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  • General Chemistry  (580)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (533)
  • Astronomy  (274)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • Fisheries
  • 2010-2014  (296)
  • 1935-1939  (1,237)
  • 1925-1929
  • 2010  (296)
  • 1939  (1,237)
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  • 2010-2014  (296)
  • 1935-1939  (1,237)
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
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    Ctenochaetus marginatus (Valenciennes) (Pisces: Acanthuridae) en la Isla de Gorgona: Primer registro del género para el Pacífico colombiano (2010)
    Santa Marta (Colombia), INVEMAR
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: The genus Ctenochaetus is reportad in the waters of the Colombian Pacific based on two specimens of C. marginatus (Valenciennes) collected in 1993 at Gorgona Island (2°59' N, 78° 12' W). These specimens differ inseveral morphometric characteristics from thosepreviously examined. Such differences appear to be an artifact of the small number of specimens formerly examined and the consequent narrow ranges reportad. We suggest that temperature variability affects the distribution of C. marginatus in the tropical eastern Pacific.
    Description: El género es Ctenochaetus reportad en las aguas del Pacífico colombiano a partir de dos especímenes de C. marginatus (Valenciennes) recogidos en 1993 en la Isla Gorgona (2 ° 59 'N, 78 ° 12' W). Estos ejemplares difieren inseveral características morfométricas de thosepreviously examinados. Estas diferencias parecen ser un artefacto del pequeño número de muestras examinadas anteriormente y reportad los rangos estrechos consecuente. Sugerimos que la variabilidad de la temperatura afecta la distribución de marginatus C en el Pacífico tropical oriental.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 2
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    Tensores naturales y antrópicos al norte de Villa Clara, Cuba; efectos en la producción de ostión (crassostrea rhizophorae, Guilding, 1828) (2010)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Production of mangrove oyster (Crassostrea rhizophorae Guilding, 1828), north of Villa Clara, Cuba Province, tends to decline since 1980, accentuating from 2003 on. Despite regulations to protect the resource, minimum legal size and catch closures, the year 2008 presents the landing smaller volumes of the past 50 years. An analysis of the variability of catches in relation to natural and human factors, allows for precipitating causes of low productivity of this fishery resource; between the most representatives are expanding storage capacity of river water, salinity increment, the increase in frequency and intensity of hurricanes and the mismanagement of the extraction of oyster.
    Description: La producción de ostión de mangle (Crassostrea rhizophorae, Guilding, 1828), al norte de la provincia de Villa Clara, Cuba, tiende a la disminución desde de 1980, acentuándose a partir del año 2003. A pesar de regulaciones para la protección del recurso, talla mínima legal y vedas de captura, el año 2008 presenta los menores volúmenes de desembarque de los últimos 50 años. Un análisis de la variabilidad de las capturas, en relación con factores naturales y antrópicos, permite establecer causas desencadenantes de la baja productividad de este recurso pesquero; las más representativas son, la ampliación en la capacidad de embalse de aguas fluviales, aumentos de la salinidad, el incremento en la frecuencia e intensidad de los huracanes y un manejo inadecuado de la actividad extractiva de ostión.
    Description: Crassostrea rhizophorae, Cuba
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Environmental effects ; Fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Preprint
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  • 3
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    Fauna asociada a la pesca del mero Epinephelus Morio (serranidae: pisces) con palangre de fondo en el Banco de Campeche, México. (2010)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Se efectúa un estudio de la fauna acompañante del Mero, Epinephelus morio, en la pesquería con palangre de fondo del Banco de Campeche, México, durante el periodo 1987-2009. En la investigación se consideró información de 32 cruceros de investigación realizados en la etapa como parte del convenio pesquero firmado por Cuba y México para la evaluación sistemática del recurso. Se determinó la composición por especie y talla de las capturas, sus variaciones en la abundancia relativa, estructura de tallas, así como el índice de diversidad de Brillouin, la riqueza de especies (Margalef, 1980), la dominancia numérica y la constancia, estas ultimas valoradas según el esquema propuesto por Bodenheimer (1955). Se encontró que la fauna acompáñate de E. morio esta representada por 69 especies, agrupadas en 3 clases y 12 órdenes. De ellos, el orden mejor representado lo constituyó Perciformes con las familias Serranidae, Lutjanidae, Scombridae, Carangidae y Haemulidae como las más abundantes en número. Dentro de estas, dominaron las especies L. campechanus y O. chrysurus, apreciándose que las entidades mejor representadas son, L. campechanus (100%), O. chrysurus (96,87%) y M. bonaci (73,2%). Los largos medios observados se encontraron por encima de las tallas de primera maduración reportadas en la literatura. Sólo E. nigritus y L. analis presentaron individuos inmaduros. Se reportan tallas máximas superiores a las reportadas en la bibliografía en M. interstitiaslis (150cm), M. bonací (155cm) y E. nigritus (125cm). Se determinó que el rendimiento (cpue) y la diversidad de la fauna acompañante poseen una relación inversa con la disminución de la biomasa de mero. Por su parte, la diversidad y riqueza de especie presentaron sus mayores valores concordando con las temporadas de lluvias.
    Description: Mero Epinephelus morio, fauna acompañante, Banco de Campeche, México,
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Fauna ; Fisheries ; Fauna
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 4
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    Etude environnementale et sociale du PRAO (Cap Vert, Sierra Léone, Libéria, Sénégal) (2010)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: La Commission Sous Régionale des Pêches (CSRP), qui est un organisme intergouvernemental de coopération halieutique dont l’objectif global est l’harmonisation à long terme, des politiques des pays membres en matière de préservation, de conservation et d'exploitation durable de leurs ressources halieutiques et le renforcement de leur coopération au profit du bien-être de leurs populations respectives, a obtenu par l’intermédiaire de la Banque mondiale, un Don du Fonds pour l’Environnement Mondial (FEM) et du Gouvernement du Japon, pour la préparation d’un Projet Régional des Pêches en Afrique de l’Ouest (PRAO) pour trouver une solution à la problématique susvisée. Ce projet implique 9 pays côtiers: la Mauritanie, le Cap Vert, le Sénégal, la Gambie, la Guinée Bissau, la Guinée, le Sierra Léone (Etats membres de la CSRP), ainsi que le Libéria et le Ghana. Le PRAO comprend trois composantes : (1) Bonne Gouvernance et Gestion Durable des Pêches ; (2) Réduction de la Pêche Illicite ; (3) Augmentation de la Contribution des Ressources Halieutiques dans les Economies Locales (incluant la réalisation d’infrastructures et équipements dans les pêcheries). Certes, les activités prévues dans le cadre du PRAO sont pressenties pour contribuer au développement du secteur de la pêche dans les pays ciblés et apporter des bénéfices aux populations locales. Toutefois, elles pourraient engendrer dans certains cas des effets négatifs aux niveaux environnemental et social (notamment celles prévues dans la composante 3), si des mesures adéquates ne sont pas prises au préalable. Afin de minimiser ces effets défavorables, il a été requis l’élaboration de la présente Evaluation Environnementale et Sociale (EES).
    Description: Commission Sous Régionale des Pêches (CSRP)
    Description: Published
    Description: ressource marine, ressource côtière, politique de pêhce, environnement, qualité des produits, pollution, gestion des pêches,aire marine protégée
    Keywords: Marine resources ; Fisheries ; Fishery management ; Coastal fisheries ; Quality assurance ; Environment management ; Marine resources ; Fisheries ; Fishery management ; Coastal fisheries ; Coastal zone ; Fishery regulations ; Fishery economics ; Marine pollution ; Quality control ; Illegal fishing ; Fishery organizations ; Quality assurance
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report
    Format: 111
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  • 5
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    Aspectos biológicos del Calamar Argentino Illex argentinus (Castellanos) capturado por la flota cubana de pesca en el talud patagónico durante 1987 (2010)
    Santa Marta (Colombia), INVEMAR
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: En 1987, se inicia un programa de muestreos biológicos del calamar argentino ///ex argentinas a bordo de barcos comerciales de la flota cubana de pesca que operan en la plataforma patagónica. La talla de los organismos para ambos sexos presenta un comportamiento estratificado por profundidades, los ejemplares de mayor tamaño se encuentran a profundidades superiores y viceversa, lo cual se ajusta a una recta de regresión (r2 = 0.88; a = 0.05). Las hembras alcanzaron largos promedio del manto superior a los machos, incrementándose la presencia de machos en las capturas desde enero a abril. Se estimaron los largos promedio de primera maduración, como 20.5 y 26.5 cm de largo del manto para machos y hembras respectivamente. Se observó un aumento de la proporción de individuos maduros de febrero a abril, haciéndose más marcado este fenómeno en los machos, que en su mayoría presentaban abundantes espermatóforos en el saco. Se obtuvo la relación largo-peso para hembras y machos y para la combinación de ambos sexos.
    Description: In 1987 a program for the biological sampling of squid ///ex argentinas, was begun on board of a fishing ship belonging to the Cuban Fisheries-Fleet, wich operates in the Patagonian Shelf. The lengths of both sexes presented a estratified pattern with individuals of larger size found in higher depths and viceversa; this pattern is adjusted to a regression line (r2 = 0.88; a = 0.05). Pernales reached average length larger (han males and the rate of males in catches increased from january to april. The first maturation average length was estimated about 20.5 cm for males and 26.5 cm for females. An increase of the rate of mature individuals was observed between february and april emphazasing ¡n males which showed abundant espermatophores in the sac.
    Description: Published
    Description: squid, Flota Cubana
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Squid culture ; Biological charts ; Biological data ; Fisheries ; Squid culture
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 6
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    Etude sur le savoir écologique des pêcheurs artisans des petits pélagiques en Afrique du Nord-Ouest (2010)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, Den Haag (Netherlands); Ministerie Van Buitenlandse Zaken, Brussel (Belgium); Wageningen International, Wageningen (Netherlands)
    Description: Projet BBI 13286 : Pêche durable des petits pélagiques en Afrique Nord Ouest Ce rapport a été préparé avec le soutien financier de la Coopération néerlandaise (DGIS) dans le cadre de son Programme de politique internationale en matière de biodiversité (BBI).
    Description: Published
    Description: pêche traditionnelle; taille; échantillonnage; écosystème; upwelling; biomasse; filet maillant dérivant; senne tournante; senne moustiquaire; senne de plage; maquereau; chinchard; sardinelle; ethmalose; reproduction; courant; stocks; réglementation; pêche par espéce; engin de pêche; pélagique; zone côtière; pirogue; pêche artisanale; pêcheur
    Keywords: Biomass ; Ecosystems ; Fisheries ; Fishermen ; Stocks ; Ocean currents ; Winds ; Size ; Fishing effort ; Pelagic fisheries ; Sexual reproduction ; Multispecies fisheries ; Fisheries ; Artisanal fishing ; Fishermen ; Fishing effort ; Canoe fisheries ; Coastal zone ; Fishery engineering ; Protected resources ; Pelagic fisheries ; Cycles ; Sexual reproduction ; Multispecies fisheries ; Stocks ; Ocean currents ; Winds ; Biomass ; Upwelling ; Ecosystems ; Maritime legislation ; Size
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report
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  • 7
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    Spillover from marine reserves and the replenishment of fished stocks (2010)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © Foundation for Environmental Conservation, 2009. This article is posted here by permission of Cambridge University Press for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Environmental Conservation 36 (2009): 268-276, doi:10.1017/S0376892910000032.
    Description: No-take marine reserves are widely recognized as an effective conservation tool for protecting marine resources. Despite considerable empirical evidence that abundance and biomass of fished species increase within marine reserve boundaries, the potential for reserves to provide fisheries and conservation benefits to adjacent waters remains heavily debated. This paper uses statistical and population models to evaluate published empirical data on adult spillover from marine reserves and shows that spillover is a common phenomenon for species that respond positively to reserve protection, but at relatively small scales, detectable on average up to 800 m from reserve boundaries. At these small scales, local fisheries around reserves were likely unsustainable in 12 of 14 cases without the reserve, and spillover partially or fully offsets losses in catch due to reserve closure in the other two cases. For reserves to play a role in sustaining and replenishing larger-scale fished stocks, networks of reserves may be necessary, but as few exist this is difficult to evaluate. The results suggest reserves can simultaneously meet conservation objectives and benefit local fisheries adjacent to their boundaries.
    Description: Support was provided by a grant from the David and Lucille Packard Foundation to NCEAS for ecosystem-based management ofmarine systems, the Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans (PISCO) funded by the David and Lucile Packard Foundation and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (contribution number 348), the Sustainable Fisheries Group supported by the Paul G. Allen Family Foundation and the Bahamas Biocomplexity Project (US NSF Biocomplexity grantOCE-0119976) andUS EPA Science to Achieve Results (R832223).
