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  • Articles  (2,645)
  • United States  (1,811)
  • Amino Acid Sequence  (596)
  • Chemistry
  • Condensed Matter: Electronic Properties, etc.
  • 2015-2019  (391)
  • 2010-2014  (908)
  • 2005-2009  (1,346)
  • Science  (229)
  • Science. 310(5755): 1767-8.  (4)
  • Science. 307(5717): 1873-5; author reply 1873-5.  (3)
  • Science. 308(5729): 1740-2; author reply 1740-2.  (2)
  • Science. 314(5801): 923-4.  (2)
  • Science. 315(5818): 1493-4.  (2)
  • Science. 316(5822): 198-200; author reply 198-200.  (2)
  • Science. 318(5852): 913.  (2)
  • Science. 307(5706): 113-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1105143.  (1)
  • Science. 307(5706): 36-7. doi: 10.1126/science.307.5706.36.  (1)
  • Science. 307(5706): 41. doi: 10.1126/science.307.5706.41b.  (1)
  • Science. 307(5706): 42. doi: 10.1126/science.307.5706.42a.  (1)
  • Science. 307(5707): 189. doi: 10.1126/science.307.5707.189b.  (1)
  • Science. 307(5707): 196-8. doi: 10.1126/science.307.5707.196.  (1)
  • Science. 307(5708): 340-2. doi: 10.1126/science.307.5708.340.  (1)
  • Science. 307(5708): 353. doi: 10.1126/science.307.5708.353b.  (1)
  • Science. 307(5709): 493. doi: 10.1126/science.307.5709.493.  (1)
  • Science. 307(5709): 501. doi: 10.1126/science.307.5709.501a.  (1)
  • 25
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  • Articles  (2,645)
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  • 1
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    [Perspective] Molecular sieves for gas separation (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Separation and purification are critical industrial processes for separating components of chemical mixtures, and these processes account for about half of industrial energy usage (1). Gas mixtures of compounds with very similar physical properties are particularly difficult to separate. On pages 137 and 141 of this issue, Cadiau et al. (2) and Cui et al. (3), respectively, show that microporous materials can be designed to have high adsorption capacity and selectivity for particular hydrocarbons, enabling energy-efficient separation. Author: Jerry Y. S. Lin
    Keywords: Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    [Perspective] How to break down crystalline cellulose (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Biomass-degrading microorganisms use lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) enzymes to help digest cellulose, chitin, and starch. By cleaving otherwise inaccessible crystalline cellulose chains, these enzymes provide access to hydrolytic enzymes. LPMOs are of interest to biotechnology because efficient depolymerization of cellulose is a major bottleneck for the production of biologically based chemicals and fuels. On page 1098 of this issue, Kracher et al. (1) compare LPMO-reducing substrates in fungi from different taxonomic groups and lifestyles, based on both biochemical and genomic evidence. The results provide insights into reductive activation of LPMO that are important for developing more efficient industrial enzymes for lignocellulose biorefineries. Author: Angel T. Martínez
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    [Editors' Choice] Engineering open structures using DNA (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-25
    Description: Author: Marc S. Lavine
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Left- or right-handed C-H bond activation (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-16
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Comment on "Selective anaerobic oxidation of methane enables direct synthesis of methanol" (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-16
    Description: The comment and response concerning the report of oxidation of methane to methanol by water (Reports, 5 May 2017, p. 523) do not fully capture the implications of thermodynamic limitations. A nonisothermal process in which each cycle requires a large temperature swing and permits only substoichiometric methane conversion surely could not be carried out on any practical scale.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 6
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    Response to Comment on "Selective anaerobic oxidation of methane enables direct synthesis of methanol" (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-16
    Description: Labinger argues that stepwise reaction of methane with water to produce methanol and hydrogen will never be commercially feasible because of its substoichiometric basis with respect to the active site and the requirement of a large temperature swing. This comment is not touching any new ground, beyond describing the thermodynamic feasibility, thermal cycling, and the role of water as discussed previously. Most important, it does not have a solid numerical basis.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Silicon smooths the way to vinyl cations (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-07-27
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Teaching an old carbocation new tricks: Intermolecular C-H insertion reactions of vinyl cations (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-07-27
    Description: Vinyl carbocations have been the subject of extensive experimental and theoretical studies over the past five decades. Despite this long history in chemistry, the utility of vinyl cations in chemical synthesis has been limited, with most reactivity studies focusing on solvolysis reactions or intramolecular processes. Here we report synthetic and mechanistic studies of vinyl cations generated through silylium–weakly coordinating anion catalysis. We find that these reactive intermediates undergo mild intermolecular carbon-carbon bond–forming reactions, including carbon-hydrogen (C–H) insertion into unactivated sp 3 C–H bonds and reductive Friedel-Crafts reactions with arenes. Moreover, we conducted computational studies of these alkane C–H functionalization reactions and discovered that they proceed through nonclassical, ambimodal transition structures. This reaction manifold provides a framework for the catalytic functionalization of hydrocarbons using simple ketone derivatives.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Separation of enantiomers by their enantiospecific interaction with achiral magnetic substrates (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-22
    Description: It is commonly assumed that recognition and discrimination of chirality, both in nature and in artificial systems, depend solely on spatial effects. However, recent studies have suggested that charge redistribution in chiral molecules manifests an enantiospecific preference in electron spin orientation. We therefore reasoned that the induced spin polarization may affect enantiorecognition through exchange interactions. Here we show experimentally that the interaction of chiral molecules with a perpendicularly magnetized substrate is enantiospecific. Thus, one enantiomer adsorbs preferentially when the magnetic dipole is pointing up, whereas the other adsorbs faster for the opposite alignment of the magnetization. The interaction is not controlled by the magnetic field per se, but rather by the electron spin orientations, and opens prospects for a distinct approach to enantiomeric separations.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Inspiration from a vitamin (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-29
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 11
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    Observation of the geometric phase effect in the H + HD -〉 H2 + D reaction (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-14
    Description: Theory has established the importance of geometric phase (GP) effects in the adiabatic dynamics of molecular systems with a conical intersection connecting the ground- and excited-state potential energy surfaces, but direct observation of their manifestation in chemical reactions remains a major challenge. Here, we report a high-resolution crossed molecular beams study of the H + HD -〉 H 2 + D reaction at a collision energy slightly above the conical intersection. Velocity map ion imaging revealed fast angular oscillations in product quantum state–resolved differential cross sections in the forward scattering direction for H 2 products at specific rovibrational levels. The experimental results agree with adiabatic quantum dynamical calculations only when the GP effect is included.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 12
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    Photocatalytic upgrading of natural gas (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-17
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 13
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    Radically transforming light hydrocarbons (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-17
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 14
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    Stereodivergent synthesis of 1,4-dicarbonyls by traceless charge-accelerated sulfonium rearrangement (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-17
    Description: The chemistry of the carbonyl group is essential to modern organic synthesis. The preparation of substituted, enantioenriched 1,3- or 1,5-dicarbonyls is well developed, as their disconnection naturally follows from the intrinsic polarity of the carbonyl group. By contrast, a general enantioselective access to quaternary stereocenters in acyclic 1,4-dicarbonyl systems remains an unresolved problem, despite the tremendous importance of 2,3-substituted 1,4-dicarbonyl motifs in natural products and drug scaffolds. Here we present a broad enantioselective and stereodivergent strategy to access acyclic, polysubstituted 1,4-dicarbonyls via acid-catalyzed [3,3]-sulfonium rearrangement starting from vinyl sulfoxides and ynamides. The stereochemistry at sulfur governs the absolute sense of chiral induction, whereas the double bond geometry dictates the relative configuration of the final products.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 15
