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  • IWA Publishing
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  • 1
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    المعالجة البيولوجية لمياه الصرف الصحي: المبادئ وأعمال النمذجة والتصميم (2019)
    IWA Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: "Over the past twenty years, the knowledge and understanding of wastewater treatment have advanced extensively and moved away from empirically-based approaches to a first principles approach embracing chemistry, microbiology, physical and bioprocess engineering, and mathematics. Many of these advances have matured to the degree that they have been codified into mathematical models for simulation with computers. For a new generation of young scientists and engineers entering the wastewater treatment profession, the quantity, complexity and diversity of these new developments can be overwhelming, particularly in developing countries where access is not readily available to advanced level tertiary education courses in wastewater treatment. Biological Wastewater Treatment addresses this deficiency. It assembles and integrates the postgraduate course material of a dozen or so professors from research groups around the world that have made significant contributions to the advances in wastewater treatment. The book forms part of an internet-based curriculum in biological wastewater treatment which also includes o summarized lecture handouts of the topics covered in book o filmed lectures by the author professors o tutorial exercises for students self-learning Upon completion of this curriculum the modern approach of modelling and simulation to wastewater treatment plant design and operation, be it activated sludge, biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal, secondary settling tanks or biofilm systems, can be embraced with deeper insight, advanced knowledge and greater confidence."
    Description: "This is the Arabic translation of Biological Wastewater Treatment: Principles, Modelling and Design. ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣدى اﻟﻌﺷرون ﻋﺎﻣًﺎ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﯾﺔ، ﺣﻘﻘت ﻛل ﻣن ﻣﻌرﻓﺔ وﺗﻔﮭم ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﻣﯾﺎه اﻟﺻرف اﻟﺻﺣﻰ ﺗﻘدﻣًﺎ ﻣﻛﺛﻔﺎً ، ﻣﻊ اﻟﺗﺣرك ﺑﻌﯾدًا ﻋن اﻟﻣﻧﺎھﺞ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗﺟرﯾب إﻟﻰ ﻣﻧﮭﺞ ﻗﺎﺋم ﻣﺑدﺋﯾﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﺑﺎدئ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺿم ﻋﻠوم اﻟﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎء واﻟﺑﯾوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ واﻟﻔﯾزﯾﺎء وھﻧدﺳﺔ اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﺣﯾوﯾﺔ واﻟرﯾﺎﺿﯾﺔ. واﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن ھذه اﻟﺗطورات ﻧﺿﺟت إﻟﻰ درﺟﺔ أﻧﮭﺎ أﺻﺑﺣت ﻣﻘﻧﻧﺔ ﺿﻣن اﻟﻧﻣﺎذج اﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻧﻣذﺟﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﺣﺎﺳب اﻵﻟﻰ. وﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺟﯾل اﻟﺟدﯾد ﻣن ﺷﺑﺎب اﻟﻌﻠﻣﯾﯾن واﻟﻣﮭﻧدﺳﯾن اﻟذﯾن ﯾطرﻗون ﻣﮭﻧﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﻣﯾﺎه اﻟﺻرف اﻟﺻﺣﻲ، ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﯾﻛون ھذا اﻟﻛم واﻟﺗﺷﺎﺑك واﻟﺗﻧوع ﻓﻲ ھذه اﻟﺗطورات اﻟﺟدﯾدة ﻣرﺑﻛًﺎ أو ﻣﺑﮭرًا، ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟدول اﻟﻧﺎﻣﯾﺔ ﺣﯾث أن اﻟوﺻول ﻟﮭذا ﻓﻌﻠﯾﺎً ﻏﯾر ﻣﺗﺎح ﺑﺳﮭوﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑرﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟدراﺳﺔ اﻟﻣﺗﻘدﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﻣﯾﺎه اﻟﺻرف اﻟﺻﺣﻲ. وھذا اﻟﻛﺗﺎب ﯾﺳﻌﻰ ﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ذﻟك اﻟﻧﻘص. ﻓﮭو ﯾﻘدم ﺑﺻورة ﻣﺗﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﻣﺎدة اﻟﻌﻠﻣﯾﺔ ﻟﺑرﻧﺎﻣﺞ دراﺳﺎت ﻋﻠﯾﺎ ﻷﻛﺛر ﻣن اﺛﻧﻰ ﻋﺷر أﺳﺗﺎذاً ﺟﺎﻣﻌﯾﺎً ﻣن ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺎت اﻟﺑﺎﺣﺛﯾن ﺣول اﻟﻌﺎﻟم، ﻣن اﻟذﯾن ﻗدﻣوا إﺳﮭﺎﻣﺎت ﺑﺎرزة ﻓﻲ ﺗطوﯾر أﻋﻣﺎل ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﻣﯾﺎه اﻟﺻرف اﻟﺻﺣﻲ. وﯾﺷﻛل اﻟﻛﺗﺎب ﺟزء ﻣن ﻣﻧﮭﺞ ﻋن ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﻣﯾﺎه اﻟﺻرف اﻟﺻﺣﻲ ﻣﺗﺎح ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺷﺑك اﻟﻌﻧﻛﺑوﺗﯾﺔ )اﻹﻧﺗرﻧت(، وﺑﮭذا ﻓﮭو ﯾﻣﻛن أﯾﺿًﺎ أن ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ﻣﻊ اﻟﻣطﺑوﻋﺎت اﻟﻣﻧﺷورة ﻟﻠﻣﺣﺎﺿرات أو اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿرات اﻟﻣﺻورة ﻓﻲ أﻓﻼم ﺑواﺳطﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺗذة واﺿﻌﻰ اﻟﻛﺗﺎب وﺗﻣﺎرﯾن اﻟﺑرﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾﻣﻲ اﻟﻣﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻌﻠﯾم اﻟذاﺗﻲ ﻟﻠدارﺳﯾن. وﺑﺈﺗﻣﺎم ھذا اﻟﻣﻧﮭﺞ اﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾﻣﻲ، ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻣﻛن إدﺧﺎل اﻟﻣﮭﺞ اﻟﺣدﯾث ﻟﻠﻧﻣذﺟﺔ واﻟﻣﺣﺎﻛﺎة ﻓﻲ ﺗﺻﻣﯾم ﻣﺣطﺎت ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﻣﯾﺎه اﻟﺻرف اﻟﺻﺣﻲ وﺗﺷﻐﯾﻠﮭﺎ – ﺳواء ﻛﺎﻧت ﺑﻧظﺎم اﻟﺣﻣﺄة اﻟﻣﻧﺷطﺔ أو ﺑﺎﻹزاﻟﺔ اﻟﺑﯾوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻧﯾﺗروﺟﯾن واﻟﻔوﺳﻔور أو أﺣواض اﻟﺗرﺳﯾب اﻟﺛﺎﻧوي أو اﻷﻏﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﺣﯾوﯾﺔ، ﺿﻣن ﻣﺎ ﯾﺗﺣﻘﻖ ﻣن اﻛﺗﺳﺎب ﻟﻧظرة أﻋﻣﻖ وﻣﻌرﻓﺔ أﻛﺛر ﺗﻘدﻣًﺎ وﺛﻘﺔ أﻛﺑر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘدرات."
    Keywords: Wasewater ; Reuse & Sludge ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology::TQS Sanitary and municipal engineering::TQSW Water supply and treatment
    Language: Arabic
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  • 2
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    Manual Sobre los Derechos Humanos al Agua Potable y Saneamiento para Profesionales (2019)
    IWA Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: "Also available in Portuguese (Manual Sobre os Direitos Humanos à Água Potável e Saneamento para Profissionais), French (Manuel des Droits de l'Homme à l'Eau Potable et à l'Assainissement à l’intention des Praticiens) and Spanish (Manual Sobre los Derechos Humanos al Agua Potable y Saneamiento para Profesionales). The Manual highlights the human rights principles and criteria in relation to drinking water and sanitation. It explains the international legal obligations in terms of operational policies and practice that will support the progressive realisation of universal access. The Manual introduces a human rights perspective that will add value to informed decision making in the daily routine of operators, managers and regulators. It also encourages its readership to engage actively in national dialogues where the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation are translated into national and local policies, laws and regulations. Creating such an enabling environment is, in fact, only the first step in the process towards progressive realisation. Allocation of roles and responsibilities is the next step, in an updated institutional and operational set up that helps apply a human rights lens to the process of reviewing and revising the essential functions of operators, service providers and regulators. Contents Introduction; Main operational principles; Setting the scene – context and contents of the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation; Translating the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation into operational terms; Creating the enabling environment; . Incorporating HRWS into the essential functions of service providers; Addressing sensitive practices, dealing with challenges and avoiding pitfalls."
    Description: "El Manual Sobre los Derechos Humanos al Agua Potable y Saneamiento para Profesionales tiene como objetivos: Presentar los principios y conceptos contenidos en las resoluciones de las Naciones Unidas que reconocen el derecho humano al agua potable y el saneamiento (DHAS). Aclarar el lenguaje y la terminología utilizados en la promoción de los derechos humanos, y Proporcionar asesoramiento sobre las funciones y responsabilidades de todos aquellos que contribuyen a la realización progresiva de los DHAS, y sobre cómo los principios y acciones de derechos humanos pueden incorporarse en sus funciones principales. El Manual destaca los principios y criterios relacionados con los derechos humanos en el campo del agua potable y del saneamiento. Explica las obligaciones legales internacionales en términos de políticas y prácticas operativas que respaldarán la realización progresiva del acceso universal. El Manual presenta una perspectiva de derechos humanos que agregará valor a la toma de decisiones informadas en las operaciones diarias de los operadores, gerentes y reguladores. También alienta a sus lectores a participar activamente en los diálogos nacionales para traducir los derechos humanos al agua potable y el saneamiento en políticas, leyes y regulaciones nacionales y locales. La creación de un entorno institucional favorable es, de hecho, sólo el primer paso en el proceso de realización progresiva. La división de roles y responsabilidades es el siguiente paso, en un marco institucional y operativo actualizado que permite aplicar una perspectiva de derechos humanos al proceso de revisión de las funciones esenciales de los operadores, proveedores de servicios y entidades reguladoras."
    Keywords: water ; policy ; governance ; health ; developing countries ; clean water ; drinking water ; manual ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology::TQS Sanitary and municipal engineering::TQSW Water supply and treatment
    Language: Spanish
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  • 3
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    Future drinking water infrastructure (2019)
    IWA Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Future Drinking Water Infrastructure is an Open Access co-publication with KWR.
    Keywords:  Industry & water ;  Water supply & treatment ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology::TQS Sanitary and municipal engineering::TQSW Water supply and treatment
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Implication of environmental factors on the occurrence of pathogens in urban landscape ponds with reclaimed wastewater replenishment (2019)
    IWA Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-01
    Description: One year of continuous observation of bacterial and viral pathogen concentrations in overlying water and sediment of three urban landscape ponds replenished with reclaimed wastewater (RW) ponds was carried out to establish the distribution of pathogens and investigate the effects of environmental factors on that in RW ponds. The pathogens were represented by Escherichia coli and three common viral pathogens (enterovirus, norovirus, and rotavirus). Results indicated that the peak concentrations of pathogens occur from August to October. Pathogens present in sediment should be paid much more attention than those in overlying water, as they mainly contribute to the favorable conditions for survival and regrowth of pathogens in sediments. Cluster and redundancy analyses revealed that the environmental factors of chlorophyll a (Chl-a), organic matter, and water transparency have key impacts on the occurrence of pathogens. This infers that the practical way to reduce pathogenic risks in RW ponds is to control the algae bloom and improve the transparency of water bodies. Furthermore, based on breakpoint regression analyses, the appropriate ranges of Chl-a and transparency are suggested to be less than 57 mg/m3 and greater than 68 cm, respectively, to reduce the concentration of pathogens in urban landscape ponds replenished with RW.
    Electronic ISSN: 2617-4782
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Sociology , Technology
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  • 5
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    Enhancing the circular economy with nature-based solutions in the built urban environment: green building materials, systems and sites (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-12-03
    Description: The objective of this review paper is to survey the state of the art on nature-based solutions (NBS) in the built environment, which can contribute to a circular economy (CE) and counter the negative impacts of urbanization through the provision of ecosystem services. NBS are discussed here at three different levels: (i) green building materials, including biocomposites with plant-based aggregates; (ii) green building systems, employed for the greening of buildings by incorporating vegetation in their envelope; and (iii) green building sites, emphasizing the value of vegetated open spaces and water-sensitive urban design. After introducing the central concepts of NBS and CE as they are manifested in the built environment, we examine the impacts of urban development and the historical use of materials, systems and sites which can offer solutions to these problems. In the central section of the paper we present a series of case studies illustrating the development and implementation of such solutions in recent years. Finally, in a brief critical analysis we look at the ecosystem services and disservices provided by NBS in the built environment, and examine the policy instruments which can be leveraged to promote them in the most effective manner – facilitating the future transition to fully circular cities.