    Keywords: Adult fish movement ; Fisheries ; Global ; Marine protected areas ; No-take reserves ; Spillover effect ; Synthesis
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 8
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    Water resources: Beyond infrastructure (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-10-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Palmer, Margaret A -- England -- Nature. 2010 Sep 30;467(7315):534-5. doi: 10.1038/467534a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20881999" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/methods/statistics & numerical data ; Fisheries ; *Internationality ; Peru ; Population Density ; *Rivers ; *Water Supply
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 9
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    Water: act now to restore river health (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-11-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dugan, Patrick -- Allison, Edward H -- England -- Nature. 2010 Nov 11;468(7321):173. doi: 10.1038/468173b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21068813" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Fisheries ; Food Supply/statistics & numerical data ; Internationality ; Rivers/*chemistry ; Vietnam ; Water Supply/*standards
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 10
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    Disasters. Scenario-building for the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-08-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Machlis, Gary E -- McNutt, Marcia K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Aug 27;329(5995):1018-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1195382.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Strategic Sciences Working Group, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC 20024, USA. gary_machlis@nps.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20798302" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Accidents ; Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Decision Making ; *Disasters ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Pollution ; Fisheries ; Forecasting ; Interdisciplinary Communication ; *Petroleum ; Planning Techniques ; Public Policy ; United States ; United States Government Agencies ; Wetlands
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 11
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    Trophic structure and community stability in an overfished ecosystem (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-07-22
    Description: Since the collapse of the pelagic fisheries off southwest Africa in the late 1960s, jellyfish biomass has increased and the structure of the Benguelan fish community has shifted, making the bearded goby (Sufflogobius bibarbatus) the new predominant prey species. Despite increased predation pressure and a harsh environment, the gobies are thriving. Here we show that physiological adaptations and antipredator and foraging behaviors underpin the success of these fish. In particular, body-tissue isotope signatures reveal that gobies consume jellyfish and sulphidic diatomaceous mud, transferring "dead-end" resources back into the food chain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Utne-Palm, Anne C -- Salvanes, Anne G V -- Currie, Bronwen -- Kaartvedt, Stein -- Nilsson, Goran E -- Braithwaite, Victoria A -- Stecyk, Jonathan A W -- Hundt, Matthias -- van der Bank, Megan -- Flynn, Bradley -- Sandvik, Guro K -- Klevjer, Thor A -- Sweetman, Andrew K -- Bruchert, Volker -- Pittman, Karin -- Peard, Kathleen R -- Lunde, Ida G -- Strandabo, Ronnaug A U -- Gibbons, Mark J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jul 16;329(5989):333-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1190708.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. anne.palm@bio.uib.no〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20647468" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Physiological ; Anaerobiosis ; Animals ; Bacteria ; Behavior, Animal ; Biomass ; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena ; Digestion ; *Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; Fisheries ; Fishes/physiology ; *Food Chain ; Geologic Sediments/microbiology ; Hydrogen Sulfide/analysis ; Namibia ; Oxygen/analysis ; Oxygen Consumption ; Perciformes/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; *Scyphozoa ; Seawater/chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 12
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    Ecology. Europe tries to save its eels (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-07-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vogel, Gretchen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jul 30;329(5991):505-7. doi: 10.1126/science.329.5991.505.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20671166" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Migration ; Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; *Eels/anatomy & histology/growth & development/physiology ; Europe ; Fisheries ; Politics ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 13
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    Gulf oil disaster. Five questions on the spill (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-05-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerr, Richard A -- Kintisch, Eli -- Schenkman, Lauren -- Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 May 21;328(5981):962-3. doi: 10.1126/science.328.5981.962.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20489000" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Accidents ; Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; *Disasters ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Environmental Pollution ; Fisheries ; Food Chain ; *Petroleum ; Plants ; Wetlands
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 14
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    Conservation biology. Trade trumps science for marine species at international meeting (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-04-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Apr 2;328(5974):26-7. doi: 10.1126/science.328.5974.26-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20360076" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Commerce ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Endangered Species ; Fisheries ; International Cooperation ; Population Dynamics ; *Sharks ; *Tuna
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 15
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    Ecosystem management. Science meets politics off California's coast (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-03-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Mar 26;327(5973):1574-5. doi: 10.1126/science.327.5973.1574.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20339047" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; California ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries ; *Fishes ; Guidelines as Topic ; Models, Biological ; Models, Economic ; Pacific Ocean ; Politics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 16
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    Marine ecology. Key indicator of ocean health may be flawed (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-11-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Nov 19;330(6007):1029. doi: 10.1126/science.330.6007.1029.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21097908" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Fisheries ; *Fishes ; Food Chain ; Marine Biology/*methods ; Oceans and Seas
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 17
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    Conservation biology. Last stand on the Yangtze (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-07-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jul 23;329(5990):378. doi: 10.1126/science.329.5990.378.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20651127" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; China ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Endangered Species ; Extinction, Biological ; Female ; Fisheries ; *Fishes ; Human Activities ; Humans ; Male ; Population Dynamics ; *Porpoises ; *Rivers
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Marine biology: Out of the blue (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-10-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cressey, Daniel -- England -- Nature. 2010 Sep 30;467(7315):514-5. doi: 10.1038/467514a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20881987" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods/trends ; *Data Collection/economics ; Fisheries ; *Marine Biology/economics ; Population Density ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2010-10-01
    Description: Protecting the world's freshwater resources requires diagnosing threats over a broad range of scales, from global to local. Here we present the first worldwide synthesis to jointly consider human and biodiversity perspectives on water security using a spatial framework that quantifies multiple stressors and accounts for downstream impacts. We find that nearly 80% of the world's population is exposed to high levels of threat to water security. Massive investment in water technology enables rich nations to offset high stressor levels without remedying their underlying causes, whereas less wealthy nations remain vulnerable. A similar lack of precautionary investment jeopardizes biodiversity, with habitats associated with 65% of continental discharge classified as moderately to highly threatened. The cumulative threat framework offers a tool for prioritizing policy and management responses to this crisis, and underscores the necessity of limiting threats at their source instead of through costly remediation of symptoms in order to assure global water security for both humans and freshwater biodiversity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vorosmarty, C J -- McIntyre, P B -- Gessner, M O -- Dudgeon, D -- Prusevich, A -- Green, P -- Glidden, S -- Bunn, S E -- Sullivan, C A -- Liermann, C Reidy -- Davies, P M -- England -- Nature. 2010 Sep 30;467(7315):555-61. doi: 10.1038/nature09440.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Environmental CrossRoads Initiative, City University of New York, The City College of New York, New York, New York 10035, USA. contact@riverthreat.net〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20882010" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods/*statistics & numerical data ; Fisheries ; Geography ; *Internationality ; Population Density ; *Rivers ; *Water Supply
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    New year, new science (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-01-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Van Noorden, Richard -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jan 7;463(7277):12-3. doi: 10.1038/463012a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20054366" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Astronomy ; Cellular Reprogramming ; Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Embryonic Stem Cells/transplantation ; Genomics ; HIV Infections/prevention & control ; Humans ; Lasers ; Physics ; Science/*trends ; Space Flight ; Systems Biology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    The status of Atlantic bluefin tuna (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-06-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Losada, Sebastian -- Lieberman, Susan -- Drews, Carlos -- Hirshfield, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jun 11;328(5984):1353; author reply 1353-4. doi: 10.1126/science.328.5984.1353-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20538932" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Commerce ; *Endangered Species ; Fisheries ; International Cooperation ; *Tuna
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Gulf oil spill. Will Deepwater Horizon set a new standard for catastrophe? (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-05-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerr, Richard -- Kintisch, Eli -- Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 May 7;328(5979):674-5. doi: 10.1126/science.328.5979.674.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20448155" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Disasters ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Pollution ; *Environmental Restoration and Remediation ; Fisheries ; *Petroleum ; United States ; *Water Pollution ; Wetlands
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Ecology. How a little fish keeps overfished ecosystem productive (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-07-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jul 16;329(5989):268. doi: 10.1126/science.329.5989.268.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20647437" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacteria ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries ; *Food Chain ; Geologic Sediments/microbiology ; Hydrogen Sulfide/analysis ; Oxygen/analysis ; Perciformes/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Scyphozoa ; Seawater/chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    VLBI2010 Imaging and Structure Corrections (2010)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Simulations show that the next generation VLBI system is generally well suited for imaging extragalactic radio sources. In addition to revealing the morphology of the sources, simulated VLBI2010 images may also be used to generate structure correction maps, which characterize the impact of source structure on the VLBI measurements. By comparing structure corrections for a set of simulated images based on Monte-Carlo generated visibilities with theoretical structure corrections derived from the model, we assess the accuracy of VLBI2010 structure corrections. In the most favorable case (32-station network, source at declination +40 deg.), statistics demonstrate that the structure corrections obtained from simulated images are statistically close to the theoretical model ones, which seems very promising for the VLBI2010 system.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: Proceedings of the Sixth General Meeting of the International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry; 45-49; NASA/CP-2010-215864
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    Views from EPOXI. Colors in Our Solar System as an Analog for Extrasolar Planets (2010)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: With extrasolar planet detection becoming more common place, the frontiers of extrasolar planet science have moved beyond detection to the observations required to determine planetary properties. Once the existing observational challenges have been overcome, the first visible-light studies of extrasolar Earth-sized planets will likely employ filter photometry or low-resolution. spectroscopy to observe disk-integrated radiation from the unresolved planet. While spectroscopy of these targets is highly desirable, and provides the most robust form of characterization. S/N considerations presently limit spectroscopic measurements of extrasolar worlds. Broadband filter photometry will thus serve as a first line of characterization. In this paper we use Extrasolar Observation and Characterization (EPOCh) filter photometry of the Earth. Moon and Mars model spectra. and previous photometric and spectroscopic observations of a range the solar system planets. Titan, and Moon to explore the limitations of using color as a baseline for understanding extrasolar planets
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Acceleration of Magnetospheric Relativistic Electrons by Ultra-Low Frequency Waves: A Comparison between Two Cases Observed by Cluster and LANL Satellites (2010)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Understanding the origin and acceleration of magnetospheric relativistic electrons (MREs) in the Earth's radiation belt during geomagnetic storms is an important subject and yet one of outstanding questions in space physics. It has been statistically suggested that during geomagnetic storms, ultra-low-frequency (ULF) Pc-5 wave activities in the magnetosphere are correlated with order of magnitude increase of MRE fluxes in the outer radiation belt. Yet, physical and observational understandings of resonant interactions between ULF waves and MREs remain minimum. In this paper, we show two events during storms on September 25, 2001 and November 25, 2001, the solar wind speeds in both cases were 〉 500 km/s while Cluster observations indicate presence of strong ULF waves in the magnetosphere at noon and dusk, respectively, during a approx. 3-hour period. MRE observations by the Los Alamos (LANL) spacecraft show a quadrupling of 1.1-1.5 MeV electron fluxes in the September 25, 2001 event, but only a negligible increase in the November 2.5, 2001 event. We present a detailed comparison between these two events. Our results suggest that the effectiveness of MRE acceleration during the September 25, 2001 event can be attributed to the compressional wave mode with strong ULF wave activities and the physical origin of MRE acceleration depends more on the distribution of toroidal and poloidal ULF waves in the outer radiation belt.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Highly Depleted Ethane and Slightly Depleted Methanol in Comet 21P/Giacobini-Zinner: Application of Empirical g-Factors for CH3OH Near 50K (2010)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: We report high resolution (lambda/delta lambda approximately 24,000) observations of Comet 21 P/Giacobini-Zinner (21P) between approximately 2.85 -- 3.54 micrometers, obtained with NIRSPEC at Keck 2 on UT 2005 June 03 (R(sub h) = 1.12 AU, delta = 1.45 AU). These simultaneously sampled multiple emissions from the v7 band of C2H6 and the v2 and v3 bands of CH3OH, together with several hot bands of H2O, permitting a direct measure of parent volatile abundances in 21P. Our spectra reveal highly depleted C2H6 (0.13-0.14 percent relative to H2O) and CH3OH/C2H6 approximately 10, consistent with previously published abundances from observations in the IR [1,2] and millimeter sub-mm (reporting CH3OH/H2O [3]) during its previous apparition in 1998. We observed similarly high CH3OH/C2H6, and also similar rotational temperature to that measured for 21 P, in Comet 8P/Tuttle [4,5]. We used our (higher signal-to-noise) NIRSPEC observations of 8P to produce effective (empirical) CH3OH g-factors for several lines in the v2 band. These will be presented together with interpretation of our results, including constraints on the spin temperature of water. We acknowledge support from the NASA Planetary Atmospheres, Planetary Astronomy, and Astrobiology Programs and from the NSF Astronomy and Astrophysics Research Grants Program.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Herschel-ATLAS: The Angular Correlation Function of Submillimetre Galaxies at High and Low Redshift (2010)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: We present measurements of the angular correlation function of galaxies selected from the first field of the H-ATLAS survey. Careful removal of the background from galactic cirrus is essential, and currently dominates the uncertainty in our measurements. For our 250 micrometer-selected sample we detect no significant clustering, consistent with the expectation that the 250 pm-selected sources are mostly normal galaxies at z 〈 or equal to 1. For our 350 micrometer and 500 micrometer-selected samples we detect relatively strong clustering with correlation amplitudes A of 0.2 and 1.2 at 1', but with relatively large uncertainties. For samples which preferentially select high redshift galaxies at z approx. 2-3 we detect significant strong clustering, leading to an estimate of r(0) approx. 7-11/h Mpc. The slope of our clustering measurements is very steep. delta approx. 2. The measurements are consistent with the idea that sub-mm sources consist of a low redshift population of normal galaxies and a high redshift population of highly clustered star-bursting galaxies.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics: Special Feature; Volume 518
