ALBERT

Description: In light of Egypt's transition to a green economy, this report focuses on reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and increasing resource efficiency along three different value chains in which small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a crucial role. In order to support SMEs in Egypt to take advantage of implementing greening options along value chains, more detailed analyses are needed. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyse three selected supply chains to identify greening opportunities for SMEs. Against this background, the project report is structured as follows: Chapter 2 introduces the background with an overview over the concept of green economy followed by Egypt's economy and its green economy. This is followed by a presentation of the value chains and an overview of the respective sectors. Chapter 3 describes the research approach, methods and data collection. The following chapters examine the three selected value chains cotton, sugar beet and refrigerators, including environmental hot spots, greening options as well as the experts' evaluation of those greening options. The report concludes with key recommendations in Chapter 7.

Description: In order to limit global warming and fulfill their contributions to the Paris agreement, both Germany and Japan have set targets for climate neutrality towards the middle of the century. Reaching these goals will imply transformation of all sectors of society to avoid all fossil greenhouse gas emissions, heavy industry not the least. The focus of this study is the transformation of the petrochemical industry. This sector can become climate neutral but cannot be "decarbonized", as carbon is integral to the chemical structures of the products like polymers and solvents. Reaching climate neutrality thus means that the whole lifecycle of the petrochemical products has to be regarded. Another specific challenge is today's synergetic relation of this industry to fossil transport fuel production, which cannot be maintained in a climate neutral world. The two countries interestingly share a similar industrial structure overall, and the chemical and petrochemical industry is one of the major industries in both countries. The countries' respective chemical industries are the third and fourth largest in the world in terms of sales, but at the same time, these industries represent just over 5% of the respective countries' greenhouse gas emissions. However, these scope 1 emissions of the chemical industry itself are far less relevant than the end-of-life emissions of their products, which belong to scope 3 and are thus not counted under the chemical industry in the country greenhouse gas balances. To mediate these emissions, there is a need to set the direction, draw out paths and investigate possible alternatives for how the petrochemical industry can be become climate neutral. In this report, the existing scenario analyses, energy strategies and roadmaps dealing with this issue in the two countries are compared, as well as the current state of their petrochemical industries. We highlight similarities, differences and identify possible areas of cooperation and exchange in order to find robust paths forward for the transformation of the petrochemical industries.

Description: In near-Earth space, a large population of high-energy electrons are trapped by Earth’s magnetic field. These energetic electrons are trapped in the regions called Earth’s ring current and radiation belts. They are very dynamic and show a very strong dependence on solar wind and geomagnetic conditions. These energetic electrons can be dangerous to satellites in the near-Earth space. Therefore, it is very important to understand the mechanisms which drive the dynamics of these energetic electrons. Wave-particle interaction is one of the most important mechanisms. Among the waves that can be encountered by the energetic electrons when they move around our Earth, whistler mode chorus waves can cause both acceleration and the loss of energetic electrons in the Earth's radiation belts and ring current. Using more than 5 years of wave measurements from NASA’s Van Allen Probe mission, Wang et al (2019) developed chorus wave models which depend on magnetic local time (MLT), Magnetic Latitude (MLat), L-shell, and geomagnetic condition index Kp. To quantify the effect of chorus waves on energetic electrons, we calculated the bounce-averaged quasi-linear diffusion coefficients using the chorus wave model developed by Wang et al (2019) and extended to higher latitudes according to Wang and Shprits (2019). Using these diffusion coefficients, we calculated the lifetime of the electrons with an energy range from 1 keV to 2 MeV. In each MLT, we calculate the lifetime for each energy and L-shell using two different methods according to Shprits et al (2007) and Albert and Shprits (2009). We make the calculated electron lifetime database available here. Please notice that the chorus wave model by Wang et al (2019) is valid when Kp 〈= 6. If the user wants to use this lifetime database for Kp 〉6, please be careful and contact the authors.

Description: This publication provides the codes produced for the article "Temporally dynamic carbon dioxide and methane emission factors for rewetted peatlands. Nature Communications Earth and Environment" by Aram Kalhori, Christian Wille, Pia Gottschalk, Zhan Li, Josh Hashemi, Karl Kemper, and Torsten Sachs (https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01226-9). In the article, the authors estimate the cumulative GHG emissions of a rewetted peatland in Germany using the long-term ecosystem flux measurements. They observe a source-to-sink transition of annual carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes and decreasing trend of methane (CH4) emissions. This software is written in R and MATLAB. Running the codes ([R files and .m files](Code)) and loading the data files ([CSV files and .mat files](Data)) requires the pre-installation of [R and RStudio] (https://posit.co/downloads/) and ([MATLAB]. The RStudio 2022.07.2 Build 576 version has been used for the R scripts. The land cover classification work was performed in QGIS, v.3.16.11-Hannover. Data were analyzed in both MATLAB and R and plots created with R (R Core Development Team 2020) in RStudio®.

Description: The data provided here is an exemplary dataset for the flux site Zarnekow from one year (2018). The complete dataset that is needed to run the codes for all the years can be obtained from the European Fluxes Database Cluster under site ID DE-Zrk (Sachs et al., 2016) or provided upon request. This repository is intended to provide the necessary MATLAB and R code to reproduce the results by Kalhori et al. (2024). The data are provided as zip folder containing (1) a csv file with associated definition of variables and units (file: 2023-004_Kalhori-et-al_README_2018_units.txt), (2) a shapefile (file: 2023-004_Kalhori-et-al_2018_LAiV_DOP.shp) and (3) a Geotiff (file: 2023-004_Kalhori-et-al_2018_LAiV_DOP.tiff).

Description: This data set contains the results from a 2023 GFZ Innovative Research Expedition project to explore for natural hydrogen gas (H2) occurrences in the NW Pyrenean foreland, near the town of Biarritz in France. The data represent in-situ measurements of soil and spring water gas, as well as in-situ spring water property measurements, complemented with laboratory analysis results of gas contents and noble gas isotopic compositions of gas and spring water samples collected during the expedition. This GFZ Innovative Research Expedition was inspired by previous exploration efforts in the region by Lefeuvre et al. (2021, 2022). These authors detected elevated concentrations of natural H2 gas in the soil and interpreted this natural H2 to be derived from serpentinizing mantle rocks below the Pyrenees. The main aims of this expedition were the following: (1) in-situ measuring soil gas contents and taking soil gas samples for laboratory analysis at a site near the town of Peyrehorade in the NW of the general study area of Lefeuvre et al. (2021), thus improving the soil gas data coverage along the NW end of the North Pyrenean Frontal Thrust (NPFT); (2) taking gas samples from degassing springs (or water samples from non-degassing springs to be degassed in the lab) in the general Lefeuvre et al. (2021) study area for additional laboratory analysis of gas contents and noble gas isotopic compositions, which may be indicative of (deep) gas origins; and (3) performing a detailed soil gas analysis by means of a portable mass spectrometer at Sauveterre-de-Béarn, a site along the NPFT where Lefeuvre et al. (2022) measured elevated concentrations of natural H2 in the soil. Furthermore, we also measured the properties of the visited springs (temperature, pH, conductivity) while on site, and performed additional in-situ soil gas measurements from manual drillholes. Details on the measurement and sampling methods, on the laboratory analyses, as well as the results of these measurements and analyses are provided in the data description file The expedition involved six field days in July 2023, during which a total of 26 sites were visited. These sites were selected for their vicinity near a major geological contact or fault zone that could have facilitated upward circulation of gas or (thermal) water from the (deep) subsurface (i.e., potentially from the mantle).

Description: The EU funded project CRM-geothermal aims to establish an overview of the potential for critical raw materials (CRM) in geothermal fluids across the EU and third countries (Ref). Within this framework, the geothermal sites of Tuzla, Seferihisar and Dikili in eastern Turkey have been visited in March 2023. To estimate the potential of CRM at these sites, a comprehensive sampling program was performed. Rock samples (drill gravel) of the production borehole and scaling from gas-water separators were obtained. Furthermore, sampling of geothermal fluids (gas and brine) and precipitates (salt) along the production line was performed. Here, the results of the geochemical analyses of solid sample materials (drill gravel, scales and salt) are presented. All analyses were performed in the ElMiE-Lab (Elements and Minerals of the Earth Laboratory) at German Research Centre for Geosciences Potsdam, Germany (https://labinfrastructure.geo-x.net/laboratories/8). For their major and minor element compositions, bulk samples of drill gravel and scales were analyzed with XRF and ICP-MS, respectively. Salt precipitates were analyzed for dry loss and mineral composition using XRD

Description: In autumn 2022, an expedition to Tanzania was undertaken within the framework of the research project “CRM-geothermal” and Scintific Priority Program (SPP) 2238 “Dynamics of Ore Metal Enrichment”. Within „CRM-geothermal“ we are looking for an environmentally friendly co-production of critical raw materials together with the provision of geothermal energy. In the EARS, high levels of rare earth elements (REE), Sr, Ba and Mg are expected in waters and solids in areas with alkaline volcanic rocks, while other critical elements, including helium, have been sought in other localities. In particular, the eastern branch is the most juvenile sector and has increased geothermal potential related to hot fluids migrating along permeable faults. Tanzania was crossed from north to south, along the eastern arm of the EARS, to collect gas, water, rock and sediment samples associated with natural hot springs, lakes and vents. On site, physical and chemical parameters were measured in-situ and documented together with the geology, infrastructure and the domestic use of the hot site. In the south, existing drill sites and geothermal development areas were visited and gas and water samples were taken from boreholes and rocks sampled from drill cores. The survey covered 13 sites, from Lake Natron in the north to Lake Malawi in the south (see map).

Description: This dataset is the result of an experimental series that was carried out in September/October 2022 at GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany to observe biosorption of lead under extreme conditions. Synthetic solutions, simulating the geothermal fluids from the Heemskerk geothermal power plant were were prepared in 30 ml glass vials (Rotalibo screw neck ND24 EPA). To prepare the stock solutions, sodium chloride (NaCl, 99.8 %, Cellpure, Merck, DE) was added at 265 g/L and Pb(II), in form of lead nitrate (Pb(NO3 )2 , Merck, DE), at 1 g/L to ultrapure water. To assess the impact of acetic acid on lead biosorption, two treatments were done: one without acetic acid and one where acetic acid (100 %, Merck, DE) was added at 60 mg/L. Finally, dead biomass of the fungus Penicillium citrinum was added in the samples at a concentration of 4 g/L (Wahab et al., 2017). The samples were incubated in an autoclave at a pressure of 8 bars on a rotative shaker. The temperature was set at 25 °C, 60 °C or 98 °C with three contact times (1, 2 and 3 h). All treatments were performed in triplicates. For each treatment, two controls without biomass were done. Control samples without the addition of NaCl were done in duplicate, at 25 °C and for 2 h. After incubation, samples were filtered through a 0.22 µm nitrocellulose filter (Sartorius Stedim Biotech, FR) to separate the biomass from the liquid. The biomass on the filters was dried for 24 h at 45 °C before being scraped from the filter and kept in a Falcon tube at room temperature.

Description: This data set includes the results of high-resolution digital elevation models (DEM) and digital image correlation (DIC) analysis applied to analogue modelling experiments. Twenty generic analogue models are extended on top of a rubber sheet. Two benchmark experiments are also reported. Detailed descriptions of the experiments can be found in Liu et al. (submitted) to which this data set is supplement. The data presented here are visualized as topography and the horizontal cumulative surface strain (principal strain and slip rake).