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    Four varieties of carbonyl sandwich (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-17
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 16
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    Selective functionalization of methane, ethane, and higher alkanes by cerium photocatalysis (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-17
    Description: With the recent soaring production of natural gas, the use of methane and other light hydrocarbon feedstocks as starting materials in synthetic transformations is becoming increasingly economically attractive, although it remains chemically challenging. We report the development of photocatalytic C–H amination, alkylation, and arylation of methane, ethane, and higher alkanes under visible light irradiation at ambient temperature. High catalytic efficiency (turnover numbers up to 2900 for methane and 9700 for ethane) and selectivity were achieved using abundant, inexpensive cerium salts as photocatalysts. Ligand-to-metal charge transfer excitation generated alkoxy radicals from simple alcohols that in turn acted as hydrogen atom transfer catalysts. The mixed-phase gas/liquid reaction was adapted to continuous flow, enabling the efficient use of gaseous feedstocks in scalable photocatalytic transformations.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 17
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    Hot lithium-oxygen batteries charge ahead (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-24
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 18
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    A preference for acids (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-24
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 19
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    18 electrons and counting (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-31
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 20
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    Directional control of a processive molecular hopper (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-31
    Description: Intrigued by the potential of nanoscale machines, scientists have long attempted to control molecular motion. We monitored the individual 0.7-nanometer steps of a single molecular hopper as it moved in an electric field along a track in a nanopore controlled by a chemical ratchet. The hopper demonstrated characteristics desired in a moving molecule: defined start and end points, processivity, no chemical fuel requirement, directional motion, and external control. The hopper was readily functionalized to carry cargos. For example, a DNA molecule could be ratcheted along the track in either direction, a prerequisite for nanopore sequencing.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 21
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    Unlocking P(V): Reagents for chiral phosphorothioate synthesis (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-21
    Description: Phosphorothioate nucleotides have emerged as powerful pharmacological substitutes of their native phosphodiester analogs with important translational applications in antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) therapeutics and cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) synthesis. Stereocontrolled installation of this chiral motif has long been hampered by the systemic use of phosphorus(III) [P(III)]–based reagent systems as the sole practical means of oligonucleotide assembly. A fundamentally different approach is described herein: the invention of a P(V)-based reagent platform for programmable, traceless, diastereoselective phosphorus-sulfur incorporation. The power of this reagent system is demonstrated through the robust and stereocontrolled synthesis of various nucleotidic architectures, including ASOs and CDNs, via an efficient, inexpensive, and operationally simple protocol.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 22
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    Self-assembly of lattices with high structural complexity from a geometrically simple molecule (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-21
    Description: Here we report an anomalous porous molecular crystal built of C–H···N-bonded double-layered roof-floor components and wall components of a segregatively interdigitated architecture. This complicated porous structure consists of only one type of fully aromatic multijoint molecule carrying three identical dipyridylphenyl wedges. Despite its high symmetry, this molecule accomplishes difficult tasks by using two of its three wedges for roof-floor formation and using its other wedge for wall formation. Although a C–H···N bond is extremely labile, the porous crystal maintains its porosity until thermal breakdown of the C–H···N bonds at 202°C occurs, affording a nonporous polymorph. Though this nonporous crystal survives even at 325°C, it can retrieve the parent porosity under acetonitrile vapor. These findings show how one can translate simplicity into ultrahigh complexity.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 23
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    Two ways out of an oxetane (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-28
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 24
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    Arenes and amides from a single source (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-28
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 25
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    Interrupted carbonyl-olefin metathesis via oxygen atom transfer (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-28
    Description: Some of the simplest and most powerful carbon-carbon bond forming strategies take advantage of readily accessible ubiquitous motifs: carbonyls and olefins. Here we report a fundamentally distinct mode of reactivity between carbonyls and olefins that differs from established acid-catalyzed carbonyl-ene, Prins, and carbonyl-olefin metathesis reaction paths. A range of epsilon, zeta-unsaturated ketones undergo Brønsted acid–catalyzed intramolecular cyclization to provide tetrahydrofluorene products via the formation of two new carbon-carbon bonds. Theoretical calculations and accompanying mechanistic studies suggest that this carbocyclization reaction proceeds through the intermediacy of a transient oxetane formed by oxygen atom transfer. The complex polycyclic frameworks in this product class appear as common substructures in organic materials, bioactive natural products, and recently developed pharmaceuticals.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 26
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    Arylsulfonylacetamides as bifunctional reagents for alkene aminoarylation (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-28
    Description: Alkene aminoarylation with a single, bifunctional reagent is a concise synthetic strategy. We report a catalytic protocol for the addition of arylsulfonylacetamides across electron-rich alkenes with complete anti-Markovnikov regioselectivity and excellent diastereoselectivity to provide 2,2-diarylethylamines. In this process, single-electron alkene oxidation enables carbon-nitrogen bond formation to provide a key benzylic radical poised for a Smiles-Truce 1,5-aryl shift. This reaction is redox-neutral, exhibits broad functional group compatibility, and occurs at room temperature with loss of sulfur dioxide. As this process is driven by visible light, uses readily available starting materials, and demonstrates convergent synthesis, it is well suited for use in a variety of synthetic endeavors.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 27
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    Activating plasmonic chemistry (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-10-05
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 28
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    Hot carriers reducing thermal barriers (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-10-05
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 29
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    Quantifying hot carrier and thermal contributions in plasmonic photocatalysis (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-10-05
    Description: Photocatalysis based on optically active, "plasmonic" metal nanoparticles has emerged as a promising approach to facilitate light-driven chemical conversions under far milder conditions than thermal catalysis. However, an understanding of the relation between thermal and electronic excitations has been lacking. We report the substantial light-induced reduction of the thermal activation barrier for ammonia decomposition on a plasmonic photocatalyst. We introduce the concept of a light-dependent activation barrier to account for the effect of light illumination on electronic and thermal excitations in a single unified picture. This framework provides insight into the specific role of hot carriers in plasmon-mediated photochemistry, which is critically important for designing energy-efficient plasmonic photocatalysts.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    An acid inaccessible to aldol products (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-12
    Keywords: Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Iodine smooths the way to ketyl radicals (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-12
    Keywords: Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Ketyl radical reactivity via atom transfer catalysis (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-12