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    The Primordial Inflation Polarization Explorer (PIPER) (2010)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: The Primordial Inflation Polarization Explorer (PIPER) is it balloon-borne instrument designed to search for the faint signature of inflation in the polarized component of the cosmic microwave background (C-N-113). Each flight will be configured for a single frequency, but in order to aid in the removal of the polarized foreground signal due to Galactic dust, the filters will be changed between flights. In this way, the CMB polarization at a total of four different frequencies (200, 270, 350, and 600 GHz) will be, measured on large angular scales. PIPER consists of a pair of cryogenic telescopes, one for measuring each of Stokes Q and U in the instrument frame. Each telescope receives both linear orthogonal polarizations in two 32 x 40 element planar arrays that utilize Transition-Edge Sensors (TES). The first element in each telescope is a variable-delay polarization modulator (VPM) that fully modulates the linear Stokes parameter to which the telescope is sensitive. There are several advantages to this architecture. First, by modulating at the front of the optics, instrumental polarization is unmodulated and is therefore cleanly separated from source polarization. Second, by implementing this system with the appropriate symmetry, systematic effects can be further mitigated. In the PIPER design, many of the. systematics are manifest in the unmeasured linear Stokes parameter for each telescope and this can be separated from the desired signal. Finally, the modulation cycle never mixes the Q and U linear Stokes parameters, and thus residuals in the modulation do not twist the observed polarization vector. This is advantageous because measuring the angle of linear polarization is critical for separating the inflationary signal from other polarized components.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: Proceedings of SPIE; Volume 7741
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    Definition of the Flexible Image Transport System (FITS), Version 3.0 (2010)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: The Flexible Image Transport System (FITS) has been used by astronomers for over 30 years as a data interchange and archiving format; FITS files are now handled by a wide range of astronomical software packages. Since the FITS format definition document (the "standard") was last printed in this journal in 2001, several new features have been developed and standardized, notably support for 64-bit integers in images and tables, variable-length arrays in tables, and new world coordinate system conventions which provide a mapping from an element in a data array to a physical coordinate on the sky or within a spectrum. The FITS Working Group of the International Astronomical Union has therefore produced this new Version 3.0 of the FITS standard, which is provided here in its entirety. In addition to describing the new features in FITS, numerous editorial changes were made to the previous version to clarify and reorganize many of the sections. Also included are some appendices which are not formally part of the standard. The FITS standard is likely to undergo further evolution, in which case the latest version may be found on the FITS Support Office Web site at http://fits.gsfc.nasa.gov/, which also provides many links to FITS-related resources.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Early Scientific Results and Future Prospects for the Rejuvenated Hubble Space Telescope (2010)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Following the extraordinarily successful Servicing Mission 4 (SM4) of Hubble Space Telescope (HST) in May of 2009, the Observatory is now fully equipped with a broad array of powerful science instruments that put it at the pinnacle of its scientific power. Relevant to the subject matter of the Beyond 2010 Conference, HST will be well-placed over the next five-plus years to advance our knowledge of the formation of high-redshift galaxies and their growth with cosmic time; the emergence of structure in the early universe via Dark Matter-driven gravitational instability; and the universe's expansion history and any resulting implications for the temporal character of Dark Energy. These are fitting projects for the iconic facility now celebrating its 20th anniversary in orbit.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    The Hot Horizontal-Branch Stars in omega Centauri (2010)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Context. UV observations of some massive globular clusters have revealed a significant population of stars hotter and fainter than the hot end of the horizontal branch (HB), the so-called blue hook stars. This feature might be explained either by the late hot flasher scenario where stars experience the helium flash while on the white dwarf cooling curve or by the progeny of the helium-enriched sub-population recently postulated to exist in some clusters. Previous spectroscopic analyses of blue hook stars in co Cen and NGC 2808 support the late hot flasher scenario, but the stars contain much less helium than expected and the predicted C, N enrichment could not be verified. Aims. We compare observed effective temperatures, surface gravities, helium abundances, and carbon line strengths (where detectable) of our targets stars to the predictions of the two scenarios. Methods. Moderately high resolution spectra of hot HB stars in the globular cluster omega-Cen were analysed for radial velocity variations, atmospheric parameters and abundances using LTE and non-LTE model atmospheres. Results. We find no evidence for close binaries among our target stars. All stars below 30 000 K are helium-poor and very similar to HB stars observed in that temperature range in other globular clusters. In the temperature range 30000 K to 50000 K we find that 28% of our stars are helium-poor (log ((sup n)He/(sup n )H)〈 - 1.6), while 72% have roughly solar or super-solar helium abundance (log ((sup n)He/(sup n )H) 〉/= -1.5). We also find carbon enrichment strongly correlated with helium enrichment, with a maximum carbon enrichment of 3% by mass. Conclusions. The strong carbon enrichment in tandem with helium enrichment is predicted by the late hot flasher scenario, but not by the helium-enrichment scenario. We conclude that the helium-rich HB stars in omega-Cen cannot be explained solely by the helium-enrichment scenario invoked to explain the blue main sequence.
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    HST WFC3 Early Release Science: Emission-Line Galaxies from IR Grism Observations (2010)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: We present grism spectra of emission line galaxies (ELGs) from 0.6-1.6 microns from the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). These new infrared grism data augment previous optical Advanced Camera for Surveys G800L (0.6-0.95 micron) grism data in GOODS South, extending the wavelength coverage well past the G800L red cutoff. The ERS grism field was observed at a depth of 2 orbits per grism, yielding spectra of hundreds of faint objects, a subset of which are presented here. ELGs are studied via the Ha, [O III ], and [OII] emission lines detected in the redshift ranges 0.2 less than or equal to z less than or equal to 1.6, 1.2 less than or equal to z less than or equal to 2.4 and 2.0 less than or equal to z less than or equal to 3.6 respectively in the G102 (0.8-1.1 microns; R approximately 210) and C141 (1.1-1.6 microns; R approximately 130) grisms. The higher spectral resolution afforded by the WFC3 grisms also reveals emission lines not detectable with the G800L grism (e.g., [S II] and [S III] lines). From these relatively shallow observations, line luminosities, star formation rates, and grism spectroscopic redshifts are determined for a total of 25 ELGs to M(sub AB)(F098M) approximately 25 mag. The faintest source in our sample with a strong but unidentified emission line--is MAB(F098M)=26.9 mag. We also detect the expected trend of lower specific star formation rates for the highest mass galaxies in the sample, indicative of downsizing and discovered previously from large surveys. These results demonstrate the remarkable efficiency and capability of the WFC3 NIR grisms for measuring galaxy properties to faint magnitudes.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Highlights of GeV Gamma-Ray Astronomy (2010)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Because high-energy gamma rays are primarily produced by high-energy particle interactions, the gamma-ray survey of the sky by the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope offers a view of sites of cosmic ray production and interactions. Gamma-ray bursts, pulsars, pulsar wind nebulae, binary sources, and Active Galactic Nuclei are all phenomena that reveal particle acceleration through their gamma-ray emission. Diffuse Galactic gamma radiation, Solar System gamma-ray sources, and energetic radiation from supernova remnants are likely tracers of high-energy particle interactions with matter and photon fields. This paper will present a broad overview of the constantly changing sky seen with the Large Area Telescope (LAT) on the Fermi spacecraft.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Sciences Transactions; Volume 6; 59-64
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    James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Test Assessment Task (TAT): Briefing to the NASA Science Mission Directorate (2010)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-10
    Description: Topics include: INtegrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM) plus Optical Telescope Element (OTE) equals OTIS, Test Assessment Task (TAT) scope, text complexity at JSC, OTIS cryo test timeline, thermal verification overview, optical verification overview, ISIM cryo test configuration at GSFC, ISIM I and T flow, ISIM cryo test timeline, and JSC activities flow.
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    Characterization and Calibration of the 12-m Antenna in Warkworth, New Zealand (2010)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: The New Zealand 12-m antenna is scheduled to start participating in regular IVS VLBI sessions from the middle of 2010. Characterization procedures and results of calibration of the New Zealand 12- m radio telescope are presented, including the main reflector surface accuracy measurement, pointing model creation, and the system equivalent flux density (SEFD) determination in both S and X bands. Important issues of network connectivity, co-located geodetic systems, and the use of the antenna in education are also discussed.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: Proceedings of the Sixth General Meeting of the International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry; 113-117; NASA/CP-2010-215864
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    A Cloudy View of Exoplanets (2010)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: The lack of absorption features in the transmission spectrum of exoplanet GJ1214b rules out a hydrogen-rich atmosphere for the planet. It is consistent with an atmosphere rich in water vapour or abundant in clouds.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: Nature; Volume 468; 636-637
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    Temporal Variations of Titan's Middle-Atmospheric Temperatures From 2004-2009 Observed by Cassini/CIRS (2010)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: We use five and one-half years of limb- and nadir-viewing temperature mapping observations by the Composite Infrared Radiometer-Spectrometer (CIRS) on the Cassini Saturn orbiter, taken between July 2004 and December 2009 (Ls from 293deg to 4deg; northern mid-winter to just after northern spring equinox), to monitor temperature changes in the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere of Titan. The largest changes are in the northern (winter) polar stratopause, which has declined in temperature by over 20 K between 2005 and 2009. Throughout the rest of the mid to upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere, temperature changes are less than 5 K. In the southern hemisphere, temperatures in the middle stratosphere near 1 mbar increased by 1 to 2K from 2004 through early 2007, then declined by 2 to 4K throughout 2008 and 2009, with the changes, being larger at more, polar latitudes. Middle stratospheric temperatures at mid-northern latitudes show a small 1 to 2K increase, from 2005 through 2009. At north polar latitudes within the polar vortex, temperatures in the middle stratosphe=re show a approx. 4 K increase during 2007, followed by a comparable decrease in temperatures in 2008 and into early 2009. The observed temperature. changes in the north polar region are consistent with a weakening of the subsidence within the descending branch of the middle atmosphere meridional circulation.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    On the Long-Term Variability of Jupiter's Winds and Brightness as Observed from Hubble (2010)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 imaging data of Jupiter were combined with wind profiles from Voyager and Cassini data to study long-term variability in Jupiter's winds and cloud brightness. Searches for evidence of wind velocity periodicity yielded a few latitudes with potential variability; the most significant periods were found nearly symmetrically about the equator at 0 deg., 10-12 deg. N, and 14-18 deg. S planetographic latitude. The low to mid-latitude signals have components consistent with the measured stratospheric temperature Quasi-Quadrennial Oscillation (QQO) period of-5 years, while the equatorial signal is approximately seasonal and could be tied to mesoscale wave formation, robustness tests indicate that a constant or continuously varying periodic signal near 4.5 years would appear with high significance in the data periodograms as long as uncertainties or noise in the data are not of greater magnitude. However, the lack of a consistent signal over many latitudes makes it difficult to interpret as a QQO-related change. In addition, further analyses of calibrated 410-nm and 953-nm brightness scans found few corresponding changes in troposphere haze and cloud structure on QQO timescales. However, stratospheric haze reflectance at 255-nm did appear to vary on seasonal timescales, though the data do not have enough temporal coverage or photometric accuracy to be conclusive. Sufficient temporal coverage and spacing, as well as data quality, are critical to this type of search.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: Icarus; Volume 210; Issue 1; 258-269
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    Recent Progress on GRBs with Swift (2010)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: We are in an exciting period of discovery for gamma-ray bursts. The Swift observatory is detecting 100 bursts per year, providing arcsecond localizations and sensitive observations of the prompt and afterglow emission. In addition, rapid-response telescopes on the ground have new capabilities to study optical emission during the prompt phase and spectral signatures of the host galaxies. The combined data set is enabling great advances in our understanding of GRBs including afterglow physics, short burst origin, and supernova physics.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Mirror Technology Development for The International X-Ray Observatory Mission (2010)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Presentation slides include: International X-ray Observatory (IXO), Lightweight and High Resolution X-ray Optics is Needed; Modular Design of Mirror Assembly, IXO Mirror Technology Development Objectives, Focus of Technology Development, Slumping - Status, Mirror Fabrication Progress, Temporary Bonding - Status, Alignment - Status, Permanent Bonding - Status, Mirror Housing Simulator (MHS) - TRL-4, Mini-Module (TRL-5), Flight-Like Module (TRL-6), Mirror Technology Development Team, Outlook, and Small Technology Firms that Have Made Direct Contributions to IXO Mirror Technology Development.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Gamma-Ray Telescopes: 400 Years of Astronomical Telescopes (2010)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: The last half-century has seen dramatic developments in gamma-ray telescopes, from their initial conception and development through to their blossoming into full maturity as a potent research tool in astronomy. Gamma-ray telescopes are leading research in diverse areas such as gamma-ray bursts, blazars, Galactic transients, and the Galactic distribution of Al-26.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    A Simple Model for the Evolution of Multi-Stranded Coronal Loops (2010)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: We develop and analyze a simple cellular automaton (CA) model that reproduces the main properties of the evolution of soft X-ray coronal loops. We are motivated by the observation that these loops evolve in three distinguishable phases that suggest the development, maintainance, and decay of a self-organized system. The model is based on the idea that loops are made of elemental strands that are heated by the relaxation of magnetic stress in the form of nanoflares. In this vision, usually called "the Parker conjecture" (Parker 1988), the origin of stress is the displacement of the strand footpoints due to photospheric convective motions. Modeling the response and evolution of the plasma we obtain synthetic light curves that have the same characteristic properties (intensity, fluctuations, and timescales) as the observed cases. We study the dependence of these properties on the model parameters and find scaling laws that can be used as observational predictions of the model. We discuss the implications of our results for the interpretation of recent loop observations in different wavelengths. Subject headings: Sun: corona - Sun: flares - Sun: magnetic topology - Sun: X-rays, gamma rays
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    A Comparison of Oxidized Carbon Abundances among Comets (2010)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Comets contain relatively well preserved icy material remaining from the epoch of Solar System formation, however the extent to which these ices are modified from their initial state remains a fundamental question in cometary science. As a comet approaches the Sun, sublimation of the ices contained in its nucleus (termed " native ices") releases parent volatiles into the coma, where they can be measured spectroscopically. One means of assessing the degree to which interstellar ices were processed prior to their incorporation into cometary nuclei is to measure the relative abundances of chemically-related parent volatiles. For example, formation of C2H6 by hydrogen atom addition (e.g., to C2H2) on surfaces of ice-mantled grains was proposed to explain the high C2H6 to CH4 abundance observed in C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake) [1]. The large C2H6/CH4 abundance ratios measured universally in comets, compared with those predicted by gas phase production of C2H6, establishes H-atom addition as an important and likely ubiquitous process. CO should also be hydrogenated on grain surfaces. Laboratory irradiation experiments on interstellar ice analogs indicate this to require very low temperatures (T approx. 10-25 K), the resulting yields of H2CO and CH3OH being highly dependent both on hydrogen density (i.e., fluence) and on temperature ([2],[3]). This relatively narrow range in temperature reflects a lack of mobility below 8-10 K on the one hand, and reduced sticking times for H-atoms as grain surfaces are warmed above 20 K on the other. The relative abundances of these three chemically-related molecules in comets provides one measure of the efficiency of H-atom addition to CO on pre-cometary grains (Fig. 1).