    Electronic ISSN: 2617-4782
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Sociology , Technology
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  • 6
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    The Kailash Ecovillage project converting human excreta into organic foodstuffs and sanitized compost using new international building codes for compost toilet and urine diversion systems (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-01
    Description: Since March 2014, a sustainably focused community located on a 0.7 hectares site in Portland, Oregon, USA, has been undertaking an experimental composting toilet system modeled after the Water Efficiency and Sanitation Standard (WE-Stand) set out by the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO). This system collects urine and hot composts human excreta in a dry-composting toilet system for eventual use on the community's organic gardens. The system design reduces the need to access municipal water, sewer, and electrical infrastructure, enhancing emergency preparedness. It conserves an otherwise wasted nutrient flow, and safely produces a valuable compost. The system consists of urine collection vessels, multiple portable collection containers for excreta, toilet paper, and additive, and a compost processor. Urine diversion has allowed the community to reclaim nitrogen and other nutrients otherwise lost in conventional sewage systems, resulting in large savings of potable water and significant carbon sequestration via topsoil creation. Logs showed thermophilic compost temperatures. Compost and urine pathogen testing met American National Standards Institute and National Sanitation Foundation Standard 41 requirements.
    Electronic ISSN: 2617-4782
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Sociology , Technology
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  • 7
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    Reduction of chlorate and regeneration of activated carbon used for chlorate adsorption (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-01
    Description: Activated carbon (AC) from coal, coconut and palm kernel shell was regenerated after adsorbing chlorate from chlor-alkali plant brine solutions. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) of 17% w/w concentration showed the ability to regenerate AC, with some chlorine gas being released. Regeneration with HCl yielded enhanced adsorption of chlorate. AC from coconut shell adsorbed chlorate better than coal and palm kernel shell AC. Higher chlorate concentration in the influent and lower influent pH resulted in better adsorption. Regeneration of the AC with 17% w/w HCl reduced chlorate to chlorine derivatives. The AC released 107 mg/g of chlorine during the first regeneration and 160–178 mg/g after the second regeneration. During regeneration, coal AC released the highest amount of chlorine at 0.51–0.59 mg/g of chlorate adsorbed followed by palm kernel shell with 0.34–0.36 mg/g, while coconut shell AC released 0.18 mg/g. Scanning electron micrograph of the coconut shell AC carried out after each regeneration showed the structure of AC remained intact, with active sites surfacing on the regenerated AC. Using AC for chlorate adsorption followed by regeneration with 17% w/w HCl may reduce the release of brine and chlorate to the environment from chlor-alkali plants.
    Electronic ISSN: 2617-4782
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Sociology , Technology
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  • 8
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    Real time control schemes for improving water quality from bioretention cells (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-01
    Description: Extreme weather and the proliferation of impervious areas in urban watersheds increases the frequency of flood events and deepens water quality concerns. Bioretention is a type of green infrastructure practice developed to mitigate these impacts by reducing peak flows, runoff volume, and nutrient loads in stormwater. However, studies have shown inconsistency in the ability of bioretention to manage some pollutants, particularly some forms of nitrogen. Innovative sensor and control technologies are being tested to actively manage urban stormwater, primarily in open water stormwater systems such as wet ponds. Through these cyber-physical controls, it may be possible to optimize storage time and/or soil moisture dynamics within bioretention cells to create more favorable conditions for water quality improvements. A column study testing the influence of active control on bioretention system performance was conducted over a 9-week period. Active control columns were regulated based on either maintaining a specific water level or soil moisture content and were compared to free draining (FD) and internal water storage standards. Actively controlled bioretention columns performed similarly, with the soil moisture-based control showing the best performance with over 86% removal of metals and total suspended solids (TSS) while also exhibiting the highest ammonium removal (43%) and second highest nitrate removal (74%). While all column types showed mostly similar TSS and metal removal trends (median 94 and 98%, respectively), traditionally FD and internal water storage configurations promoted aerobic and anaerobic processes, respectively, which suggests that actively controlled systems have greater potential for targeting both processes. The results suggest that active controls can improve upon standard bioretention designs, but further optimization is required to balance the water quality benefits gained by retention time against storage needs for impending storms.
    Electronic ISSN: 2617-4782
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Sociology , Technology
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    A comparative study on Co(II) removal capacity from water samples by sorption using limestone and nanolimestone (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-26
    Description: Powdered nanolimestone (NLS) and limestone (LS) have been investigated as an adsorbent for the removal of cobalt from aqueous solutions. Batch experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of pH. The favorable pH for maximum cobalt adsorption was 6.8. The surface area increased in the case of NLS up to 6.2 m2/g, while it was equal to 0.5 m2/g in the case of LS. The adsorption capacity calculated by the Langmuir equation was 17.1 mg/g for LS and 60.0 mg/g for NLS at pH 6.8. The adsorption capacity increased with temperature and the kinetics followed a first-order rate equation. The enthalpy change (ΔHo) was 20.8 Jmol−1 for LS and 41.6 Jmol−1 for NLS, while entropy change (ΔSo) was 33.3 JK−1 mol−1 for LS and 74.8 JK−1 mol−1 for NLS, which substantiates the endothermic and spontaneous nature of the cobalt adsorption process. All of the results suggested that the NLS is very strong and could be an excellent nano-adsorbent for cobalt contaminated water treatment more than limestone.
    Print ISSN: 2220-1319
    Electronic ISSN: 2408-9370
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 10
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    Reliability and efficiency of an advanced tertiary treatment process for wastewater reclamation (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: A reliability study for the reclamation of wastewater treatment plant effluent using continuous sand filtration-multimedia filtration (CSF-MMF) combined with ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) has been conducted. The objectives of the research are two-fold: (1) effluent of CSF-MMF can be used for surface water supplementation and (2) permeate of UF-RO can be applied as greenhouse irrigation water. The removal efficiencies for nutrients and electric conductivity (EC) as well as some operational parameters of the pilot plant were investigated. The concentration of T-N, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and turbidity in the filtrate of CSF-MMF with external C-course methanol dosage and FeCl3 dosage could be kept at less than 2.2 mg/L, 35 mg/L and 0.9 NTU respectively. Average EC exceeded the required surface water standard by 10% and it was difficult to meet the low surface water standard for T-P (below 0.15 mg/L). The EC of RO permeate was below 20 μS/cm, which was much lower than the standard for greenhouse irrigation. With frequent back flushes, cleaning in place (CIP) and enhanced cleaning the UF could be operated with a constant permeability of 100 L/(m2·h·bar). An appropriate CIP resulted in a recovery of 47–52% of the RO. The protective cartridge filter prior to the RO should be replaced every 2 weeks.
    Print ISSN: 2220-1319
    Electronic ISSN: 2408-9370
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 11
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    Adsorption of Se(IV) in aqueous solution by zeolites synthesized from fly ashes with different compositions (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-09-09
    Description: Low-calcium fly ash (LC-F) and high-calcium fly ash (HC-F) were used to synthesize corresponding zeolites (LC-Z and HC-Z), then for adsorption of Se(IV) in water. The results showed that c zeolites can effectively adsorb Se(IV). The optimal adsorption conditions were set at contact time = 360 min; pH = 2.0; the amount of adsorbent = 5.0 g·L−1; temperature = 25 °C; initial Se(IV) concentration = 10 mg·L−1. The removal efficiency of HC-Z was higher than the LC-Z after it had fully reacted because the specific surface area (SSA) of HC-Z was higher than LC-Z. The adsorption kinetics model of Se(IV) uptake by HC-Z followed the pseudo-second-order model. The Freundlich isotherm model agreed better with the equilibrium data for HC-Z and LC-Z. The maximum Se(IV) adsorption capacity was 4.16 mg/g for the HC-Z and 3.93 mg/g for the LC-Z. For the coexisting anions, barely affected Se(IV) removal, while significant affected it. Regenerated zeolites still had high capacity for Se(IV) removal. In conclusion, zeolites synthesized from fly ashes are a promising material for adsorbing Se(IV) from wastewater, and selenium-loaded zeolite has the potential to be used as a Se fertilizer to release selenium in Se-deficient areas.
    Print ISSN: 2220-1319
    Electronic ISSN: 2408-9370
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Hydrologic-environmental effects of sponge city under different spatial scales (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-12-17
    Description: The storm water management models were established at three spatial scales (large, medium, and small) based on a sponge city pilot area in China to explore the hydrological and environmental effects of rainfall conditions and development modes. Results showed the following. (1) Total runoff reduction rates increased from 26.7% to 53.9% for the rainfall event of a 2-year recurrence period as the scale increased. For 5-year and above recurrence periods, total runoff reduction rates were 19.5–49.4%. These rates increased from the small to medium scale and slightly decreased from the medium to large scale. (2) The runoff coefficients were 0.87–0.29, which decreased from the small to medium scale and were basically constant from the medium to large scale. (3) The peak flow reduction rates decreased with increased recurrence periods. The rates increased initially and then decreased at the small scale, whereas the opposite trend occurred at the medium scale. (4) The reduction rates of pollutants were negatively correlated with recurrence periods under the three spatial scales. The pollution load reduction rates were 19.5–54.7%, which increased from the small to medium scale and were basically constant from the medium to large scale.
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    Effect of bubble characteristics and nozzle size on the membrane distillation enhanced by gas–liquid two-phase flow (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-04-24
    Description: This study investigates the membrane performance and fouling control in bubble-assisted sweeping gas membrane distillation with high concentration saline (333 K saturated solution) as feed. The results show that a longer bubbling interval (3 min) at a fixed bubbling duration of 30 s can most efficiently increase the flux enhancement ratio up to 1.518. Next, the flux increases with the gas flow rate under a relatively lower level, but tends to plateau after the threshold level (1.2 L·min−1). Compared to the non-bubbling case, the permeate flux reaches up to 1.623-fold at a higher bubble relative humidity of 80%. It was also found that greater flux enhancement can be achieved and, meanwhile, dramatic flux decline can be delayed for an intermittent bubbling system with a smaller nozzle size. These results accord well with the observations of fouling deposition in situ on the membrane surface with scanning electron microscope (SEM).
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    Using integrated meteorological and hydrological indices to assess drought characteristics in southern Taiwan (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-04-01
    Print ISSN: 0029-1277
    Electronic ISSN: 2224-7955
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    The viability of co-active fuzzy inference system model for monthly reference evapotranspiration estimation: case study of Uttarakhand State (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-10-08
    Description: Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is a major component of the hydrological cycle linking the irrigation water requirement and planning and management of water resources. In this research, the potential of co-active neuro-fuzzy inference system (CANFIS) was investigated against the multilayer perceptron neural network (MLPNN), radial basis neural network (RBNN), self-organizing map neural network (SOMNN) and multiple linear regression (MLR) to estimate the monthly ETo at Pantnagar and Ranichauri stations, located in the foothills of Indian central Himalayas of Uttarakhand State, India. The significant combination of input variables for implemented techniques was decided by the Gamma test (GT). The results obtained by CANFIS models were compared with MLPNN, RBNN, SOMNN and MLR models based on performance evaluation indicators and visual inspection using line, scatter and Taylor plots for both the stations. The results of comparison revealed that CANFIS-5/CANFIS-9 models (RMSE = 0.0978/0.1394, SI = 0.0261/0.0475, COE = 0.9963/0.9846, PCC = 0.9982/0.9942 and WI = 0.9991/0.9959) with three and five input variables provide superior results for estimating monthly ETo at Pantnagar and Ranichauri stations, respectively. Also, the adopted modelling strategy can build a truthful expert intelligent system for estimating the monthly ETo at the study stations.
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    Evolution properties between meteorological, agricultural and hydrological droughts and their related driving factors in the Luanhe River basin, China (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-05-09
    Description: To fully reveal drought propagation mechanism and effectively mitigate drought, it is of importance to synthesize investigating different types of droughts; specifically, the propagation from meteorological to agricultural droughts and from agricultural to hydrological droughts, as well as their potential driving factors. The results suggested that: (1) the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) is a better indicator for detecting drought onset, the Standardized Soil Index (SSI) can better describe drought persistence, and the Standardized Runoff Index (SRI) can depict the termination of drought; (2) the propagation time from meteorological to agricultural droughts, as well as that from agricultural to hydrological droughts, showed remarkable seasonal characteristics in the Luanhe River basin; (3) the significant influence of the Niño 1 + 2 + 3 + 4, Niño 3.4, Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI), and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AOM) on meteorological drought was concentrated in the 16–88-month periods, as well as the decadal scale of 99–164-month periods, the significant influence of Niño 4, Niño 3.4, MEI, and SOI on agricultural drought was concentrated in the 16–99-month periods, as well as the decadal scale of 99–187-month periods, and the significant influence of Niño 4 and AOM on hydrological drought was concentrated in the 16–64-month periods, as well as the decadal scale of 104–177-month periods.
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    Estimating evapotranspiration over vegetated surfaces based on wet patch patterns (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-05-31
    Description: Evapotranspiration (ET) is a critical component of the hydrological cycle and natural water-energy nexus. The dynamics of soil water content (θ) in the top surface layer, regulated by local climate, predominates the surface energy exchange and ET behavior. In this study, we proposed a novel ET-θ relation using a physically based wet patch radius coupling the near surface turbulent transfer and soil water availability. The model is tested against the dataset from eddy covariance (EC) sites in the AmeriFlux network. The results show that ET rate is supply-driven under low soil moisture conditions since the plant controls the transpiration rate to conserve water due to water stress. While in energy-limited condition, increasing soil moisture will not promote ET rate as it is bounded by the lower atmospheric demand. The proposed method is practically designed to calculate ET using variables readily measured by standard EC towers such as soil moisture and meteorological measurements. The method can also potentially be extended to predict the spatial and physical patterns of ecosystem services under different hydroclimatic conditions.
