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  • 1
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    Plant selection and soil legacy enhance long-term biodiversity effects (2016)
    Wiley
    In: Ecology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-09
    Description: Plant–plant and plant–soil interactions can help maintain plant diversity and ecosystem functions. Changes in these interactions may underlie experimentally observed increases in biodiversity effects over time via the selection of genotypes adapted to low or high plant diversity. Little is known, however, about such community-history effects and particularly the role of plant–soil interactions in this process. Soil-legacy effects may occur if co-evolved interactions with soil communities either positively or negatively modify plant biodiversity effects. We tested how plant selection and soil legacy influence biodiversity effects on productivity, and whether such effects increase the resistance of the communities to invasion by weeds. We used two plant selection treatments: parental plants growing in monoculture or in mixture over 8 yr in a grassland biodiversity experiment in the field, which we term monoculture types and mixture types. The two soil-legacy treatments used in this study were neutral soil inoculated with live or sterilized soil inocula collected from the same plots in the biodiversity experiment. For each of the four factorial combinations, seedlings of eight species were grown in monocultures or four-species mixtures in pots in an experimental garden over 15 weeks. Soil legacy (live inoculum) strongly increased biodiversity complementarity effects for communities of mixture types, and to a significantly weaker extent for communities of monoculture types. This may be attributed to negative plant–soil feedbacks suffered by mixture types in monocultures, whereas monoculture types had positive plant–soil feedbacks, in both monocultures and mixtures. Monocultures of mixture types were most strongly invaded by weeds, presumably due to increased pathogen susceptibility, reduced biomass, and altered plant–soil interactions of mixture types. These results show that biodiversity effects in experimental grassland communities can be modified by the evolution of positive vs. negative plant–soil feedbacks of plant monoculture vs. mixture types.
    Print ISSN: 0012-9658
    Electronic ISSN: 1939-9170
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Wiley on behalf of The Ecological Society of America (ESA).
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  • 2
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    Identification of a T follicular helper cell subset that drives anaphylactic IgE (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Cross-linking of high-affinity IgE results in the life-threatening allergic reaction, anaphylaxis. Yet the cellular mechanisms that induce B cells to produce IgE to allergens remain poorly understood. T follicular helper (Tfh) cells direct the affinity and isotype of antibodies produced by B cells. Although Tfh cell-derived IL-4 is necessary for IgE production, it is not sufficient. We report a rare population of IL-13-producing Tfh cells present in mice and humans with IgE to allergens, but not when allergen-specific IgE was absent or only low-affinity. These "Tfh13" cells have an unusual cytokine profile (IL-13〈sup〉hi〈/sup〉IL-4〈sup〉hi〈/sup〉IL-5〈sup〉hi〈/sup〉IL-21〈sup〉lo〈/sup〉) and co-express BCL6 and GATA3. They were required for production of high- but not low-affinity IgE and subsequent allergen-induced anaphylaxis. Blocking Tfh13 cells may represent an alternative therapeutic target to ameliorate anaphylaxis.〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Plant selection and soil legacy enhance long‐term biodiversity effects (2015)
    Wiley
    In: Ecology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015
    Description: Abstract Plant–plant and plant–soil interactions can help maintain plant diversity and ecosystem functions. Changes in these interactions may underlie experimentally‐observed increases in biodiversity effects over time via the selection of genotypes adapted to low or high plant diversity. However, little is known about such community‐history effects and particularly the role of plant–soil interactions in this process. Soil‐legacy effects may occur if co‐evolved interactions with soil communities either positively or negatively modify plant biodiversity effects. We tested how plant selection and soil legacy influence biodiversity effects on productivity, and whether such effects increase the resistance of the communities to invasion by weeds. We used two plant selection treatments: parental plants growing in monoculture or in mixture over 8 years in a grassland biodiversity experiment in the field, which we term monoculture types and mixture types. The two soil‐legacy treatments used in this study were neutral soil inoculated with live or sterilized soil inocula collected from the same plots in the biodiversity experiment. For each of the four factorial combinations, seedlings of eight species were grown in monocultures or 4‐species mixtures in pots in an experimental garden over fifteen weeks. Soil legacy (live inoculum) strongly increased biodiversity complementarity effects for communities of mixture types, and to a significantly weaker extent for communities of monoculture types. This may be attributed to negative plant–soil feedbacks suffered by mixture types in monocultures, whereas monoculture types had positive plant–soil feedbacks, in both monocultures and mixtures. Monocultures of mixture types were most strongly invaded by weeds, presumably due to increased pathogen susceptibility, reduced biomass and altered plant–soil interactions of mixture types. These results show that biodiversity effects in experimental grassland communities can be modified by the evolution of positive vs. negative plant–soil feedbacks of plant monoculture vs. mixture types. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0012-9658
    Electronic ISSN: 1939-9170
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Wiley on behalf of The Ecological Society of America (ESA).