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    JWST Planetary Observations Within the Solar System (2010)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: JWST provides capabilities unmatched by other telescopic facilities in the near to mid infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Its combination of broad wavelength range, high sensitivity and near diffraction-limited imaging around two microns wavelength make it a high value facility for a variety of Solar System targets. Beyond Neptune, a class of cold, large bodies that include Pluto, Triton and Eris exhibits surface deposits of nitrogen, methane, and other molecules that are poorly observed from the ground, but for which JWST might provide spectral mapping at high sensitivity and spatial resolution difficult to match with the current generation of ground-based observatories. The observatory will also provide unique sensitivity in a variety of near and mid infrared windows for observing relatively deep into the atmospheres of Uranus and Neptune, searching there for minor species. It will examine the Jovian aurora in a wavelength regime where the background atmosphere is dark. Special provision of a subarray observing strategy may allow observation of Jupiter and Saturn over a larger wavelength range despite their large surface brightnesses, allowing for detailed observation of transient phenomena including large scale storms and impact-generation disturbances. JWST's observations of Saturn's moon Titan will overlap with and go beyond the 2017 end-of-mission for Cassini, providing an important extension to the time-series of meteorological studies for much of northern hemisphere summer. It will overlap with a number of other planetary missions to targets for which JWST can make unique types of observations. JWST provides a platform for linking solar system and extrasolar planet studies through its unique observational capabilities in both arenas.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Suprathermal Ion Pressure in the Local Interstellar Medium (2010)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: The first published results from IBEX and Cassini, and the earlier termination shock crossings by the Voyagers, are strongly suggestive of geometric relation of the local interstellar magnetic field to the outer boundary region of the heliosphere. The inferred pressure of the magnetic field is not, however, high enough to balance the heliosheath particle pressure computed from the IBEX and Cassini measurements. Since the interstellar ram pressure is also relatively low, and higher energy Ge V cosmic ray ions are not trapped on the local interstellar field lines, the pressure balance at the heliopause is more likely dominated by suprathermal keV-MeV particles on both sides. This should not be surprising in view of the long history of early work by Parker and others on cosmic ray particle pressure in interstellar space but with the new insight that the dominant contribution may be at suprathermal keV-MeV energies. Supporting pressure calculations are reviewed for a model interstellar proton spectrum from earlier work of Cooper et al. (2003, 2006, 2008).
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    The New Generation Russian VLBI Network (2010)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: This paper deals with a new project of the Russian VLBI Network dedicated for Universal Time determinations in quasi on-line mode. The basic principles of the network design and location of antennas are explained. Variants of constructing receiving devices, digital data acquisition system, and phase calibration system are specially considered. The frequency ranges and expected values of noise temperature are given.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: Proceedings of the Sixth General Meeting of the International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry; 106-110; NASA/CP-2010-215864
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    Astrometric "Core-shifts" at the Highest Frequencies (2010)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: We discuss the application of a new VLBI astrometric method named "Source/Frequency Phase Referencing" to measurements of "core-shifts" in radio sources used for geodetic observations. We detail the reasons that astrometrical observations of 'core-shifts' have become critical in the era of VLBI2010. We detail how this new method allows the problem to be addressed at the highest frequencies and outline its superior compensation of tropospheric errors.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: Proceedings of the Sixth General Meeting of the International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry; 315-319; NASA/CP-2010-215864
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    FERMI-LAT Observations of Galatic Transients (2010)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: This slide presentation reviews the use of the Large Area Telescope on the Fermi Observatory observations of Galactic Transients. LAT all-sky monitoring is producing spectacular results for the GeV transient sky: (1) New blazars and unidentified transients (2) Probing the jet of the Cygnus X-3 microquasar (3) Discovery of gamma rays from V407 Cygni nova (4) Fast high-energy gamma-ray flares from the Crab Nebula.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Thin Shell, Segmented X-Ray Mirrors (2010)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Thin foil mirrors were introduced as a means of achieving high throughput in an X-ray astronomical imaging system in applications for which high angular resolution were not necessary. Since their introduction, their high filling factor, modest mass, relative ease of construction, and modest cost have led to their use in numerous X-ray observatories, including the Broad Band X-ray Telescope, ASCA, and Suzaku. The introduction of key innovations, including epoxy replicated surfaces, multilayer coatings, and glass mirror substrates, has led to performance improvements, and in their becoming widely used for X-ray astronomical imaging at energies above 10 keV. The use of glass substrates has also led to substantial improvement in angular resolution, and thus their incorporation into the NASA concept for the International X-ray Observatory with a planned 3 in diameter aperture. This paper traces the development of foil mirrors from their inception in the 1970's through their current and anticipated future applications.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Physical Conditions of a Lensed Star-Forming Galaxy at Z=1.7 (2010)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: We report rest-frame optical Keck/NIRSPEC spectroscopy of the brightest lensed galaxy yet discovered, RCSGA 032727-132609 at z=1.7037. From precise measurements of the nebular lines, we infer a number of physical properties: redshift, extinction, star formation rate, ionization parameter, electron density, electron temperature, oxygen abundance, and N/O, Ne/O, and Ar/O abundance ratios. The limit on [O III] 4363 A tightly constrains the oxygen abundance via the "direct" or Tc method, for the first time in all metallicity galaxy at z approx.2. We compare this result to several standard "bright-line" O abundance diagnostics, thereby testing these empirically calibrated diagnostics in situ. Finally, we explore the positions of lensed and unlensed galaxies in standard diagnostic diagrams, and explore the diversity of ionization conditions and mass-metallicity ratios at z=2.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Particle Size and Abundance of HC3N Ice in Titan's Lower Stratosphere at High Northern Latitudes (2010)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Up to now, there has been no corroboration from Cassini CIRS of the Voyager IRIS-discovery of cyanoacetylene (HC3N) ice in Titan's thermal infrared spectrum. We report the first compelling spectral evidence from CIRS for the v6 HC3N ice feature at 506 per centimeter at latitudes 62 deg. N and 70 deg. N, from which we derive particle sizes and column abundances in Titan's lower stratosphere. We find mean particle radii of 3.0 micrometers and 2.3 micrometers for condensed HC3N at 62 deg. N and 70 deg. N, respectively, and corresponding ice phase molecular column abundances in the range 1-10 x 10(exp 16) mol per square centimeter. Only upper limits for cloud abundances can be established at latitudes of 85 deg. N, 55 deg. N, 30 deg. N, 10 deg. N, and 15 deg. S. Under the assumption that cloud tops coincide with the uppermost levels at which HC3N vapor saturates, we infer geometric thicknesses for the clouds equivalent to 10-20 km or so, with tops at 165 km and 150 km at 70 deg. N and 62 Deg. N, respectively.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: Icarus; Volume 207; Issue 2; 914-922
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    The Origin of Dust in the Early Universe: Probing the Star Formation History of Galaxies by Their Dust Content (2010)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Two distinct scenarios for the origin of the approximately 4 x 10(exp 8) Solar Mass of dust observed in the high-redshift (z = 6.4) quasar J1148+5251 have been proposed. The first assumes that this galaxy is much younger than the age of the universe at that epoch so that only supernovae, could have produced this dust. The second scenario assumes a significantly older galactic age, so that the dust could have formed in lower-mass AGB stars. Presenting new integral solutions for the chemical evolution of metals and dust in galaxies, we offer a critical evaluation of these two scenarios. ^N;"(,, show that the AGB scenario is sensitive to the details of the galaxy's star formation history (SFH), which must consist of an early intense starburst followed by a period of low stellar activity. The presence or absence of massive amounts of dust in high-redshift galaxies can therefore be used to infer their SFH. However, a problem with the AGB scenario is that it produces a stellar mass that is significantly larger than the inferred dynamical mass of J1148+5251, an yet unresolved discrepancy. If this problem persists, then additional sites for the growth or formation of dust, such as molecular clouds or dense clouds around active galactic nuclei, must be considered.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Searching for Cost-Optimized Interstellar Beacons (2010)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: What would SETI beacon transmitters be like if built by civilizations that had a variety of motives but cared about cost? In a companion paper, we presented how, for fixed power density in the far field, a cost-optimum interstellar beacon system could be built. Here, we consider how we should search for a beacon if it were produced by a civilization similar to ours. High-power transmitters could be built for a wide variety of motives other than the need for two-way communication, this would include beacons built to be seen over thousands of light-years. Extraterrestrial beacon builders would likely have to contend with economic pressures just as their terrestrial counterparts do. Cost, spectral lines near 1GHz, and interstellar scintillation favor radiating frequencies substantially above the classic "water hole." Therefore, the transmission strategy for a distant, cost-conscious beacon would be a rapid scan of the galactic plane with the intent to cover the angular space. Such pulses would be infrequent events for the receiver. Such beacons built by distant, advanced, wealthy societies would have very different characteristics from what SETI researchers seek. Future searches should pay special attention to areas along the galactic disk where SETI searches have seen coherent signals that have not recurred on the limited listening time intervals we have used. We will need to wait for recurring events that may arrive in intermittent bursts. Several new SETI search strategies have emerged from these ideas. We propose a new test for beacons that is based on the Life Plane hypotheses.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: Astrobiology; Volume 10; No. 5
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    Oxidation States of Grim Glasses in EET79001 Based on Vanadium Valence (2010)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Gas-rich impact-melt (GRIM) glasses in SNC meteorites are very rich in Martian atmospheric noble gases and sulfur suggesting a possible occurrence of regolith-derived secondary mineral assemblages in these samples. Previously, we have studied two GRIM glasses, 506 and 507, from EET79001 Lith A and Lith B, respectively, for elemental abundances and spatial distribution of sulfur using EMPA (WDS) and FE-SEM (EDS) techniques and for sulfur-speciation using K-edge XANES techniques. These elemental and FE-SEM micro-graph data at several locations in the GRIM glasses from Shergotty (DBS), Zagami 994 and EET79001, Lith B showed that FeO and SO3 are positively correlated (SO3 represents a mixture of sulfide and sulfate). FE-SEM (EDS) study revealed that the sulfur-rich pockets in these glasses contain numerous micron-sized iron-sulfide (Fe-S) globules sequestered throughout the volume. However, in some areas (though less frequently), we detected significant Fe-S-O signals suggesting the occurrence of iron sulfate. These GRIM glasses were studied by K-edge microXANES techniques for sulfur speciation in association with iron in sulfur-rich areas. In both samples, we found the sulfur speciation dominated by sulfide with minor oxidized sulfur mixed in with various proportions. The abundance of oxidized sulfur was greater in 506 than in 507. Based on these results, we hypothesize that sulfur initially existed as sulfate in the glass precursor materials and, on shock-impact melting of the precursor materials producing these glasses, the oxidized sulfur was reduced to predominately sulfide. In order to further test this hypothesis, we have used microXANES to measure the valence states of vanadium in GRIM glasses from Lith A and Lith B to complement and compare with previous analogous measurements on Lith C (note: 506 and 507 contain the largest amounts of martian atmospheric gases but the gas-contents in Lith C measured by are unknown). Vanadium is ideal for addressing this re-dox issue because it has multiple valence states and is a well-studied element. Ferrous-dominated iron valences determined by microXANES on the Lith A and Lith B glasses provide little redox sensitivity. Vanadium valence measurements for impact glass in Lith C at three different locations yielded valence values of 3.1, 3.2 and 3.4 with inferred fO2 values of IW-0.7, IW-0.1 and IW+0.7, respectively. This range of oxygen-fugacity values is understandable because the glasses are shock-molten impact glasses which are heterogeneous in nature. Oxygen fugacity values obtained from the analysis of Fe-Ti oxides and Eu partitioning in pyroxenes from EET79001 Lith A and Lith B (host lithologies) were in the range of IW+0.3 to IW+1.9 suggesting that V in the Lith C impact glass was reduced in the impact process. Here, we examine whether the 506 from Lith A and 507 from Lith B GRIM glasses yield similar or different fO2 values from those of Lith C using the vanadium K-edge microXANES technique.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: JSC-CN-19503