Description: As the climate crisis is accelerating and the pressure to act is steadily increasing, many companies are claiming themselves or their products carbon neutral. This is usually achieved by offsetting residual emissions with carbon certificates (carbon offsetting). However, recent revelations about the inadequate quality of carbon credits and legal uncertainties surrounding the use of such offset claims are increasingly raising doubts about this approach. This Wuppertal Report examines how the EU can promote integrity in corporate climate action. Taking into account the new framework of the Paris Agreement, the paper outlines various options for how the EU could push for more integrity and effectively combat greenwashing through the targeted use of Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. In their recommendations, the authors advocate addressing the most serious consequences of ongoing offset practices through increased regulation of offset claims. If a ban on offset claims cannot be implemented, claims requirements and carbon offset regulations should be further specified, for example, by prohibiting any type of double counting of emissions reductions. In addition to tightening the rules for corporate offset claims within Europe, the EU could help partner countries make informed decisions when approving climate change mitigation measures and respective carbon credits. The report also emphasizes the EU's special role in international climate negotiations, where it should advocate for a strong legal framework for climate action under Article 6.

Description: The production of green hydrogen in Germany is more competitive than expected compared to imports. This is the key finding of a meta-analysis conducted by the Wuppertal Institute on behalf of the North Rhine-Westphalia Association for Renewable Energies (Landesverband Erneuerbare Energien NRW). The hydrogen study focuses primarily on the year 2030 and beyond - and confirms the advantages of green hydrogen produced in Germany from domestic renewable energies, especially when the evaluation is viewed from a holistic system perspective.

Description: The objectives of the urban mobility transition have been clearly set out: gaining more space for urban living, reducing noise and emissions that have a negative impact on the climate and improving air quality. That means less traffic in cities and more trips made using environmentally-friendly modes of transport - i.e., walking, cycling or foot scooters or public transport. In transport policy, the focus is generally on innovative approaches to shaping the mobility transition. This paper aims to explain the concept of exnovation in the context of the urban mobility transition and to underpin it using specific practical examples. In the course of this process, it is intended to identify the obstacles that stand in the way of rolling out the concept on an area-wide basis in order to deduce strategies and courses of action for expanding the concept in the future.

Description: The food system faces a multitude of challenges, including high greenhouse gas emissions, threats to biodiversity, increased diet-related diseases due to unbalanced diets, and socially problematic complex supply chains. This requires not only a transformation of the agricultural economy but also a change in the diet and lifestyles of all consumers. Developing and using digital and technological innovations can help to solve these challenges. In this context, the study provides impulses on how digitalisation can contribute to transforming production and consumption and which prerequisites have to be given to achieve this. The study describes the approaches for digitalisation along the value chain. These include optimising the use of resources in agriculture - for example with the help of smart farming - and supporting consumers with digital tools and assistance systems - such as apps designed to support grocery shopping. In addition, new business models and a better connection between production and consumption processes are also possible. This includes, for example, new digital sales channels or tracking and communicating sustainability indicators such as CO2 emissions across all steps of the value chain in order to enable all stakeholders to take reliable action.

Description: 22 years are left until the German target for climate neutrality should be reached. For the industrial sector, this implies a fundamental change and an acceleration of emission reduction, as from 2000 to 2021 the sector has reduced its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by only 13% (ERK, 2022). For the large structures, plants and assets that are characteristic for the energy intensive industrial sectors, the timespan implies no room for delay. One sector facing particular challenges is the chemical industry. Here, fossil resources are used not only for energetic purposes but for feedstock as well, in the petrochemical industry in particular. The efforts made in the petrochemical sector thereby not only affects the sectors own emissions, but the chemicals value chain at large, including the management of end-of-life products. The dependency on energetic resources for material use also means that there is a particular connection from the chemical industry to the energy system at large, which also entails special consideration. The chemical industry also has a particular relevance to the Antwerp-Rotterdam-Rhine-Ruhr-Area (ARRRA) which hosts several large petrochemical clusters in Germany as well as the Netherlands and Belgium, with complexly interlinked production chains. In reaching the climate targets, these regions especially face significant changes and may have the opportunity to position themselves as frontrunners for industrial transformation. That is, if a successful strategy can be found. In the recent years, numerous scenario analyses and roadmaps have been released drawing out pathways for chemical industries to develop in line with national and international climate targets. This can entail mapping of technological options, important prerequisites, particular challenges as well as important opportunities and timeframes. This meta-analysis summarizes and compares the findings of some of the most recent previous works at the national, European and global level. As the goal is to investigate the various strategic options and development paths for Germany and the ARRRA, it has a particular focus on roadmaps for Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium. It takes a quantitative as well as qualitative approach, looking both at resource and production volumes, different emission reduction strategies relative importance, as well as policy recommendations and other important framework conditions. A particular focus is put on the use of non-fossil feedstocks to reduce emissions.

Description: The adoption of the Paris Agreement in 2015 and the passing of the Climate Action Law in Germany in 2019 established the legal need for the basic material industry in Germany to decarbonise. For the industry sector, the target is sets at a 49-51% GHG reduction by 2030 compared to 1990. Even though the sector specific targets are likely to become obsolete, a Hydrogen Strategy, Industry Strategy and Climate Protection Contracts are currently being developed or elaborated on. These are to further ensure and enable the basic material industry in Germany to decarbonise. These developments are emphasising the relevance of studying the industry decarbonisation at the time of conducting this research. As the institutionalisation of the industry decarbonisation is influenced by discourse, the analysis of the discourse is an important tool for studying the power effects produced by and built into the discourse. This is the first research aiming to provide a structured analysis of the discourse on industry decarbonisation in Germany. Drawing on discourse analysis and the Multilevel-Perspectives framework, this research investigated the power and dominance of storylines to influence the discourse of the industry transformation towards decarbonisation. In this research insights were obtained into the storylines used in this discourse, the actors who are part of this discourse, the frequency of storylines used and the percentage of actors making use of these storylines. Additionally, insights were generated into the discursive network and potential coalitions. This research made use of the Discourse Network Analysis software in combination with Visone and Excel for data collection, analysis, and visualisation. Based on 117 documents of various categories from the years 2012 to 2023, the discourse on German industry decarbonisation is discovered to be dominated by storylines of mainly technological or economic nature. The general sentiment discovered by the different actors is positive with the storylines focusing on establishing the conditions for the industry to decarbonise and no resistance being communicated. The discourse is furthermore dominated by most storylines. 18 out of 27 storylines are being used by more than 56% of all actors. The high overlap in storyline indicates discursive homogeneity. The homogeneity is further indicated through the lack of emerging discourse coalitions and the therewith connected lack of struggles for discursive dominance. One coalition can be defined with some actors being deeper involved and some being less involved in the discourse. As decisions on the transition path for Germany's industry to decarbonise are still to be taken the lack of discursive struggles has come to my surprise. In the discussion I reflect on how the positive sentiment, the discursive homogeneity and the great number of dominant storylines may come about.

Description: The original objectives for introducing Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) were 1) to make energy performance transparent in the building market, as a measure of energy costs of using a building that a potential buyer or tenant would be interested in; and 2) to encourage energy efficiency renovation. However, the current implementation of EPC schemes in the Member States still shows significant challenges in achieving these two objectives. The recast of the EU Directive on the Overall Energy Performance of Buildings (EPBD) provides a chance to enhance both the usefulness and quality of EPCs and the EPC schemes overall. This document aims to inform both the debate on the recast of the EPBD and the enhancement of national EPC schemes in EU Member States. It presents the draft policy recommendations of the Horizon 2020 QualDeEPC project for making the EPBD and the national schemes more effective, particularly for deep renovation, and enhance their quality overall. The policy recommendations particularly target the link between EPCs and deep (energy) renovation1, while increasing the levels of ambition and convergence across the EU in terms of building renovation. Deep (energy) renovation is crucial for mitigating climate change and for energy security. The EPBD and all of its articles, as well as national EPC schemes, should aim to make deep (energy) renovation the default. This objective would be embedded and ensured in EPC schemes, if the policy recommendations provided in this document were adopted and implemented.

Description: This Wuppertal Paper analyses the energy transition models of Colombia and Germany. The emphasis of the exercise is on an analysis of options for the complete decarbonization of the energy system in Colombia as a Global South country. To this end, it analyses the current situation, projections, public policy and narratives, and contrasts it with Germany as one of the countries of the Global North with which Colombia has historically maintained energy trade relations and is currently collaborating in the exploration of energy alternatives for decarbonization. Detailed analysis of sectoral energy consumption in Colombia shows the sectors with the highest fossil energy consumption (in this order): transport (fuels), industry (gas, coal), electricity generation (gas, coal) and residential (gas). We show the projected increase in demand for fuels and electricity, and calculate the amount of electricity theoretically needed to substitute fossil sources in each sector. We estimate the total electricity required for decarbonization via sector coupling and derive a first estimation of the range of additional renewable energy capacities needed to supply this demand. We find that required capacities are expectedly large (56-110 GW), depending on decarbonization pathways, and that export capacity beyond national demand may be limited. Our analysis of the policy and scenario arena in both countries finds that Colombia is still lacking both sector-specific decarbonization strategies and an embedding in a systemic vision of a systemic energy transition. Germany has more advanced sector strategies and (national) systemic visions, but lacks embedding assumptions on energy imports in a global-system analysis, i.e. in the analysis of an energy transition in potential exporting countries like Colombia. We formulate requirements to close these gaps in our conclusions.

Description: The QualDeEPC project is aiming to both improve quality and cross-EU convergence of Energy Performance Certificate schemes, and the link between EPCs and deep renovation: High-quality Energy Performance Assessment and Certification in Europe Accelerating Deep Energy Renovation. The objective of the project is to improve the practical implementation of the assessment, issuance, design, and use of EPCs as well as their renovation recommendations, in the participating countries and beyond. This report serves as a compilation of the project's proposal for an enhanced and converging EPC assessment and certification scheme. It aims to provide a detailed description on the set of practical concepts, policy proposals, and tools for an enhanced EPC scheme towards deep renovation, developed by the QualDeEPC project. The project's substantial proposals both on EU and national level are presented in a comprehensive and rational way, guiding the relevant stakeholders, in particular the policy makers and competed bodies, on which steps need to be followed so as the proposals to be adapted and how the specific values can be determined in MSs. Furthermore, this report includes the project's proposal for defining "Deep Energy Renovation" based on a modified nZEB-based approach. The project's priorities A) to G) addressed are presented in the following order in this document, reflecting the importance of the enhanced EPC template form and the training of EPC assessors in such schemes: A) Improving the recommendations for renovation, which are provided on the EPCs, towards deep energy renovation; E) High user-friendliness of the EPC, by way of an enhanced EPC template form, including an introduction of the proposed "Energy Rating" indicator; D) Regular mandatory EPC assessor training or examination on assessment and renovation recommendations, required for certification/accreditation and registry; B) Online tool for comparing EPC recommendations to deep energy renovation recommendations; C) Creating Deep Renovation Network Platforms (DRNPs); F) & G) Voluntary/mandatory advertising guidelines for EPCs and Improving compliance with the mandatory use of EPCs in real estate advertisement.

