von Feinblei in heißer konzentrierter Schwefelsäure ist ausschließlich durch eine Bleisulfatschicht bedingt. Der stabile Passivzustand läßt sich nur in einem engen Potentialbereich aufrechterhalten. Im transpassiven Bereich (Über + 600 mV) entsteht ebenso wie bei Potentialen unterhalb des Passivierungspotentials eine lockere Sulfatschicht, wobei es in beiden Fällen zu Lochfraß kommen kann. Ob an den Passivierungsvorgängen auch Verbindungen des vierwertigen Bleis beteiligt sind, konnte noch nicht eindeutig geklärt werden.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1-7 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The polymerization of N-vinylcaprolactam in toluene, dioxane, chlorobenzene, dimethylformamide, and ethylene carbonate with various peroxides, perbenzoates and azobisisobutyronitrile as initiators at 60-80°C, was studied. Under these conditions azobisisobutyronitrile and tert-butyl perbenzoate have satisfactory activity as initiators. Under these conditions N-vinylcaprolactam polymerization in homogeneous solution is first order towards the monomer and 0.5 order towards the initiators.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1921-1927 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This investigation was an exploratory study of the phenomena associated with the polymerization of ethylene on a chromic oxide-silica-alumina catalyst. The polymerization was carried out in a batch reactor fed on demand at 500 psi gage and at 135°C. The catalyst was 3% chromic oxide on an 87% silica-13% alumina support, activated at 450°C for 5.25 hr in dry air. The catalyst particles were found to reduce in size during the polymerization. The particles decreased in size from 18/20 mesh to an average diameter of 9.6 μ. This reduction in particle size was found to cease at a yield of 40.0 g per gram of catalyst. By determining the monomer reaction rate versus time, the catalyst activity was found to change greatly during the polymerization. The activity increased to a maximum, then decreased. The period of increasing catalyst activity corresponded to the period of catalyst particle size reduction. The period of decreasing activity was considered to be due to the build-up of a polymer film diffusion layer and true catalyst deactivation. The molecular weight distributions for a series of samples from each polymerization test were determined on gel permeation chromatograph. These distributions for each test were characterized by an increase in the high molecular weight tail as the yield increased, while the peak position and low molecular weight end remained essentially constant.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1937-1947 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The volatile products formed when the coordination polymer of copper(II) and bis-(8-hydroxy-5-quinolyl)methane was heated in vacuum at elevated preselected temperatures were examined. The amount of weight loss at each temperature was determined with a recording thermal balance at each fixed temperature. Infrared spectrophotometry was used to aid in the identification of the major volatile component. A sample was pyrolyzed directly into the mass spectrometer. The results show that the volatile product is for the most part the organic ligand bis(8-hydroxy-5-quinolyl)methane and not derivatives of the copper complex or fragments of the ligand. The mechanism for the decomposition previously proposed is supported.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2029-2030 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    Notes: Starch-polyacrylonitrile (S-PAN) graft copolymer consisting of one part starch and one part polyacrylonitrile (M. W. 794,000) was hydrolyzed with aqueous KOH at 80 and 100°C to polyelectrolytes containing carboxyl and amide functionality but void of infrared-detectable amounts of nitrile. Viscosities of potassium salts of the polyelectrolytes in water were pH dependent with peak viscosities at 8.5. These dispersions were characterized by unusually high viscosities, 15,000 to 26,500 cp at 1% concentration, and by the ability to retain significant viscosities, 300 to 950 cp, upon dilution to 0.03% concentrations. A 1% dispersion of hydrolyzed S-PAN had a viscosity of 5,000 cp in the presence of 8% KCl; however, the depressing effect of added salts on viscosity of aqueous dispersions of hydrolyzed S-PAN increases as the valence of the cation increases.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2045-2056 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Uniaxial strain and uniaxial stress preloadings were performed on quartz phenolic in order to assess the effect of an impulsive preload on the subsequent uniaxial stress behavior of a composite material. In these tests observable damage was limited to the phenolic matrix. As a result, postpreload experiments on the specimen under uniaxial stress correlated the dependence of the fracture strength with the extent of the damage to the phenolic matrix as well as the direction of the reload relative to the fiber layup.