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    The Radio Jove Project (2010)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: The Radio love Project is a hands-on education and outreach project in which students, or any other interested individuals or groups build a radio telescope from a kit, operate the radio telescope, transmit the resulting signals through the internet if desired, analyze the results, and share the results with others through archives or general discussions among the observers. Radio love is intended to provide an introduction to radio astronomy for the observer. The equipment allows the user to observe radio signals from Jupiter, the Sun, the galaxy, and Earth-based radiation both natural and man-made. The project was started through a NASA Director's Discretionary Fund grant more than ten years ago. it has continued to be carried out through the dedicated efforts of a group of mainly volunteers. Dearly 1500 kits have been distributed throughout the world. Participation can also be done without building a kit. Pre-built kits are available. Users can also monitor remote radio telescopes through the internet using free downloadable software available through the radiosky.com website. There have been many stories of prize-winning projects, inspirational results, collaborative efforts, etc. We continue to build the community of observers and are always open to new thoughts about how to inspire the observers to still greater involvement in the science and technology associated with Radio Jove.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: Virginia Association of Astronomical Societies (VAAS)/Roanoke Valley Astronomical Society (RVAS); Oct 09, 2010; Salem, VA; United States
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    The Lagrange Points in a Binary Black Hole System: Applications to Electromagnetic Signatures (2010)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: We study the stability and evolution of the Lagrange points L_4 and L-5 in a black hole (BH) binary system, including gravitational radiation. We find that gas and stars can be shepherded in with the BH system until the final moments before merger, providing the fuel for a bright electromagnetic counterpart to a gravitational wave signal. Other astrophysical signatures include the ejection of hyper-velocity stars, gravitational collapse of globular clusters, and the periodic shift of narrow emission lines in AGN.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: Seminar for Computational Gravity and Relativity at Rochester Institute of Technology; Nov 22, 2010 - Nov 24, 2010; Rochester, NY; United States
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    An High Resolution Near-Earth Objects Population Enabling Next-Generation Search Strategies (2010)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: Over the past decade, the dedicated search for kilometer-size near-Earth objects (NEOs), potentially hazardous objects (PHOs), and potential Earth impactors has led to a boost in the rate of discoveries of these objects. The catalog of known NEOs is the fundamental ingredient used to develop a model for the NEOs population, either by assessing and correcting for the observational bias (Jedicke et al., 2002), or by evaluating the migration rates from the NEOs source regions (Bottke et al., 2002). The modeled NEOs population is a necessary tool used to track the progress in the search of large NEOs (Jedicke et al., 2003) and to try to predict the distribution of the ones still undiscovered, as well as to study the sky distribution of potential Earth impactors (Chesley & Spahr, 2004). We present a method to model the NEOs population in all six orbital elements, on a finely grained grid, allowing us the design and test of targeted and optimized search strategies. This method relies on the observational data routinely reported to the Minor Planet Center (MPC) by the Catalina Sky Survey (CSS) and by other active NEO surveys over the past decade, to determine on a nightly basis the efficiency in detecting moving objects as a function of observable quantities including apparent magnitude, rate of motion, airmass, and galactic latitude. The cumulative detection probability is then be computed for objects within a small range in orbital elements and absolute magnitude, and the comparison with the number of know NEOs within the same range allows us to model the population. When propagated to the present epoch and projected on the sky plane, this provides the distribution of the missing large NEOs, PHOs, and potential impactors.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society; 42; 1086
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    GBM Observations of Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes (2010)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: The TGF detection rate of Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) has been increased twice since launch. The most recent improvement is from a new operating mode in which data for individual photons are down-linked for selected portions of the orbit, enabling a more sensitive ground-based search for TGFs. The new search has increased the TGF detection rate and is finding TGFs more than five times fainter than the TGFs of the previous GBM sample. We summarize the properties of the original GBM TGF sample and compare to the less intense TGFs now being detected. In addition to gamma-ray TGFs, GBM is observing distant TGFs from the propagation of charged particles along geomagnetic field lines. Strong 511 keV annihilation lines have been observed, demonstrating that both electrons and positrons are present in the particle beams. Spectral fits to these electron/positron TGFs will be shown.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: M11-0072 , 2010 American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall Meeting; Dec 13, 2010 - Dec 17, 2010; San Francisco, CA; United States
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    What Can Geolocated Sferics Tell Us About Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes? (2010)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) has been detecting TGFs with increasing sensitivity over the past two years, owing to changes in flight software that have lowered its threshold for triggering and, recently, allowed a search for TGFs weaker than those which would cause an onboard trigger. Associations between TGFs detected in the first 18 months of operation and sferics detected using the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) show that TGF peaks and lightning discharges are simultaneous to within tens of microseconds, and that GBM triggered on TGFs that occurred up to a distance of 300 km from the sub-spacecraft position. In the work presented here, we look for associations between TGFs detected by the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) and WWLLN sferics over the same 18 months, and we compare the match rate and detection horizon of the two instruments. We also look for associations between WWLLN sferics and more recent GBM TGFs, both triggered events and weaker TGFs uncovered in our untriggered search. We discuss whether in this new mode, GBM is detecting TGFs that are more distant from the sub-spacecraft point than 300 km, or whether the weaker TGFs are instead indicative of a luminosity distribution, either because the weaker ones originate deeper in the atmosphere or because they are intrinsically dimmer.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: M11-0038 , 2010 American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall Meeting; Dec 13, 2010 - Dec 17, 2010; San Francisco, CA; United States
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    Multi-Scale Modeling of Global of Magnetospheric Dynamics (2010)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: To understand the role of magnetic reconnection in global evolution of magnetosphere and to place spacecraft observations into global context it is essential to perform global simulations with physically motivated model of dissipation that is capable to reproduce reconnection rates predicted by kinetic models. In our efforts to bridge the gap between small scale kinetic modeling and global simulations we introduced an approach that allows to quantify the interaction between large-scale global magnetospheric dynamics and microphysical processes in diffusion regions near reconnection sites. We utilized the high resolution global MHD code BATSRUS and incorporate primary mechanism controlling the dissipation in the vicinity of reconnection sites in terms of kinetic corrections to induction and energy equations. One of the key elements of the multiscale modeling of magnetic reconnection is identification of reconnection sites and boundaries of surrounding diffusion regions where non-MHD corrections are required. Reconnection site search in the equatorial plane implemented in our previous studies is extended to cusp and magnetopause reconnection, as well as for magnetotail reconnection in realistic asymmetric configurations. The role of feedback between the non-ideal effects in diffusion regions and global magnetosphere structure and dynamics will be discussed.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: 2010 Fall American Geophysical Union (AGU) Meeting; Dec 13, 2010 - Dec 17, 2010; San Francisco, CA; United States
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    Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope Science Overview (2010)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: After more than 2 years of science operations, the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope continues to survey the high-energy sky on a daily basis. In addition to the more than 1400 sources found in the first Fermi Large Area Telescope Catalog (I FGL), new results continue to emerge. Some of these are: (1) Large-scale diffuse emission suggests possible activity from the Galactic Center region in the past; (2) a gamma-ray nova was found, indicating particle acceleration in this binary system; and (3) the Crab Nebula, long thought to be a steady source, has varied in the energy ranges seen by both Fermi instruments.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: Fermi Regional Workshops; Nov 30, 2010 - Dec 01, 2010; New York, NY; United States
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    A Bulk Comptonization Model for the Prompt GRM Emission (2010)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: The "Supercritical Pile" is a very economical GRB model that provides for the efficient conversion of the energy stored in the protons of a Relativistic Blast Wave (RBW) into radiation and at the same time produces - in the prompt GRB phase, even in the absence of any particle acceleration - a spectral peak at energy approximately 1 MeV. We extend this model to include the evolution of the RBW Lorentz factor F and thus follow its spectral and temporal features into the early GRB afterglow stage. One of the novel features of the present treatment is the inclusion of the feedback of the GRB produced radiation on the evolution of Gamma with radius. This feedback and the presence of kinematic and dynamic thresholds in the model are sources of potentially very rich time evolution which we have began to explore. In particular, one can this way obtain afterglow light curves with steep decays followed by the more conventional flatter afterglow slopes, while at the same time preserving the desirable features of the model, i.e. the well defined relativistic electron source and radiative processes that produce the proper peak in the nu F(sub nu) spectra. In this note we present the results of a specific set of parameters of this model with emphasis on the multiwavelength prompt emission and transition to the early afterglow.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: 8th Integral Workshop - The Restless Gamma-ray Universe; Sep 25, 2010 - Oct 01, 2010; Dublin; Ireland
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    The Final Merger of Massive Black Holes: Recoils, Gravitational Waves, and Electromagnetic Signatures (2010)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: The final merger of two massive black holes produces a powerful burst of gravitational radiation, emitting more energy than all the stars in the observable universe combined. The resulting gravitational waveforms will be easily detectable by the space-based LISA out to redshifts z greater than 10, revealing the masses and spins of the black holes to high precision. If the merging black holes have unequal masses, or asymmetric spins, the final black hole that forms can recoil with a velocity exceeding 1000 km/s. And, when the black holes merge in the presence of gas and magnetic fields, various types of electromagnetic signals may also be produced. For more than 30 years, scientists have tried to compute black hole mergers using the methods of numerical relativity. The resulting computer codes have been plagued by instabilities, causing them to crash well before the black holes in the binary could complete even a single orbit. Within the past few years, however, this situation has changed dramatically, with a series of remarkable breakthroughs. This talk will focus on new results that are revealing the dynamics and waveforms of binary black hole mergers, recoil velocities, and the possibility of accompanying electromagnetic outbursts.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: Accretion and Outflow in Black Hole Systems/INAF, INAF/OAR, ASI/DSC, INAF/IASF; Oct 11, 2010 - Oct 15, 2010; Kathmandu; Nepal
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    The Latest Space-Borne Observations of TGFs from Fermi-GBM (2010)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: The Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) on the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope Observatory (Fermi) is detecting about two TGFs per week. This rate has increased by a factor of approx.eight since launch when flight software was uploaded to the spacecraft in November 2009 in order to increase the sensitivity of GBM to TGFs. Weaker, un-triggered TGFs are now also being observed about once per day over selected low-latitude regions Americas. The high efficiency and time resolution (2 s) of GBM allows temporal features to be resolved so that some insight may be gained on the origin and transport of the gamma-ray photons through the atmosphere. TGFs are observed to be shorter than previously thought, with an average duration of approx.100 micro-s. The absolute times of TGFs are known to approx.10 micro-s, allowing accurate correlations of TGFs with lightning networks and other lightning-related phenomena. The events are observed in the thick bismuth germanate (BGO) scintillation detectors of GBM with photon energies above 40 MeV. Other new results on the temporal and spectral characteristics of TGFs will be presented, along with properties of several electron-positron TGF events that have been identified.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: M10-1059 , E-CANE-ASIM Workshop on TLE''s and TGF''s; Oct 25, 2010 - Oct 27, 2010; Amsterdam; Netherlands