    Description: Single-electron reduction of a carbonyl to a ketyl enables access to a polarity-reversed platform of reactivity for this cornerstone functional group. However, the synthetic utility of the ketyl radical is hindered by the strong reductants necessary for its generation, which also limit its reactivity to net reductive mechanisms. We report a strategy for net redox-neutral generation and reaction of ketyl radicals. The in situ conversion of aldehydes to α-acetoxy iodides lowers their reduction potential by more than 1 volt, allowing for milder access to the corresponding ketyl radicals and an oxidative termination event. Upon subjecting these iodides to a dimanganese decacarbonyl precatalyst and visible light irradiation, an atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) mechanism affords a broad scope of vinyl iodide products with high Z -selectivity.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Confined acids catalyze asymmetric single aldolizations of acetaldehyde enolates (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-12
    Description: Reactions that form a product with the same reactive functionality as that of one of the starting compounds frequently end in oligomerization. As a salient example, selective aldol coupling of the smallest, though arguably most useful, enolizable aldehyde, acetaldehyde, with just one partner substrate has proven to be extremely challenging. Here, we report a highly enantioselective Mukaiyama aldol reaction with the simple triethylsilyl (TES) and tert -butyldimethylsilyl (TBS) enolates of acetaldehyde and various aliphatic and aromatic acceptor aldehydes. The reaction is catalyzed by recently developed, strongly acidic imidodiphosphorimidates (IDPi), which, like enzymes, display a confined active site but, like small-molecule catalysts, have a broad substrate scope. The process is scalable, fast, efficient (0.5 to 1.5 mole % catalyst loading), and greatly simplifies access to highly valuable silylated acetaldehyde aldols.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Breaking through the nitrogen ceiling (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-21
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Magnetic hysteresis up to 80 kelvin in a dysprosium metallocene single-molecule magnet (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-21
    Description: Single-molecule magnets (SMMs) containing only one metal center may represent the lower size limit for molecule-based magnetic information storage materials. Their current drawback is that all SMMs require liquid-helium cooling to show magnetic memory effects. We now report a chemical strategy to access the dysprosium metallocene cation [(Cp i Pr5 )Dy(Cp*)] + (Cp i Pr5 , penta-iso-propylcyclopentadienyl; Cp *, pentamethylcyclopentadienyl), which displays magnetic hysteresis above liquid-nitrogen temperatures. An effective energy barrier to reversal of the magnetization of U eff = 1541 wave number is also measured. The magnetic blocking temperature of T B = 80 kelvin for this cation overcomes an essential barrier toward the development of nanomagnet devices that function at practical temperatures.
    Keywords: Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    An antigen produced by splicing of noncontiguous peptides in the reverse order (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-09-09
    Description: CD8-positive T lymphocytes recognize peptides that are usually derived from the degradation of cellular proteins and are presented by class I molecules of the major histocompatibility complex. Here we describe a human minor histocompatibility antigen created by a polymorphism in the SP110 nuclear phosphoprotein gene. The antigenic peptide comprises two noncontiguous SP110 peptide segments spliced together in reverse order to that in which they occur in the predicted SP110 protein. The antigenic peptide could be produced in vitro by incubation of precursor peptides with highly purified 20S proteasomes. Cutting and splicing probably occur within the proteasome by transpeptidation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Warren, Edus H -- Vigneron, Nathalie J -- Gavin, Marc A -- Coulie, Pierre G -- Stroobant, Vincent -- Dalet, Alexandre -- Tykodi, Scott S -- Xuereb, Suzanne M -- Mito, Jeffrey K -- Riddell, Stanley R -- Van den Eynde, Benoit J -- CA106512/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA18029/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA018029/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 8;313(5792):1444-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16960008" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; *Antigen Presentation ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Cell Line, Transformed ; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ; Electroporation ; HLA-A Antigens/immunology ; Humans ; Interferon-gamma/metabolism ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Minor Histocompatibility Antigens/genetics/*immunology/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nuclear Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*immunology/*metabolism ; Peptide Fragments/metabolism ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism ; *Protein Splicing ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/*immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Bioethics. Researchers attack newspaper probe of trials (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-09-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 22;313(5794):1714.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16990521" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antifungal Agents/administration & dosage/therapeutic use ; Clinical Trials as Topic/*ethics ; Conflict of Interest ; Consultants ; Drug Industry ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Newspapers as Topic ; Research Design ; Research Personnel/*ethics ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Ecology. Adding biofuels to the invasive species fire? (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-09-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Raghu, S -- Anderson, R C -- Daehler, C C -- Davis, A S -- Wiedenmann, R N -- Simberloff, D -- Mack, R N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 22;313(5794):1742.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, IL 61820, USA. raghu@uiuc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16990536" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biomass ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Energy-Generating Resources ; *Environment ; Herbicides ; Pest Control, Biological ; *Poaceae/growth & development ; United States
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    Sustainability. Resolving mismatches in U.S. ocean governance (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Crowder, L B -- Osherenko, G -- Young, O R -- Airame, S -- Norse, E A -- Baron, N -- Day, J C -- Douvere, F -- Ehler, C N -- Halpern, B S -- Langdon, S J -- McLeod, K L -- Ogden, J C -- Peach, R E -- Rosenberg, A A -- Wilson, J A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 4;313(5787):617-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Marine Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University Marine Laboratory, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA. lcrowder@duke.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16888124" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Fisheries ; Fishes ; *Government Regulation ; *Marine Biology ; Oceans and Seas ; Population Dynamics ; Seawater ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Election 2006. Environmentalists see a greener Congress (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-11-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 17;314(5802):1061.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17110540" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Environment ; *Federal Government ; Politics ; United States
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    Scientific conferences. U.S. caps number of AIDS researchers at Toronto meeting (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 24;311(5764):1086.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16497898" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; *Congresses as Topic ; Humans ; Internationality ; Ontario ; *Research Personnel ; United States ; United States Dept. of Health and Human Services
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    Biomedical research policy. NIH lends a hand to postdocs seeking to become independent researchers (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 3;311(5761):593.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16456046" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomedical Research/*economics ; Faculty ; *Fellowships and Scholarships ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*economics ; Research Personnel/*economics ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    In search of biosecurity (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Relman, David A -- Choffnes, Eileen -- Lemon, Stanley M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 31;311(5769):1835.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16574824" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biomedical Research/legislation & jurisprudence ; Bioterrorism/*prevention & control ; *Government Regulation ; *Information Dissemination/legislation & jurisprudence ; International Cooperation/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Security Measures/legislation & jurisprudence ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Regulatory science. More details sought in assessing health risks (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jan 13;311(5758):161.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16410494" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Environmental Health/standards ; Environmental Pollutants/*toxicity ; *Health Status Indicators ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Agriculture. A kinder, gentler Jeremy Rifkin endorses biotech, or does he? (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 16;312(5780):1586-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16778031" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biotechnology ; *Breeding ; Crops, Agricultural/*genetics ; History, 21st Century ; Patents as Topic ; *Plants, Genetically Modified ; United States