Description: Considering that 40% of the European Union's energy consumption can be traced back to its buildings, it is essential to improve their energy efficiency in order to achieve the EU's energy efficiency targets. Both the rate of energy renovation and its depth, i.e. the amount of energy savings during a renovation, need to be improved. Energy Performance Certificates (EPC), regulated by the EU's Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), are an important instrument to enhance the market uptake of energy-efficient new buildings and the energy-efficient renovation of existing buildings. Against this background, the Horizon2020 funded project QualDeEPC will work on EU-wide convergence of the building assessment and the issuance, design, and use of quality-enhanced EPCs as well as their recommendations for building renovation. The aim is to make these recommendations coherent with deep energy renovation towards a nearly-zero energy building stock by 2050. The first part of the QualDeEPC project (work package 2) aims to identify the priorities for elements of EPC schemes that show a need to be improved, and for which the project will investigate further and propose how the elements can be improved. The first step in identifying these priorities is taking stock of the existing EPC schemes. Based on the input from all national consortium partners and other sources, the Wuppertal Institute prepared this detailed overview of the country-specific EPC assessment and certification procedures and their links to other policies and programmes, existing initiatives, and projects. The analysis was based on a list of almost 50 potential options for enhancing the existing EPC schemes. The aim of this deliverable is to present this stock-taking by a detailed analysis on which of the potential enhanced EPC elements are already implemented in which form in which country, covering all 28 countries that were EU member states until 31 January 2020. All partners conducted bilateral interviews with the major actors in the EPC procedures, including executive bodies on EPC at regional and/or national level. For countries not represented in the Consortium, Wuppertal Institut and EAP conducted specific literature research, e.g. from the Concerted Action EPBD, and aimed to obtain contributions from other member states. The information collected allows a detailed presentation on the elements implemented as well as a cross-country comparison matrix (see Annex I) in this report, which outlines the current EPC practices across the EU regarding the elements of a good practice scheme or innovative improvement options, their comparability, compliance with EU legislation, and to which extent they differ or converge. The results show, once more, the high diversity in EPC schemes across the EU. They also provide useful information in at least two directions: 1) which improvement options are not yet implemented at all or in sufficient quality in most QualDeEPC partner countries as well as other EU member states, and could therefore be interesting candidates for the further work of the QualDeEPC project in development, testing, discussion, and possibly implementation of elements for enhanced and converging EPC schemes; and 2) which countries, within or beyond the QualDeEPC project, offer good practice examples for the implementation of these options that could serve to guide the development and implementation in other countries. This deliverable will thus serve as a basis for the upcoming tasks to develop priorities and actual proposals for improvement of EPC schemes.

Description: Established in 2016, the German-Japanese Energy Transition Council (GJETC) strives to promote bilateral cooperation between Germany and Japan on energy transition. Among other studies and topical papers, an output paper in 2020 (Rauschen et al., 2020) already compared the energy efficiency in buildings in both countries with a particular focus on heating and cooling. One important finding of this output paper was that further efforts in the building sector are needed to improve the energy efficiency of buildings in Germany and Japan. Following the more ambitious climate protection targets in both countries, this study seeks to analyze the German and Japanese policies put in place to accelerate the decarbonization of the building sector. The decarbonization of the vast number of buildings that both Japan and Germany are facing will be a major contribution to achieving the GHG reduction targets of both countries and should continue to be discussed among experts and developed into a discussion among policy makers. This report examines and compares the characteristics of the building stock in both countries, as well as existing policies and new strategies and policies that are planned or discussed to achieve energy conservation and decarbonization of buildings. The current shape of buildings, especially houses, is greatly influenced by the land area of the country corresponding to the available space for buildings, the natural environment surrounding the country, the natural resources available, and the lifestyle and cultural ideas that have been passed down and taken root over time. Therefore, it might be difficult to compare them and the corresponding strategies and policies with the same yardstick, so we also discuss common or deviant situations. Through this joint research, we aim to find each other's advantages and challenges and to develop useful and concrete policy recommendations that will contribute to decarbonization policies in both countries.

Description: The atmospheric concentration of CO2 at which global glaciation (snowball) bifurcation occurs, changes throughout Earth's history, most notably because of the slowly increasing solar luminosity. Quantifying this critical CO2 concentration is not only interesting from a climate dynamics perspective, but also an important prerequisite for understanding past Snowball Earth episodes as well as the conditions for habitability on Earth and other planets. Here we use the coupled climate model CLIMBER-3α in an Aquaplanet configuration to scan for the Snowball bifurcation point for time slices spanning the last 4 billion years, thus quantifying the time evolution of the bifurcation and identifying a qualitative shift in critical state dynamics.

Description: The new climate dataset, BASD-CMIP6-PE, for Peru and Ecuador is based on bias-adjusted and statistically downscaled CMIP6 climate projections from 10 GCMs. It addresses the need for reliable high-resolution (1d, 10km) climate data covering Peru and Ecuador. This dataset includes historical simulations (1850-2014) and future projections (2015-2100) for precipitation and minimum, mean, and maximum temperature under three Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs:SSP1-2.6, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5). The BASD-CMIP6-PE climate data were generated using the trend-preserving Bias Adjustment and Statistical Downscaling (BASD) method (Lange, 2019, 2021) and data from regional observational datasets such as RAIN4PE (Fernandez-Palomino et al., 2021a,b) for precipitation and PISCO-temperature (Huerta et al., 2018) for temperatures as reference data. The reliability of the BASD-CMIP6-PE was evaluated using observational data and through hydrological modeling across Peruvian and Ecuadorian river basins in the historical period. The evaluation demonstrated the dataset’s reliability in describing spatial patterns of atmospheric variables and streamflow simulation, including mean, low, and high flows. This suggests the usefulness of the new dataset for assessing regional climate change impacts on agriculture, water resources, and hydrological extremes. The BASD-CMIP6-PE data are available for the domain covering Peru and Ecuador, located between 19°S and 2°N and 82°W to 67°W, with a spatial resolution of 0.1° and a daily temporal resolution. The unit for precipitation is millimeters (mm), and for temperature, it is degrees Celsius (°C). The BASD-CMIP6-PE dataset is organized within a "daily" folder, denoting its availability at a 1 daily temporal resolution. Within this directory, four subfolders are present: "historical" containing historical data, "ssp126" for SSP1-2.6, "ssp370" for SSP3-7.0, and "ssp585" for SSP5-8.5. Each of these subfolders further includes ten distinct folders, corresponding to different GCMs: CanESM5, IPSL–CM6A–LR, UKESM1–0–LL, CNRM–CM6–1, CNRM–ESM2–1, MIROC6, GFDL–ESM4, MRI–ESM2–0, MPI–ESM1–2–HR, and EC–Earth3. These folders store the data in the NetCDF format arranged by model, model member, experiment, variable, temporal resolution, and subset period, resulting in file names like "canesm5_r1i1p1f1_ssp126_pr_daily_2015_2020.nc". For a detailed description of the BASD-CMIP6-PE development and evaluation, readers are advised to read Fernandez-Palomino et al. (2023), for which this dataset is supplementary material.

Description: The atmosphere model of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL-AM2) is coupled to a slab ocean in order to analyse the monsoon's sensitivity to changes in various forcing parameters on a planet with idealized topography. This monsoon planet design of a water planet with a zonal circumglobal land stripe allows to extract the relevant monsoon behaviour and reduces the influence of topography. Besides the width and location of the land stripe, the atmospheric CO2 concentration, incoming solar radiation, sulfate aerosol concentration and surface albedo are variied. Horizontal grid resolution is 2° latitude x 2.5° longitude. For the vertical grid, a hybrid coordinate grid with 24 vertical levels is implemented. The lowest model level starts about 30 m above the surface and the top level is at about 3 hPa. The vertical resolution is decreasing towards higher altitudes. Advective and physics time steps are 10 minutes and 0.5 hours, for atmopsheric radiation 3 hours time steps are used. Instead of an ocean general circulation model, a mixed-layer slab ocean is used.

Description: The REHEATFUNQ Python package helps to work with the (residual) scatter of surface heat flow even in small regions. REHEATFUNQ uses a stochastic model for regional aggregate heat flow distributions (RAHFD), that is, the collected set of heat flow measurements within a region marginalized to the heat flow dimension. The stochastic model is used in a Bayesian analysis that (1) yields a posterior estimate of the RAHFD which captures the range of heat flow within the analysis region, and (2) quantifies the magnitude of a surface heat flow anomaly within the region, for instance through the generating frictional power. The stochastic model underlying REHEATFUNQ views heat flow data, uniformly sampled across the region of interest, as a random variable. A gamma distribution is used as a model for this random variable and information from the global data set of Lucazeau (2019) is introduced by means of a conjugate prior (Miller, 1980). The detailed science behind the model is described in Ziebarth et al. (202X). The analysis by Ziebarth et al. (202X) can be reproduced through the Jupyter notebooks contained in the subdirectory “jupyter/REHEATFUNQ/”. The location specified in the map below covers the region to which REHEAFUNQ is applied in this analysis. REHEATFUNQ is a Python package that uses a compiled Cython/C++ backend. Compiling REHEATFUNQ requires the Meson build system and a number of scientific libraries and Python packages (and their dependencies) that are listed in the documentation. A Docker image “reheatfunq” is provided as an alternative means of installation. The Docker image comes in two flavors, specified in “Dockerfile” and “Dockerfile-stable”. The former is based on the current “python:slim” image and downloads further dependencies through the Debian package manager, leading to a short image generation time. The latter bootstraps the REHEATFUNQ dependencies from source, aiming to create a reproducible model. To do so, “Dockerfile-stable” depends on the sources contained in “vendor-1.3.3.tar.xz”. If you plan to build the stable image, download both “REHEATFUNQ-1.3.3.tar.gz” and “vendor-1.3.3.tar.xz”, and see the README contained in the latter. Later versions of the “REHEATFUNQ” archive are compatible with the latest “vendor” archive. A quickstart introduction and the API documentation can be found in the linked documentation.

Description: This dataset includes 1-hour GNSS coordinate product processed by GFZ. The observations are from the two GNSS station installed by BKG on the small offshore island of Heligoland in the North Sea. These products are hourly position time series (North, East and Vertical). The 30-second daily RINEX files since 2020 are downloaded from BKG. Together with 5 IGS stations in Europe, the collected RINEX data are processed with the Earth Parameter and Orbit System (EPOS) software from GFZ. The EPOS software uses un-difference carrier phase and pseudo-range observables from GPS and GLONASS L1 and L2 frequencies. They formed an ionosphere-free linear combination to remove the first-order ionosphere effect in the observation. The phase center variation (PCV/PCO) of the satellite and ground station antenna are corrected by IGb14. The station deformation caused by ocean tide loading is modeled by the FES2004 model. Apriori zenith hydro-static/non-hydro-static delay is obtained using the Global Pressure and Temperature model (GPT2) and Vienna mapping functions (VMF) in a 6-hour grid file database. To ensure consistency in the GNSS data analysis, we took the GNSS precise satellite orbits as well as clock products from the 2nd reprocessed (before 2014) and routine (since 2015) yield by EPOS software. The same station parameters are set up as used for the GNSS orbit and clock estimation. All the GNSS data were processed in units of 24 hours periods. The estimated parameters are (i) the receiver clock error for every epoch as white noise, (ii) the hourly station coordinates, (iii) daily tropospheric gradients, (iv) the daily inter-system clock bias for GLONASS, and (v) 2-hour tropospheric wet zenith delays with random-walk constrain.

Description: The Community Stress Drop Validation Study has been organized as a technical activity group (TAG) of SCEC (Southern California Earthquake Center) with the aim of investigating the source parameters of the 2019 Ridgecrest seismic sequence in California. Information about the stress drop TAG are available trough the benchmark web-page (https://www.scec.org/research/stress-drop-validation). Several groups applied different techniques to a shared data set with the objective of extracting source parameters (e.g. seismic moment and corner frequency) and in turn to estimate the stress drop. We applied a spectral decomposition approach known as generalized inversion technique (GIT) and the overall analyses are presented in a series of two articles (Bindi et al 2023a; Bindi et al 2023b). Results in the form of files, figures, and tables are disseminated through this archive.