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  • 4
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    Plant selection and soil legacy enhance long-term biodiversity effects (2016)
    Wiley
    In: Ecology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-23
    Description: Plant–plant and plant–soil interactions can help maintain plant diversity and ecosystem functions. Changes in these interactions may underlie experimentally-observed increases in biodiversity effects over time via the selection of genotypes adapted to low or high plant diversity. However, little is known about such community-history effects and particularly the role of plant–soil interactions in this process. Soil-legacy effects may occur if co-evolved interactions with soil communities either positively or negatively modify plant biodiversity effects. We tested how plant selection and soil legacy influence biodiversity effects on productivity, and whether such effects increase the resistance of the communities to invasion by weeds. We used two plant selection treatments: parental plants growing in monoculture or in mixture over 8 years in a grassland biodiversity experiment in the field, which we term monoculture types and mixture types. The two soil-legacy treatments used in this study were neutral soil inoculated with live or sterilized soil inocula collected from the same plots in the biodiversity experiment. For each of the four factorial combinations, seedlings of eight species were grown in monocultures or 4-species mixtures in pots in an experimental garden over fifteen weeks. Soil legacy (live inoculum) strongly increased biodiversity complementarity effects for communities of mixture types, and to a significantly weaker extent for communities of monoculture types. This may be attributed to negative plant–soil feedbacks suffered by mixture types in monocultures, whereas monoculture types had positive plant–soil feedbacks, in both monocultures and mixtures. Monocultures of mixture types were most strongly invaded by weeds, presumably due to increased pathogen susceptibility, reduced biomass and altered plant–soil interactions of mixture types. These results show that biodiversity effects in experimental grassland communities can be modified by the evolution of positive vs. negative plant–soil feedbacks of plant monoculture vs. mixture types. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0012-9658
    Electronic ISSN: 1939-9170
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Wiley on behalf of The Ecological Society of America (ESA).
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  • 5
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    Imaging Obsearvations of Jupiter's Sodium Magneto-Nebula During the Ulysses Encounter (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-09-11
    Description: Jupiter's great sodium nebula represents the largest visible structure traversed by the Ulysses spacecraft during its encounter with the planet in February 1992. Ground-based imaging conducted on Mount Haleakala, Hawaii, revealed a nebula that extended to at least +/-300 Jovian radii (spanning approximately 50 million kilometers); it was somewhat smaller in scale and less bright than previously observed. Analysis of observations and results of modeling studies suggest reduced volcanic activity on the moon lo, higher ion temperatures in the plasma torus, lower total plasma content in the torus, and fast neutral atomic clouds along the Ulysses inbound trajectory through the magnetosphere. Far fewer neutrals were encountered by the spacecraft along its postencounter, out-of-ecliptic trajectory.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mendillo, M -- Flynn, B -- Baumgardner, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Sep 11;257(5076):1510-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17776158" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    Trophic structure and community stability in an overfished ecosystem (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-07-22
    Description: Since the collapse of the pelagic fisheries off southwest Africa in the late 1960s, jellyfish biomass has increased and the structure of the Benguelan fish community has shifted, making the bearded goby (Sufflogobius bibarbatus) the new predominant prey species. Despite increased predation pressure and a harsh environment, the gobies are thriving. Here we show that physiological adaptations and antipredator and foraging behaviors underpin the success of these fish. In particular, body-tissue isotope signatures reveal that gobies consume jellyfish and sulphidic diatomaceous mud, transferring "dead-end" resources back into the food chain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Utne-Palm, Anne C -- Salvanes, Anne G V -- Currie, Bronwen -- Kaartvedt, Stein -- Nilsson, Goran E -- Braithwaite, Victoria A -- Stecyk, Jonathan A W -- Hundt, Matthias -- van der Bank, Megan -- Flynn, Bradley -- Sandvik, Guro K -- Klevjer, Thor A -- Sweetman, Andrew K -- Bruchert, Volker -- Pittman, Karin -- Peard, Kathleen R -- Lunde, Ida G -- Strandabo, Ronnaug A U -- Gibbons, Mark J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jul 16;329(5989):333-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1190708.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. anne.palm@bio.uib.no〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20647468" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Physiological ; Anaerobiosis ; Animals ; Bacteria ; Behavior, Animal ; Biomass ; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena ; Digestion ; *Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; Fisheries ; Fishes/physiology ; *Food Chain ; Geologic Sediments/microbiology ; Hydrogen Sulfide/analysis ; Namibia ; Oxygen/analysis ; Oxygen Consumption ; Perciformes/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; *Scyphozoa ; Seawater/chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    A Picture of the Moon's Atmosphere (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-07-09