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    U.S. science policy. Cancer institute director tapped for FDA (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- Couzin, Jennifer -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 24;311(5768):1692.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16556808" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: History, 21st Century ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*organization & administration ; Neoplasms ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration/*organization & administration
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    Retrospective. R. Bruce Merrifield (1921-2006) (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lerner, Richard A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 7;313(5783):57.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. rlerner@scripps.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16825560" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry/*history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Nobel Prize ; Peptides/chemical synthesis ; Proteins/chemical synthesis ; United States
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    Funding basic agricultural research (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-10-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Danforth, William H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 13;314(5797):223.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17038591" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Agriculture ; Financing, Government ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States ; *United States Department of Agriculture/economics/legislation & ; jurisprudence/organization & administration
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    Environmental regulation. New particulate rules are anything but fine, say scientists (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jan 6;311(5757):27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16400119" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Air Pollutants ; Government Regulation ; *Maximum Allowable Concentration ; Particle Size ; *Public Health ; *Threshold Limit Values ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency/*standards
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    Two Dobzhansky-Muller genes interact to cause hybrid lethality in Drosophila (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-11-25
    Description: The Dobzhansky-Muller model proposes that hybrid incompatibilities are caused by the interaction between genes that have functionally diverged in the respective hybridizing species. Here, we show that Lethal hybrid rescue (Lhr) has functionally diverged in Drosophila simulans and interacts with Hybrid male rescue (Hmr), which has functionally diverged in D. melanogaster, to cause lethality in F1 hybrid males. LHR localizes to heterochromatic regions of the genome and has diverged extensively in sequence between these species in a manner consistent with positive selection. Rapidly evolving heterochromatic DNA sequences may be driving the evolution of this incompatibility gene.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brideau, Nicholas J -- Flores, Heather A -- Wang, Jun -- Maheshwari, Shamoni -- Wang, Xu -- Barbash, Daniel A -- R01 GM074737-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 24;314(5803):1292-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17124320" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/metabolism ; Chromosome Mapping ; Crosses, Genetic ; Drosophila/*genetics/physiology ; Drosophila Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics/physiology ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; *Genes, Insect ; Genetic Speciation ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Selection, Genetic ; Transformation, Genetic ; Transgenes
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    Aquaculture in offshore zones (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-12-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goudey, Clifford A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 22;314(5807):1875-6; author reply 1875-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17185585" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aquaculture/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Fisheries/legislation & jurisprudence ; Oceans and Seas ; United States
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    Structure and mechanism of the lantibiotic cyclase involved in nisin biosynthesis (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-11
    Description: Nisin is a posttranslationally modified antimicrobial peptide that is widely used as a food preservative. It contains five cyclic thioethers of varying sizes that are installed by a single enzyme, NisC. Reported here are the in vitro reconstitution of the cyclization process and the x-ray crystal structure of the NisC enzyme. The structure reveals similarities in fold and substrate activation with mammalian farnesyl transferases, suggesting that human homologs of NisC posttranslationally modify a cysteine of a protein substrate.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, Bo -- Yu, John Paul J -- Brunzelle, Joseph S -- Moll, Gert N -- van der Donk, Wilfred A -- Nair, Satish K -- GM58822/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM079038/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 10;311(5766):1464-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16527981" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*biosynthesis/chemistry ; Carbon-Sulfur Lyases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Farnesyltranstransferase/chemistry ; Humans ; Lactococcus lactis/*enzymology ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nisin/*biosynthesis/chemistry ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; Structure-Activity Relationship
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Rice domestication by reducing shattering (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-11
    Description: Crop domestication frequently began with the selection of plants that did not naturally shed ripe fruits or seeds. The reduction in grain shattering that led to cereal domestication involved genetic loci of large effect. The molecular basis of this key domestication transition, however, remains unknown. Here we show that human selection of an amino acid substitution in the predicted DNA binding domain encoded by a gene of previously unknown function was primarily responsible for the reduction of grain shattering in rice domestication. The substitution undermined the gene function necessary for the normal development of an abscission layer that controls the separation of a grain from the pedicel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, Changbao -- Zhou, Ailing -- Sang, Tao -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 31;311(5769):1936-9. Epub 2006 Mar 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16527928" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Biological Evolution ; Chromosome Mapping ; Computational Biology ; Crops, Agricultural/*genetics/growth & development ; Flowers/growth & development ; Gene Expression ; Genes, Plant ; Genotype ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Oryza/cytology/*genetics/growth & development ; Phenotype ; Plant Proteins/chemistry/*genetics ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Quantitative Trait Loci ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/*genetics ; Transformation, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Structure of the vesicular stomatitis virus nucleoprotein-RNA complex (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-17
    Description: Vesicular stomatitis virus is a negative-stranded RNA virus. Its nucleoprotein (N) binds the viral genomic RNA and is involved in multiple functions including transcription, replication, and assembly. We have determined a 2.9 angstrom structure of a complex containing 10 molecules of the N protein and 90 bases of RNA. The RNA is tightly sequestered in a cavity at the interface between two lobes of the N protein. This serves to protect the RNA in the absence of polynucleotide synthesis. For the RNA to be accessed, some conformational change in the N protein should be necessary.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Green, Todd J -- Zhang, Xin -- Wertz, Gail W -- Luo, Ming -- AI050066/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI012464/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI012464-28/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI012464-29/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI012464-30/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI012464-31/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37AI012464/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 21;313(5785):357-60. Epub 2006 Jun 15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1025 18th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16778022" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Nucleocapsid Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; RNA, Viral/*chemistry/metabolism ; Ribonucleoproteins/*chemistry ; Sequence Alignment ; Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus/*chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Ammonia channel couples glutaminase with transamidase reactions in GatCAB (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-01