Description: The network consists of a vertical borehole array equipped with 3C sensors (geophones) for the analysis of swarm earthquakes in the Western Bohemia / Vogtland area located in the German/Czech border region. A surface array is completing the 3D observation of the wave field with 3C sensors (geophones). Waveform data is available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code 6A, and is embargoed until FEB 2035.

Description: An annually resolved chronologies of oxygen isotopes from five living oak (Quercus robur) trees have been measured from tree ring cellulose covering up to the last 180 years (1836CE – 2020CE). This tree-ring stable isotope data set was established within the ‘Terrestrial Environmental Observatories’ (TERENO) of the Helmholtz Association. The site “Lake Tiefer See” is subject to the TERENO monitoring activities at the Northeast German Lowland Observatory coordinated by the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. The data set comprises the δ18O records with respect to the international VSMOW standard. Lake Tiefer See (53°350 N, 12°320 E) is located 90 km NNW of Berlin in the morainic terrain of the NE-German Polish Basin. It is part of in the N–S trending Klocksin Lake Chain. The sampled trees are growing at the southern shore of the lake. Fifteen co-dominant Quercus robur tree individuals were cored at about 1.3m above ground from two opposite positions using an increment corer of 5 mm diameter (Suunto, Finland or Mora, Sweden).

Description: Discordant iron-rich ultramafic pegmatites (IRUPs) intersect the UG2 chromitite at many places in the Bushveld Complex but the effects on ore grade and mineralogy have rarely been studied in detail. We investigated a drillcore profile through the UG2 layer affected by IRUP intrusions at Tha-ba mine, NW Bushveld. The work involved quantitative assessment of the ore mineralogy from mineral liberation analysis (MLA), chemical analyses of the main silicate and oxide minerals by elec-tron microprobe (EPMA) and micro-X-ray fluorescence (micro-XRF) element maps of the UG2-IRUP contacts. The data reveal features of UG2-IRUP interaction at different scales. The micro-XRF study of the contacts shows that a thin layer of Fe-Ti-Cr spinel and ilmenite formed on the IRUP side, while chromite on the UG2 side underwent grain coarsening with loss of interstitial space, and developed chemical gradients in Cr, Al, Fe and Ti. On a larger scale, the MLA data document changes in ore and gangue mineral assemblages through most of the meter-thick UG2 layer. This includes formation of secondary hydrous silicates, replacement of PGE- sulfides by PGE alloys and PGE- As-Sb-Bi-Te-Pb phases, and formation of secondary Ni-Cu-Fe sulfides after pentlandite and chalcopyrite.

Description: SAM ("Simplified Analytical Model") is a MatLab-based software that allows for fast and flexible simulations of three-dimensional dyke pathways in an elastic medium. The model was first introduced in "Mechanical modeling of pre-eruptive magma propagation scenarios at calderas" (Mantiloni, L. et al. 2023). In SAM, dykes are modelled as penny-shaped cracks of fixed radius, opening against the local direction of the least-compressive principal stress. The direction of propagation is determined by the gradient of the external stress normal to the crack's plane and the buoyancy force of the magma filling the dyke, calculated at a set of observation points along the crack's tipline. The model can also include a uniform internal pressure within the dyke and compute the stress intensity factor along the crack's tipline, comparing it to the fracture toughness of the host rock to determine if the dyke will advance. SAM needs a model for the stress field of the host rock as input, as well as magma and rock densities, rock elastic properties, the dyke's radius and the number of observation points. The model may be applied to simulate dyke pathways in realistic volcanic settings with different stress sources, and can perform large numbers of simulations in little time. The model does not, however, account for any viscous flow of magma within the dyke, nor the velocity of dyke propagation. Dykes cannot change shape or area during the propagation, and are always bound to be oriented normally to the local least-compressive principal stress axis. This repository also includes data and parameters of the synthetic scenarios discussed in "Mechanical modeling of pre-eruptive magma propagation scenarios at calderas".

Description: As the negative impacts of hydrological extremes increase in large parts of the world, a better understanding of the drivers of change in risk and impacts is essential for effective flood and drought risk management and climate adaptation. However, there is a lack of comprehensive, empirical data about the processes, interactions and feedbacks in complex human-water systems leading to flood and drought impacts. To fill this gap, we present an IAHS Panta Rhei benchmark dataset containing socio-hydrological data of paired events, i.e. two floods or two droughts that occurred in the same area (Kreibich et al. 2017, 2019). The contained 45 paired events occurred in 42 different study areas (in three study areas we have data on two paired events), which cover different socioeconomic and hydroclimatic contexts across all continents. The dataset is unique in covering floods and droughts, in the number of cases assessed and in the amount of qualitative and quantitative socio-hydrological data contained. References to the data sources are provided in 2023-001_Kreibich-et-al_Key_data_table.xlsx where possible. Based on templates, we collected detailed, review-style reports describing the event characteristics and processes in the case study areas, as well as various semi-quantitative data, categorised into management, hazard, exposure, vulnerability and impacts. Sources of the data were classified as follows: scientific study (peer-reviewed paper and PhD thesis), report (by governments, administrations, NGOs, research organisations, projects), own analysis by authors, based on a database (e.g. official statistics, monitoring data such as weather, discharge data, etc.), newspaper article, and expert judgement. The campaign to collect the information and data on paired events started at the EGU General Assembly in April 2019 in Vienna and was continued with talks promoting the paired event data collection at various conferences. Communication with the Panta Rhei community and other flood and drought experts identified through snowballing techniques was important. Thus, data on paired events were provided by professionals with excellent local knowledge of the events and risk management practices.

Description: The here referenced dataset provides eventbased Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) recordings made with an approximately 22 km long dark telecommunication fiber lying in urban Potsdam and surroundings. For each of 164 Mgt;=5 earthquakes occurring in February 2023 and listed by the USGS, one hour of data is provided starting with the event's origin time. Additionally, the whole day of February 14 is provided in hourly files. The data was recorded in the frame of the global DAS month, an initiative to collaboratively record and share simultaneously recorded DAS data from all over the world (https://www.norsar.no/in-focus/global-das-monitoring-month-february-2023). DAS is an emerging technology increasingly used by seismologists to convert kilometer long optical fibers into seismic sensors.

Description: This data set is digital image correlation data, including surface displacement and strain data from laboratory subduction megathrust earthquake cycles. The data consists of grids of surface strain (elastic and permanent), trench-normal surface displacement, vorticity and divergence maps over analog seismic cycles, and time series of surface displacement. The data have been derived using a stereo camera setup and processed with LaVision Davis 10 software. Detailed descriptions of the experiments and results regarding the surface pattern of the strain can be found in Kosari et al. (2023), to which this data set is supplementary. We use three configurations to mimic the along-strike heterogeneous spatiotemporal distribution of frictional locking (Rosenau et al., 2019; Kosari et al., 2022b). A central patch separates two stick-slip zones as an aseismic barrier in all configurations. The frictional properties of the central patch vary as a velocity-strengthening (VS configuration), a velocity-neutral (VN), and a velocity-weakening (VW configuration). The VW zone generates smaller slip events with a higher frequency (i.e., recurrence interval) than the stick-slip zones. Four frictionally different materials have been emplaced on the interface: The sticky-rice as velocity-weakening material (a-blt;0) resulting in stick-slip cycles simulating earthquake cycles, fine-grained sugar and rubber-sand mixture as velocity-strengthening (a-bgt;0) and velocity-neutral (a-b=0) material, and fine-grained salt as velocity-weakening material (a-blt;0) (Kosari et al., 2023).

Description: This data set includes videos depicting the surface evolution (time-lapse photography, digital image correlation [DIC] analysis, and topography analysis), and internal evolution (X-ray CT-imagery and DIC analysis) of four laboratory experiments (analogue models) simulating lithospheric-scale rifting. All experiments were performed at the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory of the University of Bern (UB). Detailed descriptions of the model set-up and results, as well as the monitoring techniques can be found in Zwaan amp; Schreurs (2023a and b).

Description: The present dataset is a comprehensive earthquake catalogue for the Northern Chile subduction zone forearc covering the period 2007-2021, determined from IPOC seismic station data (GFZ and CNRS-INSU 2006; https://doi.org/10.14470/pk615318) plus some auxiliary stations (IPOC = Integrated Plate Boundary Observatory Chile; http://www.ipoc-network.org). The method of automatized earthquake catalogue retrieval, the different relocation steps as well as the different earthquake class labels, and the structures outlined by the seismicity are described in detail in Sippl et al. (2023). The catalogue builds on the one from Sippl et al. (2018; https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.4.1.2018.001), but uses a slightly deviating parameter set and a new event category. The columns of the data files are: year, month, day, hour, minute, second, latitude [dec. degrees], longitude [dec. degrees], depth [km], magnitude [ML], identifier The identifier term provides a first-order spatial classification of the seismicity, an explanation is given in Sippl et al. (2023).

Description: This data set includes overviews and videos depicting the surface evolution (time-lapse photographs, topography data and digital image correlation [DIC] analysis) of 6 analogue models simulating rotational rift tectonics. In these experiments we examined the links between rotational rifting and different distributions of lithospheric weaknesses, and the evolution of the East African Rift System. All experiments were performed at the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory of the University of Bern (UB). Detailed descriptions of the model set-up and results, as well as the monitoring techniques can be found in Zwaan & Schreurs (2023).

Description: We present a Python application to download events and data from FDSN webservices (https://www.fdsn.org/webservices/) and compute the events energy Magnitude (Me), producing outputs in several formats (QuakeML, HDF, CSV, HTML). This software has been used to compile a seismic catalogue including Me estimated form P-waves recorded at teleseismic distances in the range 20° ≤ ∆ ≤ 98°, available at GFZ Data Services (Bindi et al., 2023; https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.2.6.2023.010). The software complete pipeline (download and energy magnitude computation) can be deployed locally via terminal commands or chained and scheduled on a server to compute the energy magnitude in semi-realtime (e.g. daily or weekly).

Description: In support of the Environmental Mapping & Analysis Program (EnMAP) mission [1], the acquisition of accurate and comparable spectroradiometric in-situ measurements is crucial for vicarious validation of the official EnMAP data products [2]. This document provides a guide on properly conducting spectroradiometric field measurements within the scope of EnMAP. It is a summary, of the detailed technical handbook developed by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) [3], the approach established by the Remote Sensing Laboratories (RSL, University of Zurich) [4], on the bases of „Progress in field spectroscopy“ [5], “Field and airborne spectroscopy cross validation - Some considerations” [6] and the experience gained throughout numerous validation efforts for air- and spaceborne sensors by the Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics section at the GFZ Potsdam that have been specially adapted for EnMAP purposes. The following procedure should be used when conducting in-situ measurements of terrestrial surfaces to obtain consistent measurements by applying a repeatable approach throughout the validation phase of the EnMAP mission.

Description: The Kupferschiefer districts in Central Europe contain some of the world’s highest-grade sediment-hosted stratiform Cu (SSC) deposits (see Borg et al., 2012). The high-grade sulfide mineralization in the organic matter-rich marine mudstones of the Kupferschiefer (T1), and also in the underlying continental sandstones of the uppermost Rotliegend (S1) and overlying Zechstein Limestone (Ca1), in the Saale subbasin (Eastern Germany) are dominantly formed as a replacement of calcite cement (Mohammedyasin et al., 2023). We provide carbonate major element chemistry, carbon isotope composition of organic matter, and calcite carbon and oxygen isotope microanalysis datasets of drill core samples from the Saale subbasin in Eastern Germany. The samples include the uppermost Rotliegend sandstone (S1), Kupferschiefer (T1) mudstones and lowermost Zechstein Limestone (Ca1), referred as the Kupferschiefer system, from three drill cores (Sangerhausen, Allstedt and Wallendorf).

