ALBERT

Note: Contents: 1: Looking Foolish ; 2: The Demographics of Disaffiliation ; 3: Why They Say They Leave ; 4: The Night Before ; 5: Gaudium et spes, luctus et angor ; 6: The Morning After ; 7: Unto the Third and Fourth Generations ; Epilogue: Did the Council Fail?

Note: Contents: 1 Religion: It's a market ; 2 What determines religiousness ; 3 Religion and economic growth ; 4 Islam and economic growth ; 5 State religion ; 6 Religious clubs, terrorist organizations, and Tibetan Buddhism ; 7 When saints come marching in ; 8 The wealth of religions

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Air temperature Wind direction and speed Precipitation and accumulation Climatological map for the Greenland Ice Sheet Appendix A: Temperature data Appendix B: Precipitation data

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Experimentation Method of growing salt ice Strength test procedures Bulk properties of salt ice Phase relations Density and air content Strength results Strength of fresh-water ice Strength of NaCl ice as a function of brine volume Strength of NaCl· 2H2O ice as a function of the relative volume of solid salt Effect of thermal history on salt-ice strength Phase hysteresis Geometric hysteresis Effect of short-term cooling on the strength of fresh-water and NaCl·2H2O ice Effect of the volume of inclosed air on the strength of salt ice Conclusions NaCl ice Sea ice References Appendix A: Volume of brine and NaCl· 2H2O in NaCl ice as a function of salinity and temperature Appendix B: Ring test results Normal test sequences Appendix C: Ring test results Hysteresis test sequences Appendix .b: Ring test results Thermal history test sequences

Note: Contents: Introduction ; Chapter One: From the New Deal to Trump America ; Chapter Two: Forgotten Men ; Chapter Three: The Coalminer's Granddaughter ; Chapter Four: In Search of Redemption ; Chapter Five: Something We Never Had ; Chapter Six: Democracy Denied? ; Conclusion

Note: (Re)discovering the continentTheoretical framework -- The coil sample -- Duration provisions -- Escape clauses and withdrawal clauses -- (Im)precision and reservations -- Dispute resolution provisions -- Punishment provisions -- Monitoring provisions -- Asymmetric design rules, voting, and power -- Conclusion..

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Petrographic characteristics Intercrystalline features Intracrystalline features References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Method Design and operation of the impactor Collection efficiency Computation from theoretical values of Langmuir and Blodgett Empirical values Observations and results Fog on the ice cap Sea fog near Thule Discussion Conclusions References

Note: Text zum Teil in Deutsch und Englisch

Note: Contents: Preface ; 1. Pragmatism and the policy sciences ; 2. The Chicago School of Pragmatism ; 3. Functions of the decision process ; 4. Functionalism and policy change ; 5. The unity of knowledge and policy ; 6. The roots of misinterpretation ; 7. Conclusions – rediscovering the policy sciences.

Note: Contents: Introduction: a blue Arctic -- Ice, the magic crystal -- A brief history of ice on planet Earth -- The modern cycle of ice ages -- The greenhouse effect -- Sea ice meltback begins -- The future of Arctic sea ice the death spiral -- The accelerating effects of Arctic feedbacks -- Arctic methane, a catastrophe in the making -- Strange weather -- The secret life of chimneys -- What's happening to the Antarctic? -- The state of the planet -- A call to arms

Note: Contents: Introduction: The Indispensable State, Sustaining Our Future ; 1 Debunking "Sustainability": Moving beyond "Feel-Good" Slogans ; 2 Sustainability by the State, Not Markets or Technology; 3 The State of Growth ; 4 Working with the State: Building the Social Security Net ; 5 The State's Obligations ; 6 Authority, Not Authoritarianism ; 7 Checks and Balances ; 8 Redefining Freedom, Rights, and Prosperity ; 9 The Tropical Haze Crisis ; 10 The Tropical City Is No Paradise ; 11 China: The Strong State? ; 12 Transition: From Business as Usual to the Sustainable State ; Conclusion: Either States Act, or Doom Looms

Note: Contents: Introduction / Stephen Macedo -- Why trust science? : perspectives from the history and philosophy of science -- Science awry -- Coda: Values in science -- Comments. The epistemology of frozen peas : innocence, violence, and everyday trust in twentieth-century science / Susan Lindee ; What would reasons for trusting science be? / Marc Lange ; Pascal's wager reframed : toward trustworthy climate policy assessments for risk societies / Ottmar Edenhofer and Martin Kowarsch ; Comments on the present and future of science, inspired by Naomi Oreskes / Jon A. Krosnick -- Response. Reply -- Afterword.