    Description: The formation of glutaminyl transfer RNA (Gln-tRNA(Gln)) differs among the three domains of life. Most bacteria employ an indirect pathway to produce Gln-tRNA(Gln) by a heterotrimeric glutamine amidotransferase CAB (GatCAB) that acts on the misacylated Glu-tRNA(Gln). Here, we describe a series of crystal structures of intact GatCAB from Staphylococcus aureus in the apo form and in the complexes with glutamine, asparagine, Mn2+, and adenosine triphosphate analog. Two identified catalytic centers for the glutaminase and transamidase reactions are markedly distant but connected by a hydrophilic ammonia channel 30 A in length. Further, we show that the first U-A base pair in the acceptor stem and the D loop of tRNA(Gln) serve as identity elements essential for discrimination by GatCAB and propose a complete model for the overall concerted reactions to synthesize Gln-tRNA(Gln).〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nakamura, Akiyoshi -- Yao, Min -- Chimnaronk, Sarin -- Sakai, Naoki -- Tanaka, Isao -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 30;312(5782):1954-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Faculty of Advanced Life Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16809541" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Diphosphate/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Aminoacyltransferases/metabolism ; Ammonia/*metabolism ; Apoenzymes/chemistry/metabolism ; Asparagine/metabolism ; Base Pairing ; Catalytic Domain ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Glutaminase/metabolism ; Glutamine/*chemistry/metabolism ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Magnesium/metabolism ; Manganese/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Subunits ; RNA, Bacterial/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl/chemistry/*metabolism ; RNA, Transfer, Gln/*chemistry/metabolism ; Staphylococcus aureus/*enzymology/genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Preventing HIV/AIDS in adolescents (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-10-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roberts, Jane -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 6;314(5796):52.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17023634" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*prevention & control ; Adolescent ; Counseling ; Female ; Financial Support ; Health Education ; Humans ; Male ; Sexual Behavior ; *United Nations/economics ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Human hair growth deficiency is linked to a genetic defect in the phospholipase gene LIPH (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-11-11
    Description: The molecular mechanisms controlling human hair growth and scalp hair loss are poorly understood. By screening about 350,000 individuals in two populations from the Volga-Ural region of Russia, we identified a gene mutation in families who show an inherited form of hair loss and a hair growth defect. Affected individuals were homozygous for a deletion in the LIPH gene on chromosome 3q27, caused by short interspersed nuclear element-retrotransposon-mediated recombination. The LIPH gene is expressed in hair follicles and encodes a phospholipase called lipase H (alternatively known as membrane-associated phosphatidic acid-selective phospholipase A1alpha), an enzyme that regulates the production of bioactive lipids. These results suggest that lipase H participates in hair growth and development.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kazantseva, Anastasiya -- Goltsov, Andrey -- Zinchenko, Rena -- Grigorenko, Anastasia P -- Abrukova, Anna V -- Moliaka, Yuri K -- Kirillov, Alexander G -- Guo, Zhiru -- Lyle, Stephen -- Ginter, Evgeny K -- Rogaev, Evgeny I -- K08-AR02179/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 10;314(5801):982-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 303 Belmont Street, Worcester, MA 01604, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17095700" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alu Elements ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3/genetics ; Exons ; Female ; Gene Deletion ; Gene Expression ; Genetic Markers ; Hair/*growth & development ; Hair Follicle/enzymology ; Heterozygote ; Homozygote ; Humans ; Hypotrichosis/*genetics ; Lipase/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Lipid Metabolism ; Lod Score ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Pedigree ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Recombination, Genetic ; Retroelements ; Russia ; Tandem Repeat Sequences
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Support for the NIH public access policy (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-09-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rogawski, Michael A -- Suber, Peter -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 15;313(5793):1572.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16973859" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Access to Information ; Information Dissemination ; *Libraries, Digital ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; National Library of Medicine (U.S.) ; Peer Review, Research ; Publishing ; Research Support as Topic ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Mouse genetics. NIH knocks out key mouse house (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grimm, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 30;312(5782):1863.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16809502" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Specimen Banks/economics ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; Embryo, Mammalian/cytology ; Intellectual Property ; Mice ; *Mice, Knockout ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Organizations, Nonprofit/economics ; Stem Cells ; Texas ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Difficulties for foreign scientists in coming to the United States (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉D'Elia, Christopher F -- Bradley, Gaylen -- Schmitt, Roland -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 14;313(5784):169.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16840676" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Foreign Professional Personnel ; Humans ; *International Cooperation ; *Science ; *Security Measures ; Students ; Travel ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Back to the people (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kennedy, Donald -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 11;313(5788):733.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16902092" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Climate ; Embryo Research/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Embryo, Mammalian/cytology ; Financing, Government ; Humans ; Politics ; Research Support as Topic/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Stem Cells ; United States ; Vehicle Emissions/legislation & jurisprudence
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Mission creep in the IRB world (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gunsalus, C K -- Bruner, Edward M -- Burbules, Nicholas C -- Dash, Leon -- Finkin, Matthew -- Goldberg, Joseph P -- Greenough, William T -- Miller, Gregory A -- Pratt, Michael G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 9;312(5779):1441.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16763114" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Ethics Committees, Research ; Forms and Records Control/legislation & jurisprudence/standards ; Government Regulation ; Human Experimentation/ethics/legislation & jurisprudence/*standards ; Humans ; Patient Advocacy/legislation & jurisprudence/standards ; Records as Topic ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    News on women's health (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kennedy, Donald -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 21;313(5785):273.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16857904" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Advisory Committees ; Drug Costs ; Female ; Humans ; Immunity, Herd ; *Mass Vaccination ; Papillomaviridae/*immunology ; Papillomavirus Infections/*prevention & control ; Religion ; United States ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/*prevention & control/virology ; *Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage/economics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Cuts in Homeland Security research (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-09-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Busta, Francis -- Clarke, Neville -- Goldman, Lynn R -- Haas, Charles -- Kelen, Gabor -- Lafree, Gary -- Rose, Joan -- von Winterfeldt, Detlof -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 15;313(5793):1571.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16973857" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Disasters ; Disease Outbreaks ; Financing, Government ; *Research Support as Topic ; *Security Measures ; Terrorism ; United States ; *United States Government Agencies ; Universities
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A welcome new look (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kennedy, Donald -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 16;312(5780):1573.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16778024" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Foreign Professional Personnel/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Government Regulation ; Humans ; International Cooperation/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Research Personnel/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Technology Transfer ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Mouse genetics. A mouse for every gene (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grimm, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 30;312(5782):1862-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16809501" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Specimen Banks ; Databases, Factual ; Embryo, Mammalian/cytology ; Financial Support ; Gene Targeting ; *Genes ; Genetic Techniques ; International Cooperation ; Mice ; *Mice, Knockout/genetics ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Patents as Topic ; Stem Cells ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Chinese gene therapy. Splicing out the West? (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-11-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Guo, Jerry -- Xin, Hao -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 24;314(5803):1232-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17124300" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: China ; Clinical Trials as Topic/standards ; Genes, p53 ; *Genetic Therapy/standards ; Humans ; Neoplasms/*therapy ; Oncolytic Virotherapy ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration ; Viral Vaccines/therapeutic use