Description: This dataset comprises 47 fluid samples from 11 geothermal sites (Germany, Austria, Iceland, Turkey, Netherlands, Belgium, French West Indies). The samples were collected within the REFLECT project (Redefining geothermal properties at extreme conditions to optimize future geothermal energy extraction). The focus with these analyses were on the organic compound composition of the fluids, since they are rarely included in the analyses of fluids taken from geothermal power plants. Understanding the organic compound composition of geothermal fluids might help to better understand chemical reactions within the fluids and might help to mitigate problems that arise with the operation of a geothermal power plant such as mineral precipitation (scaling) and corrosion of the casing and pipes.

Description: This data publication represents the main outcomes of WP1.200 of Individual Project IP1 and Deliverable D1.1 of the research unit NEROGRAV. The goal of WP1.200 was the realistic representation of modern ocean tide model uncertainties in the form of empirical Variance-Covariance Matrices (VCMs) for the utilization in satellite gravimetric dealiasing. In the following, we describe the data set generation and format. A more detailed description of the processing strategy of the data set can be found in Abrykosov et al. (2021).

Description: The three datasets presented here are high-resolution catalogs containing origin time of seismic events for the same region and time range that have derived using AI-based techniques and a matched filter search. The corresponding standard catalogs from the agencies AFAD and KOERI are available under https://tdvms.afad.gov.tr/ (last accessed 28/07/2022) and http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/sismo/2/earthquake-catalog/ (last accessed 28/07/2022), respectively, when searching in the bulletin for longitude 28.80-29.10, latitude 40.4-40.625, and from November 1st 2018 to January 31th, 2019. Specifications for the three catalogs are. (i) Catalog derived utilizing AI-based techniques. We applied the PhaseNet deep learning method (Zhu & Beroza, 2019) to detect and pick the P-and S- waves of seismic events embedded in continuous seismic recordings from 16 stations surrounding the region of interest resampled at 100 Hz. The method was trained on a dataset from Northern California, but has been shown to generalize well to other tectonic settings. The picks were associated into seismic events using the GaMMA association method (Zhu et al., 2022). Manual check of the waveforms from all detections led to 516 seismic events with clear waveforms retained for further processing. (ii) Template matching catalog A. We applied the matched filter algorithm EQcorrscan (Chamberlain et al., 2017) to the two nearby seismic stations with the largest data recovery during the period of interest, ARMT and MDNY. We utilized 14 manually picked template events with M 〉 2 that occurred in the region of interest during the analyzed time period, which were recorded in both stations. As a first criteria to remove false detections, we retained only detections exhibiting a Median Absolute Deviation (MAD) larger than eight. We required detections from different templates to be at least 1.5 seconds apart. To remove duplicate detections (e.g., detections of the same event by different templates), we retained the detections with the highest average correlation if multiple detections occurred within 2.5 seconds. As a second criteria, we calculated cross-correlation derived phase-picks. A pick was declared if the maximum normalized correlation between the signal of the template event and of the detection exceeds 0.7. We correlated the signals in a short window of ±0.3 seconds around the assumed pick time based on a time-shifted version of the template phase-pick. We retained the S-pick exhibiting the higher cross-correlation value with respect to the template. Following this step, we considered only detections with ≥ 2 picks. In case of events with only two picks we ensured that that were from the same station to have control on the ts-tp and therefore the distance of the event from the detecting station. This catalog contains 2,462 seismic events (all manually reviewed) with magnitudes MW in the range [-2.4, 4.5]. Since we were not able to locate the events from this catalog, we considered as “origin time” the time of the first arrival. (iii) Template matching catalog B. We derived a second template matching catalog utilizing twelve of the closest seismic stations displaying high seismic data recovery during the analyzed time period. An initial list of detections was generated following the same steps as for the Template Matching Catalog A, with the additional requirement that all detections must contain at least one picks from one of the two closest stations, ARMT and MDNY. All detections from this catalog were also manually reviewed. The full description of the data processing and creation of the catalog is provided in the article “Stress changes can trigger earthquake sequences in a hydrothermal region south of Istanbul” by Martínez-Garzón et al., currently under review in Geophysical Research Letters.

Description: The GFZ-Landsvirkjun Theistareykir Fibre array is located in the Theytareykir geothermal area, in North Iceland. It is collocated with arrays of broadband seismometers and gravity meters (see e.g., https://doi.org/10.1186/s40517-021-00208-w). The geometry of the fibre array is following the telecom network in the area, and was chosen to test the seismological capabilities of telecom cables in this geothermal environment. We connected an iDAS V2 interrogator from Silixa. The interrogator location is lat=65.898041, lon=-16.966274. The array starts N-S and after 1.5 km, turns towards the East, up to a local transmission antenna station for mobile phones. The length of the path is ~5 km. The length of the cable is actually more than 15 km, as other fibre instance is connected at the transmission antenna station.. Jumps were performed along the cable to geo-locate the channels. The exact location of the fibre can unfortunately not be disclosed. Original recordings at 1000 Hz were downsampled to 200 Hz using a software from INGV-OE (michele.prestifilippo@ingv.it) and are provided in an h5 format. We provide here the first fibre instance (5 km long). The data contain 1 h long recording intervals framing M>5 teleseismic earthquakes recorded in the frame of the global DAS month, an initiative to collaboratively record and share simultaneously recorded DAS data from all over the world (https://www.norsar.no/in-focus/global-das-monitoring-month-february-2023). DAS is an emerging technology increasingly used by seismologists to convert kilometer long optical fibers into seismic sensors.

Description: The dataset is an extended and updated version of the homogenized regional earthquake catalogue of the Marmara region, north-western Turkey, presented in Bohnhof et al. (2017) and Wollin et al. (2018). It is built on the regional Turkish seismicity catalogues provided by AFAD (Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency of Turkey) and KOERI (Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute) and spans the time interval 2006-2020. All events available in these two catalogues in the wider Marmara region were combined and dublicate events removed. A total of 13812 events having at least 6 P- and/or S-picks were located using the NLLoc software (Lomax et al., 2000, 2009) in Octtree mode utilizing automatic picks (see Wollin et al., 2018 for details) for all available waveforms. The magnitude range is between M0.3 and M5.7 with time-variable magnitude of completeness and covers the area 39.70S-41.50S and 26.0E-30.65E. The full description of the data and methods is provided in the data description file.

Description: This dataset provides point-shapefiles and geotiffs, related to the figures presented in (Frick et al., 2022a, 2022b). It covers most of northern Germany, with the boundaries defined by the extent of the North German Basin, which is part of the Central European Basin System. The files contain information on the depth (m.b.s. = meter below surface), thickness, temperature, heat in place and heat storage potential of selected geological units and the formations therein. These data are an addendum to the data presented in (Frick et al., 2022a, 2022b), resolving 5 geological units and 9 formations. The data are presented as regularly spaced point-shapefiles, with a spacing of 1000 m. The data were produced as part of the Helmholtz Climate Initiative (HICAM), which focuses on Net Zero 2050 (mitigation) and Adapting to Extreme Events (adaptation). As part of this initiative, estimates of the heat in place and heat storage potential of the subsurface play an important part for mitigation of fossil fuel bound emissions as they pose a promising alternative (geothermal energy). The data presented here, therefore give an overview of areas which might be suited for geothermal applications in the different geothermal target units and formations. We integrated the recently published TUNB Model (BGR et al., 2021) as well as available borehole data, data from the Sandsteinfazies and GeoPoNDD projects (Franz et al., 2018, 2015) and temperature data from two models (Agemar et al., 2014; Frick et al., 2021) the process of which will be described in the following.

Description: IGMAS+ is a software combining 3-D forward and inverse modeling, interactive visualization and interdisciplinary interpretation of potential fields and their applications under geophysical and geological data constrains. The software has a long history starting 1988 and has seen continuous improvement since then with input by many contributors. Since 2019, IGMAS+ is maintained and developed at The Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences by the staff of Section 4.5 – Basin Modelling and Section 5.2 – eScience Centre with strong ongoing support by H.-J. Götze and S. Schmidt from CAU Kiel. The official webpage of IGMAS+ is available at https://www.gfz-potsdam.de/igmas. Each major version of IGMAS+ is assigned with a DOI. Intermediate releases including changelog can be found at https://git.gfz-potsdam.de/igmas/igmas-releases/-/releases/. This is a collection DOI referring to all versions of IGMAS+. Links to each published version are redundantly available via the "Files" section and the Related Work section ("includes").

Description: The GFZ Potsdam HART (Hazard and Risk Team) in cooperation with the DFG research training group 2043 NatRiskChange at Potsdam University has enabled the acquisition of Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) and high-resolution optical data which were acquired between 22 September 2021 and 24 October 2021 by the Milan Geoservice company, Spremberg, Germany. This data acquisition took place in the Eifel regions of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) and Rhineland-Palatinate (RLP), which were hit by the 14 July 2021 precipitation event leading to widespread severe inundations, flash floods and caused around 185 victims and massive damage to settlements, river geometry and other geomorphic features. The high-resolution ALS and optical data acquisitions aimed at the documentation and quantification of the extent of flood related changes and destructions as well as their reappraisal before diffusion erases traces. Thus, the generated data are valuable for forensic event analysis and future attempts on flood forecasting and warning in the context of scientific and practical purposes.

Description: The classical way to model the stress state in a rock volume is to estimate displacement boundary conditions that minimize the deviation of the modelled stress state with respect to model-independent stress information such as stress magnitude data. However, these data records are usually subject to significant uncertainties and measurement errors. Hence, it has to be expected that not all stress magnitude data records are representative and can be used in a model. In order to identify unreliable stress data records, the stress state that is based on individual data records is solved and compared with observations at a few discrete locations. While this method works, it is not efficient in that most of the solved model scenarios will be discarded. The solving of the entire model consumes immense amount of computation time for a high-resolution model. Yet, the stress state is required at only a very limited number of locations. For linear geomechanical models it is sufficient to estimate the stress state from three model scenarios with arbitrary, but different displacement boundary conditions. These three results can be used to estimate analytically using a linear regression at discrete points stress states based on user-defined boundary conditions. The tool Fast Automatic Stress Tensor Estimation (FAST Estimation) is a Python function that automatizes this approach. FAST Estimation provides very efficiently the stress states at pre-defined locations for all possible boundary conditions. It does not provide the continuous stress field as provided by a solved geomechanical model. Instead, it is a cost-efficient solution for the rapid assessment of stress states at a limited number of discrete locations based on pre-defined boundary conditions.

Description: We present a new, consistently processed seismicity catalogue for the Eastern and Southern Alps, based on the temporary dense Swath-D monitoring network. The final catalogue includes 6,053 earthquakes for the time period 2017-2019 and has a magnitude of completeness of −1.0ML. The smallest detected and located events have a magnitude of −1.7ML. Aimed at the low to moderate seismicity in the study region, we generated a multi-level, mostly automatic workflow which combines a priori information from local catalogues and waveform-based event detection, subsequent efficient GPU-based event search by template matching, P & S arrival time pick refinement and location in a regional 3-D velocity model. The resulting seismicity distribution generally confirms the previously identified main seismically active domains, but provides increased resolution of the fault activity at depth. In particular, the high number of small events additionally detected by the template search contributes to a more dense catalogue, providing an important basis for future geological and tectonic studies in this complex part of the Alpine orogen.