    Description: Atomic sodium is a useful tracer of the tenuous lunar atmosphere because of its high efficiency in scattering sunlight at the D(1) (5896 angstroms) and D(2) (5890 angstroms) wavelengths. In 1988, Earth-based instruments revealed the presence of sodium at a density of less than 50 atoms per cubic centimeter at lunar altitudes below 100 kilometers. Telescopic observations that are made with a coronograph technique to block out the disk of the moon allow a true picture of the circumiunar atmosphere to be obtained and show the presence of sodium out to a distance of several lunar radii. The distribution of sodium has a solar zenith angle dependence, suggesting that most of the sodium that reaches great altitudes is liberated from the moon's surface by solar photons (by heating or sputtering) or by solar wind impact, in contrast to a source driven by uniform micrometeor bombardment.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Flynn, B -- Mendillo, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jul 9;261(5118):184-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17829272" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 8
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    On the controls of abundance for soil-dwelling organisms on the Tibetan Plateau (2017)
    Wiley
    In: Ecosphere
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-29
    Description: After decades of research, we are starting to understand more about why the number of species varies from place to place on the planet. However, little is known about spatial variation in abundance, especially for soil-dwelling organisms. In this study, we aimed to disentangle the relative influences of climatic factors, soil properties, and plant diversity on the abundance of soil-dwelling invertebrates (i.e., nematodes and soil arthropods) at 48 alpine grassland sites on the Tibetan Plateau. We found that the abundance of these two groups of soil organisms was negatively correlated with soil pH and temperature seasonality, and was positively correlated with soil organic carbon (SOC), mean annual precipitation, and plant species richness; there was no effect of mean annual temperature or seasonality in precipitation on the abundance of nematodes or soil-dwelling arthropods. When we considered only the nematodes, we found that soil pH, mean annual precipitation, temperature seasonality, and SOC were the best predictors of abundance. However, plant species richness was the best predictor of the abundance of soil-dwelling arthropods. Different orders within the arthropods responded differently to the suite of factors we examined. Taken together, our results suggest that increases in temperature alone might not alter the abundances of soil organisms in these alpine grasslands. Instead, altered precipitation regimes and increases in intra-annual variation in temperature, changes in plant community diversity, and the resulting changes in soil characteristics (e.g., pH and organic carbon) could reshape soil communities in the Tibetan grassland ecosystems, and likely elsewhere on the planet.
    Electronic ISSN: 2150-8925
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Wiley on behalf of The Ecological Society of America (ESA).
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  • 9
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    Identification of a T follicular helper cell subset that drives anaphylactic IgE (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Cross-linking of high-affinity immunoglobulin E (IgE) results in the life-threatening allergic reaction anaphylaxis. Yet the cellular mechanisms that induce B cells to produce IgE in response to allergens remain poorly understood. T follicular helper (T〈sub〉FH〈/sub〉) cells direct the affinity and isotype of antibodies produced by B cells. Although T〈sub〉FH〈/sub〉 cell–derived interleukin-4 (IL-4) is necessary for IgE production, it is not sufficient. We report a rare population of IL-13–producing T〈sub〉FH〈/sub〉 cells present in mice and humans with IgE to allergens, but not when allergen-specific IgE was absent or only low-affinity. These "T〈sub〉FH〈/sub〉13" cells have an unusual cytokine profile (IL-13〈sup〉hi〈/sup〉IL-4〈sup〉hi〈/sup〉IL-5〈sup〉hi〈/sup〉IL-21〈sup〉lo〈/sup〉) and coexpress the transcription factors BCL6 and GATA3. T〈sub〉FH〈/sub〉13 cells are required for production of high- but not low-affinity IgE and subsequent allergen-induced anaphylaxis. Blocking T〈sub〉FH〈/sub〉13 cells may represent an alternative therapeutic target to ameliorate anaphylaxis.〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 10
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    Temporal heterogeneity increases with spatial heterogeneity in ecological communities (2018)
    Wiley
    In: Ecology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-22
    Description: Heterogeneity is increasingly recognized as a foundational characteristic of ecological systems. Under global change, understanding temporal community heterogeneity is necessary for predicting the stability of ecosystem functions and services. Indeed, spatial heterogeneity is commonly used in alternative stable state theory as a predictor of temporal heterogeneity and therefore an early indicator of regime shifts. To evaluate whether spatial heterogeneity in species composition is predictive of temporal heterogeneity in ecological communities, we analyzed 68 community datasets spanning freshwater and terrestrial systems where measures of species abundance were replicated over space and time. Of the 68 data sets 55 (81%) had a weak to strongly positive relationship between spatial and temporal heterogeneity, while in the remaining communities the relationship was weak to strongly negative (19%). Based on a mixed model analysis, we found a significant but weak overall positive relationship between spatial and temporal heterogeneity across all data sets combined, and within aquatic and terrestrial data sets separately. In addition, lifespan and successional stage were negatively and positively related to temporal heterogeneity, respectively. We conclude that spatial heterogeneity may be a predictor of temporal heterogeneity in ecological communities, and that this relationship may be a general property of many terrestrial and aquatic communities. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0012-9658
    Electronic ISSN: 1939-9170
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Wiley on behalf of The Ecological Society of America (ESA).
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