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Nick Cozzarelli (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kennedy, Donald -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 14;312(5771):159.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16614174" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Editorial Policies ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; National Academy of Sciences (U.S.)/*history ; Periodicals as Topic/*history ; United States
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    Salary survey (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-11-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kennedy, Donald -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 3;314(5800):725.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17082423" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Science Disciplines/economics ; Humans ; Job Satisfaction ; *Research Personnel/economics ; *Salaries and Fringe Benefits ; United States
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    Tequila, a neurotrypsin ortholog, regulates long-term memory formation in Drosophila (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-12
    Description: Mutations in the human neurotrypsin gene are associated with autosomal recessive mental retardation. To further understand the pathophysiological consequences of the lack of this serine protease, we studied Tequila (Teq), the Drosophila neurotrypsin ortholog, using associative memory as a behavioral readout. We found that teq inactivation resulted in a long-term memory (LTM)-specific defect. After LTM conditioning of wild-type flies, teq expression transiently increased in the mushroom bodies. Moreover, specific inhibition of teq expression in adult mushroom bodies resulted in a reversible LTM defect. Hence, the Teq pathway is essential for information processing in Drosophila.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Didelot, Gerard -- Molinari, Florence -- Tchenio, Paul -- Comas, Daniel -- Milhiet, Elodie -- Munnich, Arnold -- Colleaux, Laurence -- Preat, Thomas -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 11;313(5788):851-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Genes et Dynamique des Systemes de Memoire, UMR CNRS 7637, Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles, 10 Rue Vauquelin 75005 Paris, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16902143" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Conditioning, Classical ; Drosophila Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*physiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics/*physiology ; Gene Expression ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Learning ; *Memory ; Mifepristone/pharmacology ; Models, Animal ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mushroom Bodies/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Mutation ; Odors ; RNA Interference ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Serine Endopeptidases/chemistry/genetics/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Animal activism and intimidation of scientists (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-11-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rowan, Andrew N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 10;314(5801):923-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17106947" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Experimentation ; *Animal Welfare ; Animals ; Humans ; *Research Personnel ; *Societies ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Engineering cooperativity in biomotor-protein assemblies (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-11
    Description: A biosynthetic approach was developed to control and probe cooperativity in multiunit biomotor assemblies by linking molecular motors to artificial protein scaffolds. This approach provides precise control over spatial and elastic coupling between motors. Cooperative interactions between monomeric kinesin-1 motors attached to protein scaffolds enhance hydrolysis activity and microtubule gliding velocity. However, these interactions are not influenced by changes in the elastic properties of the scaffold, distinguishing multimotor transport from that powered by unorganized monomeric motors. These results highlight the role of supramolecular architecture in determining mechanisms of collective transport.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Diehl, Michael R -- Zhang, Kechun -- Lee, Heun Jin -- Tirrell, David A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 10;311(5766):1468-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. diehl@rice.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16527982" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphatases/chemistry ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Elasticity ; Elastin/chemistry ; Hydrolysis ; Kinesin/chemistry ; Microtubules/physiology ; Models, Biological ; Molecular Motor Proteins/*physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Engineering ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Proteins/chemistry/*physiology ; Recombinant Proteins/chemistry ; Structure-Activity Relationship
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Science education. A strategy that works: hook 'em while they're young (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Guo, Jerry -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 14;313(5784):166.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16840675" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: China ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; Organizations, Nonprofit ; Science/*education ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    FDA centennial (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kennedy, Donald -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 7;312(5770):19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16601155" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Budgets ; Drug Approval ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Legislation, Drug ; United States ; *United States Food and Drug Administration/economics/history/organization & ; administration
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    Increase in foreign grad students (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yeh, Robert M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 12;312(5775):848.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16690843" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Education, Graduate ; *Emigration and Immigration ; *Employment ; Humans ; *Internationality ; United States
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    Collaborative programs. Genome Consortium for Active Teaching (GCAT) (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Campbell, A Malcolm -- Eckdahl, Todd T -- Fowlks, Edison -- Heyer, Laurie J -- Mays Hoopes, Laura L -- Ledbetter, Mary Lee -- Rosenwald, Anne G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 24;311(5764):1103-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Davidson College, Davidson, NC 28035, USA. macampbell@davidson.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16497918" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Curriculum ; Faculty ; Genomics/*education ; Humans ; Molecular Biology/*education ; *Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Software ; *Teaching ; Teaching Materials ; United States ; *Universities
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    Science and government. Enhanced: in defense of NCCAM (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Straus, Stephen E -- Chesney, Margaret A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 21;313(5785):303-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16857924" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Advisory Committees ; *Biomedical Research ; Clinical Trials as Topic/standards ; *Complementary Therapies/standards/utilization ; Dietary Supplements/standards ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economics/*organization & administration ; Peer Review, Research ; Politics ; Public Policy ; Quality Control ; Research Design ; Research Support as Topic ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Extending top-down mass spectrometry to proteins with masses greater than 200 kilodaltons (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-10-07
    Description: For characterization of sequence and posttranslational modifications, molecular and fragment ion mass data from ionizing and dissociating a protein in the mass spectrometer are far more specific than are masses of peptides from the protein's digestion. We extend the approximately 500-residue, approximately 50-kilodalton (kD) dissociation limitation of this top-down methodology by using electrospray additives, heated vaporization, and separate noncovalent and covalent bond dissociation. This process can cleave 287 interresidue bonds in the termini of a 1314-residue (144-kD) protein, specify previously unidentified disulfide bonds between 8 of 27 cysteines in a 1714-residue (200-kD) protein, and correct sequence predictions in two proteins, one with 2153 residues (229 kD).〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Han, Xuemei -- Jin, Mi -- Breuker, Kathrin -- McLafferty, Fred W -- GM16609/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 6;314(5796):109-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17023655" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acyltransferases/chemistry ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Carbon-Nitrogen Ligases with Glutamine as Amide-N-Donor/chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical ; Complement C4/chemistry ; Cysteine/chemistry ; Humans ; Mass Spectrometry/*methods ; Molecular Weight ; Peptide Fragments/chemistry ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Proteins/*chemistry ; Proteomics ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/*methods