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2020 , Table of contents Abstract Kurzfassung Table of contents Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 The challenge of proxy uncertainties 1.2 Aims and approaches 1.3 Thesis outline and author's contributions Chapter 2: Comparing methods for analysing time scale dependent correlations in irregularly sampled time series data 2.1 Abstract 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Methods 2.3.1 Time scale dependency 2.3.2 Irregularity 2.3.3 Surrogate data 2.3.3.1 Construction of surrogate signals 2.3.3.2 Construction of irregular sampling 2.3.4 Evaluation of the estimation methods 2.4 Results 2.4.1 Correlation of red signal - white noise time series 2.4.2 Correlation of white signal - white noise time series 2.5 Discussion 2.5.1 Effect of irregularity and non-simultaneousness in sampling 2.5.2 Choosing the best method 2.5.2.1 Handling irregularity 2.5.2.2 Accounting for time scale dependency 2.5.3 Example application to observed proxy records 2.6 Conclusion 2.7 Computer code availability 2.8 Acknowledgements 2.9 Appendix 2-A. Significance test for time scale dependent correlation estimates Chapter 3: Empirical estimate of the signal content of Holocene temperature proxy records 3.1 Abstract 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Data 3.3,1 Proxy records 3.3.2 Climate model simulations 3.4 Method 3.4.1 Approach and assumptions 3.4.2 Spatial correlation structure of model vs. reanalysis data 3.4.3 Processing steps 3.4.3.1 Estimation of the spatial correlation structure 3.4.3.2 Estimation of the SNRs 3.5 Results 3.5.1 Spatial correlation structure and correlation decay length 3.5.2 SNR estimates 3.6 Discussion 3.6.1 Spatial correlation structure of model simulations 3.6.2 Finite number of proxy records 3.6.3 Proxy-specific recording of climate variables 3.6.4 Time uncertainty and non-climatic components of the proxy signal 3.6.5 Implications and future steps forward 3.7 Conclusion 3.8 Code availability 3.9 Data availability 3.10 Acknowledgements Chapter 4: Testing the consistency of Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum spatial correlations in temperature proxy records 4.1 Abstract 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Data 4.4 Method 4.4.1 Approach and assumptions 4.4.2 Holocene and LGM spatial correlation structure from climate model simulation 4.4.3 Effect of changes in climate variability on the predicted correlations 4.4.4 Effect of changes in time uncertainty on the predicted correlations 4.4.S Estimating the surrogate-based LGM spatial correlation and accounting for parameter uncertainty 4.5 Results 4.6 Discussion 4.6.1 Proxy-specific recording and finite number of records 4.6.2 Time uncertainty of proxy records 4.6.3 Contrary behaviour of U K'37 records 4.6.4 Spatial correlation structure and orbital trends 4.7 Conclusion 4.8 Acknowledgements 4.9 Appendix 4-A. Deriving the effect of a different signal variance on the correlation Chapter 5: Synthesis 5.1 Irregular sampling and time scale dependent correlations 5.2 Spatial correlation structure of proxy records 5.3 Consistency of spatial correlations for different climate states 5.4 Signal content of proxy records 5.5 Concluding remarks and Outlook Chapter A: Supplement of Chapter 3 - Empirical estimate of the signal content of Holocene temperature proxy records A.1 Supplementary Figures A.2 Supplementary Tables Chapter B: Supplement of Chapter 4 - Testing the consistency of Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum spatial correlations of temperature proxy records 8.1 Supplementary Figures 8.2 Supplementary Tables References Danksagung Eidesstattliche Erklärung

Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgements 1 Introduction 1.1 The Periglacial Concept: Definitions and Scope 1.2 The Periglacial Realm 1.3 The Development of Periglacial Geomorphology 1.4 Periglacial Geomorphology: The Quaternary Context 1.5 The Aims and Organization of this Book 2 Periglacial Environments 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Periglacial Climates 2.3 Soils in Periglacial Environments 2.4 Vegetation Cover in Periglacial Environments 2.5 Synthesis 3 Ground Freezing and Thawing 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Ground Heating and Cooling 3.3 Soil Freezing 3.4 Ice Segregation in Freezing Soils 3.5 Thaw Consolidation 3.6 Synthesis 4 Permafrost 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Permafrost Thermal Regime 4.3 Classification of Permafrost 4.4 Detection, Mapping and Modelling of Permafrost 4.5 Permafrost Distribution 4.6 Permafrost-glacier Interactions 4.7 The Geomorphic Importance of Permafrost 5 Ground Ice and Cryostratigraphy 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Genetic Classification of Ground Ice 5.3 Description of Ground Ice 5.4 Ice Contacts 5.5 Cryostratigraphy 5.6 The Transition Zone 5.7 Massive Ground Ice 5.8 Yedoma 6 Thermal Contraction Cracking: Ice Wedges and Related Landforms 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Thermal Contraction Cracking and Polygon Evolution 6.3 Ice Veins and Ice Wedges 6.4 Ice-wedge Polygons 6.5 Sand Veins and Sand Wedges 6.6 Composite Veins and Composite Wedges 6.7 Sand-wedge Polygons 6.8 Frost Cracking of Seasonally Frozen Ground 6.9 Thaw Modification of Frost Wedges 6.10 Frost-Wedge Pseudomorphs and Frost Polygons in Areas of Past Permafrost 7 Pingos, Palsas and other Frost Mounds 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Characteristics of Pingos 7.3 Hydrostatic Pingos 7.4 Hydraulic Pingos 7.5 Pingo Problems and Problem Pingos 7.6 Segregation Ice Mounds: Palsas, Lithalsas and Related Landforms 7.7 Palsas 7.8 Peat Plateaus 7.9 Lithalsas 7.10 Permafrost Plateaus 7.11 Other Permafrost Mounds 7.12 Ephemeral Frost Mounds 7.13 Relict Permafrost Mounds 8 Thermokarst 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Thermokarst Lakes and Drained Lake Basins 8.3 Thermokarst Pits, Bogs and Fens 8.4 Retrogressive Thaw Slumps 8.5 Small-scale Thermokarst Features: Beaded Streams, Sinkholes and Thermokarst Gullies 8.6 Sediment Structures associated with Thermokarst 8.7 Relict Thermokarst Phenomena 9 Seasonally Frozen Ground Phenomena 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Upfreezing of Clasts 9.3 Frost Heave of Bedrock 9.4 Patterned Ground: The Embroidery on the Landscape 9.5 Patterned Ground Processes 9.6 Sorted Patterned Ground 9.7 Nonsorted Patterned Ground 9.8 Cryoturbations 9.9 Pedogenic Effects of Freezing and Thawing 9.10 Fragipans 9.11 Synthesis 10 Rock Weathering and Associated Landforms 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Physical Weathering Processes 10.3 Chemical Weathering Processes 10.4 Biotic Weathering Processes 10.5 Weathering Processes in Periglacial Environments 10.6Cold-climate Karst 10.7 Tors 10.8 Blockfields and Related Periglacial Regolith Covers 10.9 Brecciated Bedrocks 11 Periglacial Mass Movement and Hillslope Evolution 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Solifluction Processes 11.3 Solifluction Landforms 11.4 Pleistocene Solifluction Landforms and Slope Deposits 11.5 Active-layer Failures 11.6 Permafrost Creep 11.7 Nivation 11.8 Cryoplanation 11.9 Slope Form and Slope Evolution 12 Talus Slopes and Related Landforms 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Rockfall Talus 12.3 The Geomorphic Role of Snow Avalanches 12.4 Debris-flow Activity 12.5 Rock Glaciers 12.6 Pronival (Protalus) Ramparts 12.7 Synthesis 13 Fluvial Processes and Landforms 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Periglacial Hydrology 13.3 Slopewash 13.4 Slushflows 13.5 Sediment Transport in Periglacial Rivers 13.6 Bank and Channel Erosion 13.7 River Channels 13.8 Alluvial Landforms in Periglacial Environments 13.9 Valley Form 13.10 Pleistocene Periglacial Rivers 13.11 Synthesis 14 Wind Action 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Aeolian Processes 14.3 Wind Erosion in Present Periglacial Environments 14.4 Aeolian Deposits in Present Periglacial Environments 14.5 Quaternary Aeolian Deposits 14.6 Synthesis 15 Periglacial Coasts 15.1 Introduction 15.2 The Nature of Periglacial Coasts 15.3 The Role of Ice in Shoreline Evolution 15.4 Ice-rich Permafrost Coasts 15.5 Thermokarst Coasts 15.6 Barrier Coasts 15.7 Salt Marshes and Tidal Flats 15.8 Rock Coasts 15.9 Raised and Inherited Shorelines 15.10 Lake Shorelines 15.11 Synthesis 16 Past Periglacial Environments 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Palaeoenvironmental Reconstruction Based on Periglacial Features 16.3 Past Periglacial Environments of the British Isles 16.4 Pre-Late Devensian Periglacial Features in the British Isles 16.5 The Dimlington Stade in the British Isles 16.6 The Younger Dryas (Loch Lomond) Stade in the British Isles 16.7 Past Periglacial Environments of the British Isles: Commentary 16.8 Late Weichselian Periglacial Environments in Continental Europe 16.9 Late Wisconsinan Periglacial Environments in North America 16.10 Permafrost Extent in the Northern Hemisphere During the Last Glacial Stage 16.11 Concluding Comments 17 Climate Change and Periglacial Environments 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Permafrost Degradation 17.3 Geomorphological Implications of Climate Change in the Circumpolar North 17.4Geomorphological Implications of Climate Change in High Mountain Environments 17.5 Climate Change ,Permafrost Degradation and Greenhouse Gas Emissions 17.6 Conclusion Appendix: Text Abbreviations, Units and Symbols Employed in Equations References Index