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    Modeling effectiveness of broiler litter application method for reducing phosphorus and nitrogen losses (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-05-31
    Description: The linkages among the best management practices implemented at the field level and downstream water quality improvement at the watershed level are complex, because the processes that link management practices and watershed-level water quality span a range of scales. However, it is important to understand the effect of nutrient management strategies on watershed-level water quality because most of the water quality evaluation occurs at the watershed scale. The overall goal of this study was to quantify the effect of broiler litter application method (surface vs. subsurface application) on phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) losses in surface runoff using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. The research was conducted in the Big Creek watershed (8,024 ha) located in Mobile County, Alabama, USA. At the hydrological response unit level, the subsurface application of broiler litter to pastures reduced average annual (1991–2015) total P and N losses in surface runoff by 72% and 33%, respectively, compared to surface application of broiler litter. At the watershed outlet, subsurface application of broiler litter to pastures (covered 43% of the watershed area after the land use change scenario) reduced average annual (1991–2015) total P and N losses by 39% and 20%, respectively.
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    The blue-green path to urban flood resilience (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-12-02
    Description: Achieving urban flood resilience at local, regional and national levels requires a transformative change in planning, design and implementation of urban water systems. Flood risk, wastewater and stormwater management should be re-envisaged and transformed to: ensure satisfactory service delivery under flood, normal and drought conditions, and enhance and extend the useful lives of ageing grey assets by supplementing them with multi-functional Blue-Green infrastructure. The aim of the multidisciplinary Urban Flood Resilience (UFR) research project, which launched in 2016 and comprises academics from nine UK institutions, is to investigate how transformative change may be possible through a whole systems approach. UFR research outputs to date are summarised under three themes. Theme 1 investigates how Blue-Green and Grey (BG + G) systems can be co-optimised to offer maximum flood risk reduction, continuous service delivery and multiple co-benefits. Theme 2 investigates the resource capacity of urban stormwater and evaluates the potential for interoperability. Theme 3 focuses on the interfaces between planners, developers, engineers and beneficiary communities and investigates citizens’ interactions with BG + G infrastructure. Focussing on retrofit and new build case studies, UFR research demonstrates how urban flood resilience may be achieved through changes in planning practice and policy to enable widespread uptake of BG + G infrastructure.
    Electronic ISSN: 2617-4782
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Sociology , Technology
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    N-doped three-dimensional carbon foam as binder-free electrode for organic pollutants removal by electro-Fenton in neutral medium (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-01
    Description: Electro-Fenton in neutral medium has attracted more and more attention since it can relieve the costs of H2O2 storage and pH adjustment, which are the major disadvantages limiting the practical applications of Fenton reaction. The electrode with good performance for electrochemical H2O2 production from O2 in neutral medium is of great importance in electro-Fenton. Herein, the N-doped three-dimensional carbon foam (NCF) electrode was obtained by using melamine foam as precursor. The nitrogen functional groups and graphitization degree could be tailored by adjusting the carbonization temperature. NCF1000, the sample carbonized at 1,000 °C, presents the H2O2 selectivity of 81.9%, which is the highest among those of other NCFs. The H2O2 concentration in neutral medium on NCF1000 achieved 0.87 mmol L−1 at −0.6 V, which is 1.8, 2 and 2.6 times as much as those on graphite, carbon cloth and carbon felt. Using as cathode in electro-Fenton, NCF1000 exhibits the kinetic rate of 0.062 min−1 for phenol degradation, which is 4.1 times larger than that on graphite electrode. As well, the performance of NCF1000 shows no visible attenuation after ten times phenol removal experiments, demonstrating its good reusability. These results indicate the potential of NCF as a promising alternative for commercial carbon-based electrode in electro-Fenton.
    Electronic ISSN: 2617-4782
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    An SDG-based framework for assessing urban stormwater management systems (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-01
    Description: Nature-Based Solutions for stormwater management on top of handling water should, ideally, deliver a multitude of other services to society; they are often seen as a lever for transforming cities in a more livable, green, resilient and sustainable direction, and these measures should be acknowledged as part of the services delivered. In this study we assess the services that Nature-Based Solutions for stormwater management deliver with reference to targets and indicators from the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals; we also develop local, project level indicators that inform and are informed by the more broad Sustainable Development Goals indicators. We demonstrate through Danish cases ranging from lot to city scale that the proposed framework can help inform decision-makers about the sustainability of Nature-Based Solutions for stormwater management. Despite difficulties in matching local indicators to SDG indicators, this first attempt at an assessment framework provides insight on which services of a project help to work towards the Sustainable Development Goals and, if used in the planning phase, could facilitate the design of projects that work focused and informed towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.
    Electronic ISSN: 2617-4782
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    Urban agriculture as a keystone contribution towards securing sustainable and healthy development for cities in the future (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-12-02
    Description: Research and practice during the last 20 years has shown that urban agriculture can contribute to minimising the effects of climate change by, at the same time, improving quality of life in urban areas. In order to do so most effectively, land use and spatial planning are crucial so as to obtain and maintain a supportive green infrastructure and to secure citizens' healthy living conditions. As people today trend more towards living in green and sustainable city centres that can offer fresh and locally produced food, cities become again places for growing food. The scope of urban agriculture thereby is to establish food production sites within the city's sphere; for example, through building-integrated agriculture including concepts such as aquaponics, indoor agriculture, vertical farming, rooftop production, edible walls, as well as through urban farms, edible landscapes, school gardens and community gardens. Embedded in changing urban food systems, the contribution of urban agriculture to creating sustainable and climate-friendly cities is pivotal as it has the capacity to integrate other resource streams such as water, waste and energy. This article describes some of the current aspects of the circular city debate where urban agriculture is pushing forward the development of material and resource cycling in cities.
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    Effective and selective removal of phosphate from water by the Co(II)-based adsorbent (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-01
    Description: In this study, a novel Co(II)-based adsorbent Co-H2L is developed for the removal of phosphate. The batch experiments demonstrate that the Co-H2L possesses preferable ability of phosphate capture from water in mildly acidic to neutral pHs, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 194.44 mg P g−1. Adsorption isotherms for phosphate agree with the Langmuir model, suggesting a monolayer process. The mechanism for phosphate adsorption onto Co-H2L mainly followed the coordination mechanism, and the Co valence electron orbitals play the key role in the phosphate adsorption. In addition, the Co-H2L adsorbent can selectively remove phosphate ions in the presence of the competing ions (Cl−, NO3−, and SO42−) at higher concentrations. Our results therefore indicate that the Co(II)-based adsorbent is expected to find extensive applications in phosphate removal for water management.
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    Fabrication of a novel cyanoethyl cellulose substrate for thin-film composite forward osmosis membrane (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-01
    Description: In this study, cyanoethyl cellulose (CEC) was used as a membrane material, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was used as pore-forming agent to prepare the substrates for the thin-film composite (TFC) forward osmosis (FO) membrane for the first time. The experimental results demonstrate that the properties of the substrates were significantly improved after PVP was added. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images show that a two-sublayer structure, a fringe-like top sublayer and macrovoids with sponge-like wall bottom sublayer, were formed after the addition of PVP. These improvements contributed to improved membrane performance during FO tests. Meanwhile, after adding PVP, the TFC membranes exhibited good water flux, and excellent specific reverse salt flux. For instance, the TFC-M2 exhibited 9.10/20.67 LMH water flux, 1.35/2.24 gMH reverse salt flux, and 0.15/0.11 g/L specific reverse salt flux in FO/pressure-retarded osmosis mode while using 1 M NaCl as the draw solution and deionized (DI) water as the feed solution.
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    Using C. vulgaris assisted microbial desalination cell as a green technology in landfill leachate pre-treatment: a factor-performance relation study (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-12-30
    Description: Algae biocathodes have become one of the most sustainable replacements for abiotic cathodes which were expensive and had toxic chemical oxidant by-products. In this study, a pure culture of Chlorella vulgaris from a photobioreactor was pumped into a photosynthetic microbial desalination cell to treat real landfill leachate (had undergone physical treatment) under varying ‘factor-conditions (FC)’ to embark on a factor-performance relation (FPR) study. This aimed at determining the relationship between operating factors and to depict the most favourable conditions (and range) in order to boost the overall performance of the reactor/cell. Three groups of FC (A, B and C) were adapted, in that, under FC A external resistance was varied, FC B varied pumping rate and FC C varied temperature, light intensity and dissolved oxygen under conditions flow and recirculation mode. Results showed 95% chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, a maximum power density of 121.57 mWm−2 (anodic volume) and an average desalination rate of 3.93 mg/L/h. The varying results at different FC showed the significant impact of operating conditions on performance. Algae biocathodes also proved to be an essential benefit in boosting the sustainable application of microbial desalination cells (MDCs) in wastewater and landfill pre-treatment as well as the generation of bioenergy.
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    Selective removal of silicic acid by a gallic-acid modified resin (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-26
    Description: To remove silicic acid from aqueous solutions, a novel gallic acid-type resin (GA-type resin) was prepared by a grafting method. The effects of the adsorption capacity, pH and presence of NaCl, NaNO3, Na2SO4, and NaCO3 salts on the silicic acid removal were studied. The GA-type resin adsorbs monosilicic acid, silicate ions, and polymeric silicic acid. The adsorption capacity of 4.64–4.94 mg/g was achieved in a short adsorption time (Qm of 8.99 mg/g) and is 30–40 times larger than that of the OH-type resin. The silicic acid removal efficiency was almost unaffected by the pH and common anions when the common anion and silicic acid contents were similar, proving the GA-type resin exhibits an excellent performance for selective adsorption of silicic acid. The Temkin isotherm model can well describe the adsorption process, which is chemical adsorption, and indicates that the adsorption heat decreases with the increasing adsorption amount. The adsorption mechanism of silicic acid on the GA-type resin involves dehydration condensation reactions of the hydroxyl groups in silicic acid and gallic acid. The GA-type resin can be efficiently regenerated and reused after treatment with an HCl solution.
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    Experiment and simulation of layered bioretention system for hydrological performance (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-07
    Description: Bioretention can reduce surface runoff, slow down peak flow, and delay peak time by increasing the infiltration capacity of the underlying surface. The media structure directly affects the performance of bioretention systems. Four pilot tanks with different media configuration were built, and hydraulics and water volume reduction were studied though intermittent, simulated storm events. The results showed that water volume and peak flow reduction rate were the most stable and efficient for #1 (fly ash mixing sand, 1:1 by volume) than other systems, which were 58.6–67.9% and 72.0–86.4%, respectively. Partial least squares regression (PLS) was used to build a model for the relation between water volume reduction rate and its influencing factors (R2 = 0.76), and the factors that influence bioretention water volume reduction were ranked from strongest to weakest as follows: infiltration rate (IR) 〉 submerged area height (SAH) 〉 inflow volume (IV) 〉 antecedent dry time (ADT). In addition, volume reduction rate exhibited a positive correlation with ADT and SAH, and a negative correlation with IR and IV. Three water transfer simulations with different infiltration rates were conducted using HYDRUS-1D under designed inflow conditions, and the minimum relative error is obtained for #1.
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    Nanotechnology for water purification: electrospun nanofibrous membrane in water and wastewater treatment (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-24
    Description: The need for beneficial innovations in filtration expertise has lead to little consideration of cutting-edge materials, such as nanofiber membranes for water distillation. The presence of organic matter and traces of organics accumulation in wastewater poses a major problem and current technologies such as coagulation/flocculation and chlorine technology are unable to yield satisfying results. The extra volume of sludge generated by these technologies needs further processing and disposal. Nanotechnology has outstanding potential for filtration applications due to its capability to create precise structural controlled materials for such requirements. Electrospun nanofibrous membranes (ENMs) are cutting edge membrane technology that offer substantial high flux and high rejection rates compared to conventional membranes. ENMs present a revolution in water and sewage purification by offering a lightweight, cost-effective, and lower energy consumption process compared with conventional membranes. ENMs possess high porosity, generally approximately 80%, while conventional membranes have 5–35% porosity. Nano-engineered membranes have great potential in water treatment due to their exotic properties. In this connection, electrospinning membranes are emerging as a versatile technique with promising features for water treatment. This work highlights the application of ENM in wastewater treatment and surface modification of nanomembranes in order to address fouling issues and wastewater treatment from Tabuk Sewage Treatment Plant, Saudi Arabia.
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    Effect of gas type and salinity on performance of produced water desalination using gas hydrates (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-01
    Description: In recent years, formation of gas hydrate has been considered as a suitable method for brine water desalination. In this study, for saline produced water treatment, design of experiment with two factors, the type of gas and electrical conductivity of initial brine solution (EC0) as a measure of salinity, were applied and removal efficiencies were analyzed. For this purpose, two different hydrate formers, CO2 and natural gas (NG) were separately mixed with different produced water samples. The hydrate formation reactions were carried out at 274.2 K in 35 and 95 bar, respectively, and removal efficiencies of produced water samples were tested. It has been found that with a three-stage hydrate process, 86% of dissolved minerals can be removed by the desalination process using CO2 hydrate formation gas while this amount will be 82% when NG is applied as hydrate former. Analysis of experiments indicated that the desalting efficiency depends on the hydrate-forming gas (CO2 〉 NG) as well as the amount of EC0 (high EC0 〉 low EC0).