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The high cost of coming to America (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Teich, Al -- White, Wendy D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 5;312(5774):657.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16675666" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Engineering ; *Foreign Professional Personnel ; Humans ; *International Cooperation ; *Security Measures ; *Students ; Travel ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A bacterial protein enhances the release and efficacy of liposomal cancer drugs (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-11-25
    Description: Clostridium novyi-NT is an anaerobic bacterium that can infect hypoxic regions within experimental tumors. Because C. novyi-NT lyses red blood cells, we hypothesized that its membrane-disrupting properties could be exploited to enhance the release of liposome-encapsulated drugs within tumors. Here, we show that treatment of mice bearing large, established tumors with C. novyi-NT plus a single dose of liposomal doxorubicin often led to eradication of the tumors. The bacterial factor responsible for the enhanced drug release was identified as a previously unrecognized protein termed liposomase. This protein could potentially be incorporated into diverse experimental approaches for the specific delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to tumors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cheong, Ian -- Huang, Xin -- Bettegowda, Chetan -- Diaz, Luis A Jr -- Kinzler, Kenneth W -- Zhou, Shibin -- Vogelstein, Bert -- CA062924/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 24;314(5803):1308-11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Johns Hopkins Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17124324" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents/*administration & dosage/pharmacokinetics/therapeutic use ; Bacterial Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Base Sequence ; Camptothecin/administration & dosage/analogs & ; derivatives/pharmacokinetics/therapeutic use ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cloning, Molecular ; Clostridium/*chemistry/genetics ; Colorectal Neoplasms/*drug therapy ; Doxorubicin/*administration & dosage/pharmacokinetics/therapeutic use ; Drug Carriers ; Humans ; Lipase/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Lipid Bilayers/chemistry ; Liposomes/chemistry/*metabolism ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Declines in funding of NIH R01 research grants (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-09-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mandel, H George -- Vesell, Elliot S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 8;313(5792):1387-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16959989" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomedical Research/*economics/statistics & numerical data ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*economics/statistics & numerical data ; Research Support as Topic/*statistics & numerical data ; United States
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    Cost-benefit analysis of the RFA (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-12-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dovichi, Norman J -- Soper, Steven A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 15;314(5806):1682.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17170275" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cost-Benefit Analysis ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economics/organization & administration ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States
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    Salary survey. U.S. life scientists report rising salaries and high job satisfaction (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-11-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Austin, Jim -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 3;314(5800):842-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17082461" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Science Disciplines/economics ; Career Mobility ; Data Collection ; *Faculty ; Humans ; Industry ; *Job Satisfaction ; Mentors ; *Research Personnel/economics ; *Salaries and Fringe Benefits ; United States ; Universities
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    Structural basis for double-stranded RNA processing by Dicer (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-18
    Description: The specialized ribonuclease Dicer initiates RNA interference by cleaving double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) substrates into small fragments about 25 nucleotides in length. In the crystal structure of an intact Dicer enzyme, the PAZ domain, a module that binds the end of dsRNA, is separated from the two catalytic ribonuclease III (RNase III) domains by a flat, positively charged surface. The 65 angstrom distance between the PAZ and RNase III domains matches the length spanned by 25 base pairs of RNA. Thus, Dicer itself is a molecular ruler that recognizes dsRNA and cleaves a specified distance from the helical end.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Macrae, Ian J -- Zhou, Kaihong -- Li, Fei -- Repic, Adrian -- Brooks, Angela N -- Cande, W Zacheus -- Adams, Paul D -- Doudna, Jennifer A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jan 13;311(5758):195-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16410517" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Conserved Sequence ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Giardia lamblia/enzymology ; Humans ; Lanthanoid Series Elements/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; RNA Interference ; RNA, Double-Stranded/*metabolism ; RNA, Protozoan/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Ribonuclease III/*chemistry/metabolism ; Schizosaccharomyces/genetics ; Structure-Activity Relationship
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    Structure of tracheal cytotoxin in complex with a heterodimeric pattern-recognition receptor (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-25
    Description: Tracheal cytotoxin (TCT), a naturally occurring fragment of Gram-negative peptidoglycan, is a potent elicitor of innate immune responses in Drosophila. It induces the heterodimerization of its recognition receptors, the peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) LCa and LCx, which activates the immune deficiency pathway. The crystal structure at 2.1 angstrom resolution of TCT in complex with the ectodomains of PGRP-LCa and PGRP-LCx shows that TCT is bound to and presented by the LCx ectodomain for recognition by the LCa ectodomain; the latter lacks a canonical peptidoglycan-docking groove conserved in other PGRPs. The interface, revealed in atomic detail, between TCT and the receptor complex highlights the importance of the anhydro-containing disaccharide in bridging the two ectodomains together and the critical role of diaminopimelic acid as the specificity determinant for PGRP interaction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chang, Chung-I -- Chelliah, Yogarany -- Borek, Dominika -- Mengin-Lecreulx, Dominique -- Deisenhofer, Johann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 24;311(5768):1761-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390-9050, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16556841" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Carrier Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cytotoxins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peptidoglycan/*chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary
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    Virology. Genomic analysis hints at H5N1 pathogenicity (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, Dennis -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jan 27;311(5760):457.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16439636" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Birds ; Databases, Nucleic Acid ; Genetic Variation ; *Genome, Viral ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/*genetics/*pathogenicity ; Influenza in Birds/*virology ; Influenza, Human/*virology ; Ligands ; Poultry ; RNA, Viral/genetics ; Viral Nonstructural Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Virulence/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Genetics. Seeing a 'plot,' deCODE sues to block a DNA research center (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-10-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall, Eliot -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 6;314(5796):30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17023616" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Academies and Institutes/legislation & jurisprudence ; Child ; Child Welfare ; Databases, Nucleic Acid/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Genetic Research/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Genetics, Medical ; Hospitals, Pediatric/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Humans ; Iceland ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Evolution. Darwin for all seasons (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Szathmary, Eors -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 21;313(5785):306-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Biology, Eotvos University Budapest, and Collegium Budapest (Institute for Advanced Study), 2 Szentharomsag utca, H-1014 Budapest, Hungary. szathmary@colbud.hu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16857926" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Computational Biology ; Cooperative Behavior ; Cultural Evolution ; Exobiology ; Humans ; Language ; Models, Biological ; Models, Theoretical ; Molecular Biology ; Origin of Life ; *Research ; Selection, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Arms control. Little progress at bioweapons talks (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-12-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 15;314(5806):1673.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17170268" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biological Warfare/*prevention & control ; Developing Countries ; European Union ; *International Cooperation ; Technology Transfer ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 90