Note: Contents: Introduction ; The Art of Seeing Networks ; Part I - Elementary Networks and Tools ; Surveying the Tools of the Craft ; Introducing NetworkX ; Introducing Gephi ; Case Study: Constructing a Network of Wikipedia Pages ; Part II - Networks Based on Explicit Relationships ; Understanding Social Networks ; Mastering Advanced Network Construction ; Measuring Networks Case Study: Panama Papers ; Part III - Networks Based on Co-Occurrences ; Constructing Semantic and Product Networks ; Unearthing the Network Structure ; Case Study: Performing Cultural Domain Analysis ; Case Study: Going from Products to Projects ; Part IV - Unleashing Similarity ; Similarity-Based Networks ; Harnessing Bipartite Networks ; Case Study: Building a Network of Trauma Types ; Part V - When Order Makes a Difference ; Directed Networks

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: - The First Geometric POD of LEO Satellites - a Piece of History - Reference Frame From the Combination of a LEO Satellite with GPS Constellation and Ground Network of GPS Stations - Geometrical Model of the Earth’s Geo center Based on Temporal Gravity Field Maps - First Phase Clocks and Frequency Transfer - First Geometric POD of GPS and Galileo Satellites - Kinematics of IGS Stations - Reduced-Kinematic POD - First GPS Baseline in Space - the GRACE Mission - Geometrical Modeling of the Ionosphere and the Troposphere with LEO Orbit - Aerodynamics in Low LEO: A Novel Approach to Modeling Air Density Based on IGS TEC Maps - GPS Single-Frequency: From First cm-POD to Single Frequency GNSS-RO/R - Absolute Code Biases Based on the Ambiguity-Free Linear Combination - DCBs without TEC - LEO Near-Field Multipath and Antenna Effects - Probing the Flyby Anomaly Using Kinematic POD - Exotic Applications of Kinematic POD - Galileo-2: A Highly Accurate Dynamical GEO Reference Frame to Complement the TRF - Geometrical Representation of Gravity Field Determination