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    Technology Advancement of the Visible Nulling Coronagraph (2010)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: The critical high contrast imaging technology for the Extrasolar Planetary Imaging Coronagraph (EPIC) mission concept is the visible nulling coronagraph (VNC). EPIC would be capable of imaging jovian planets, dust/debris disks, and potentially super-Earths and contribute to answering how bright the debris disks are for candidate stars. The contrast requirement for EPIC is 10(exp 9) contrast at 125 milli-arseconds inner working angle. To advance the VNC technology NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, in collaboration with Lockheed-Martin, previously developed a vacuum VNC testbed, and achieved narrowband and broadband suppression of the core of the Airy disk. Recently our group was awarded a NASA Technology Development for Exoplanet Missions to achieve two milestones: (i) 10(exp 8) contrast in narrowband light, and, (ii) 10(ecp 9) contrast in broader band light; one milestone per year, and both at 2 Lambda/D inner working angle. These will be achieved with our 2nd generation testbed known as the visible nulling testbed (VNT). It contains a MEMS based hex-packed segmented deformable mirror known as the multiple mirror array (MMA) and coherent fiber bundle, i.e. a spatial filter array (SFA). The MMA is in one interferometric arm and works to set the wavefront differences between the arms to zero. Each of the MMA segments is optically mapped to a single mode fiber of the SFA, and the SFA passively cleans the sub-aperture wavefront error leaving only piston, tip and tilt error to be controlled. The piston degree of freedom on each segment is used to correct the wavefront errors, while the tip/tilt is used to simultaneously correct the amplitude errors. Thus the VNT controls both amplitude and wavefront errors with a single MMA in closed-loop in a vacuum tank at approx.20 Hz. Herein we will discuss our ongoing progress with the VNT.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: In the Spirit of Lyot 2010: Direct Detection of Exoplanets and Cicumstellar Disks; Oct 25, 2010 - Oct 29, 2010; Paris; France
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    [CII] At 1 〈 z 〈 2: Observing Star Formation in the Early Universe with Zeus (1 and 2) (2010)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: We report the detection of the [CII] 158 micron fine structure line from six submillimeter galaxies with redshifts between 1.12 and 1.73. This more than doubles the total number of [CII] 158 micron detections reported from high redshift sources. These observations were made with the Redshift(z) and Early Universe Spectrometer(ZEUS) at the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory on Mauna Kea, Hawaii between December 2006 and March 2009. ZEUS is a background limited submm echelle grating spectrometer (Hailey-Dunsheath 2009). Currently we are constructing ZEUS-2. This new instrument will utilize the same grating but will feature a two dimensional transition-edge sensed bolometer array with SQUID multiplexing readout system enabling simultaneous background limited observations in the 200, 340,450 and 650 micron telluric windows. ZEUS-2 will allow for long slit imaging spectroscopy in nearby galaxies and a [CII] survey from z 0.25 to 2.5.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society Electronic Edition; 42; 1|215th AAS Meeting; Jan 03, 2010 - Jan 07, 2010; Washington, DC; United States
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    High-Contrast 3.8 Micron Imaging of the Brown Dwarf/Planet-Mass Companion to GJ 758 (2010)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: We present L' band (3.8 Micron) MMT/Clio high-contrast imaging data for the nearby star GJ 758, which was recently reported by Thalmann et al. (2009) to have one -- possibly two-- faint comoving companions (GJ 7588 and "C", respectively). GJ 758B is detected in two distinct datasets. Additionally, we report a \textit(possible) detection of the object identified by Thalmann et al as "GJ 758C" in our more sensitive dataset, though it is likely a residual speckle. However, if it is the same object as that reported by Thalmann et al. it cannot be a companion in a bound orbit. GJ 758B has a H-L'color redder than nearly all known L--T8 dwarfs. Based on comparisons with the COND evolutionary models, GJ 758B has Te approx. 560 K (+150 K, -90 K) and a mass ranging from approx. 10-20 Mj if it is approx. 1 Gyr old to approx. 25-40 Mj if it is 8.7 Gyr old. GJ 758B is likely in a highly eccentric orbit, e approx. 0.73 (+0.12,-0.21), with a semimajor axis of approx. 44 AU (+32 AU, -14 AU). Though GJ 758B is sometimes discussed within the context of exoplanet direct imaging, its mass is likely greater than the deuterium-burning limit and its formation may resemble that of binary stars rather than that of jovian-mass planets.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Implications of the Secondary Eclipse of Exoplanet HAT-P-11b (2010)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: We observed exoplanet HAT-P-11b and have successfully detected its secondary eclipse. We conducted observations using the Spitzer Space Telescope in the post-cryo mission at 3.6 microns for a period of 22 hours centered on the anticipated secondary eclipse time, to detect the eclipse and determine its phase. Having detected the secondary eclipse, we are at present making a more focused series of observations in both the 3.6 and 4.5 micron bands to fully characterize it. HAT-P-11b is one of only two known exo-Neptunes and has a period of 4.8878 days, radius of 0.422 RJ, mass of 0.081 MJ and semi-major axis 0.053 AU. Measurements of the secondary eclipse will serve to clarify two key issues; 1) the planetary brightness temperature and the nature of its atmosphere, and 2) the eccentricity of its orbit, with implications for its dynamical evolution. We discuss implications of these observations.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: IAU Symposium 276: The Astrophysics of Planetary Systems; Oct 09, 2010 - Oct 17, 2010; Turin; Italy
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    Detection of the Secondary Eclipse of Exoplanet HAT P-11b (2010)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: We have successfully conducted secondary eclipse observations of exoplanet HAT-P-11b using the Spitzer Space Telescope. HAT-P-11b was, until very recently, the smallest transiting extrasolar planet yet found and one of only two known exo-Neptunes. We observed the system at 3.6 microns for a period of 22 hours centered on the anticipated secondary eclipse time, to detect the eclipse and determine its phase. Having detected the secondary eclipse, we are at present making a more focused series of observations in both the 3.6 and 4.5 micron bands to fully characterize it. HAT-P-11b has a period of 4.8878 days, radius of 0.422 RJ, mass of 0.081 MJ and semi-major axis 0.053 AU. Measurements of the secondary eclipse will serve to clarify two key issues; 1) the planetary brightness temperature and the nature of its atmosphere, and 2) the eccentricity of its orbit, with implications for its dynamical evolution. A precise determination of the orbit phase for the secondary eclipse will also be of great utility for Kepler observations of this system at visible wavelengths.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: European Planetary Science Congress 2010 Copernicus Meetings; Sep 18, 2010 - Sep 26, 2010; Rome; Italy
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    Fast X-Ray Timing: A Window into the Strong-Field Regime (2010)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: The dynamical time-scales in the vicinity of neutron star surfaces and black hole horizons are in the millisecond range. Over the past decade, timing signatures on such scales, either quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) and/or coherent pulsations, have been discovered and studied from both neutron stars and black holes with NASA's Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer, Although theoretical interpretations are still hotly debated, these timing properties almost certainly reflect the dynamics of matter in regions dominated by relativistic gravity. I will survey our current understanding of these timing properties, with a focus on how they might he used as probes of fundamental physics.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: 38th COSPAR Scientific Assembly; Jul 18, 2010 - Jul 25, 2010; Bremen, Germany; Germany
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    Burst Oscillations: Watching Neutron Stars Spin (2010)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: It is now almost 15 years since the first detection of rotationally modulated emission from X-ray bursting neutron stars, "burst oscillations," This phenomenon enables us to see neutron stars spin, as the X-ray burst flux asymmetrically lights up the surface. It has enabled a new way to probe the neutron star spin frequency distribution, as well as to elucidate the multidimensional nature of nuclear burning on neutron stars. I will review our current observational understanding of the phenomenon, with an eye toward highlighting some of the interesting remaining puzzles, of which there is no shortage.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: X-ray Bursts and Burst Oscillations Workshop/Lorentz Center International Center for Workshops in the Sciences; Jul 25, 2010 - Jul 31, 2010; Bremen; Germany
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    Overview of the James Webb Space Telescope (2010)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is ulxve uperk/rc (6.5 meter), cryogenic space telescope with a suite of near and mid-infrared instruments covering the wavelength range of 0.6 prnio 28 pn). JWS7 s primaryacicoce goal is k) detect and characterize the first galaxies. U will also study the uascrob|y of galaxies, uiur bzcrou1ion, and the formation of evolution of planetary systems. Recent progress in hardware development for the observatory will he presented, including a discussion of the status of JWST's optical system and Beryllium mirror fabrication, progress with sunshield prototypes, and the integration and test configuration. We also review the expected scientific performance of the observatory for observations of exosolar planets by means of transit imaging and spectroscopy. We will review the science goals, the capabilities of each science instrument, and the design and operation of the telescope.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: Overview of the James Webb Space Telescope; May 31, 2010 - Jun 02, 2010; Ottobrunn; Germany
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    Complex Cometary Phenomena: The Distributed Source (2010)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: Observations of H2CO toward comet Hale-Bopp demonstrate that this molecule has an extended distribution, which cannot be explained by direct sublimation from the nucleus or gas phase processes in the coma. A likely source of 142CO in comets may be coma grains composed of an organic-dominated silicate-organic matrix. These grains are released from the nucleus and are vaporized or thermally degraded by solar heating, ejecting organic molecules into the expanding coma. Hence, organic molecules with short photodissociation lifetimes (〈10(exp 4) km) such as H2CO can be found much farther from the comet nucleus than their photodestruction rates would suggest. Distributed sources are also considered for other species such as CO, CN, and CS. We will present an overview of observations and experiments that can help decipher the origin of such species.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: Comet Workshop; May 16, 2010 - May 19, 2010; Green Bank, WV; United States
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    Interferometry in the Era of Very Large Telescopes (2010)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: Research in modern stellar interferometry has focused primarily on ground-based observatories, with very long baselines or large apertures, that have benefited from recent advances in fringe tracking, phase reconstruction, adaptive optics, guided optics, and modern detectors. As one example, a great deal of effort has been put into development of ground-based nulling interferometers. The nulling technique is the sparse aperture equivalent of conventional coronography used in filled aperture telescopes. In this mode the stellar light itself is suppressed by a destructive fringe, effectively enhancing the contrast of the circumstellar material located near the star. Nulling interferometry has helped to advance our understanding of the astrophysics of many distant objects by providing the spatial resolution necessary to localize the various faint emission sources near bright objects. We illustrate the current capabilities of this technique by describing the first scientific results from the Keck Interferometer Nuller that combines the light from the two largest optical telescopes in the world including new, unpublished measurements of exozodiacal dust disks. We discuss prospects in the near future for interferometry in general, the capabilities of secondary masking interferometry on very large telescopes, and of nulling interferometry using outriggers on very large telescopes. We discuss future development of a simplified space-borne NIR nulling architecture, the Fourier-Kelvin Stellar Interferometer, capable of detecting and characterizing an Earth twin in the near future and how such a mission would benefit from the optical wavelength coverage offered by large, ground-based instruments.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Afterglow Population Studies from Swift Follow-Up Observations of Fermi LAT GRBs (2010)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: The small population of Fermi LAT detected GRBs discovered over the last year has been providing interesting and unexpected clues into GRB prompt and afterglow emission mechanisms. Over the last 5 years, it has been Swift that has provided the robust data set of UV/optical and X-ray afterglow observations that opened many windows into other components of GRB emission structure. We explore the new ability to utilize both of these observatories to study the same GRBs over 10 orders of magnitude in energy, although not always concurrently. Almost all LAT GRBs that have been followed-up by Swift within 1-day have been clearly detected and carefully observed. We will present the context of the lower-energy afterglows of this special subset of GRBs that has 〉 100 MeV emission compared to the hundreds in the Swift database that may or may not have been observed by LAT, and theorize upon the relationship between these properties and the origin of the high energy gamma-ray emission.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: Deciphering the Ancient Universe with Gamma-ray Bursts; Apr 19, 2010 - Apr 23, 2010; Kyoto; Japan
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    Characterizing Black Hole Mergers (2010)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: Binary black hole mergers are a promising source of gravitational waves for interferometric gravitational wave detectors. Recent advances in numerical relativity have revealed the predictions of General Relativity for the strong burst of radiation generated in the final moments of binary coalescence. We explore features in the merger radiation which characterize the final moments of merger and ringdown. Interpreting the waveforms in terms of an rotating implicit radiation source allows a unified phenomenological description of the system from inspiral through ringdown. Common features in the waveforms allow quantitative description of the merger signal which may provide insights for observations large-mass black hole binaries.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: 2010 American Physical Society Meeting; Feb 12, 2010 - Feb 17, 2010; Washington, DC; United States
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    Global Clusters as Laboratories for Stellar Evolution (2010)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: Globular clusters have long been considered the closest approximation to a physicist's laboratory in astrophysics, and as such a near-ideal laboratory for (low-mass) stellar evolution, However, recent observations have cast a shadow on this long-standing paradigm, suggesting the presence of multiple populations with widely different abundance patterns, and - crucially - with widely different helium abundances as welL In this review we discuss which features of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram may be used as helium abundance indicators, and present an overview of available constraints on the helium abundance in globular clusters,