Description: Here, we present model files and example scripts for the Neural network-based model of Electron density in the Topside ionosphere (NET). The model is based on radio occultation data from Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE), Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) and Constellation Observing System for Meteorology Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC-1) missions from 2001 until 2019. The NET model is based on alpha-Chapman functions with a linear decay of scale height with altitude, and consists of 4 sub-models (2 parameters of the F2-peak and 2 parameters of the linear scale height decay). The model uses geographic and magnetic latitude and longitude, magnetic local time, day of year, altitude, solar flux index P10.7, geomagnetic activity index Kp, storm-time SYM-H index as inputs. An example data frame to run the model is provided, as well as the Jupyter notebook to perform an example run.

Description: The Atmosphere and Ocean non-tidal De-aliasing Level-1B (AOD1B) product is widely used in satellite gravimetry to correct for transient effects of atmosphere-ocean mass variability that would otherwise alias into monthly-mean global gravity fields. The most recent release is based on the global ERA5 reanalysis and ECMWF operational data together with simulations from the general ocean circulation model MPIOM consistently forced with fields of the same atmospheric data-set. As background models are inevitably imperfect, residual errors due to aliasing remain. Accounting for the uncertainties of the background model data has, however, proven to be a useful approach to mitigate the impact of residual aliasing. In light of the changes made in the new release of AOD1B, previous uncertainty assessments are deemed too pessimistic and have been revised in the new time-series of true errors: AOe07. One possible way to include the uncertainty information of background models in gravity field estimation or simulation studies is through the computation and application of a variance-covariance matrix that describes the spatio-temporal error characteristics of the background model. The AOe07 variance-covariance-matrix provides this information through (1) a fully populated matrix up to degree and order 40 as well as (2) a diagonal matrix up to degree and order 180.

Description: Because of the multi-stepped pathways of sediment comprising the foreland fold-thrust belt (FFTB), detrital quartz grains that recycle from the FFTB sources contain cosmogenic radionuclides (CRN), such as 10Be and 26Al, accumulated during previous exposure, resulting in inheritance and, hence, anomalously low erosion rates. This inhibits the straightforward use of 10Be as tracers for modern erosion rates and sediment discharge from the FFTB, prevalent at the external edges of collisional orogens such as the Himalaya. We present a novel approach for quantifying the erosion rates of FFTB by comparing measured and modeled CRN concentrations in fluvial sediments. We apply this approach to the Mohand Range, an emergent fault-related fold in the frontal part of the northwestern Himalaya (see the location map below). The 10Be and 26Al datasets presented here were used to calibrate our model, which we used to quantify the erosion rates in and sediment flux from the Mohand Range. Datasets provided here include a summary of the location and depositional age of 33 fluvial sediments and two sandstone samples collected from the Mohand Range, 10Be analysis results of 23 of these fluvial sediments and two bedrock samples, and 26Al-10Be pair analysis results of the remaining ten fluvial sediment samples (Dataset S1). Moreover, the data include the depositional age map of uplifted older foreland sediments across the western Mohand Range (Dataset 2) and the map of best-fit 10Be concentration inherited from Himalayan paleoerosion (Dataset 3) and sediment burial in the foreland (Dataset 4). We also include a map of the best-fit 10Be concentration produced during modern erosion of the Mohand Range (Dataset 5) and a map of the best-fit uplift/erosion rates across the western Mohand Range (Dataset 6). For more information (e.g., sampling method, analytical procedure, and data processing), please refer to the main article (Mandal et al., 2023).

Description: This data publication is supplementary to a study on the climatic controls on leaf wax hydrogen isotopes, by Gaviria-Lugo et al. (submitted). The dataset contains hydrogen isotope ratios from leaf wax n-alkanes (δ2Hwax) taken from soils, river sediments and marine surface sediments along a climatic gradient from hyperarid to humid in Chile. In addition, for each sampling site the hydrogen isotope ratios from precipitation (δ2Hpre) from the grids produced by the Online Isotopes in Precipitation Calculator (OIPC) (Bowen and Revenaugh, 2003). Furthermore, for each sampling site we report mean annual data of precipitation, actual evapotranspiration, relative humidity, and soil moisture, all derived from TerraClimate (Abatzoglou et al., 2018). Also provide data of mean annual temperature and the annual average of maximum daily temperature derived from WorldClim (Fick and Hijmans, 2017). As a final climatic parameter, we also derived data of aridity index from the Consultative Group of the International Agricultural Research Consortium for Spatial Information (CGIARCSI) (Trabucco and Zomer, 2022). In addition to climatic variables, for each site we include land cover fractions of trees, shrubs, grasses, crops, and barren land. These land cover fractions were obtained from Collection 2 of the Copernicus Global Land Cover layers (Buchhorn et al., 2020) via Google Earth Engine. For further comparison here we provide δ2Hwax compiled from 26 publications (see references) that reported both the n-C29 and n-C31 n-alkanes homologues from soils and lake sediments. For each sampling site of the global compilation, we provide δ2Hpre and the same climatic and land cover parameters as for the Chilean data (i.e., precipitation, actual evapotranspiration, relative humidity, soil moisture, aridity index, temperature, fraction of trees, fraction of grasses, etc.), using the same sources. The data is provided here as one single .xlsx file containing 9 data sheets, but also as 9 individual .csv files, to be accessed using the file format of preference. Additionally, 5 supplementary figures that accompany the publication Gaviria-Lugo et al. (submitted) are provided in one single .pdf file. The samples taken for this study were assigned International Geo Sample Numbers (IGSNs), which are included in the provided tables S4, S5 and S6.

Description: The Dec 22nd 2018 flank collapse and tsunami at Anak Krakatau in Indonesia is a key event in geosciences as little is known about the lead-up processes and deformation changes prior to flank failure. We processed Sentinel-1 satellite radar data in both ascending (orbit 171) and descending (orbit 47) acquisition using multi-temporal InSAR with the Small BAseline (SB) method during the 4 years prior to the collapse. The data shows that the flank was already moving for years prior to collapse, demonstrating that developing instability in volcano can be monitored long before a collapse. The southwest flank movement rates averaged approx. 27 cm/yr, but underwent intermittent accelerations coinciding with distinct intrusion events in Jan/Feb 2017 and in Jun 2018. The data archived here supplements the material detailed in Zorn et al. (202X, https://doi.org/XXXXX).

Description: Porphyry copper deposits provide most of the world’s, half its molybdenum reserves and are resources for Zn, Pb, Au, and Ag. The porphyry mineralization is inferred to form on time scales between 50 and 100kyrs whereby the mineralization forming magma chamber is generally built up by multiple intrusive events. The overall source magmatic system can be active for several millions of years. We used the Complex System Modeling Platform (CSMP++) to simultaneously model sill injection, heat transfer, the release of metal-bearing magmatic fluids, the multi-phase flow of saline hydrothermal fluids, and dynamic permeability variations with a continuum porous medium approach. Our modeling studies the volumetric injection rate and its impact on the growth of the magma chamber and the Cu-ore shell but also investigates the influence of hydrothermal convection and fluid release. The setup of each modeling run is changed slightly, either by changing the influx rate, changing the geometry of the magma chamber, or changing the location of fluid release. CSMP was modified to produce vtk and vtu files every 100 years which were read into the Paraview 4.3.1 software to perform the post-processing (including the calculation of the copper enrichment factor and the pore fluid factor). Paraview was then used to produce the displayed videos.

Description: In 2020 and 2021 the STIMTEC-X hydraulic stimulation experiment was performed at ca.~130 m below surface at the Reiche Zeche underground research laboratory in Freiberg, Saxony/Germany. The project temporally followed the STIMTEC experiment at the same site and aimed at understanding the stress heterogeneity of the anisotropic and metamorphic gneiss rock mass. The STIMTEC-X experiment applied the hydraulic stimulation technique in several boreholes at the mine-scale. Complementary to the stimulations, there were active seismic ultrasonic transmission data acquired before the stimulations. We use a seismic monitoring network consisting of six single-component acoustic emission (AE) sensors (sensitivity 1-60 kHz), six hydrophone-like AE sensors (sensitivity 1-40 kHz) and four to twelve single-component Wilcoxon accelerometers (sensitivity 50 Hz-25 kHz). The AE sensors and remained stationary in sub-horizontal and upwards reaching boreholes, the accelerometers were mostly installed along the tunnel walls with one accelerometer in a shallow borehole in each tunnel, and the hydrophone-like AE sensors were installed in the down-going water filled boreholes, but repositioned for each measurement campaign (Figure 1). This data set of 120 active ultrasonic transmission (UT) measurements is supplementary to Boese et al. (2022, in review), which introduces some of the active measurement campaigns of the STIMTEC-X experiment in detail. The whole data set togetter with the “Ultrasonic transmission measurements from six boreholes from the STIMTEC experiment, Reiche Zeche Mine, Freiberg (Saxony, Germany)” [https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.4.2.2021.002] was used to evaluate performance measures such as sensitivity and frequency bandwith, coupling, placement and polarity of the hydrophone-like AE sensor compared to AE sensors. The active seismic data provided here are from seven boreholes (BH01, BH05, BH06, BH10, BH14, BH18, BH19) as shown in Figure 1. There are nine tables provided as metadata of which seven contain the STIMTEC-X sensor coordinates for each measurement campaign, the event information of all the 120 UT measurements and the UT picks. The UT measurements were recorded with a sampling rate of 1 MHz and results from an automatic stack of 1024 UT pulses generated by the ultrasonic transmitter and recorded by the STIMTEC-X sensors. The UT measurements are saved in binary file format (fsf file format). Fsf-files can be processed with FOCI software: https://www.induced.pl/software/foci. Each fsf file contains 32768 samples, which corresponds to 0.032768 seconds. All UT event files were manual inspected and phase arrivals identified. These are stored in the fsf-file header as well as in the table STIMTECX_UT_picks.csv.

Description: The Mallik Anticline is a geologic structure in the Mackenzie Delta in the Canadian Arctic. Tectonics throughout the Cenozoic, with compressional phases in the early Eocene to the late Miocene, formed this large, domed structure that is today an important source of hydrocarbons. Gas hydrates occur in the clastic sedimentary rocks of the Oligocene to Pleistocene Kugmallite, Mackenzie Bay, and Iperk sequences, which were essentially formed by deltaic processes. The presence of hydrocarbon gases within the permafrost zone in the Canadian Arctic has led to extensive exploration and production activities in the region since the mid-1960s, and the investigations by geologists and geophysicists have already been published in numerous scientific articles to date. The associated report (Chabab and Kempka, 2023) describes the implementation of the first field-scale 3D static geologic model of the Mallik site, which was created using data from well logs and 2D seismic reflection profiles. The dataset presented here provides elevation depths and thickness data of the three distinct sequence boundaries Kugmallit-Richards, Mackenzie Bay-Kugmallit and Iperk-Mackenzie Bay as well as fault data from the Mallik site.

Description: For the integration of this dataset, several research articles were collected from the catalog of The Global Heat Flow Data Assessment Project. Specially, this data publication encloses all heat-flow data of onshore India. The resulting updated database contains 617 determinations of heat-flow from 36 publications. The data are presented according to the standards defined by the World Heat Flow Database Project and the International Heat Flow Commission (Fuchs et al., 2023)

Description: At valley glaciers, rockwall erosion supplies debris to glacier surfaces. Once deposited on the ice, rockwall debris is passively entrained and becomes part of the glacial system, e.g., forming medial moraines as downglacier transport continues. Where debris occurs supraglacial, it modifies ice ablation and, thus, changes in rockwall erosion and debris supply rates modify glacial debris cover and mass balance and may affect glacier retreat in response to climate change. Yet, estimates on rockwall erosion rates close to glacier surfaces are few and quantifying spatiotemporal supply patterns is not trivial. This data publication is supplementary to the study on rockwall erosion rates at five Swiss valley glaciers around Pigne d’Arolla, by Wetterauer & Scherler (2023). We temporally and spatially assess rockwall erosion by measuring in situ-produced cosmogenic 10Be concentrations ('[10Be]measured') in medial moraine debris, which we systematically sampled along downglacier-profiles, and by comparing records from various medial moraines, which are supplied by rockwalls differing in exposure and morphology. However, as '[10Be]measured' within supraglacial debris is the sum of '[10Be]rockwall', accumulated during rockwall erosion, and '[10Be]transport', accumulated during post-depositional downglacier transport, medial moraine '[10Be]measured' should be corrected for '[10Be]transport'. If glacier velocities through time are known, '[10Be]transport' can be estimated by downglacier debris trajectory modelling. Providing our 10Be dataset and ~40-year records of glacier surface velocities from four of the five valley glaciers (Glacier du Brenay, Glacier de Cheilon, Glacier de Pièce, Glacier de Tsijiore Nouve) is the main objective of this data publication. The dataset of the fifth glacier (Glacier d’Otemma) has already been published as case study by Wetterauer et al. (2022a,b).