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    Size optimization of a hybrid PV/wind/diesel/battery power system for reverse osmosis desalination (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-10-18
    Description: This study was to find the optimal configuration for an independent renewable energy system for reverse osmosis (RO) desalination. The objective was to find the lowest levelized cost of energy (LCOE), with power reliability as the constraint. A genetic algorithm was used to solve the nonlinear integer programming program. A site with brackish groundwater in Arizona, USA was selected. The capacity of the RO system was 18.93 m3/d (5,000 gal/d), requiring a constant power consumption of 3.95 kW. Two scenarios were considered in terms of diesel generator (DG) allowed running time. The results showed that the optimal configuration was a hybrid photovoltaic/wind/diesel/battery system with 0.56 USD/kWh and the corresponding levelized cost of water 3.84 USD/m3, when the DG can run in any hour every day. The optimal solution was a hybrid wind/photovoltaic/battery system with 0.69 USD/kWh and 4.48 USD/m3, when the DG can run between 9 am and 9 pm every day for noise control. Both the two LCOWs were about half of the 7.9 USD/m3 currently paid by residents that live in the area. Sensitivity analyses showed the LCOE was fairly insensitive to photovoltaic panel tilt angle over a range for both the two configurations.
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    Evolving artificial intelligence techniques to model the hydrate-based desalination process of produced water (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-10-18
    Description: In this study, two artificial intelligence models based on an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and a support vector machine (SVM) technique have been successfully developed to predict the desalination efficiency of produced water through a hydrate-based desalination treatment process. A genetic algorithm as an evolutionary optimization method has been used to determine the optimal values of SVM model coefficients. To this end, compressed natural gas and CO2 hydrate formation experiments were carried out, and the desalination efficiency of produced water was measured and utilized for model training and validation. After model development, graphical and statistical analysis approaches have been applied to evaluate the performance of suggested models by a comparison of model predictions with measured experimental data. For the ANFIS model, the coefficient of determination (R2) and average absolute relative error (AARE) are 0.9927 and 0.58%, respectively. The values of AARE and R2 for the SVM model are obtained 0.35% and 0.9985, respectively. These statistical criteria confirm excellent accuracy and robustness of intelligent models in predicting the desalination efficiency of produced water through the hydrate-based desalination treatment process. Furthermore, the Leverage statistical technique has been carried out to define the outliers. The obtained results demonstrate that all experimental data are reliable and both ANFIS and SVM models are statistically valid.
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    Advanced oxidation technologies for the treatment and detoxification of olive mill wastewater: a general review (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-10-25
    Description: Olive oil production has an economic importance for Mediterranean countries, ensuring employment opportunities and export earnings. The crushing units produce two types of residues, one solid (pomace) and the other liquid, called olive mill wastewater (OMW). This by-product has adverse effects on the olive oil sector and particularly on the quality of waters into which they are discharged. Hence, there is a critical need to orient the scientific research toward the treatment of this hazardous waste. Several techniques have been proposed and developed for OMW management. However, the advanced oxidation processes (AOP) remain the most advantageous with high treatment efficiencies. This trend allowed achieving a significant detoxification of OMW. A considerable amount of effort has been expanded to provide detailed and critical reviews on the use of this alternative technology in the treatment of water and wastewaters. Regrettably most, if not all, of these review papers were not focused mainly on OMW application. This paper aims to highlight the ancient and recent progress of various types of oxidation techniques for OMW treatment. Moreover, principles, advantages, limitations, and efficiencies of each method are presented, to gain a more scientific understanding of the most feasible approach regarding the treatment of this harmful residue.
    Print ISSN: 2220-1319
    Electronic ISSN: 2408-9370
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Effects of co-composted cow manure and poultry litter on the extractability and bioavailability of trace metals from the contaminated soil irrigated with wastewater (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-10-30
    Description: It is generally recognized that agricultural soils accumulate toxic metals after long-term wastewater irrigation. The removal of trace metals (TMs) from the soil is not possible. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of the addition of manure on the extractability and bioavailability of TM from the contaminated soil after wastewater irrigation. Soils samples were treated with co-composted cow manure (CM) and poultry litter (PL) at 10 and 20 t ha−1. The study showed that addition of manure enhanced fenugreek biomass and reduced TM uptake depending on the combination of composted manures used. TM concentrations in the fenugreek shoots varied in the order of Pb > Ni > Zn > Cu > Cd. A higher amount of manure mixture especially composted with the privet and cypress residues decreased the extractability of TM from the contaminated soil. Soils amended with PL reduced TM concentrations more than CM; this is also true for the plant uptake. The variation of TM in plants was positively associated with their concentrations in the soil and adversely related to the plant biomass. This study confirmed that the combined use of composted manure with plant residues can be an effective addition for ameliorating the TM pollution in soils and crops.
    Print ISSN: 2220-1319
    Electronic ISSN: 2408-9370
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Fungal and marine shell fouling in desalination plant equipment (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: The Saudi Arabian Saline Water Conversion Corporation (SWCC) aims to maintain an uninterrupted desalinated water output and has tasked its Desalination Technologies Research Institute (DTRI) with trouble-shooting operational problems and unusual events faced by its desalination plants. Three events were reported and investigated by DTRI. Two were found to involve fungal fouling, and one was found to involve fouling by marine shells. One case of fungal fouling involved a new seawater reverse osmosis membrane and the plant was advised to review the handling and storage practice of membranes. The other case involved product water hoses and manifested itself in the form of black slimy deposits arising from dense fungal growth. The fungus originated from new product hoses and was eliminated by shock-dosing replacement hoses with chlorine. The marine shell fouling involved a feed water line of a combined power/desalination plant. Chlorine, hydrochloric acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and fresh water were used to assess their ability to control marine shell fouling in laboratory experiments, with varying results. Since high doses of chlorine were not effective in controlling marine shell fouling, the practice of continuous chlorination should be abandoned in favor of an alternative chlorination regimen, e.g., pulse chlorination.
    Print ISSN: 2220-1319
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    Removal of an anionic azo dye direct black 19 from water using white mustard seed (Semen sinapis) protein as a natural coagulant (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-24
    Description: In this study, standard jar tests were conducted using white mustard seed protein (WMSP) as a natural coagulant to remove direct black 19 (DB-19) from its aqueous solution. Comparative coagulation tests were performed using commercial polyaluminum chloride (PAC). The results showed that DB-19 removal by WMSP increased with increasing settling time and reached the maximum removal at 180 min. The DB-19 removal descended from 98.4 to 46.2% as pH increased from 4 to 10. The most effective temperature for DB-19 removal was 25 °C. The removal of DB-19 was weakened by the presence of Na2S2O4. Overall, WMSP was more efficient than PAC for DB-19 removal in all experiments except at pH 4 and 5. The mechanism of the removal of DB-19 by WMSP could be attributed to adsorption and charge neutralization processes.
    Print ISSN: 2220-1319
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    A study on the design and analysis of a gas engine heat pump water heater using shower wastewater as heat source (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-04-12
    Description: Shower wastewater contains large amounts of heat, and recovering and utilizing shower wastewater heat energy to heat shower water is of great significance for energy saving. This paper proposed a gas engine heat pump water heater (GEHPWH) using shower wastewater as the heat source. Thermodynamic models were built to evaluate the performance of the GEHPWH and compare it with an electrical heat pump water heater (EHPWH). The results show that the GEHPWH has higher hot water outlet temperature and coefficient of performance (COP) than the EHPWH under the same conditions. Furthermore, the GEHPWH can maintain stable hot water outlet temperature and higher primary energy ratio (PER) in variable water flow mode, which resolves the issue that the conventional EHPWH needs an auxiliary heat source. Finally, based on a case, the GEHPWH reveals smaller energy consumption and lower operating costs compared with three other conventional hot-water schemes.
    Print ISSN: 2220-1319
    Electronic ISSN: 2408-9370
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    Effects of inorganic ions on the photocatalytic degradation of carbamazepine (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-04-30
    Description: Carbamazepine (CBZ) is a typical class of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), and is a serious threat to the environment and human health. Photocatalytic degradation is an efficient technology to remove CBZ. However, the present work focused mainly on the improvement of photocatalytic degradation performance. The information about the effects of inorganic ions on the photocatalytic degradation activity of environmental pollutants is still scarce. This study systematically investigated the effects of inorganic ions on the photocatalytic degradation of CBZ in view of the practical applications. The addition of inorganic anions showed a negative effect on photocatalytic degradation of CBZ with the order of inhibition effects of HCO3− 〉 Cl− 〉 NO3−. This was due to the quenching effects of hydroxyl radicals or holes, which decreased the photocatalytic degradation of CBZ. The presence of Al3+ could adsorb on the surface of a photocatalyst to shield the active site, resulting in the decreased CBZ degradation, while coexistence of Ca2+ significantly promoted the photocatalytic degradation of CBZ owing to the enhanced CBZ adsorption. Mg2+ showed concentration and time-dependent effects (suppression or promotion) on the photocatalytic degradation of CBZ.
    Print ISSN: 2220-1319
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    A decision support system for indirect potable reuse based on integrated modeling and futurecasting (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-04-09
    Description: Optimal operation of water reclamation facilities (WRFs) is critical for an indirect potable reuse (IPR) system, especially when the reclaimed water constitutes a major portion of the safe yield, as in the case of the Occoquan Reservoir located in Northern Virginia. This paper presents how a reservoir model is used for predicting future reservoir conditions based on the weather and streamflow forecasts obtained from the Climate Forecast System and the National Water Model. The resulting model predictions provide valuable feedback to the operators for correctly targeting the effluent nitrates using plant operations and optimization model called IViewOps (Intelligent View of Operations). The integrated models are run through URUNME, a newly developed integrated modeling software, and form a decision support system (DSS). The system captures the dynamic transformations in the nutrient loadings in the streams, withdrawals by the water treatment plant, WRF effluent flows, and the plant operations to manage nutrient levels based on the nitrate assimilative capacity of the reservoir. The DSS can provide multiple stakeholders with a holistic view for design, planning, risk assessments, and potential improvements in various components of the water supply chain, not just in the Occoquan but also in any reservoir augmentation-type IPR system.
    Print ISSN: 2220-1319
    Electronic ISSN: 2408-9370
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    Optimization of isopropyl alcohol degradation by microwave-induced catalytic oxidation process (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-17
    Description: Isopropyl alcohol (IPA) is a common waste solvent from the semiconductor and optoelectronic manufacturing industries. The current study assesses the feasibility of microwave-induced catalytic oxidation process for synthetic IPA wastewater. The effect of three independent variables, including oxidant (hydrogen peroxide), initial IPA concentration, and dosage of catalyst (granular activated carbon, GAC) on the IPA removal efficiency, were investigated and optimized by response surface methodology based on central composite design. The estimated optimal working conditions were as follows: [H2O2]
    Print ISSN: 2220-1319
    Electronic ISSN: 2408-9370
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    Barium exposure of an invasive breast cancer cluster investigation – quantitative drinking water chemistry for carcinogen search (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-01
    Description: Quantitative review of oral barium exposure was conducted using drinking water metals data from the confirmed sixfold (18-fold15–39 years) Brisbane Australia invasive breast cancer cluster (IBC) investigation, which also included fivefold duct carcinoma in situ (DCIS). The new approach here was to assess sub-guideline on-site water system barium fluctuations and use cancer slope factor (CSF) firstly to profile match barium as a carcinogen, then correlate risk. Dissolved barium was converting, up to 71%, into non-dissolved forms in the cluster location; with only up to 3% in a comparison location. A CSF of approximately 330 (mg L−1)−1 gave a chemistry-based number of women of 12, consistent with 14 originally (mostly IBC), less 2 per general population biostatistics. The comparison location gave null women numbers. One-woman IBC correlated to 0.0018 mg/L barium, comparable to the US Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) 0.002 mg/L, 10−4 cancer risk for arsenic. The two- to fivefold San Diego USA IBC cluster had barium as the only metal in common with Brisbane; and, breast cancer alcohol risk factor fingered barium qualitatively. It is put that barium causes IBC and DCIS; proof submitted hereby to wider scrutiny. The relevant barium exposure was likely calcium coprecipitated.
    Electronic ISSN: 2616-6518
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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    Surface water resources management along Hadejia River Basin, northwestern Nigeria (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-01
    Description: The current review has unveiled the spatial disparity of the surface water resources availability between the upstream and downstream of the Hadejia River Basin (HRB). The surface water resources are more abundant in the upstream areas of the basin. Although rainfall and temperature dynamics are identified as the major reason for these spatial variations, other important factors include the differences in the geological formation and the land use changes. Furthermore, the differences in the geological formations between the upstream and downstream areas have further widened the disparities in the surface water resources available across the basin which are motivated by the differences in the rate of infiltration. The combined effects of these factors affect both spatial availability and the quality variation of the surface water resources. However, as per this review, there is no single integrated study reported to have aimed at addressing the problems of water resource excesses, deficiencies and/or pollution throughout the basin. To address the problem of water pollution, floods, and droughts, the current review recommends the use of riverbank filtration (RBF), aquifer recharge and recovery (ARR) and rainwater harvesting.
    Electronic ISSN: 2616-6518
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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    Application of fuzzy cognitive map-based TRIZ inventive principles for sustainable sediment management in dam reservoirs (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-01
    Description: The present paper contributes to the development and discussion on fuzzy cognitive map (FCM)-based theory for inventive problem solving (TRIZ) for sustainable sediment management in reservoirs. FCM combines aspects of fuzzy logic, neural networks, semantic networks, expert systems, and nonlinear dynamical systems. TRIZ is a constructive methodology that includes practically reproducible models and methods that allow the development of new inventions as well as the teaching of the process, the models, and the methods of creating inventions. A proposed approach in this paper is an improvement methodology that is designed to bring about rapid improvements/changes to processes by defining and implementing the changes that can be quickly identified and easily implemented, thereby reducing the cost and time to bring about improvement and change in reservoirs. Results of this study provide a road map for how to introduce FCM and TRIZ into local sustainable sediment management with consideration of technical and executive requirements, economic factors, social welfare, and environmental impacts.