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2113-2118 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This study was undertaken to determine the quenching rates necessary to supercool polydimethylsiloxane. A technique was developed that allowed controlled quenching rates up to 52°C/see and a modified DTA apparatus was used to obtain thermograms during the warm-up cycle. No supercooling was observed for a cooling rate of 1.6°C/sec; 56% supercooling was found for a 9.6°C/sec cooling rate; 65% for 10.6°C/sec and 85% for a 52°C/sec cooling rate. Evidence was also presented showing that the crystals in polydimethylsiloxane consist of two forms.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2129-2147 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Most thermoplastics far below their glass transition give a brittle fracture when de-formed in uniaxial tension. Bisphenol-A polycarbonates are an exception and deform in a ductile manner. However, it has been observed in Izod impact studies of notched samples that the mode of failure changes from a ductile to a brittle fracture on annealing samples below Tg. It has been found that, when notched samples are stressed, a Griffith type flaw is formed under the notch. The criterion for the ductile brittle transition is evaluated in terms of σG (the stress required to propagate the Griffith flaw), and σy, the yield stress for the polymer. It has been found that the density and yield stress for the samples annealed at various temperatures are dependent upon previous thermal history and in particular on the molecular weíAght. On the basis of these measurements, it is concluded that many of the so-called anomalous effects observed with polycarbonate can be explained.
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    Notes: The glass transition temperature, dynamic shear moduli, and bulk viscosities of Phenoxy PKHH (a thermoplastic polymer made from bisphenol-A and epichlorohydrin) filled with glass beads and Attapulgite clay were investigated. The glass temperature of the polymer increased with increasing filler concentration and with increasing specific surface area of the filler. The data were interpreted by assuming that interactions between filler particles and the polymer matrix reduce molecular mobility and flexibility of the polymer chains in the vicinity of the interfaces. From the measured moduli and the viscosities of the filled and unfilled materials, the modulus reinforcement ratio in the glassy state and the relative viscosity in the viscous state were obtained as functions of the filler type and concentration. The relative modulus for the glass bead composite system follows the Kerner equation, while the clay-filled systems exhibit slightly greater reinforcement. The relative viscosities are strongly temperature dependent and do not follow conventional viscosity predictions for suspensions. It is suggested that the filler has a twofold effect on the viscosity of the composite materials; one is due to its mechanical presence and the other is due to modifications of part of the polymer matrix caused by interaction. Using the WLF equation to express all modifications of the matrix, one can isolate a purely mechanical contribution to the viscosity reinforcement. This mechanical part is approximately bounded by the theoretical predictions of Kerner,32 Mooney, 36 and Brodnyan,41 for suspension viscosities.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2223-2234 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new class of desalination membranes has been developed. The membranes were prepared by polymerizing mixtures of two hydrophilic monomers (N-methyloacrylamide and acrylic acid), a hydrophobic monomer (ethyl acrylate) and a hydrophobic crosslinking monomer (trimethylol propane trimethacrylate) followed by heat treatment. The membranes were homogeneous, averaging about 6 mils in thickness. They were characterized by measuring water contents and salt distribution coefficients using an immersion technique. The fractional water contents in the membranes varied between 0.16 and 0.44 as the molal salt distribution coefficients increased from ca. 0.22 to 0.43. Increasing contents of the hydrophobic monomer and/or crosslinking monomer led to decreased water and salt contents, as expected. A model is postulated in which the water is assumed to be distributed within the polymer in two forms: (1) as primary water, hydrogen-bonded with hydrophilic polymer groups, and (2) secondary water, imbibed with salt from the external solution into hydrophilic regions or defects within the polymer matrix. It was found that primary water content was approximately constant for all compositions and varied between ca. 2-3 moles of primary water/mole of hydrophilic monomer in the membrane.