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    Peer review and new investigators (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Taffe, Michael A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 10;311(5762):775.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16469900" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Humans ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economics ; *Peer Review, Research/standards ; *Research Personnel ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 91
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    Research and development. Where is the new science in corporate R&D? (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-12-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thursby, Jerry -- Thursby, Marie -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 8;314(5805):1547-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. marie.thursby@mgt.gatech.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17158307" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: China ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; *Developed Countries/statistics & numerical data ; *Developing Countries/statistics & numerical data ; Europe ; India ; *Industry/statistics & numerical data ; Marketing ; Patents as Topic ; Regression Analysis ; *Research ; Research Personnel/statistics & numerical data ; United States ; Universities
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 92
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    Herve This profile. The joy of evidence-based cooking (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-11-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 24;314(5803):1235-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17124302" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry ; *Cooking ; *Food ; France ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 93
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    Avian influenza. Donors draw plans to disburse $2 billion war chest for bird flu (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, Dennis -- Yidong, Gong -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jan 27;311(5760):456-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16439634" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Birds ; Developing Countries/*economics ; Disease Outbreaks/*economics/prevention & control ; European Union ; *Financial Support ; Humans ; Immunization Programs/economics ; *Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/isolation & purification ; Influenza in Birds/*economics/epidemiology/prevention & control ; Influenza, Human/drug therapy/*economics/epidemiology/prevention & control ; International Cooperation ; United Nations ; United States ; Vaccination/veterinary
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 94
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    Science and law. When patents threaten science (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-12-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Andrews, Lori -- Paradise, Jordan -- Holbrook, Timothy -- Bochneak, Danielle -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 1;314(5804):1395-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Science, Law, and Technology, Chicago-Kent College of Law, Chicago, IL 60661, USA. landrews@kentlaw.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17138884" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Mathematics ; *Nature ; Patents as Topic/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Public Policy ; *Science ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 95
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    Biochemistry. Loop grafting and the origins of enzyme species (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tawfik, Dan S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jan 27;311(5760):475-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel. tawfik@weizmann.ac.il〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16439649" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Catalytic Domain ; *Directed Molecular Evolution ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Protein Engineering ; Substrate Specificity ; Thiolester Hydrolases/*chemistry/*metabolism ; beta-Lactamases/chemistry/*metabolism ; beta-Lactams/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 96
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    Skill formation and the economics of investing in disadvantaged children (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-01
    Description: This paper summarizes evidence on the effects of early environments on child, adolescent, and adult achievement. Life cycle skill formation is a dynamic process in which early inputs strongly affect the productivity of later inputs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Heckman, James J -- R01HD043411/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 30;312(5782):1900-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Economics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. jjh@uchicago.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16809525" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Achievement ; Adolescent ; Child ; *Child Development ; Child, Preschool ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; *Early Intervention (Education)/economics ; *Education/economics ; Family ; Humans ; Income ; Infant ; Intelligence ; Public Policy ; United States ; *Vulnerable Populations
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Stem cell research. Senate prepares to vote at last on a trio of stem cell bills (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, Constance -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 7;313(5783):26-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16825539" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomedical Research/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Cell Line ; Cloning, Organism/legislation & jurisprudence ; Embryo Research/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Embryo, Mammalian/cytology ; Financing, Government/legislation & jurisprudence ; Humans ; Research Support as Topic/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Stem Cells ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 98
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    Harvesting our meadows for biofuel? (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Palmer, Michael W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 23;312(5781):1745-6; author reply 1745-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16794061" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; *Energy-Generating Resources ; Ethanol ; *Poaceae/growth & development/metabolism ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 99
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    Politics and the life cycle (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-01
    Description: The study of politics and the life cycle began with a rather single-minded focus on childhood and the family-on the idea, as Tocqueville famously put it, that the entire person could be "seen in the cradle of the child." Politics does begin in childhood, and parents do influence their offspring, but change takes place over the entire span of life. I take up the early emergence of partisanship and essentialism, the formation of generations, politically consequential transitions in adulthood, and the rising of politics and its final decline.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kinder, Donald R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 30;312(5782):1905-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Political Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA. drkinder@umich.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16809527" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; *Aging ; Child ; *Culture ; Family ; Humans ; Life Change Events ; Middle Aged ; Parents ; *Politics ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Genome of Rice Cluster I archaea--the key methane producers in the rice rhizosphere (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-22
    Description: Rice fields are a global source of the greenhouse gas methane, which is produced by methanogenic archaea, and by methanogens of Rice Cluster I (RC-I) in particular. RC-I methanogens are not yet available in pure culture, and the mechanistic reasons for their prevalence in rice fields are unknown. We reconstructed a complete RC-I genome (3.18 megabases) using a metagenomic approach. Sequence analysis demonstrated an aerotolerant, H2/CO2-dependent lifestyle and enzymatic capacities for carbohydrate metabolism and assimilatory sulfate reduction, hitherto unknown among methanogens. These capacities and a unique set of antioxidant enzymes and DNA repair mechanisms as well as oxygen-insensitive enzymes provide RC-I with a selective advantage over other methanogens in its habitats, thereby explaining the prevalence of RC-I methanogens in the rice rhizosphere.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Erkel, Christoph -- Kube, Michael -- Reinhardt, Richard -- Liesack, Werner -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 21;313(5785):370-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max-Planck-Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16857943" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acids/biosynthesis/metabolism ; Carbohydrate Metabolism ; DNA Repair ; Euryarchaeota/classification/*genetics/metabolism/physiology ; *Genome, Archaeal ; Genomics ; Glycolysis ; Methane/*biosynthesis ; Methanomicrobiales/classification/genetics/metabolism/physiology ; Methanosarcinales/classification/genetics/metabolism/physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oryza/*microbiology ; Oxidative Stress ; Pyruvic Acid/metabolism ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Soil Microbiology ; Sulfates/metabolism ; Sulfur/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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