    Electronic ISSN: 2616-6518
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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    Urbanisation, climate change and its impact on water quality and economic risks in a water scarce and rapidly urbanising catchment: case study of the Berg River Catchment (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-01
    Description: By 2050 it is predicted that 67% of the world population is expected to be living in urban areas, with the most rapid levels of urbanisation taking place in developing countries. Urbanisation is often directly linked to the degradation of environmental quality, including quality of water, air and noise. Concurrently, the climate is changing. Together, the negative impacts of climate change and urbanisation pose significant challenges, especially in developing countries where resources to mitigate these impacts are limited. Focusing on the Berg River Catchment in South Africa, which is experiencing increasing levels of urbanisation, the impacts of climate change, the ‘wicked problem’ of service delivery to the historically disadvantaged within a developing country, persistent infrastructure backlogs, and where high unemployment is prevalent, this paper explores the increasing water quality risks due to climate change and rapid urban development and the likely direct and indirect economic impacts that this will have on the agriculture sector, which is a key contributor to the regional and national economy. The results give support to the need to invest in risk mitigation measures including the provision of basic services, the upgrading and maintenance of wastewater treatment plants and investing in ecological infrastructure.
    Electronic ISSN: 2616-6518
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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    Occurrence of microplastic fragments in the Pasig River (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-01
    Electronic ISSN: 2616-6518
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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    A novel deseasonalized time series model with an improved seasonal estimate for groundwater level predictions (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-01
    Electronic ISSN: 2616-6518
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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    Nutrient removal using spent coconut husks (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-01
    Description: Wastewater management poses major environmental and economic problems in many small island developing states (SIDs), such as Trinidad and Tobago. Conventional wastewater treatment using activated carbon (AC) from charcoal is very costly. However, using spent coconut husks can be a cheap, environmentally friendly alternative source of AC for removing nitrogen and phosphorus in the secondary effluent. This study considered thermal and non-thermal, chemical activation methods to create four different AC treatments. The treatments considered included: virgin AC (thermally activated only) and subsequent acid treatments. Acid treatments were considered as an acidic environment, optimized nitrate and phosphate removal and reduced hydroxyl ion competition. Although all treatments were effectively removed nitrates, virgin AC was ineffective in PO43−-P removal when concentrations were less than 10 mg/L. This was probably due to naturally occurring PO43−-P leaching from the coconut husk. The differences in removal efficiencies and adsorption capacities were not significantly different between treatments. Thermal activation was sufficient to remove NO3−-N and PO43−-P greater than 10 mg/L in experiments with batch stock solutions and the secondary effluent. Virgin AC can therefore be used as a potential substitute for conventional AC.
    Electronic ISSN: 2616-6518
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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    Real-time data assimilation potential to connect micro-smart water test bed and hydraulic model (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-01
    Description: Recently, smart water application has gained worldwide attention, but there is a lack of understanding of how to construct smart water networks. This is partly because of the limited investigation into how to combine physical experiments with model simulations. This study aimed to investigate the process of connecting micro-smart water test bed (MWTB) and a ‘two-loop’ EPANET hydraulic model, which involves experimental set-up, real-time data acquisition, hydraulic simulation, and system performance demonstration. In this study, a MWTB was established based on the flow sensing technology. The data generated by the MWTB were stored in Observations Data Model (ODM) database for visualization in RStudio environment and also archived as the input of EPANET hydraulic simulation. The data visualization fitted the operation scenarios of the MWTB well. Additionally, the fitting degree between the experimental measurements and modeling outputs indicates the ‘two-loop’ EPANET model can represent the operation of MWTB for better understanding of hydraulic analysis.
    Electronic ISSN: 2616-6518
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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    Diversity and abundance of denitrifying bacteria in a simultaneously nitrifying and denitrifying rotating biological contactor treating real wastewater at low temperatures (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-01
    Electronic ISSN: 2616-6518
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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    Forecasting extreme events: making sense of noisy climate data in support of water resources planning (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-01
    Electronic ISSN: 2616-6518
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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    Groundwater treatment by ceramic membranes: pilot tests at the Commonwealth Games Village in Delhi, India (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-01
    Electronic ISSN: 2616-6518
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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    Disruption of cells in biosolids affects E. coli dynamics in storage (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-01
    Electronic ISSN: 2616-6518
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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    Quantitative estimations of aquifer properties from resistivity in the Bolivian highlands (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-01
    Electronic ISSN: 2616-6518
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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    Probabilistic hydrological drought index forecasting based on meteorological drought index using Archimedean copulas (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Hydrological drought forecasting is considered a key component in water resources risk management. As sustained meteorological drought may lead to hydrological drought over time, it is conceptually feasible to capitalize on the dependency between the meteorological and hydrological droughts while trying to forecast the latter. As such, copula functions are powerful tools to study the propagation of meteorological droughts into hydrological droughts. In this research, monthly precipitation and discharge time series were used to determine Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Hydrological Drought Index (SHDI) at different time scales which quantify the state of meteorological and hydrological droughts, respectively. Five Archimedean copula functions were adopted to model the dependence structure between meteorological/hydrological drought indices. The Clayton copula was identified for further investigation based on the p-value. Next, the conditional probability and the matrix of forecasted class transitions were calculated. Results indicated that the next month's SHDI class forecasting is promising with less than 10% error. Moreover, extreme and severe meteorological drought classes lead to hydrological drought condition with a more than 70% probability. Other classes of meteorological drought/wet conditions lead to normal hydrological (drought) condition with less than 50% probability and to wet hydrological condition with over 20% probability.
    Print ISSN: 0029-1277
    Electronic ISSN: 2224-7955
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    Dynamic response of runoff to soil and water conservation measures and precipitation based on VAR model (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-02-14
    Print ISSN: 0029-1277
    Electronic ISSN: 2224-7955
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    Evaluation of contaminant retention in the soil of sustainable drainage systems: methodological reflections on the determination of sorption isotherms (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-01
    Description: Runoff infiltration in Sustainable Drainage Systems enables the interception of a part of urban contaminant fluxes owing to several processes. The soil's ability to retain dissolved pollutants is generally assessed via sorption isotherms obtained from batch studies; however, the experimental points are not always in the same range as runoff concentrations. The present work (i) explores the consequences of modelling runoff–soil interactions from out-of-range equilibrium concentrations and (ii) proposes an improved method to ensure that experimental points fall within the desired range. Uncertainty analysis demonstrates that for a non-linear isotherm, using an extrapolated relationship may introduce significant biases in the ensuing estimations. Therefore, the proposed method consists of anticipating the equilibrium state of batch tests to accurately set the experimental conditions and reach appropriate concentrations. It is successfully applied to the determination of the sorption properties of copper and zinc onto three soils with different electrolyte solutions, as well as those of bisphenol A and three alkylphenols onto one soil. The contrasting affinities between the studied species and the soil materials could be related to their intrinsic properties and the soils' pedological parameters, as well as the presence of salt or dissolved organic ligands which partially inhibited metal sorption.
    Electronic ISSN: 2617-4782
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Sociology , Technology
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    Removal of lead ions from water by capacitive deionization electrode materials derived from chicken feathers (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-04-22
    Description: Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a promising and rapidly growing technology for water treatment and the electrode materials play a key role in improving CDI performance. In this study, high surface area activated carbon was prepared from chicken feather (CF) bio-waste through pyrolysis and KOH activation; the KOH:CF ratio (R) and activation temperature (Ta) were variable parameters. The material was characterized by using the Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) method, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The lead (Pb2+) removal test was performed with a CDI cell containing the fabricated carbon electrode and 100 mg L−1 Pb(NO3)2 solution; the sample prepared with the ratio R of 1:1 and Ta = 800 °C exhibited higher Pb2+ removal efficiency of 81% and electro sorption capacity of 4.1 mg g−1 at the electrode potential 1.2 V and flow rate 5 mL min−1. Therefore, CF-derived carbon is considered as a promising CDI electrode material for removal of heavy metals from waste water.
    Print ISSN: 2220-1319
    Electronic ISSN: 2408-9370
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    Colloid clogging of saturated porous media under varying ionic strength and roughness during managed aquifer recharge (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-02-28
    Description: Column experiments were conducted to examine the clogging effects of colloids under controlled conditions of solution ionic strength (IS) and porous media roughness. The results showed that colloids in recharge water play an important role in the clogging process of saturated porous media, such that even a small amount of colloid may cause a large reduction in the permeability of the porous medium. Clogging at the pore throat was inferred to be the main reason for the severe permeability reduction of porous media. The characteristics of colloid clogging were clearly influenced by both IS and medium roughness. Recharge water with a higher IS facilitated greater attachment of colloids to the surface of the saturated porous medium, which lead to superficial clogging, while collectors with a rough surface resulted in greater clogging than collectors with a smooth surface.
    Print ISSN: 2220-1319
    Electronic ISSN: 2408-9370
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Pilot study of a horizontal roughing filtration system treating greywater generated from a peri-urban community in Durban, South Africa (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-02-12
    Description: There is a growing pressure on the available freshwater resources in South Africa and many other countries around the world. This has led to a large scale of interest in the application of water reclamation and reuse of wastewater as alternative water supply sources. This is becoming critical to sustain development and economic growth in the southern Africa region. This study investigated the performance of a horizontal roughing filtration system treating greywater generated from a peri-urban settlement in Durban, South Africa. The horizontal roughing filtration system consists of three compartments containing different sizes of gravels that serve as the filter media. The horizontal roughing filter was operated at a filtration rate of 0.3 m/hr for 90 days. The results indicated that at this low filtration rate, effective reduction in turbidity, conductivity, chemical oxygen demand and total solids can be achieved. Overall average removal efficiencies of 90% turbidity, 70% chemical oxygen demand, 86% conductivity, and 84% total solids were obtained for the entire duration of operation of the horizontal roughing filtration system. Thus, it was concluded that the horizontal roughing filtration system is suitable for the treatment of greywater for non-potable reuse applications although further investigation needs to be conducted for the microbial removal during the treatment.
    Print ISSN: 2220-1319
    Electronic ISSN: 2408-9370
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    How to make advances in hydrological modelling (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-10-23
    Description: After some background about what I have learned from a career in hydrological modelling, I present some opinions about how we might make progress in improving hydrological models in future, including how to decide whether a model is fit for purpose; how to improve process representations in hydrological models; and how to take advantage of Models of Everywhere. Underlying all those issues, however, is the fundamental problem of improving the hydrological data available for both forcing and evaluating hydrological models. It would be a major advance if the hydrological community could come together to prioritise and commission the new observational methods that are required to make real progress.
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    Pumping optimization of coastal aquifers using probabilistic search – case study: Quaternary aquifer of El-Arish Rafah, Egypt (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-12-31
    Description: The increased pumping of freshwater from coastal aquifers, to meet growing demands, causes an environmental problem called saltwater intrusion. Consequently, proper management schemes are necessary to tackle such a situation and permit the optimal development of coastal groundwater basins. In this research, a probabilistic search algorithm, namely Probabilistic Global Search Lausanne (PGSL), is used to calculate optimal pumping rates of unconfined coastal aquifer. The results of using PGSL are compared with a stochastic search optimization technique, Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm (SFLA). The finite element method is applied to simulate the hydraulic response of the steady state homogenous aquifer. The lower and upper (LU) decomposition method is adapted to invert the conductance matrix, which noticeably decreases the computation time. The results of both the PGSL and the SFLA are verified through the application on the aquifer system underlying the City of Miami Beach in the north of Spain. Multiple independent optimization runs are carried out to provide more insightful comparison outcomes. Consequently, a statistical analysis is performed to assess the performance of each algorithm. The two optimization algorithms are then applied on the Quaternary aquifer of El-Arish Rafah area, Egypt. The results show that both algorithms can effectively be used to obtain nearly global solutions compared with other previous published results.
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    Analysis of changes in drought and terrestrial water storage in the Tarim River Basin based on principal component analysis (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
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    The applicability of real-time flood forecasting correction techniques coupled with the Muskingum method (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019-12-09
    Description: Improving flood forecasting performance is critical for flood management. Real-time flood forecasting correction techniques (e.g., proportional correction (PC) and Kalman filter (KF)) coupled with the Muskingum method improve the forecasting performance but have limitations (e.g., short lead times and inadequate performance, respectively). Here, particle filter (PF) and combination forecasting (CF) are coupled with the Muskingum method and then applied to 10 flood events along the Shaxi River, China. Two indexes (overall consistency and permissible range) are selected to compare the performances of PC, KF, PF and CF for 3 h lead time. The changes in overall consistency for different lead times (1–6 h) are used to evaluate the applicability of PC, KF, PF and CF. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) for 3 h lead time, the two indexes indicate that the PF performance is optimal, followed in order by KF and PC; CF performance is close to PF and better than KF. (2) The performance of PC decreases faster than that of KF and PF with increases in the lead time. PC and PF are applicable for short (1–2 h) and long lead times (3–6 h), respectively. CF is applicable for 1–6 h lead times; however, it has no advantage over PC and PF for short and long lead times, respectively, which may be due to insufficient training and increase in cumulative errors.