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    The Primordial Inflation Polarization Explorer (PIPER) (2010)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: The Primordial Inflation Polarization Explorer (PIPER) is a ba1loon-borne instrument designed to search for the faint signature of inflation in the polarized component of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). PIPER will measure the CMB polarization at 4 frequencies (l per flight) using a pair of cryogenic telescopes, one for measuring each of Stokes Q and U in the instrument frame. Each telescope receives both linear orthogonal polarizations in two 32 by 40 element planar arrays that utilize Transition-Edge Sensors (TES). The first element in each telescope is a variable-delay polarization modulator (VPM) that fully modulates the Stokes parameter to which the telescope is sensitive.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: Observational Frontiers of Astronomy for the New Decade; Jun 27, 2010 - Jul 02, 2010; San Diego, CA; United States
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    The First Detection of (O IV) from an Ultraluminous X-Ray Source with Spitzer. 2. Evidence for High Luminosity in Holmberg II ULX (2010)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This is the second of two papers examining Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph observations of the ultraluminous X-ray source (ULX) in Holmberg II. Here, we perform detailed photoionization modeling of the infrared lines. Our analysis suggests that the luminosity and morphology of the [Oiv] 25.89 micronmeters emission line is consistent with photoionization by the soft X-ray and far ultraviolet (FUV) radiation from the accretion disk of the binary system and inconsistent with narrow beaming. We show that the emission nebula is matter bounded both in the line-of-sight direction and to the east, and probably radiation-bounded to the west. A bolometric luminosity in excess of 10(exp 40) erg s(exp -1) would be needed to produce the measured [O iv] flux. We use modeling and previously published studies to conclude that shocks likely contribute very little, if at all,to the high-ionization line fluxes observed in the Holmberg II ULX. Additionally, we find that the spectral type of the companion star has a surprisingly strong effect on the predicted strength of the [O iv] emission. This finding could explain the origin of [O iv] in some starburst systems containing black hole binaries.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: AD-A539638 , The Astrophysical Journal; 708; 364-374
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    The Design and Capabilities of the EXIST Optical and Infra-Red Telescope (IRT) (2010)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Infra-Red Telescope is a critical element of the EXIST (Energetic X-Ray Imaging Survey Telescope) observatory. The primary goal of the IRT is to obtain photometric and spectroscopic measurements of high redshift (〉 or =6) gamma ray reaching to the epoque of reionization. The photometric and spectral capabilities of the IRT will allow to use GRB afterglow as probes of the composition and ionization state of the intergalactic medium of the young universe. A prompt follow up (within three minutes) of the transient discovered by the EXIST makes IRT a unique tool for detection and study of these events in the infrared and optical wavelength, which is particularly valuable at wavelengths unavailable to the ground based observatories. We present the results of the mission study development on the IRT as part of the EXIST observatory. Keywords: infrared spectroscopy, space telescope, gamma ray bursts, early universe
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: GSFC.CPR.4928.2011 , SPIE 7731 Proceedings Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2010: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave; Jun 27, 2010 - Jul 02, 2010; Greenbelt, MD; United States
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    Visible Nulling Coronagraphy Testbed Development for Exoplanet Detection (2010)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Three of the recently completed NASA Astrophysics Strategic Mission Concept (ASMC) studies addressed the feasibility of using a Visible Nulling Coronagraph (VNC) as the prime instrument for exoplanet science. The VNC approach is one of the few approaches that works with filled, segmented and sparse or diluted aperture telescope systems and thus spans the space of potential ASMC exoplanet missions. NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) has a well-established effort to develop VNC technologies and has developed an incremental sequence of VNC testbeds to advance the this approach and the technologies associated with it. Herein we report on the continued development of the vacuum Visible Nulling Coronagraph testbed (VNT). The VNT is an ultra-stable vibration isolated testbed that operates under high bandwidth closed-loop control within a vacuum chamber. It will be used to achieve an incremental sequence of three visible light nulling milestones of sequentially higher contrasts of 10(exp 8) , 10(exp 9) and 10(exp 10) at an inner working angle of 2*lambda/D and ultimately culminate in spectrally broadband (〉20%) high contrast imaging. Each of the milestones, one per year, is traceable to one or more of the ASMC studies. The VNT uses a modified Mach-Zehnder nulling interferometer, modified with a modified "W" configuration to accommodate a hex-packed MEMS based deformable mirror, a coherent fiber bundle and achromatic phase shifters. Discussed will be the optical configuration laboratory results, critical technologies and the null sensing and control approach.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: GSFC.CPR.4898.2011 , SPIE 7731, Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation; Jun 01, 2010; San Diego, CA; United States
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    The COSPIX Mission: Focusing on the Energetic and Obscured Universe (2010)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Tracing the formation and evolution of all supermassive black holes, including the obscured ones, understanding how black holes influence their surroundings and how matter behaves under extreme conditions, are recognized as key science objectives to be addressed by the next generation of instruments. These are the main goals of the COSPIX proposal, made to ESA in December 2010 in the context of its call for selection of the M3 mission. In addition, COSPIX, will also provide key measurements on the non thermal Universe, particularly in relation to the question of the acceleration of particles, as well as on many other fundamental questions as for example the energetic particle content of clusters of galaxies. COSPIX is proposed as an observatory operating from 0.3 to more than 100 keV. The payload features a single long focal length focusing telescope offering an effective area close to ten times larger than any scheduled focusing mission at 30 keV, an angular resolution better than 20 arcseconds in hard X-rays, and polarimetric capabilities within the same focal plane instrumentation. In this paper, we describe the science objectives of the mission, its baseline design, and its performances, as proposed to ESA.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: M11-0428 , 25th Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics; Dec 06, 2010 - Dec 10, 2010; Heidelberg; Germany
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    Three Millisecond Pulsars in Fermi LAT Unassociated Bright Sources (2010)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: We searched for radio pulsars in 25 of the non-variable, unassociated sources in the Fermi LAT Bright Source List with the Green Bank Telescope at 820 MHz. We report the discovery of three radio and gamma-ray millisecond pulsar (MSPs) from a high Galactic latitude subset of these sources. All of the pulsars are in binary systems, which would have made them virtually impossible to detect in blind gamma-ray pulsation searches. They seem to be relatively normal, nearby (〈= 2 kpc) MSPs. These observations, in combination with the Fermi detection of gamma-rays from other known radio MSPs, imply that most, if not all, radio MSPs are efficient gamma-ray producers. The gamma-ray spectra of the pulsars are power law in nature with exponential cutoffs at a few Ge V, as has been found with most other pulsars. The MSPs have all been detected as X-ray point sources. Their soft X-ray luminosities of approx 10(exp 30) - 10(exp 31) erg/s are typical of the rare radio MSPs seen in X-rays.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: GSFC.JA.6615.2012 , The Astrophysical Journal Letters; 727
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    K-shell Photoionization of Na-like to Cl-like Ions of Mg, Si, S, Ar, and Ca (2010)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: We present R-matrix calculations of photoabsorption and photoionization cross sections across the K edge of Mg, Si, S, Ar, and Ca ions with more than 10 electrons. The calculations include the effects of radiative and Auger damping by means of an optical potential. The wave functions are constructed from single-electron. orbital bases obtained using a Thomas-Fermi-Dirac statistical model potential. Configuration interaction is considered among all states up to n = 3. The damping processes affect the resonances converging to the K-thresholds causing them to display symmetric profiles of constant width that smear the otherwise sharp edge at the photoionization threshold. These data are important for the modeling of features found in photoionized plasmas.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: GSFC.JA.00462.2012 , The Astrophysical Jouranl Supplement Series; 192
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    Science with the Square Kilometre Array (2010)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) is the centimeter- and meter-wavelength telescope for the 21st Century. Its Key Science Projects are (a) The end of the Dark Ages, involving searches for an H i signature and the first metalrich systems; (b) Testing theories of gravitation using an array of pulsars to search for gravitational waves and relativistic binaries to probe the strong-field regime; (c) Observations of H i to a redshift z ~ 2 from which to study the evolution of galaxies and dark energy. (d) Astrobiology including planetary formation within protoplanetary disks; and (c) The origin and evolution of cosmic magnetism, both within the Galaxy and in intergalactic space. The SKA will operate over the wavelength range of at least 1.2 cm to 4 m (70 MHz to 25 GHz), providing milliarcsecond resolution at the shortest wavelengths.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: SKA Japan Workshop; Nov 04, 2010 - Nov 05, 2010; Tokyo; Japan
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    Transient Phenomena: Opportunities for New Discoveries (2010)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Known classes of radio wavelength transients range from the nearby (stellar flares and radio pulsars) to the distant Universe (gamma-ray burst afterglows). Hypothesized classes of radio transients include analogs of known objects, such as extrasolar planets emitting Jovian-like radio bursts and giant-pulse emitting pulsars in other galaxies, to the exotic, such as prompt emission from gamma-ray bursts, evaporating black holes and transmitters from other civilizations. Time domain astronomy has been recognized internationally as a means of addressing key scientific questions in astronomy and physics, and pathfinders and Precursors to the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) are beginning to offer a combination of wider fields of view and more wavelength agility than has been possible in the past. These improvements will continue when the SKA itself becomes operational. I illustrate the range of transient phenomena and discuss how the detection and study of radio transients will improve immensely.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: GRACE Science Team Meeting (GSTM); Sep 10, 2010; Potsdam; Germany
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    Spitzer Observations of Dust Destruction in the Puppis A Supernova Remnant (2010)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The interaction of the Puppis A supernova remnant (SNR) with a neighboring molecular cloud provides a unique opportunity to measure the amount of grain destruction in an SNR shock. Spitzer Space Telescope MIPS imaging of the entire SNR at 24, 70, and 160 micrometers shows an extremely good correlation with X-ray emission, indicating that the SNR's IR radiation is dominated by the thermal emission of swept-up interstellar dust, collisionally heated by the hot shocked gas. Spitzer IRS spectral observations targeted both the Bright Eastern Knot (BEK) of the SNR where a small cloud has been engulfed by the supernova blast wave and outlying portions of the associated molecular cloud that are yet to be hit by the shock front. Modeling the spectra from both regions reveals the composition and the grain size distribution of the interstellar dust, both in front of and behind the SNR shock front. The comparison shows that the ubiquitous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of the interstellar medium are destroyed within the BEK, along with nearly 25% of the mass of graphite and silicate dust grains.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: GSFC.JA.4881.2011 , The Astrophysical Journal; 725; 585-597
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    Spinning-Up: The Case of the Symbiotic X-Ray Binary 3A 1954+319 (2010)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: We present a timing and spectral analysis of the variable X-ray source 3A 1954+319, Our analysis is mainly based on an outburst serendipitously observed during INTEGRAL Key Program observations of the Cygnus region in 2008 fall and on the Swift/BAT longterm light curve, Previous observations, though sparse, have identified the source to be one of only nine known symbiotic X-ray binaries, i.e., systems composed of an accreting neutron star orbiting in a highly inhomogeneous medium around an M-giant companion. The spectrum of 3A 1954+319 above 20 keY can be best described by a broken power law model. The extremely long pulse period of approx.5.3 hours is clearly visible in the INTEGRAL/ISGRI light curve and confirmed through an epoch folding period search. Furthermore, the light curve allows us to determine a very strong spin up of -2x10(exp 4)h/h during the outburst. This spin up is confirmed by the pulse period evolution calculated from Swift/BAT data. The Swift/BAT data also show a long spin-down trend prior to the 2008 outburst. which is confirmed in archival INTEGRAL/ISGRI data. We discuss possible accretion models and geometries allowing for the transfer of such large amounts of angular momentum and investigate the harder spectrum of this outburst compared to previously published results.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: GSFC.CP.4729.2011 , 8th INTEGRAL Vorkshop "The Restless Gamma-ray Universe" Integral 2010; Sep 27, 2010 - Sep 30, 2010; Dublin; Ireland