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Experimental procedure Experimental results Conclusions and recommendations References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Notation Stress analysis Analysis of densification process Non-Newtonian densification Equation for hyperbolic sine densification law Determination of parameters Discussion Glaciological engineering aspects References Appendix A: Example of calculation Appendix B: Snow density profiles

Note: 1.1. The Early History of Glass; 1.2. Glass and Science; 1.3. The Discovery of Natural Melts; 1.4. The Physical Chemistry of Melts; 1.5. Summary Remarks; References; Chapter 2. Glass Versus Melt; 2.1. Relaxation; 2.2. Glass Transition; 2.3. Configurational Properties; 2.4. Summary Remarks; References; Chapter 3. Glasses and Melts vs. Crystals; 3.1. Basics of Silicate Structure 3.2. Thermodynamic Properties3.3. Liquid-Like Character of Crystals; 3.4. Summary Remarks; References; Chapter 4. Melt and Glass Structure -- Basic Concepts; 4.1. Bond Length, Bond Angle, and Bond Strength in Silicates; 4.2. Network-Formers; 4.3. Network-Modifying Cations and Linkage between Structural Units; 4.4. Bonding, Composition and Effects on Melt Properties; 4.5 Mixing, Order, and Disorder; 4.6. Summary Remarks; References; Chapter 5. Silica -- A Deceitful Simplicity; 5.1. An Outstanding Oxide; 5.2. Physical Properties; 5.3. Structure of SiO2 Glass and Melt 5.4. Effects of Pressure and Temperature5.5. Summary Remarks; References; Chapter 6. Binary Metal Oxide-Silica Systems -- I. Physical Properties; 6.1. Phase Relationships; 6.2. Thermodynamics of Mixing; 6.3. Volume and Transport Properties; 6.4. Summary Remarks; References; Chapter 7. Binary Metal Oxide-Silica Systems -- II. Structure; 7.1. Pseudocrystalline Models of Melt Structure; 7.2. Thermodynamic Modeling and Melt Structure; 7.3. Numerical Simulation of Melt Structure; 7.4. Structure from Direct Measurements; 7.5. Structure and Melt Properties; 7.6. Summary Remarks; References Chapter 8. Aluminosilicate Systems -- I. Physical Properties8.1. Phase Relationships; 8.2. Thermodynamics of Mixing; 8.3. Volume and Viscosity; 8.4. Summary Remarks; References; Chapter 9. Aluminosilicate Systems -- II. Structure; 9.1. Binary Al2O3-Bearing Glasses and Melts; 9.2. Meta-Aluminosilicate Glasses and Melts (SiO2-M1/xAlO2); 9.3. Peralkaline Aluminosilicate Glasses and Melts; 9.4. Pressure and the Structure of Aluminosilicate Melts; 9.5. Structure and Properties of Aluminosilicate Melts; 9.6. Summary Remarks; References; Chapter 10. Iron-bearing Melts -- I. Physical Properties 10.1 Ferrous and Ferric Iron10.2. Phase Equilibria; 10.3. Iron Redox Reactions; 10.4. Physical Properties; 10.5. Summary Remarks; References; Chapter 11. Iron-bearing Melts -- II. Structure; 11.1. Ferric Iron; 11.2. Ferrous Iron; 11.3. Ferric and Ferrous Iron in Silicate Melts at High Temperature; 11.4. Iron in Silicate Melts and Glasses at High Pressure; 11.5. Summary Remarks; References; Chapter 12. The Titanium Anomalies; 12.1. Phase Relations and Glass Formation; 12.2. Physical Properties; 12.3. Structure of Titanosilicate Glasses and Melts; 12.4. High-Temperature Studies