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    Urban flood risk mapping using data-driven geospatial techniques for a flood-prone case area in Iran (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-19
    Description: In an effort to improve tools for effective flood risk assessment, we applied machine learning algorithms to predict flood-prone areas in Amol city (Iran), a site with recent floods (2017–2018). An ensemble approach was then implemented to predict hazard probabilities using the best machine learning algorithms (boosted regression tree, multivariate adaptive regression spline, generalized linear model, and generalized additive model) based on a receiver operator characteristic-area under the curve (ROC-AUC) assessment. The algorithms were all trained and tested on 92 randomly selected points, information from a flood inundation survey, and geospatial predictor variables (precipitation, land use, elevation, slope percent, curve number, distance to river, distance to channel, and depth to groundwater). The ensemble model had 0.925 and 0.892 accuracy for training and testing data, respectively. We then created a vulnerability map from data on building density, building age, population density, and socio-economic conditions and assessed risk as a product of hazard and vulnerability. The results indicated that distance to channel, land use, and runoff generation were the most important factors associated with flood hazard, while population density and building density were the most important factors determining vulnerability. Areas of highest and lowest flood risks were identified, leading to recommendations on where to implement flood risk reduction measures to guide flood governance in Amol city.
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    Evaluation of bias-adjusted satellite precipitation estimations for extreme flood events in Langat river basin, Malaysia (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-12-18
    Description: Even though satellite precipitation products have received an increasing amount of attention in hydrology and meteorology, their estimations are prone to bias. This study investigates the three approaches of bias correction, i.e., linear scaling (LS), local intensity scaling (LOCI) and power transformation (PT), on the three advanced satellite precipitation products (SPPs), i.e., CMORPH, TRMM and PERSIANN over the Langat river basin, Malaysia by focusing on five selected extreme floods due to northeast monsoon season. Results found the LS scheme was able to match the mean precipitation of every SPP but does not correct standard deviation (SD) or coefficient of variation (CV) of the estimations regardless of extreme floods selected. For LOCI scheme, only TRMM and CMORPH estimations in certain floods have showed some improvement in their results. This might be due to the rainfall threshold set in correcting process. PT scheme was found to be the best method as it improved most of the statistical performances as well as the rainfall distribution of the floods. Sensitivity of the parameters used in the bias correction is also investigated. PT scheme is found to be least sensitive in correcting the daily SPPs compared to the other two schemes. However, careful consideration should be given for correcting the CMORPH and PERSIANN estimations.
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    Climate change impacts on summer flood frequencies in two mountainous catchments in China and Switzerland (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-12-18
    Description: Flood events are difficult to characterize if available observation records are shorter than the recurrence intervals, and the non-stationarity of the climate adds additional uncertainty. In this study, we use a hydrological model coupled with a stochastic weather generator to simulate the summer flood regime in two mountainous catchments located in China and Switzerland. The models are set up with hourly data from only 10–20 years of observations but are successfully validated against 30–40-year long records of flood frequencies and magnitudes. To assess the climate change impacts on flood frequencies, we re-calibrate the weather generator with the climate statistics for 2021–2050 obtained from ensembles of bias-corrected regional climate models. Across all assessed return periods (10–100 years) and two emission scenarios, nearly all model chains indicate an intensification of flood extremes. According to the ensemble averages, the potential flood magnitudes increase by more than 30% in both catchments. The unambiguousness of the results is remarkable and can be explained by three factors rarely combined in previous studies: reduced statistical uncertainty due to a stochastic modelling approach, hourly time steps and the focus on headwater catchments where local topography and convective storms are causing runoff extremes within a confined area.
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    Short-duration rainfall extremes in Sweden: a regional analysis (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
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    Development of multi-model ensemble for projection of extreme rainfall events in Peninsular Malaysia (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-05
    Description: Possible changes in rainfall extremes in Peninsular Malaysia were assessed in this study using an ensemble of four GCMs of CMIP5. The performance of four bias correction methods was compared, and the most suitable method was used for downscaling of GCM simulated daily rainfall to the spatial resolution (0.25°) of APHRODITE rainfall. The multi-model ensemble (MME) mean of the downscaled rainfall was developed using a random forest regression algorithm. The MME projected rainfall for four RCPs were compared with APHRODITE rainfall for the base year (1961–2005) to assess the annual and seasonal changes in eight extreme rainfall indices. The results showed power transformation as the most suitable bias correction method. The maximum changes in most of the annual and seasonal extreme rainfall indices were observed for RCP8.5 in the last part of this century. The maximum increase was observed for 1-day and 5 consecutive days' rainfall amount for RCP4.5. Spatial distribution of the changes revealed higher increase of the extremes in the northeast region where rainfall extremes are already very high. The increase in rainfall extremes would increase the possibility of frequent hydrological disasters in Peninsular Malaysia.
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    Insights into rainfall undercatch for differing raingauge rim heights (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-25
    Description: The measurement of rainfall has a long history, but despite its apparent simplicity it is difficult to quantify accurately. The common installation of raingauges with rims above the ground surface results in a difference between the rainfall caught and the amount reaching ground level, termed undercatch. The UK standard installation of raingauges is for their rim to be sited at 0.305 m above the ground; however, the use of weighing gauges installed at a minimum rim height of 1 m has increased in recent years. The installation of these weighing raingauges raises complex questions of homogeneity in rainfall data across space and time. Here, we investigate the impact of these changes using field trials of commonly deployed UK raingauges at a site in south-east England. This paper discusses the results of the trial, exploring the variation in and potential drivers of undercatch with differing gauge sitings. With varying standards for gauge heights around the world and new rainfall measurement technologies coming to the market all the time, improved understanding of undercatch is needed to inform evolving operational practices and explore the possibility of developing catch correction algorithms to remove arising inhomogeneity in precipitation datasets.
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    Hydrology: advances in theory and practice (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-01
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    Accuracy evaluation of GPM multi-satellite precipitation products in the hydrological application over alpine and gorge regions with sparse rain gauge network (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-10-18
    Description: With the release of Global Precipitation Measurement Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM products, hydrologists can obtain precipitation data with higher resolution and wider coverage. However, great uncertainties still exist in the accuracy and hydrological utility of these data in alpine and gorge regions with sparse gauge stations. In this study, the Lancang River Basin in China was used as an example, and near real-time products (IMERG-E and IMERG-L) and post-processed products (IMERG-F and TMPA 3B42-V7) were evaluated. Different indexes and methods were applied to evaluate the accuracy of these products. The variable infiltration capacity hydrological model was adopted to evaluate their hydrological utility. The following findings were obtained. (1) Compared with observed precipitation data, the near real-time products tend to underestimate, while the post-processed products tend to overestimate precipitation. The performance of the four products in winter is poor. (2) IMERG products offer improvements in two aspects: first, the near real-time products achieve good accuracy and second, the detectability and the accuracy in gorge areas have been greatly improved. (3) The near real-time products have the potential for hydrological applications. The best simulation result was obtained based on IMERG-F, followed by 3B42-V7, IMERG-E, and IMERG-L. (4) The four products can provide reliable precipitation data for the hydrological application over the Lancang River Basin.
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    A global hydrology research agenda fit for the 2030s (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-10-25
    Description: Global assessments show profound impacts of human activities on freshwater systems that, without action, are expected to reach crisis point in the 2030s. By then, the capacity of natural systems to meet rising demands for water, food, and energy could be hampered by emerging signals of anthropogenic climate change. The hydrological community has always been solution-orientated, but our generation faces perhaps the greatest array of water challenges in human history. Ambitious programmes of research are needed to fill critical data, knowledge, and skills gaps. Priorities include filling data sparse places, predicting peak water, understanding the physical drivers of mega droughts, evaluating hyper-resolution models, managing compound hazards, and adjusting water infrastructure designs to climate change. Despite the opportunities presented by big data, we must not lose sight of the deep uncertainties affecting both our raw input data and hydrological models, nor neglect the human dimensions of water system change. Community-scale projects and international research partnerships are needed to connect new hydrological knowledge with most vulnerable communities as well as to achieve more integrated and grounded solutions. With these elements in place, we will be better equipped to meet the global hydrological challenges of the 2030s and beyond.
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    Hydrological functioning of cattle ranching impoundments in the Dry Chaco rangelands of Argentina (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-10-21
    Description: Rainwater harvesting and associated storage is essential for cattle ranching in the drylands of Argentina and elsewhere. This is the first study to attempt to quantify the hydrological inflows and losses from rainwater harvesting impoundments. To address the direct effect of cattle within impoundments, a typical cattle-affected impoundment was instrumented and compared with that of a similar impoundment but without cattle access. Analysis of the storage dynamics with reference to the controlling variables demonstrated the highly episodic nature of the generation of infiltration-excess overland flow that recharged the impoundments. The impoundments experienced 43 and 35% of storage loss to open-water-evaporation for the cattle-affected and control impoundments, respectively. Critically, the cattle-effected impoundment lost only 15% of storage to leakage (after cattle consumption was taken into account), while the control lost 65% of its water to basal leakage. Indeed systems modelling of the rainfall-storage dynamics showed that the cattle-affected impoundment, despite consumption by 300 cows, maintained water in the impoundment (per a unit input of rainfall) for longer than the control (a 65- versus 25-day residence time). These results highlight the unintended beneficial effect of cattle trampling on the floor of the impoundment reducing leakage losses.
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    Machine learning models for the estimation of monthly mean daily reference evapotranspiration based on cross-station and synthetic data (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-10-01
    Description: The estimation of reference evapotranspiration (ET0) is important in hydrology research, irrigation scheduling design and water resources management. This study explored the capability of eight machine learning models, i.e., Artificial Neuron Network (ANN), Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spline (MARS), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Extreme Learning Machine and a novel Kernel-based Nonlinear Extension of Arps Decline (KNEA) Model, for modeling monthly mean daily ET0 using only temperature data from local or cross stations. These machine learning models were also compared with the temperature-based Hargreaves–Samani equation. The results indicated that the estimation accuracy of these machine learning models differed in various scenarios. The tree-based models (RF, GBDT and XGBoost) exhibited higher estimation accuracy than the other models in the local application. When the station has only temperature data, the MARS and SVM models were slightly superior to the other models, while the ANN and HS models performed worse than the others. When there was no temperature data at the target station and the data from adjacent stations were used instead, MARS, SVM and KNEA were the suitable models. The results can provide a solution for ET0 estimation in the absence of complete meteorological data.
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    A systematic comparison of statistical and hydrological methods for design flood estimation (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-09-26
    Description: We compare statistical and hydrological methods to estimate design floods by proposing a framework that is based on assuming a synthetic scenario considered as ‘truth’ and use it as a benchmark for analysing results. To illustrate the framework, we used probability model selection and model averaging as statistical methods, while continuous simulations made with a simple and relatively complex rainfall–runoff model are used as hydrological methods. The results of our numerical exercise show that design floods estimated by using a simple rainfall–runoff model have small parameter uncertainty and limited errors, even for high return periods. Statistical methods perform better than the linear reservoir model in terms of median errors for high return periods, but their uncertainty (i.e., variance of the error) is larger. Moreover, selecting the best fitting probability distribution is associated with numerous outliers. On the contrary, using multiple probability distributions, regardless of their capability in fitting the data, leads to significantly fewer outliers, while keeping a similar accuracy. Thus, we find that, among the statistical methods, model averaging is a better option than model selection. Our results also show the relevance of the precautionary principle in design flood estimation, and thus help develop general recommendations for practitioners and experts involved in flood risk reduction.
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    Quantification of the forecast uncertainty using conditional probability and updating models (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019-09-27
    Description: Quantifying forecast uncertainty is of great importance for reservoir operation and flood control. However, deterministic hydrological forecasts do not consider forecast uncertainty. This study develops a conditional probability model based on copulas to quantify forecast uncertainty. Three updating models, namely auto-regressive (AR) model, AR exogenous input model, and adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system model, are applied to update raw deterministic inflow forecasts of the Three Gorges Reservoir on the Yangtze River, China with lead times of 1d, 2d, and 3d. Results show that the conditional probability model provides a reasonable and reliable forecast interval. The updating models both enhance the forecast accuracy and improve the reliability of probabilistic forecasts. The conditional probability model based on copula functions is a useful tool to describe and quantify forecast uncertainty, and using an updating model is an effective measure to improve the accuracy and reliability of probabilistic forecast.
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    Proposal of the ‘extreme rank plot’ for extreme value analysis: with an emphasis on flood frequency studies (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-09-25
    Description: To assess model ‘fit’ for flood frequency studies, the annual maximum flow sample is often plotted alongside the frequency curve in an extreme value plot. The comparison is ill advised because a value is speculatively assigned for each rank, in the form of a frequency (the plotting positions); in which case a model of the frequencies is being used to assess a frequency model. The modelled and observed, with attributed plotting positions, are incommensurable. The proposed method in this paper does not attempt to provide a frequency attributed to the ranks and instead attributes ranks to the model under investigation. If the model is used to simulate thousands of samples of the same size as the observed, a distribution of possible peak flow values for each rank can be obtained. For each simulated sample, descriptive statistics can be derived. In this way, statistical testing can be undertaken to compare the observed with the modelled. Using such methods, two or more models can also be compared. Examples are provided for Flood Estimation Handbook pooling and continuous simulation models along with a comparison of the two.