Description: In October 2021, GFZ installed together with INGV Catania, Iraci and ASIR Ltd (Advances Seismic Instrumentation & Research) the very first seismic borehole broadband seismometers at two selected sites at Mt. Etna, Sicily (see Fig. 1). The installation was completed under the EU-funded project ‘SiC nano for PicoGeo’ (http://www.picogeo.eu/). Site one is located next to the Astrophysical Observatory at Serra La Nave (SLN) and site two is located in the city of Mascalucia (MAS). At each site one borehole broadband seismometer was permanently installed (cemented) at approximately 70 m depth. In approx. 1-2m distance, a second ground-level borehole 4.5 Hz Geophone was temporarily installed (sanded) at 1 m depth until July 2022 (see Fig. 2). The ground-level geophones served as a local surface reference sensor to better evaluate the increase of signal quality from surface to depth. Test data were evaluated between October 2021 and July 2022. Sensor settings were adjusted during this time period to obtain the best possible data resolution at both test sites. This data publication compiles a segment of waveform recordings utilized for the assessment of data quality from the two installed broadband borehole seismometers, along with noise plots (Fig. 3-5) illustrating the enhancements in the data quality of frequency ranges compared to surface sensors at Mt. Etna.

Description: This data set contains measurements of an underground hydraulic fracture experiment at Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory in May and June 2015. The experiment tested various injection schemes for rock fracture stimulation and monitored the resulting seismicity. The primary purpose of the experiment is to identify injection schemes that provide rock fracturing while reducing seismicity or at least mitigate larger seismic events. In total, six tests with three different injection schemes were performed in various igneous rock types. Both the injection process and the accompanied seismicity were monitored. For injection monitoring, the water flow and pressure are provided and additional tests for rock permeability. The seismicity was monitored in both triggered and continuous mode during the tests by high-resolution acoustic emission sensors, accelerometers and broadband seismometers. Both waveform data and seismicity catalogs are provided.

Description: The data publication contains all heat-flow data of offshore in the Guaymas basin. The data release contains data generated between 1959 and 2019 and constitutes a substantial update and extension compared to the last compilation provided by Becker & Fisher (1991). The data set comprises new heat-flow determinations published after 1991 as well as data from before 1991, which were not included in the Becker & Fisher (1991). The resulting updated database contains 487 determinations of heat-flow at 464 locations from 17 publications. 95% of the reported heat-flow values are determined from marine probe sensing technique and 5% in boreholes.

Description: Physical samples (or specimen or artefacts) represent the origin of research results in many scientific disciplines. Assigning persistent identifier (PID) to samples is a fundamental step to make them discoverable and traceable in unambiguous way over the Web. The International Generic Sample Number (IGSN) is a PID for physical samples and connecting these with their online description following a dedicated metadata schema. Sample descriptions of samples are available in various formats and detail. In order to publish them in a standardized manner and to automate and standardize the preparation and processing, the software product SAMIRA (Sample IGSN Registration Automation) was created as part of the Project FAIR WISH, funded by the Helmholtz Metadata Collaboration (HMC). SAMIRA aims to automate the generation of Metadata XML-Files for the Registration of PIDs from different input sources (e.g. the FAIR Samples Template, Wiezcorek et al., 2023). This first version of SAMIRA implements the creation of IGSN metadata and Datacite metadata and the respective registration.

Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests on corundum sand “NKF120” used in analogue modelling of tectonic processes as a rock analogue for “strong” or “high density” layers in the earth’s upper crust (e.g. Klinkmüller et al., 2016) or as an additive to PDMS silicone oil to increase its density and non-linearity (Zwaan et al., 2018). According to our analysis the material shows a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of corundum sand are µP = 0.75, µD = 0.57, and µR = 0.62, respectively (Table 5). Cohesion of the material ranges between 100-150 Pa. The material shows a minor rate-weakening of ~1% per ten-fold change in shear velocity v and a stick-slip behaviour at low shear velocities. The tested bulk material consists of corundum sand with grain size of 90-120 µm (Table 1). Corundum sand is produced as industrial abrasive materials and sold e.g. by the company Nico Bosse Strahlmittel Berlin. The data presented here are derived by ring shear testing using a SCHULZE RST-01.pc (Schulze, 1994, 2003, 2008) at HelTec, the Laboratory for experimental tectonics at the Helmholtz Center Potsdam – GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam, Germany.

Description: This dataset contains predictions of Earth orientation parameters (EOP) submitted during the Second Earth Orientation Parameters Prediction Comparison Campaign (2nd EOP PCC). The 2nd EOP PCC has been carried out by Centrum Badań Kosmicznych Polskiej Akademii Nauk CBK PAN in Warsaw in cooperation with the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam (Germany) and under the auspices of the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) within the IERS Working Group on the 2nd EOP PCC. The purpose of the campaign was to re-assess the current capabilities of EOP forecasting and to find most reliable prediction approaches. The operational part of the campaign lasted between September 1, 2021 and December 28, 2022. Throughout the duration of the 2nd EOP PCC, registered campaign participants submitted forecasts for all EOP parameters, including dX, dY, dPsi, dEps (components of celestial pole offsets), polar motion, differences between universal time and coordinated universal time, and its time-derivative length-of-day change. These submissions were made to the EOP PCC Office every Wednesday before the 20:00 UTC deadline. The predictions were then evaluated once the geodetic final EOP observations from the forecasted period became available. Each participant could register more than one method, and each registered method was assigned an individual ID, which was used, e.g., for file naming. The dataset contains text files with predicted parameters as submitted by campaign participants and MATLAB file which is a database with all correct predictions from each participant loaded into a structure.

Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests on garnet sand used in analogue modelling of tectonic processes as a rock analogue for “strong” or “high density” layers in the earth’s upper crust (e.g. Klinkmüller et al., 2016). According to our analysis the material shows a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of garnet sand are µP = 0.83, µD = 0.61, and µR = 0.73, respectively (Table 5). Cohesion of the material ranges between 20-120 Pa. The material shows a no significant rate-dependency. The data presented here are derived by ring shear testing using a SCHULZE RST-01.pc (Schulze, 1994, 2003, 2008) at HelTec, the Laboratory for experimental tectonics at the Helmholtz Center Potsdam – GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam, Germany. The RST is specially designed to measure friction coefficients µ and cohesions C in loose granular material accurately at low confining pressures (〈20 kPa) and shear velocities (〈1 mm/sec) similar to sandbox experiments. In this tester, a granular bulk material layer is sheared internally at constant normal stress σN and shear velocity v while shear force and lid displacement (corresponding to density and volume change ΔV) are measured continuously. For more details see Klinkmüller et al. (2016).

Description: GRACE monthly gravity field solutions starting from April 2002 to June 2017 up to degree and order 90 computed with the Celestial Mechanics Approach at AIUB. The time series is an updated of AIUB-RL02 GRACE monthly gravity field time series using Level-1B GRACE data and updated background models. The dataset is created within the framework of the G3P - Global Gravity-based Groundwater Product project (https://www.g3p.eu/), this project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 870353.

Description: This dataset contains measurements of viscous and viscoelastic materials that are used for analogue modelling. Proper density and viscosity scaling of ductile layers in the crust and lithosphere, requires materials like Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), to be mixed with fillers and low viscoity silicone oils. Changing the filler content and filler material, the density, viscosity and power-law coefficient can be tuned according to the requirements. All materials contain a large amount of PDMS and all but one a small amount of an additional silicone oil. Adding plasticine or barium sulfate lead to shear thinning rheologies with power-law exponents of p〈0.95. Adding corundum powder only has a minor effect on the power-law exponent. Some mixtures also have an apparent yield point but all are in the liquid state in the tested range. In general, the rheologies of the materials are very complex and in some cases strongly temperature dependent. However, in the narrow range of relevant strain rates, the behaviour is well defined by a power-law relation and thus found suitable for simulating ductile layers in crust and lithosphere.

Description: “This ocean-bottom seismometer deployment is part of the SEAMSTRESS project examining tectonic stress effects on Arctic methane seepage. The project is led by PI Andreia Plaza-Faverola at the Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrates, University of Tromsö, Norway. A total of 10 ocean bottom seismometers (OBS) were deployed on Vestnesa Ridge, a sediment drift body just north Knipovich Ridge at its intersection with the Molloy Transform fault (cruise CAGE-20-5). The aim of the experiment was to look for stress release along faults that control seepage sites on Vestnesa Ridge. The network consisted of 8 Lobster type broadband OBS from the German Instrument Pool for Amphibian Seismology (DEPAS) and 2 3C geophones provided by the University of Tromsö. Instruments were free-fall deployed and spaced by about 10 km. They recorded continuously at 100 Hz for 11 months between August 2020 and July 2021.Short, intersecting refraction profiles were shot across all OBS stations, such that OBS positions at the seafloor could be determined within 10 m (cruise CAGE-21-3). Clock drift in this experiment was nonlinear and skew values were only obtained for 6 of the stations. Skew-corrected station VSN01 served as reference station to obtain the clock drift of all other stations using noise cross-correlation and subsequently correct also for the thus determined nonlinearity of time drift. Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code Y9 and are embargoed until July 2025.

Description: We provide present-day glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) gravity changes simulated with the numerical model VILMA. The effects of Earth and ocean pole tide due to rotational deformation (considered in VILMA) were removed. The dataset contains the solutions for 56 GIA model ensemble members including 54 3D models and 2 1D models. The results are provided as Stokes coefficients with a resolution of degree/order 170.

Description: This data publication contains the datasets generated in a study aiming at reconstructing paleoclimatic conditions during the late Holocene in northern Philippines. The data come from samples taken from sediment lakes retrieved from Bulusan Lake on the Luzon Island, Philippines. On these samples we measured the stable-hydrogen-isotopic composition of terrestrial-lipid biomarkers to reconstruct ENSO dynamics and past hydrological conditions, pollen data to reconstruct past vegetation, and magnetic susceptibility measurements of the sediment cores to reconstruct past erosion rates. This is complemented with isoGSM2 data to constrain modern hydrological conditions. The data was generated between 2013-04 and 2020-9. The data files are provided in Excel and tab-delimited text versions.