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  • 187
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2325-2332 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly(α,α,α′,α′-tetrafluoro-p-xylylene) was prepared by the pyrolysis of cyclo-di-(α,α,α′,α′-tetrafluoro-p-xylylene) and by the pyrolysis of α,α′-bis(alkylsulfonyl)-α,α,α′,α′-tetrafluoro-p-xylene. The pyrolysis of α,α′-dibromo-α,α,α′,α′-tetrafluoro-p-xylylene also gave the polymer, but the method is less satisfactory. Poly(α,α,α′,α′-tetrafluoro-p-xylylene) shows remarkable thermal and oxidative stability at elevated temperatures. Useful mechanical and electrical properties are retained after aging for 3000 hr at 250° in air. After initial change due to crystallization, tensile strength remains near 10,000 psi, elongation above 5%, and dielectric constants and dissipation factors at approximately 2.4 and .001, respectively.
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  • 188
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2359-2369 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The use of a single detector in gel permeation chromatography (GPC) for samples of varying composition leads to erroneous conclusions. With certain simplifying assumptions, a gel permeation chromatograph equipped with properly selected dual detectors yields composition and molecular weight distribution information that is meaningful. Examples discussed are a mixture of homopolymers and a sample supposed to have been a styrene-butadiene block copolymer. The ultraviolet absorption is used in conjunction with the refractive index trace to give qualitative information that is much more informative than could be obtained with one detector. Calibration of the relative responses of the detectors to each of the components of the mixture is described, and these calibrations are used to calculate point-by-point composition, molecular weights, and molecular weight averages.
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  • 189
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2397-2409 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The proper use of the method for correcting instrumental spreading in GPC requires a precise calibration of the spreading characteristics of the instrument. Heretofore, such a calibration could be obtained only through the tedious reverse-flow experiments. A more rapid method of calibrating instrumental spreading is presented in this work. This method uses the leading halves of the chromatograms of several standard polystyrene samples. These chromatograms are normally used in the calibration of molecular weight; additional experimental steps are therefore not required. The calculation of the instrumental spreading characteristics from these chromatograms is also relatively simple. The instrumental spreading characteristics were found to depend on the elution volume but not on the nature of the polymer. Thus, calibration results from using polystyrene standards can be used to treat chromatograms for other polymers. For the present GPC instrument, the spreading was found to reach a maximum at an elution volume near 400,000 in polystyrene molecular weight. The existence of this maximum is in agreement with observations made by other investigators and is and indication that diffusion in the mobile phase is not an important contribution to instrumental spreading. The problem of skewing or tailing is discussed. Indication of skewing was observed for one of the higher molecular weight polystyrene samples but the extent of skewing was not severe at the present flow rate of 2 ml/min.
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  • 190
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2411-2425 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thermal conductivity, specific heat, and dynamic mechanical behavior of an epoxide system have been investigated over a relatively wide temperature range. Effects of nonstoichiometric amine concentrations and postcure heat treatments were included in the study. The thermal conductivity behavior was found to be related to the extent of cure of the poxy system, but in general the results were typical of an amorphous polymer. Calorimetric determinations were used to study the curing reaction and the glasslike transition temperature for the various systems. Dynamic mechanical results were employed to delinearte the various internal relaxations of the cured materials and in some instances to permit correlation of relaxations with the thermal conductivity and the specific heat results. From comparison of present results to those of a previous paper, the activation energy for the relaxation process occurring near 270°K has been estimated to be 16 kcal/mole.
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  • 191
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2459-2468 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: X-Ray diffractograms of cellophane showed a considerable variation in the intensity corresponding to the 101, 101, and 002 planes. Applications of generally accepted procedures for estimating crystalline content in cellulosic materials yields varying results for crystallimity in cellophane. It is concluded that such procedures are not applicable to cellophane used in this study.