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    Hydrological modelling of climate change impacts on river flows in Siberia's Lena River Basin and implications for the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-02
    Description: A hydrological model of Siberia's Lena River Basin is calibrated and validated against observed river discharge at five stations. Implications of the Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 scenario for river discharge are assessed using projections from 41 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 General Circulation Models grouped into 12 genealogical-based groups as well as a group ensemble mean. Annual precipitation increases in all scenarios (1.7–47.4%). Increases in annual PET are of a similar range (6.0–45.5%). PET peaks in June compared to July for the baseline. All temperature changes exceed 1.5 °C (range: 2.2 °C–6.2 °C). The largest absolute increases are in winter (maximum +7 °C). Changes in mean annual discharge range from −8.5 to +69.9%. Ten GCM groups and the group ensemble mean project increases. Earlier snowmelt is dominant so the annual flood peaks in May compared with June for the baseline. Increased discharge of the Lena and other Eurasian rivers to the Arctic Ocean has the potential to impact Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). Enhanced fluxes for four groups are capable of weakening the AMOC. Changes for other groups may contribute to weakening when combined with other sources of freshwater and warmer temperatures.
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    Integration of hillslope hydrology and 2D hydraulic modelling for natural flood management (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Natural flood management (NFM) has recently invigorated the hydrological community into redeploying its process understanding of hydrology and hydraulics to try to quantify the impacts of many distributed, ‘nature-based’ measures on the whole-catchment response. Advances in spatial data analysis, distributed hydrological modelling and fast numerical flow equation solvers mean that whole-catchment modelling including computationally intensive uncertainty analyses are now possible, although perhaps the community has not yet converged on the best overall parsimonious framework. To model the effects of tree-planting, we need to understand changes to wet canopy evaporation, surface roughness and infiltration rates; to model inline storage created by ‘leaky barriers’ or offline storage, we need accurate channel hydraulics to understand the changes to attenuation; to model the complex behaviour of the whole network of NFM measures, and the possibility of flood peak synchronisation effects, we need efficient realistic routing models, linked to key flow pathways that take into account the main physical processes in soils and the antecedent moisture conditions for a range of different rainfall events. This paper presents a new framework to achieve this, based on a cascade of the Dynamic Topmodel runoff generation model and the JFlow or HEC-RAS 2D hydraulic models, with an application to the Swindale Catchment in Cumbria, UK. We demonstrate the approach to quantify both the effectiveness of a relatively large ‘runoff attenuation feature’ in the landscape and the uncertainty in the calculation given model parameter uncertainty.
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    Difference in the bed load transport of graded and uniform sediments during floods: An experimental investigation (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-10-21
    Description: The objective of this study was to experimentally evaluate the difference in the transport of uniform (5.17, 10.35, 14, 20.7 mm) and graded sediment (mixture of these rounded particles with equal weight proportions) under different unsteady flow hydrographs in a 12 m long, 0.5 m wide and deep glass-walled flume. There was a lag time between fractions and uniform particles, such that peaks of coarser and finer fraction particles occurred before and after the peak of uniform sediment with the same size, respectively. Comparison between uniform particles and fractions in graded sediment showed that the sediment transport rate of fine and coarse fractions was lower and higher than their counterpart uniform particles, respectively. Overall, the uniform particles demonstrated a clockwise hysteresis loop and graded sediment had a counterclockwise hysteresis loop. The mobility of coarser fractions increased during the rising limb of hydrograph, whereas the mobility of finer fractions increased during the falling limb. In general, the mobility of coarse fractions increased and that of fine fractions reduced. Result of transported sediment showed that average particle size collected in traps (Db50) was coarser than bed material (Ds50) on both limbs. The relative transport ratio for uniform and graded sediment is higher and lower than 1, respectively.
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    Revising the BFIHOST catchment descriptor to improve UK flood frequency estimates (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-05-31
    Description: The estimate of the base flow index (BFI) based on the Hydrology of Soil Types (HOST) classification, BFIHOST, provides a measure of catchment responsiveness. BFIHOST is used with other variables to estimate the median annual maximum flood (QMED) in the UK standard Flood Estimation Handbook (FEH) statistical method and is also an explanatory variable in ReFH2, the FEH design hydrograph package. The current estimates of BFIHOST are derived from a restricted linear model, and a number of issues in the catchment dataset have been identified since the original work in 1995. The BFI calculated through base flow separation tends to be underestimated in clay-dominated catchments, and the calculation technique performs poorly in ephemeral catchments or those with missing data. The pragmatic bounding of BFI coefficients for permeable soils overlying aquifer outcrops is also problematic for small catchments. This paper investigates alternative regression methods to improve base flow estimates using the HOST class data for 991 stations (compared to 575 in the original); beta regression was found to give the best performance. Combining multiple rare classes into single classes is also shown to improve performance. The new version of BFIHOST was applied to the QMED equation, showing improved performance.
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    Regional rainfall response to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) across Great Britain (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-05-25
    Description: The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) has been long studied as the primary teleconnection affecting the British and European climate. However, previous studies have focused on extremes or have been spatially and temporally limited. In recent years, our ability to predict the NAO has improved. Also, new research is emerging, suggesting that the NAO is a key driver of hydrological extremes. These factors mean that there is a renewed value in enhancing our understanding of how the NAO influences general rainfall patterns. In this study, we spatially analyse correlations between NAO indices and monthly rainfall data and the Standardised Precipitation Index. We also map mean monthly rainfall differences under NAO-positive and -negative conditions. Based on our results, we identify three main observations: (I) there is sensitivity in the rainfall patterns to the chosen NAO index; (II) there is a clear winter north/west and south/east divide in rainfall patterns; and (III) the NAO does have an effect on summer rainfall patterns, although the spatiality of these patterns is less distinctive than in winter. As far as we are aware, this is the first national scale, monthly NAO–rainfall analysis undertaken for a long period.
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    Logarithmic transformation and peak-discharge power-law analysis (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-12-02
    Description: The peak-discharge and drainage area power-law relation has been widely used in regional flood frequency analysis for more than a century. The coefficients and can be obtained by nonlinear or log-log linear regression. To illustrate the deficiencies of applying log-transformation in peak-discharge power-law analyses, we studied 52 peak-discharge events observed in the Iowa River Basin in the United States from 2002 to 2013. The results show that: (1) the estimated scaling exponents by the two methods are remarkably different; (2) for more than 80% of the cases, the power-law relationships obtained by log-log linear regression produce larger prediction errors of peak discharge in the arithmetic scale than that predicted by nonlinear regression; and (3) logarithmic transformation often fails to stabilize residuals in the arithmetic domain, it assigns higher weight to data points representing smaller peak discharges and drainage areas, and it alters the visual appearance of the scatter in the data. The notable discrepancies in the scaling parameters estimated by the two methods and the undesirable consequences of logarithmic transformation raise caution. When conducting peak-discharge scaling analysis, especially for prediction purposes, applying nonlinear regression on the arithmetic scale to estimate the scaling parameters is a better alternative.
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    Predictive models for stemflow and throughfall estimation in four fruit tree species under hot and sub-humid climatic region (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-19
    Description: Inclusion of stemflow and throughfall processes in rainfall-runoff modelling requires reliable models for their estimation. In the present paper, stemflow and throughfall generation processes were investigated in relation to rainfall, and morphological properties of four major fruit species grown in hot and sub-humid climatic region. Two types of models, rainfall-based and morphology-based, were developed and validated using observed data. Morphology-based models included relative roughness of branch (RR), leaf area index (LAI), canopy length (CL), tree height (TH) and diameter at breast height (DBH) as input variables. Rainfall-based stemflow prediction models, namely, Weibull, Logistic, Allometric and Exponential (R2 = 0.74 to 0.82) and throughfall prediction models, namely, Weibull, Allometric, Linear and Linear (R2 = 0.94 to 0.99) provided the best goodness-of-fit statistics for mango, litchi, guava and jackfruit, respectively. The parameters RR and LAI affected stemflow irrespective of rainfall depth. However, different sets of variables, namely, CL-LAI, CL-LAI-TH, CL-LAI-TH and DBH-CL-LAI affected throughfall in rainfall ranges 20 mm, respectively. The higher range of interception loss (6.5% for guava to 21.3% for jackfruit) indicated that interception loss from fruit trees needs to be considered in the water balance modelling of watersheds having larger areas under orchards.
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    Spatial conservation areas for water yield hydrological ecosystem services with their economic values effects under climate change: a case study of Teshio watershed located in northernmost of Japan (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-10-21
    Description: Water resources prioritization conservation planners are increasingly becoming aware of the economic value of water supply ecosystem services (ESs) under climate changes. Here we assessed how the water yield ES framework is implemented in the current spatial prioritization conservation of the water resources under climate change across the Teshio River watershed. We applied the systematic conservation model to optimize the area for water resources which satisfied the protection targets with and without considering economic values of the water yield provision service. The model indicated that the areas of spatial optimal ES protection for water yield with considering economic values were totally different from those without considering economic values of water resources. The optimal priority conservation areas were concentrated in southwestern, southeastern, and some northern areas of this watershed. These places could guarantee water resources sustainability from both environmental protection and socio-economic development standpoints. Moreover, the spatial priority conservation areas for water yield with economic value from hydro-power electricity production were traded off against the areas for water yield with economic values from resident water-use and irrigation for rice. Therefore, the systematic conservation planning of water yield with economic values under climate changes may provide a useful argument to promote the conservation of water resources.
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    Cause analysis for a new type of devastating flash flood (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-26
    Description: This work introduces an unprecedented flash flood that resulted in nine casualties in Shimen Valley, China, 2015. Through field survey and numerical simulation the causes of the disaster are systematically analyzed, finding that the intense storm, terrain features, and the large woody debris (LWD) played important roles. The intense storm induced fast runoff and, in turn, high discharges as a result of the steep catchment surfaces and channels. The flood flushed LWD and boulders downstream until blockage occurred in a contraction section, forming a debris lake. When the debris dam broke, a dam break wave rapidly propagated to the valley mouth, washing people away. After considering the disaster-inducing factors, measures for preventing similar floods are proposed. The analysis presented herein should help others manage flash floods in mountain areas.
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    Integrated model projections of climate change impacts on water-level dynamics in the large Poyang Lake (China) (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-10-21
    Description: This study outlines a framework for examining potential impacts of future climate change in Poyang Lake water levels using linked models. The catchment hydrological model (WATLAC) was used to simulate river runoffs from a baseline period (1986–2005) and near-future (2020–2035) climate scenarios based on eight global climate models (GCMs). Outputs from the hydrological model combined with the Yangtze River's effects were fed into a lake water-level model, developing in the back-propagation neural network. Model projections indicate that spring–summer water levels of Poyang Lake are expected to increase by 5–25%, and autumn–winter water levels are likely to be lower and decrease by 5–30%, relative to the baseline period. This amounts to higher lake water levels by as much as 2 m in flood seasons and lower water levels in dry seasons in the range of 0.1–1.3 m, indicating that the lake may be wet-get-wetter and dry-get-drier. The probability of occurrence for both the extreme high and low water levels may exhibit obviously increasing trends by up to 5% more than at present, indicating an increased risk in the severity of lake floods and droughts. Projected changes also include possible shifts in the timing and magnitude of the lake water levels.
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    Response of melt water and rainfall runoff to climate change and their roles in controlling streamflow changes of the two upstream basins over the Tibetan Plateau (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-10-10
    Description: Located in the Tibetan Plateau, the upstream regions of the Mekong River (UM) and the Salween River (US) are very sensitive to climate change. The ‘VIC-glacier‘ model, which links a degree-day glacier algorithm with variable infiltration capacity (VIC) model, was employed and the model parameters were calibrated on observed streamflow, glacier mass balance and MODIS snowcover data. Results indicate that: (1) glacier-melt runoff exhibits a significant increase in both areas by the Mann–Kendall test. Snowmelt runoff shows an increasing trend in the UM, while the US is characterized by a decreasing tendency. In the UM, the snowmelt runoff peak shifts from June in the baseline period 1964–1990 to May for both the 1990s and 2000s; (2) rainfall runoff was considered as the first dominant factor driving changes of river discharge, which could be responsible for over 84% in total runoff trend over the two regions. The glacial runoff illustrates the secondary influence on the total runoff tendency; (3) although the hydrological regime is rain dominated in these two basins, the glacier compensation effect in these regions is obvious, especially in dry years.
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    Revising contemporary heat flux estimates for the Lena River, Northern Eurasia (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-09-25
    Description: The Lena River (Lena R.) heat flux affects the Laptev Sea hydrology. Published long-term estimates range from 14.0 to 15.7 EJ·a−1, based on data from Kyusyur, at the river outlet. A novel daily stream temperature (Tw) dataset was used to evaluate contemporary Lena R. heat flux, which is 16.4 ± 2.7 EJ·a−1 (2002–2011), confirming upward trends in both Tw and water runoff. Our field data from Kyusyur, however, reveal a significant negative bias, −0.8 °C in our observations, in observed Tw values from Kyusyur compared to the cross-section average Tw. Minor Lena R. tributaries discharge colder water during July–September, forming a cold jet affecting Kyusyur Tw data. Major Tw negative peaks mostly coincide with flood peaks on the Yeremeyka River, one of these tributaries. This negative bias was accounted for in our reassessment. Revised contemporary Lena R. heat flux is 17.6 ± 2.8 EJ·a−1 (2002–2011) and is constrained from above at 26.9 EJ·a−1 using data from Zhigansk, approximately 500 km upstream Kyusyur. Heat flux is controlled by stream temperature in June, during the freshet period, while from late July to mid-September, water runoff is a dominant factor.