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    James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and Star Formation (2010)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The 6.5-m aperture James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will be a powerful tool for studying and advancing numerous areas of astrophysics. Its Fine Guidance Sensor, Near-Infrared Camera, Near-Infrared Spectrograph, and Mid-Infrared Instrument will be capable of making very sensitive, high angular resolution imaging and spectroscopic observations spanning 0.7 - 28 ?m wavelength. These capabilities are very well suited for probing the conditions of star formation in the distant and local Universe. Indeed, JWST has been designed to detect first light objects as well as to study the fine details of jets, disks, chemistry, envelopes, and the central cores of nearby protostars. We will be able to use its cameras, coronagraphs, and spectrographs (including multi-object and integral field capabilities) to study many aspects of star forming regions throughout the galaxy, the Local Group, and more distant regions. I will describe the basic JWST scientific capabilities and illustrate a few ways how they can be applied to star formation issues and conditions with a focus on Galactic regions.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN1904 , 5th Zennatt ISM Symposium; Sep 19, 2010 - Sep 24, 2010; Zermatt; Switzerland
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    Measurement of the Isotopic Signatures of Water on Mars: Implications for Studying Methane (2010)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The recent discovery of methane on Mars has led to much discussion concerning its origin. On Earth, the isotopic signatures of methane vary with the nature of its production. Specifically, the ratios among 12CH4, 13CH4, and 12CH3D differ for biotic and abiotic origins. On Mars, measuring these ratios would provide insights into the origins of methane and measurements of water isotopologues co-released with methane would assist in testing their chemical relationship. Since 1997, we have been measuring HDO and H2O in Mars atmosphere and comparing their ratio to that in Earth s oceans. We recently incorporated a line-by-line radiative transfer model (LBLRTM) into our analysis. Here, we present a map for [HDO]/[H2O] along the central meridian (1541W) for Ls 501. From these results, we constructed models to determine the observational conditions needed to quantify the isotopic ratios of methane in Mars atmosphere. Current ground-based instruments lack the spectral resolution and sensitivity needed to make these measurements. Measurements of the isotopologues of methane will likely require in situ sampling.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: GSFC.JA.01233.2012 , Planetary and Space Science; 59; 3-Feb; 163-168
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    Feasibility of Exoplanet Coronagraphy with the Hubble Space Telescope (2010)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Herein we report on a preliminary study to assess the use of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) for the direct detection and spectroscopic characterization of exoplanets and debris disks - an application for which HST was not originally designed. Coronagraphic advances may enable the design of a science instrument that could achieve limiting contrasts approx.10deg beyond 275 milli-arcseconds (4 lambda/D at 800 nm) inner working angle, thereby enabling detection and characterization of several known jovian planets and imaging of debris disks. Advantages of using HST are that it already exists in orbit, it's primary mirror is thermally stable and it is the most characterized space telescope yet flown. However there is drift of the HST telescope, likely due to thermal effects crossing the terminator. The drift, however, is well characterized and consists of a larger deterministic components and a smaller stochastic component. It is the effect of this drift versus the sensing and control bandwidth of the instrument that would likely limit HST coronagraphic performance. Herein we discuss the science case, quantifY the limiting factors and assess the feasibility of using HST for exoplanet discovery using a hypothetical new instrument. Keywords: Hubble Space Telescope, coronagraphy, exoplanets, telescopes
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: GSFC.CPR.4894.2011 , SPIE 7731, Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation, San Diego CA, June 2010; Jun 01, 2010; San Diego, CA; United States
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    Coronagraphic Wavefront Control for the ATLAST-9.2m Telescope (2010)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Advanced Technology for Large Aperture Space Telescope (ATLAST) concept was assessed as one of the NASA Astrophysics Strategic Mission Concepts (ASMC) studies. Herein we discuss the 9.2-meter diameter segmented aperture version and its wavefront sensing and control (WFSC) with regards to coronagraphic detection and spectroscopic characterization of exoplanets. The WFSC would consist of at least two levels of sensing and control: (i) an outer coarser level of sensing and control to phase and control the segments and secondary mirror in a manner similar to the James Webb Space Telescope but operating at higher temporal bandwidth, and (ii) an inner, coronagraphic instrument based, fine level of sensing and control for both amplitude and wavefront errors operating at higher temporal bandwidths. The outer loop would control rigid-body actuators on the primary and secondary mirrors while the inner loop would control one or more segmented deformable mirror to suppress the starlight within the coronagraphic field-of view. Herein we discuss the visible nulling coronagraph (VNC) and the requirements it levies on wavefront sensing and control and show the results of closed-loop simulations to assess performance and evaluate the trade space of system level stability versus control bandwidth.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: GSFC.CPR.4899.2011 , SPIE 7731, Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation; Jun 27, 2010 - Jul 02, 2010; San Diego, CA; United States
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    The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT): Beam Profiles and First SZ Cluster Maps (2010)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) is currently observing the cosmic microwave background with arcminute resolution at 148 GHz, 218 GHz, and 277 GHz, In this paper, we present ACT's first results. Data have been analyzed using a maximum-likelihood map-making method which uses B-splines to model and remove the atmospheric signal. It has been used to make high-precision beam maps from which we determine the experiment's window functions, This beam information directly impacts all subsequent analyses of the data. We also used the method to map a sample of galaxy clusters via the Sunyaev-Ze1'dovich (SZ) effect, and show five clusters previously detected with X-ray or SZ observations, We provide integrated Compton-y measurements for each cluster. Of particular interest is our detection of the z = 0.44 component of A3128 and our current non-detection of the low-redshift part, providing strong evidence that the further cluster is more massive as suggested by X-ray measurements. This is a compelling example of the redshift-independent mass selection of the SZ effect.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: GSFC.JA.5604.2011
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    The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: The Receiver and Instrumentation (2010)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The Atacama Cosmology Telescope was designed to measure small-scale anisotropies in the Cosmic Microwave Background and detect galaxy clusters through the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect. The instrument is located on Cerro Taco in the Atacama Desert, at an altitude of 5190 meters. A six-met.er off-axis Gregorian telescope feeds a new type of cryogenic receiver, the Millimeter Bolometer Array Camera. The receiver features three WOO-element arrays of transition-edge sensor bolometers for observations at 148 GHz, 218 GHz, and 277 GHz. Each detector array is fed by free space mm-wave optics. Each frequency band has a field of view of approximately 22' x 26'. The telescope was commissioned in 2007 and has completed its third year of operations. We discuss the major components of the telescope, camera, and related systems, and summarize the instrument performance.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: GSFC.JA.5612.2011
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    Too Little, Too Late: How the Tidal Evolution of Hot Jupiters Affects Transit Surveys of Clusters (2010)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The tidal evolution of hot Jupiters may change the efficiency of transit surveys of stellar clusters. The orbital decay that hot Jupiters suffer may result in their destruction, leaving fewer transiting planets in older clusters. We calculate the impact tidal evolution has for different assumed stellar populations, including that of 47 Tuc, a globular cluster that was the focus of an intense HST search for transits. We find that in older clusters one expects to detect fewer transiting planets by a factor of two for surveys sensitive to Jupiter-like planets in orbits out to 0.5 AU, and up to a factor of 25 for surveys sensitive to Jupiter-like planets in orbits out to 0.08 AU. Additionally, tidal evolution affects the distribution of transiting planets as a function of semi-major axis, producing larger orbital period gaps for transiting planets as the age of the cluster increases. Tidal evolution can explain the lack of detected exoplanets in 47 Tuc without invoking other mechanisms. Four open clusters residing within the Kepler fields of view have ages that span 0.4-8 Gyr-if Kepler can observe a significant number of planets in these clusters, it will provide key tests for our tidal evolution hypothesis. Finally, our results suggest that observers wishing to discover transiting planets in clusters must have sufficient accuracy to detect lower mass planets, search larger numbers of cluster members, or have longer observation windows to be confident that a significant number of transits will occur for a population of stars.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: GSFC.CPR.5174.2011
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    Gamma Ray Bursts - Observations (2010)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: We are in an exciting period of discovery for gamma-ray bursts. The Swift observatory is detecting 100 bursts per year, providing arcsecond localizations and sensitive observations of the prompt and afterglow emission. The Fermi observatory is observing 250 bursts per year with its medium-energy GRB instrument and about 10 bursts per year with its high-energy LAT instrument. In addition, rapid-response telescopes on the ground are providing new capabilities to study optical emission during the prompt phase and spectral signatures of the host galaxies. The combined data set is enabling great advances in our understanding of GRBs including afterglow physics, short burst origin, and high energy emission.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: GSFC.JA.4873.2011
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    Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope: Science Highlights for the First 8 Months (2010)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope was launched on June 11, 2008 and since August 2008 has successfully been conducting routine science observations of high energy phenomena in the gamma-ray sky. A number of exciting discoveries have been made during its first year of operation, including blazar flares, high-energy gamma-ray bursts, and numerous new,gamma-ray sources of different types, among them pulsars and Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). fermi-LAT also performed accurate mea.〈;urement of the diffuse gamma-radiation which clarifies the Ge V excess reported by EGRET almost 10 years ago, high precision measurement of the high energy electron spectrum, and other observations. An overview of the observatory status and recent results as of April 30, 2009, are presented. Key words: gamma-ray astronomy, cosmic rays, gamma-ray burst, pulsar, blazar. diffuse gamma-radiation
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: GSFC.JA.4886.2011
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    New Neighbours: Modelling the Growing Population of gamma-ray Millisecond Pulsars (2010)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The Fermi Large Area Telescope, in collaboration with several groups from the radio community. have had marvelous success at uncovering new gamma-ray millisecond pulsars (MSPs). In fact, MSPs now make up a sizable fraction of the total number of known gamma-ray pulsars. The MSP population is characterized by a variety of pulse profile shapes, peak separations, and radio-to-gamma phase lags, with some members exhibiting nearly phase-aligned radio and gamma-ray light curves (LCs). The MSPs' short spin periods underline the importance of including special relativistic effects in LC calculations, even for emission originating from near the stellar surface. We present results on modelling and classification of MSP LCs using standard pulsar model geometries.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: GSFC.BOOK.6746.2012
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    The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Physical Properties and Purity of a Galaxy Cluster Sample Selected Via the Sunyaev-Zel'Dovich Effect (2010)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: We present optical and X-ray properties for the first confirmed galaxy cluster sample selected by the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect from 148 GHz maps over 455 square degrees of sky made with the Atacama Cosmology Telescope. These maps. coupled with multi-band imaging on 4-meter-class optical telescopes, have yielded a sample of 23 galaxy clusters with redshifts between 0.118 and 1.066. Of these 23 clusters, 10 are newly discovered. The selection of this sample is approximately mass limited and essentially independent of redshift. We provide optical positions, images, redshifts and X-ray fluxes and luminosities for the full sample, and X-ray temperatures of an important subset. The mass limit of the full sample is around 8.0 x 10(exp 14) Stellar Mass. with a number distribution that peaks around a redshift of 0.4. For the 10 highest significance SZE-selected cluster candidates, all of which are optically confirmed, the mass threshold is 1 x 10(exp 15) Stellar Mass and the redshift range is 0.167 to 1.066. Archival observations from Chandra, XMM-Newton. and ROSAT provide X-ray luminosities and temperatures that are broadly consistent with this mass threshold. Our optical follow-up procedure also allowed us to assess the purity of the ACT cluster sample. Eighty (one hundred) percent of the 148 GHz candidates with signal-to-noise ratios greater than 5.1 (5.7) are confirmed as massive clusters. The reported sample represents one of the largest SZE-selected sample of massive clusters over all redshifts within a cosmologically-significant survey volume, which will enable cosmological studies as well as future studies on the evolution, morphology, and stellar populations in the most massive clusters in the Universe.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: GSFC.JA.5515.2011
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