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  • 192
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2499-2503 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 193
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Long-term weathering studies of the subject transparent thermoplastic polymer revealed that sheets extruded from pristine resine gradually became hazy. Electron microscopy of fracture surfaces showed that minute voids were created during outdoor exposure. By the application of the Mie light scattering theory, it was possible to calculate that the average void size was 4 × 103 Å and that the concentration of voids numbered about 106/mm3. Yet the total void volume of the poorest sample, which had a haze value of 26%, was less than 0.05%. The average void size decreased over a three-year period, but the concentration increased with exposure. A mechanism of void formation was formulated based on photo-induced moleculàr degradation. Chemical evidence suggests that molecular degradation occurs by complete unzippering of a molecule, resulting in the formation of carbon dioxide and 2,2,4-trimethylpentene-3-al. The aldehyde is believed to plasticize the polymer in the vicinity of a growing void and the carbon dioxide acts as a blowing agent, therby generating a void. Simultaneously, free radicals formed during molecular decomposition initiate further degradation of neighboring molecules. The propensity of this resin to haze can be effectively overcome by suitable cleanup and stabilization procedures.
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  • 194
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2504-2505 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 195
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 196
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 197
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2541-2546 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Anisotropy of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) was investigated. The anisotropy of the copolymer varies linearly with the styrene content and the ultimate value coincides with that of polystyrene at elevated temperature. From these facts, the transverse configuration of the pendant phenyl group is estimated irrespective of the styrene content of SBR.
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  • 198
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2579-2592 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thermal properties of a number of nitro-substituted and analogous nonnitro-substituted expoxide polymers were investigated. Dramatic increases in char yield and decreases in maximum rate of weight loss were observed for the nitro-substituted systems compared to their nonnitrated analogs. These effects were enhanced when highly functional and highly aromatic epoxide resins were used. The sample size and heating rate employed had pronounced effects upon the amount of char formed during thermal degradation. Analysis of char residues indicates heteroring formation for the nitro-substituted systems during pyrolysis.
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  • 199
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2601-2619 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of cooking schedule on the molecular weight distribution of an alkyd resin was investigated. At the molar ratio of 1.03/0.43/1.00 for glycerin, lauric acid, and phthalic anhydride, two kinds of alkyd resin were prepared, one by maintaining the reaction temperature at 170°C for an hour and then raising it up to 230°C (sample I), the other by raising the temperature up to 230°C at a uniform rate of 33°C per 10 min. (Sample II). Sample I and sample II were fractionated into seven or eight fractions by adding n-heptane to 5 wt-% toluene solution at 30°C. Acid valued, hydroxyl value, intrinsic viscosity [η], and the number-averagè molecular weight M̄n were determined. The result showed that the molecular weight distribution curve obtained from sample I was much narrower than that from sample II. In addition, a relation was found between [η] and M̄n conforming to the equation [η] = KMα, where different values of K and α were obtained for sample I and sample II. Based on the differences in the molecular weight distribution curves and in the rate constants for the esterification reactions, glycerin/lauric acid and glycerin/phthalic anhydride at 170°C and 230°C, the mechanism of condensation reaction of short oil alkyd resin was discussed.
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  • 200
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2665-2676 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The melting behaviors of linear and branched polyethylene blends were studied using a Perkin-Elmer DSC-1B differential scanning calorimeter. Three endothermic peaks were occasionally observed in the DSC thermogram on polyethylene blends which had not been subjected to any isothermal annealing. The nature of the third intermediate temperature peak is discussed in relation to the prior cooling rate, the blend composition and the molecular structures of both components. The results appear to indicate that the intermediate peak is associated with the fusion of the hybrid crystallites of linear and branched polyethylenes. These hybrid crystallites seem to be formed on the rapid cooling of lean linear polyethylene blends. Blends containing low molecular weight branched polyethylene seem inclined to form the hybrid crystallites.
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