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Experimental Materials Apparatus Experimental results Deformation under constant hydrostatic pressure Deformation as a function of hydrostatic pressure Deformation as a function of temperature at constant pressure Discussion References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Soil material Soil Preparation of the soil material Containers Temperature and humidity of the air Moisture content and dry density of the soil Experimental procedures and results General procedures Definition of the characteristics of cracking of soil Cracking moisture content Size of cells made by cracking of the soil Length of cracks Number of sides of cells Development of cracks Additional experiments Interfacial fracture markings Method of auxilliary tests on physical properties of the soil Elastic constants of the soil Shrinkage of soil due to desiccation Tests of the adhesion between the soil and the bottom material Results of auxiliary tests Elastic constants of the soil Free shrinkage process of the soil due to desiccation Adhesion between the soil and glass or wood Mechanism of crack formation due to the desiccation of soil Geometric interpretation Mechanical interpretation Conclusions References Appendix: Table of experiments

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Comments on the shear hypothesis Appearance of the debris layers The possibility of cold ice scraping up debris The shear across a debris layer The geometry of the debris layers Freezing model Theory Discussion Conclusion References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Glossary Part 1 : Surface pattern, structure of the active layer, and type and distribution of ground ice in the permafrost Pattern type 1: Circular and linear depressions in unsorted outwash Circular depressions, area 1 Structure of the active layer Ground ice and its relation to surface morphology Linear depressions, area 5 Structure of the active layer Ground ice and its relation to surface morphology Pattern t ype 2 and 3: Polygonal troughs in unsorted outwash and sorted circles or centers of fines Area 3 Structure of the active layer Ground ice and its relation to surface morphology Area 4 Structure of the active layer Ground ice and its relat ion to surface morphology Pattern type 4: Mounds and depressions of low relief in unsorted outwash Area 4a Structure of the active layer Ground ice and its relatiop. to surface morphology Part 2: Ground ice studies Area 1 Lens ice History Appearance of the ice Fabric analysis Wedge ice History Appearance of the ice Fabric analysis Relict ice History Appearance of the ice Fabric analysis Contact between ice wedge and relict ice Ice sockets Area 5 Wedge ice Fabric analysis Relict ice Fabric analysis Area 3 Ice mass History Appearance of the ice Fabric analysis Ice wedge Fabric analysis Contact between ice mass and wedge Appearance of the ice Fabric analysis Summary and conclusions Pattern type 1: Linear and circular depressions in. unsorted outwash Pattern type 2: Polygonal troughs formed in unsorted outwash Pattern type 3: Sorted circles or centers of fines Pattern type 4: Mounds and depressions of low relief in fine-grained unsorted outwash Engineering applications References Appendix A: Associated studies Appendix B : Recommendations for further field and laboratory work Appendix C: Recommendations for field and laboratory techniques

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Experimental facilities Experimental in-place measurements Density and homogeneity of processed snow Ram hardness Temperature measurements Mechanical properties Unconfined compressive strength Stress-strain relationships in unconfined compress ion Creep in unconfined compression Tensile strength Discussion of results References