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    Fully distributed hydrological modelling for catchment-wide hydrological data verification (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-03
    Description: Hydrological data scarcity and uncertainty is a fundamental challenge in hydrology, particularly in places with weak or declining investment in hydrometric networks. It is well established that fully distributed hydrological models can provide robust estimation of flows at ungauged locations, through local calibration and regionalisation using spatial datasets of physical properties. Even in situations where data are abundant, the existence of inconsistent information is not uncommon. The measurement, estimation or interpolation of rainfall, potential evapotranspiration and flow as well as the difficulty in monitoring artificial influences are all sources of potential inconsistency. Less studied but as important, distributed hydrological models, given their capability of capturing both the temporal and spatial dimensions of the water balance and runoff generation, are suitable tools to identify potential deficiencies in, and reliability of, input data. Three heavily modified catchments in the East of England such as the Ely Ouse, the Witham, and the Black Sluice have been considered, all of which have issues of data scarcity and uncertainty. This paper demonstrates not only the benefits of fully distributed modelling in addressing data availability issues but also in its use as a catchment-wide data validation tool that serves to maximise the potential of limited data and contributes to improved basin representation.
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    Evolution mechanisms and fundamental equations of social water cycle fluxes (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-09-12
    Description: The rise of socio-hydrology, addressing the interactions between human and water systems, is regarded as an innovative perspective to researches achieving the sustainable use of water resources. Revealing the social water fluxes, in terms of magnitude, structure, and variations under changing environment, could advance the understanding of water cycling under the dual driving forces: natural and anthropogenic. This study attempts to formulate the fundamental equations of the social water cycle by focusing on the evolution mechanisms of social water cycle fluxes. The endogenously dynamic characteristics of social water cycling are portrayed, i.e., the gradual change mechanism and the catastrophe mechanism, therefore dividing the evolution processes into four stages. Then, social water cycle flux reaches its peak and completes the first stage of evolution. The evolution process is an S-shaped curve process. After the peak, it enters the next evolutionary stage, where the pattern varies with the intensities of the gradual change mechanism and the catastrophe mechanism. The coordination relationships of these two mechanisms and the fluctuating characteristics in each stage are studied as well. Case studies are investigated in 39 countries globally to verify the fitting of the fundamental equations and evolution mechanisms.
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    Responses of channel morphology to flow-sediment variations after dam construction: a case study of the Shashi Reach, middle Yangtze River (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-09-03
    Description: Upstream damming has profoundly impacted downstream channel morphology by altering inflowing water and sediment conditions, which can mostly be ascribed to variations in the flow hydrograph and sediment supply regime. In this paper, channel erosion and deposition during different flow-sediment processes are quantified using a 2D hydro-morphodynamic model. Our results revealed that the net erosion mainly occurred during the flood season when the flow discharges were above 15,000 m3/s. Together, larger peak discharges and less sediment supply could produce greater net erosion. Flow hydrograph variations could alter the inundation extent, thus creating a more widespread redistribution of channel deposition and erosion and possibly causing a shift in the active channel adjustment area, where more channel scouring and siltation occurred. The channel adjustments caused by the sediment supply regime variations underwent a gradual downward propagation process, and most of the riverbed thalweg profile variations could first be observed at a very short distance from the studied reach entrance. A larger cross-sectional area and channel depth as well as a lower width-depth ratio could result from larger floods and less incoming upstream sediment load. We found that a comprehensive flow-sediment combination coefficient with a value of m ranging from 2 to 4 most appropriately reflected the post-dam flow-sediment imbalance regime at the studied reach, which implied the leading role of flow hydrograph variations in shaping channel morphology. In summary, the combined results presented herein for the Shashi Reach of the Yangtze River can provide a better understanding of the downstream morphological impacts of different flow-sediment processes caused by dam operation.
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    Effects of biocrusts and rainfall characteristics on runoff generation in the Mu Us Desert, northwest China (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-30
    Description: How the presence of biocrusts regulates runoff generation in the Mu Us Desert is not well known. Runoff experiments under natural and artificial rainfalls and numerical simulations were conducted in semiarid environments to evaluate the effects of biocrust type and rainfall characteristics on runoff. The experimental results showed that the water drop penetration time (WDPT) of the moss-dominated biocrusts was 68.7% higher than that of lichen-dominated biocrusts. Nevertheless, the saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) for moss-dominated biocrusts was 72.7% lower than that for the lichen-dominated biocrusts. Runoff yield for moss-dominated biocrusts was significantly higher than that for lichen-dominated biocrusts. Runoff yield was mainly explained by rainfall amount (or maximum 5-min rainfall intensity, I5max) (P 〈 0.001) and WDPT (P = 0.001). The influences of biocrust type, rainfall intensity, and their interaction on runoff coefficient were significant at the probability level of 0.01. The results of numerical simulations concluded that surface runoff was generated for lichen- and moss-dominated biocrusts when rainfall intensity reached 73.5 and 49 mm h–1, respectively. Runoff coefficient in the moss-covered soil increased obviously when rainfall intensity changed from 49 to 73.5 mm h–1. The results suggest that runoff could be changed substantially under increasing trends in rainfall intensity in the Mu Us Desert.
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    A procedure for designing natural water retention measures in new development areas under hydraulic-hydrologic invariance constraints (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-30
    Description: In recent years, in Italy and elsewhere, regional regulations based on hydraulic-hydrologic invariance (HHI) principles have taken hold, especially for new development areas. Natural water retention measures (NWRMs) are among the most interesting options to provide the storage and infiltration capacities that are needed to achieve the HHI objectives. A procedure for the design of NWRMs in new development areas under HHI constraints is presented and is based on a simple combination of Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) method for determining rainfall excess and lag-time method for simulating runoff propagation. Three types of NWRMs can be considered: rain barrels, drainage wells and drainage trenches; five types of synthetic hyetographs can be selected and three different approaches for the determination of critical storm duration applied. The results obtained by applying the procedure in a new development area located in northern Italy are illustrated and some general conclusions are drawn. It clearly emerges that practitioners should pay particular attention to the correct determination of design storm duration in order to avoid large underestimations of NWRMs size. Moreover, different combinations of the three NWRMs can provide the required reduction of peak of runoff after the transformation, but it appears that drainage trenches are more effective with respect to harvesting systems in reducing the peak runoff value.
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    A dynamic river network method for the prediction of floods using a parsimonious rainfall-runoff model (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-26
    Description: Floods are one of the major climate-related hazards and cause casualties and substantial damage. Accurate and timely flood forecasting and design flood estimation are important to protect lives and property. The Distance Distribution Dynamic (DDD) is a parsimonious rainfall-runoff model which is being used for flood forecasting at the Norwegian flood forecasting service. The model, like many other models, underestimates floods in many cases. To improve the flood peak prediction, we propose a dynamic river network method into the model. The method is applied for 15 catchments in Norway and tested on 91 flood peaks. The performance of DDD in terms of KGE and BIAS is identical with and without dynamic river network, but the relative error (RE) and mean absolute relative error (MARE) of the simulated flood peaks are improved significantly with the method. The 0.75 and 0.25 quantiles of the RE are reduced from 41% to 23% and from 22% to 1%, respectively. The MARE is reduced from 32.9% to 15.7%. The study results also show that the critical support area is smaller in steep and bare mountain catchments than flat and forested catchments.
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    Contrasting seasonality of storm rainfall and flood runoff in the UK and some implications for rainfall-runoff methods of flood estimation (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: Using data from 520 gauging stations in Britain and gridded rainfall datasets, the seasonality of storm rainfall and flood runoff is compared and mapped. Annual maximum (AMAX) daily rainfall occurs predominantly in summer, but AMAX floods occur most frequently in winter. Seasonal occurrences of annual daily rainfall and flood maxima differ by more than 50% in dry lowland catchments. The differences diminish with increasing catchment wetness, increase with rainfalls shorter than daily duration and are shown to depend primarily on catchment wetness, as illustrated by variations in mean annual rainfall. Over the whole dataset, only 34% of AMAX daily flood events are matched to daily rainfall annual maxima (and only 20% for 6-hour rainfall maxima). The discontinuity between rainfall maxima and flooding is explained by the consideration of coincident soil moisture storage. The results have serious implications for rainfall-runoff methods of flood risk estimation in the UK where estimation is based on a depth–duration–frequency model of rainfall highly biased to summer. It is concluded that inadequate treatment of the seasonality of rainfall and soil moisture seriously reduces the reliability of event-based flood estimation in Britain.
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    The effect of roughness and rainfall on hydrodynamic properties of overland flow (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Overland flow is the initial driver of slope surface erosion. To discover resistance characteristics of overland flow influenced by rainfall intensity and roughness, indoor simulated rainfall experiments with six kinds of roughness, five flow discharges, and five rainfall intensities were investigated. Results showed that overland flow over rough surfaces could be considered as laminar and turbulent flow when using flow Reynolds number. According to roll waves observed, flow regimes belonged to the laminar transitional zone based on the viscosity-to-depth ratio. A critical water depth formula for overland flow was re-derived, and it showed that this test water flow consisted of supercritical flow in most cases, and subcritical flow in only a few cases. The flow resistance coefficient increased with increasing roughness, whereas it decreased as rainfall intensity increased. Considering the ‘increasing resistance’ phenomenon, this study focused on frictional resistance, thickness of the viscous sublayer, pressure drag and roll waves. Finally, a formula for sheet flow resistance was proposed based on resistance segmentation and multi-element linear regression. These findings are of significance both for understanding the characteristics and development of overland flow and overland flow dynamics.
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    Effects of topographic domain and land use on spatial variability of deep soil moisture in the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-12
    Description: Deep soil moisture is fundamental to hydrological cycle and ecosystem sustainability in arid and semi-arid regions. This study examined the combined effects of topographic domain and land use on the spatial variability of deep soil moisture (0–5 m) on the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China. Our results showed that deep soil moisture was generally temporally stable due to the thick loess soil in the plateau region. The depth-averaged soil moisture was slightly lower in the gully domain compared to the hillslope domain but was dependent on the soil depths. Soil moisture variability was clearly larger in the gully domain when compared with that in the hillslope domain in the 0–5 m profile. The mean soil moisture contents in comparable soil depths were lower in forestland than in grassland (and farmland), particularly in the hillslope domain. Land uses had similar vertical distribution characteristics of deep soil moisture for each topographic domain. Soil moisture showed highly significant positive correlations with slope aspect in the hillslope domain and with profile curvature in the gully domain.
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    An improved friction calculation for water level and flow velocity simulation (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-09-03
    Description: Flow friction is the key to studying water movement and has been one of the most important research topics in hydraulics and river dynamics. The roughness coefficient in the Manning formula represents friction applied to the flow by channel and changes with the river section characteristics, water level, and flow velocity. However, the Manning formula tends to simulate the friction with little variability, which contributes to large errors in the simulation of water level and flow velocity. To solve this problem, we proposed an improved friction formula based on the relationships between roughness coefficient and energy gradient and developed a differential model of one-dimensional flow with the proposed friction formula. The developed model was tested against both the experimental flood data and observed flow data in Qiantang River, China. The results indicated that the proposed friction formula provides a better simulation of target friction than the original Manning friction formula. The parameters in the proposed friction formula are less sensitive to the river section characteristics. Our results also showed that the developed differential model using the proposed friction formula can simulate the water level and flow velocity well in both the calibration and validation period and can improve the simulation of water level in tidal reach.
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    Exploration on hydrological model calibration by considering the hydro-meteorological variability (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-18
    Description: The hydrological response is changeable for catchments with hydro-meteorological variations, which is neglected by the traditional calibration approach through using time-invariant parameters. This study aims to reproduce the variation of hydrological responses by allowing parameters to vary over clusters with hydro-meteorological similarities. The Fuzzy C-means algorithm is used to partition one-month periods into temperature-based and rainfall-based clusters. One-month periods are also classified based on seasons and random numbers for comparison. This study is carried out in three catchments in the UK, using the IHACRES rainfall-runoff model. Results show when using time-varying parameters to account for the variation of hydrological processes, it is important to identify the key factors that cause the change of hydrological responses, and the selection of the time-varying parameters should correspond to the identified key factors. In the study sites, temperature plays a more important role in controlling the change of hydrological responses than rainfall. It is found that the number of clusters has an effect on model performance, model performances for calibration period become better with the increase of cluster number; however, the increase of model complexity leads to poor predictive capabilities due to overfitting. It is important to select the appropriate number of clusters to achieve a balance between model complexity and model performance.
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    Modeling the impact of agricultural crops on the spatial and seasonal variability of water balance components in the Lake Tana basin, Ethiopia (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-16
    Description: The Lake Tana basin hosts more than three million people and it is well known for its water resource potential by the Ethiopian government. The major economic activity in the region is agriculture, but the effect of agricultural crops on water resources is poorly understood. Understanding the crop water interaction is important to design proper water management plans. Therefore, the primary objective of this research is to investigate the effect of different agricultural crops on the spatial and seasonal variability of water balance components of Gilgelabay, Gumara, and Ribb catchment areas of Lake Tana basin, Ethiopia. To this end, the hydrologic model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) was used to simulate the water fluxes between 1980 and 2014. The water balance components, which were mapped for each hydrologic response unit, indicated the spatial variations of water fluxes in the study. Cereal crops like teff and millet had significant effect in enhancing groundwater recharge, whereas leguminous crops like peas had significant impact in increasing runoff generation. Moreover, the model outputs showed that the total streamflow is dominated by baseflow and about 13%, 9%, and 7% of the annual rainfall goes to the deep aquifer system of Gilgelabay, Gumara, and Ribb catchment areas, respectively.
    Print ISSN: 0029-1277
    Electronic ISSN: 2224-7955
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Published by IWA Publishing
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