Note: CONTENTS: SECTION I. GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION. - 1. ELEMENTARY THEORY OF SEISMIC REFRACTION AND REFLECTION MEASUREMENTS / BY J. I. EWING. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Reflected waves. - 3. Refracted waves. - 4. Computation of layer velocities and thicknesses. - 5. Shear waves and complex refracted waves. - 6. Some complications and deviations from simple theory. - 2. REFRACTION AND REFLECTION TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURE / BY G.G. SHOR, JR. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Shooting techniques. - 3. Receiving techniques. - 4. Plan of operations. - 5. Miscellaneous variations. - 6. Reflection methods. - 3. SINGLE-SHIP SEISMIC REFRACTION SHOOTING / BY M. N. HILL. - 1. Introduction. - 2 . Instrumentation. - 3. Operation. - 4 . CONTINUOUS REFLECTION PROFILING / BY J. B. HERSEY. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Design. - 3. Operations at sea. - 4. Results. - 5. Interpretations. - 6. Geophysical measurements. - 7. Concluding remarks. - 5. THE UNCONSOLIDATED SEDIMENTS / BY J. I. EWING AND J. E. NAFE. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Evidence for gradients and low-velocity sediments. - 3. Variable angle reflections. - 4. Normal-incidence reflections. - 5. Summary. - 6. THE CRUSTAL ROCKS / BY R. W. RAITT. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Layer 2. - 3. Layer 3. - 4. Average oceanic crust. - 7. THE MANTLE ROCKS / BY J. I. EWING. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Compressional-wave measurements. - 3. Shear-wave measurements. - 4. Summary. - 8. EXPLORATION OF SUB-OCEANIC STRUCTURE BY THE USE OF SEISMIC SURFACE WAVES / BY J. OLIVER AND J. DORMAN. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The general nature of seismic surface waves. - 3. Evidence from mantle surface waves. - 4. Evidence from crustal surface waves. - 5. Evidence from short-period surface waves. - 9. GRAVITY AT SEA / BY J. LAMAR WORZEL AND J. C. HARRISON. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Methods and theory. - 3. Gravity observations and geological interpretations. - 10. THE MAGNETIC FIELD OVER THE OCEANS / BY E. C. BULLARD AND R. G. MASON. - 1. Historical. - 2. Measurement of the magnetic field at sea. - 3. General features of the field. - 4. Reduction of magnetic observations. - 5. The magnetic properties of submarine rocks. - 6. The magnetic surveys of the north-east Pacific. - 7. The continental shelves. - 8. Seamounts and mid-ocean ridges. - 9. The deep trenches. - 11 . THE FLOW OF HEAT THROUGH THE FLOOR OF THE OCEAN / BY E. C. BULLARD. - 1. Method. - 2. The temperature probe. - 3. The thermal properties of sediments. - 4. The results of heat-flow measurements. - 5. Future work. - SECTION II . TOPOGRAPHY AND STRUCTURE. - 12. TOPOGRAPHY OF THE DEEP-SEA FLOOR / BY BRUCE C. HEEZEN AND H. W. MENARD. - 1 . Introduction. - 2 . Outline of submarine topography. - 3. Summary of submarine topographic forms. - 13. CONTINENTAL SHELF AND SLOPE (CONTINENTAL MARGIN) / BY A. GUILCHER. - 1. Definitions. - 2. Topography of the continental shelf. - 3. Topography of the continental slope. - 4. Structure and origins of the continental margins. - 5. Conclusion. - 14. ABYSSAL PLAINS / BY BRUCE C. HEEZEN AND A. S. LAUGHTON. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Regional description. - 3. Trench abyssal plains. - 4. Archipelagic plains. - 5. Abyssal gaps, interplain channels, mid-ocean canyons and deep-sea channels. - 6. Sediments on the abyssal plains. - 7. Geophysical characteristics. - 8. Theories of the origin of the abyssal plains. - 15. OCEANIC ISLANDS, SEAMOUNTS, GUYOTS AND ATOLLS / BY H. W. MENARD AND H. S. LADD. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Oceanic islands. - 3. Seamounts. - 4. Guyots. - 5. Atolls. - 6. Submerged atolls. - 7. Oceanic volcanoes in geological time. - 8. Importance of islands and seamounts. - 16. THE MID-OCEANIC RIDGE / BY BRUCE C. HEEZEN AND MAURICE EWING. - 1. Introduction. - 2. North Atlantic. - 3. South Atlantic. - 4. Indian Ocean. - 5. Indian and South Pacific Oceans. - 6. Iceland and the Norwegian Sea. - 7. Arctic Basin. - 8. Crustal structure. - 9. Origin. - 17. TRENCHES / BY R. L. FISHER AND H. H. HESS. - 1. Previous work. - 2. Topography of trenches. - 3. Structure of trenches. - 18. MICROTOPOGRAPHY / BY A. S. LAUGHTON. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Classification of microtopographic features. - 19. UNDERWATER PHOTOGRAPHY / BY H. E. EDGERTON. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Camera details. - 3. Cables and winches for cameras. - 20. SUBMARINE CANYONS / BY F. P. SHEPARD. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Classification of submarine valleys. - 3. Canyon descriptions. - 4. East coast U.S. (New England type) canyons. - 5. Trough-shaped valleys. - 6. Delta foreset-slope gullies. - 7. Shallow straight-walled valleys of submarine escarpments. - 8. Origin of submarine canyons. - 9. Subaerial erosion. - 10. Pleistocene canyon cutting by turbidity currents. - SECTION III. SEDIMENTATION. - 21. BEACH AND NEARSHORE PROCESSES. - PART I. MECHANICS OF MARINE SEDIMENTATION / BY R. A. BAGNOLD. - 1. Definition, origin and relevant physical properties. - 2. Transport during fall through the sea. - 3. Transport of sediment over the sea bed. - 4. Transport rate and fluid "power". - 5. Auto-suspension of sediment: turbidity currents , etc. - 6. Wave drift. - 7. Threshold of bed disturbance by fluid action. - PART II. LITTORAL PROCESSES / BY D. L. INMAN AND R. A. BAGNOLD. - 8. Introduction. - 9. Littoral profile: two-dimensional case. - 10. Migration of sand grains by wave action. - 11. Littoral processes: three-dimensional case. - 12. Discussion. - 22. SHALLOW-WATER CARBONATE SEDIMENTS / BY R. N. GINSBURG, R. MICHAEL LLOYD, K. W. STOCKMAN AND J. S. MCCALLUM. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Types of skeletal particles. - 3. Skeletal particles in sediments. - 4. Distribution of skeletal particles. - 5. Discussion of the distribution of skeletal particles. - 6. Non-skeletal particles. - 7. Distribution of non-skeletal particles. - 23. BASIN SEDIMENTATION AND DIAGENESIS / BY I. R. KAPLAN AND S. C. RITTENBERG. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Physical aspects of sedimentation. - 3. Diagenesis in sediments. - 4. Isotopic studies related to biological processes in sediments. - 5. Special problems. - 24. ESTUARIES, DELTAS, SHELF, SLOPE / BY A. GUILCHER. - 1. Estuaries, tidal marshes and flats, and deltas. - 2. Continental shelf. - 3. Continental slope. - 25. PELAGIC SEDIMENTS / BY G. ARRHENIUS. - 1. Concept of pelagic sedimentation. - 2. Composition. - 3. Productivity control of pelagic sedimentation. - 4. Physical stratification. - 5. Topographic and tectonic control of sedimentation. - 26. CLAY-MINERAL DISTRIBUTIONS IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN / BY J. J. GRIFFIN AND E. D. GOLDBERG. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The clay minerals. - 3. Surface distribution of clay minerals. - 4. Vertical distribution. - 5. Summary. - 27. TURBIDITY CURRENTS / BY BRUCE C. HEEZEN. - 1. Early views. - 2. Full-scale experiment. - 3. Alternative explanations. - 4. Physiographic evidence. - 5. Sediments. - 6. Requirements of turbidity currents. - 7. Tectonic significance of turbidity currents. - 8. Biological significance of turbidity currents. - 9. Other processes of deep-sea erosion and transportation. - 10. Conclusion. - 28. ORGANIC TRANSPORTATION OF MARINE SEDIMENTS / BY K. O. EMERY. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Kelp. - 3. Driftwood . - 4. Sea mammals. - 5. Fishes. - 6. Birds. - 7. Invertebrates. - 8. Comparison with inorganic transporting agents. - 9. Criteria for recognition of rafting agent. - 29. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MARINE SEDIMENTS / BY J. E. NAFE AND C. L. DRAKE. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Relationships among observables. - 3. Methods of measurement. - 4. Summary of results. - 5. Conclusions. - 30. AGE DETERMINATION IN SEDIMENTS BY NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY / BY F. F. KOCZY. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Theoretical considerations. - 3. Geochemical considerations. - 4. Practical methods of age determination. - 5. Rate of sedimentation. - 31. CROSS-CORRELATION OF DEEP-SEA SEDIMENT CORES AND DETERMINATION OF RELATIVE RATES OF SEDIMENTATION BY MICRO-PALEONTOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES / BY D. B. ERICSON. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Methods of correlation. - 3. Time-equivalence of the faunal zones. - 4. Some example