Description: This data publication presents quantitative DNA data obtained through fluorometric detection of genomic DNA and the estimation of 16S rRNA gene copies using quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR). The data encompasses various soil and rock samples collected across a climate gradient. The DNA was extracted using a protocol enabling the separate analysis of intracellular DNA (iDNA) and extracellular DNA (eDNA) from the same sample. The primary objective of this study was to enhance a previously established method developed by Alawi et al. (2014) for analyzing terrestrial samples by introducing modifications to the extraction buffer. Phosphate buffers at two different concentrations (120 mM and 300 mM), EDTA (300 mM), and a high-concentration phosphate buffer in combination with EDTA (300 mM each) were tested in conjunction with a detergent mix (detailed in Medina et al., 2023; submitted). Thorough tests, including spiked DNA experiments and cell counts, were conducted on one low biomass sample to validate the extraction setups. The two most effective extraction protocols were then applied to all samples from the four designated sites and compared with the phosphate buffer described by Alawi et al. (2014), resulting in the calculation of improvement factors. The resulting dataset provides valuable quantitative DNA information and estimates of 16S rRNA gene copies across diverse soil and rock samples along a climate gradient. The modifications made to the extraction buffer demonstrated improved efficiency in extracting especially iDNA compared to the original method. These findings contribute to the refinement and optimization of DNA extraction protocols for terrestrial samples, enabling more accurate and comprehensive analyses of microbial communities in different environments.

Description: The overarching goal of the Drilling Overdeepened Alpine Valleys (DOVE) project will be to date the age and extent of past glaciations. Formerly-glaciated areas are often characterized by deeply incised structures, often filled by Quaternary deposits. These buried troughs and valleys were formed by glacial overdeepening, likely caused by pressurized subglacial meltwater below warm-based glaciers. Results of this drilling campaign, supported by new dating technologies, will further provide critical data on 'how' and 'at which rate' glacial erosion affects such mountain ranges and their foreland. These processes are also of fundamental importance for evaluating the safety of radioactive waste disposal sites, which are planned in areas of former glaciations. Moreover, results of this project will fill gaps in the knowledge of paleoclimate and atmospheric circulation patterns during past glacial epochs and how these patterns affected ice build-up. The operational data sets include the drill core documentation from the mobile Drilling Information System (mDIS), full round core scans, MSCL data sets, a preliminary core description and the geophysical downhole logging data that were acquired during and subsequent to the drilling operations. All downhole logs and core depth were subject to depth correction to a common depth master (cf. operational report for detailed information). The data are described by two scientific reports, the Operational Report (https://doi.org/10.48440/ICDP.5068.001) and the Explanatory Remarks on the Operational Datasets (https://doi.org/10.48440/ICDP.5068.002).

Description: This is an Arctic-delta reduced-complexity model that can reproduce the 2-m ramp feature observed in most Arctic deltas. The model is built by first reconstructing from published descriptions of the DeltaRCM-Arctic model (Lauzon et al., GRL, 2019), which is, in turn, based on DeltaRCM by Liang et al. (Esurf, 2015). All the modifications and refinements leading to this model (ArcDelRCM.jl) are detailed in a manuscript submitted to Earth Surface Dynamics journal for publication (Chan et al., 2022: esurf-2022-25). Options are retained to run this model with the "DeltaRCM-Arctic" (reconstruction) setting. The code is written purely in Julia language.

Description: The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment-Follow-On (GRACE-FO) satellite mission, consisting of two satellites, each carry a magnetometer as part of its attitude orbit control system (AOCS). After careful calibration, the data acquired through them can be used for scientific purposes by removing artificial disturbances from other satellite payload systems. This dataset is based on the dataset provided by Michaelis et al. (2021, https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.2.3.2021.002) and uses a similar format. The platform magnetometer data has been calibrated against CHAOS-7 magnetic field model predictions for core, crustal and large-scale magnetospheric field (Finlay et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-020-01252-9) and is provided in the ‘chaos’ folder. The calibration results using a Machine Learning approach are provided in the ‘calcorr’ folder. Michaelis’ dataset can be used as an extension to this dataset for additional information, as they are connected using the same timestamps to match and relate the same data points. The exact approach based on Machine Learning is described in the referenced publication. Additionally, in the folder ‚fac’, field-aligned current derived from the magnetic field data are provided. There exists a similar dataset with calibrated magnetic data from the GOCE satellite mission under https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.2.3.2022.002 (Styp-Rekowski et al., 2022).

Description: The current global dataset of drainage system shapes has a relatively low spatial resolution. We obtained a new dataset (Basin90m) by calculating the drainage basins larger than 50 km2 globally using a 90-meter resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The total number of drainage basins is 667629. For each drainage basin, we extracted the spatial distribution of the longest river channel and the sinuosity of the river. We computed fundamental geometric parameters for the drainage basins, such as area, length, width, aspect ratio, slope, and elevation. Basin90m consists of vector files (ESRI Shapefile format) containing global drainage basins and river channels. The file sizes for the basin and river data are 7.8 and 2.5 GB, respectively. All calculations were automated using a MATLAB script. For a more detailed description of Basin90m, please refer to our submitted data description article titled "A global dataset of the shape of drainage systems". The Basin90m dataset includes data in four sections. The first section comprises drainage basins globally with an area larger than 50 km². The data format is ESRI Shapefile. Eight morphometric indi-ces of the drainage system are stored in the attribute table of the basin shapefile. The "Basins" folder contains six subfolders, each representing a continent. Each continent's subfolder contains all the basins in that continent, categorized by different stream orders. For instance, the "South America" subfolder contains nine shapefile files corresponding to stream orders 1-9. The names of the shapefile files include their continent and stream order information. For example, "South_America_Basin_8.shp" represents all basins in South America with a stream order of 8. The second part of the Basin90m data consists of global main river channels. The longest river channel of each basin is stored in a folder named "Rivers". The internal structure of this folder is the same as the "Basins" folder. For instance, "South_America_River_8.shp" represents the main river channels in South America with a stream order of 8. The third part of Basin90m data is an Excel file named "Basin90m". This file contains eight morphometric parameters for all the basins. It includes both a globally merged sheet and sheets distinguishing different stream orders. The fourth part of Ba-sin90m data is a folder named "Matlab_code", which contains Matlab code for the automated ex-traction of drainage systems and their morphometric parameters.

Description: This data set provides a series of experiments from ring-shear tests (RST) on various materials that are used at several laboratories worldwide. The data contains the results of slide-hold-slide tests and the processed outputs of standardized ring shear tester data from related publications. Additionally, microscopy images of the materials under plain and polarized light are provided. The time dependent restrengthening of the materials is quantified using slide-hold-slide tests. This restrengthening has implications on the reactivation potential of granular shear zones in analogue models. With the provided software we first analyze the experimental data and then compare the angles and stresses needed to reactivate normal faults in the materials. We find that while healing rates are low, the majority of samples can not reactivate normal faults that are generated through extension of an analogue model.

Description: The META-WT project was designed to perform a 4-weeks seismic experiment in Germany with a dense seismic array of ~400 three-component geophones that covered (1) a 2.5km x 2.5km wind farm area in Brandenburg, Germany, with almost 200 wind turbines (WTs) and a well-studied subsurface structure and (2) a 20-km long radial line from the center of the wind farm with one geophone every half-kilometer. The objective was to capture the spatio-temporal seismic wave-field signature of the wind farm from continuous recordings of ambient noise. Due to the dense interstation distance and proposed geometry the experiment allowed for analyzing both small-scale wave field characteristics at an unprecedented spatial resolution and the longer distance radiation pattern of the wind farm. Waveform data is available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code XF, and is embargoed until Jan 2025.

Description: The Gt BTrKoe 1/2021 borehole was drilled in the framework of a research project called GeoFern, funded by the German Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action under the grant number 03EE4007. The overall objective of this research project was to support the development of the geothermal heat utilization for urban areas. Therefore, the integration of reservoir utilization concepts into heat supply systems need to be studied. The GeoFern project aimed to contribute to the knowledge on geological structure and the lithological composition of the subsurface to minimize the explorational risks for future site developments in SE Berlin, Germany. It focused on the exploration of possible Mesozoic aquifers, suitable for aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) in depths of up to 500 m. As stopping criteria for drilling, the presence of terrestrial (arid) clayey Keuper sediments of the Exter Formation (Upper German Triassic) were defined. In this data publication we provide the results of the investigations and measurements conducted on site in the field laboratory as well as the open-hole geophysical well-logging data of the Gt BTrKoe 1/2021 borehole acquired by a commercial contractor. In addition, a temperature log of the borehole, measured by the GFZ about two months after the end of drilling activities, is part of this data publication. The drilling of the Gt BTrKoe 1/2021 borehole started at the 15th of November 2021 with the setting of the conductor pipe and reached its final depth of 456 m in Triassic sediments on the 19th of December 2021. The drilling was conducted in two main sections using two different technologies. For the upper section, covering Cenozoic sediments and reaching a depth of 211 m, reverse drilling technology was used. This section comprises the Quaternary to Tertiary groundwater system and the Tertiary “Rupelton” (Oligocene, Rupelian). The latter represents an about 100 m thick clayey succession that do act as a regional aquitard, separating the deeper saline groundwater systems from the upper utilized (freshwater) groundwater levels. After setting and cementing of the casing, the borehole was further deepened by using conventional Rotary drilling technology. Due to the lack of knowledge on the geological situation of the pre-Cenozoic strata before the drilling, this section represents the most relevant part for answering the research goals of the project. In order to allow the most accurate description and characterization of the drilled strata, this section was completely cored using wireline coring equipment with 3-m core barrels. In total, 90 core runs were conducted and 197.4 m of cores retrieved, showing a core recovery factor of 81%. The core show a mean core diameter of about 100 mm. The drilling was stopped after encountering the multicolored terrestrial playa sediments of the Upper Triassic in the last core run. While the token cutting samples were not assigned with International Generic Sample Numbers (IGSN), the borehole (Norden, 2022) and all taken cores were registered with IGSNs.

Description: This data set is a description of a novel analogue modelling method used to run lithospheric-scale tectonic models, and to uniquely monitor these models through X-Ray CT-scanning techniques at the Tectonic Modelling Lab of the University of Bern (Switzerland). It includes information on the model set-up and model materials, and includes a step-by-step description of the general modelling procedure. A first application of this novel procedure, for the simulation of lithospheric scale rifting processes can be found in Zwaan & Schreurs (2023a) in Tectonics, with supplementary data publicly available via GFZ Data Services (Zwaan & Schreurs 2023b). The results of this work prove the feasibility of the method, and opens the door to a broad variety of new tectonic modelling studies

Description: This dataset provides friction data from drained ring-shear tests on a wet (water saturated) silica powder-glass beads-PVC powder mixture (40:40:20 wt.%) “CM2”, used in analogue modelling of tectonic and erosion processes as a rock analogue for the earth’s upper crust (e.g. Conrad et al., 2023, Reitano et al., 2020, 2022. 2023). According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of CM2 are µP = 0.66, µD = 0.58, and µR = 0.61, respectively. Cohesion of the material ranges between 60-230 Pa. The tested bulk material CM2 consists of a mixture of 40 wt. % silica powder, 40 wt.% glass beads and 20 wt.% PVC powder which has been saturated with water (Table 1). Specification of silica powder is “Ventilated Quartz VR16” (https://www.valligranulati.it/products-granules-quartz-marble-sands-premixed/sheet-m/ventilated-quartz) by the company Valli Granulati S.r.l. (Italy). Ventilated quartz is obtained by micronisation of quartz sands with a high content of SiO2 (around 96%), and used e.g. in paints and abrasives. It should be handled with care to omit generation of dust and a half mask (filter class FFA1P2 RD) should be worn because it can harm the human respiratory tract with the potential of causing silicosis. Glass beads used here have a size (diameter) of 700-110 µm and their individual properties are described in detail Pohlenz et al. (2020). The commercial name for the PVC powder is “PVC K.57 Inovyn 257RF” by the company TPV Compound (Italy). PVC powder is mainly used for cleaning industrial structures (as abrasives) or for the production of PVC tubing, plastic sheets etc. The composition of this PVC powder is the same of the common Polyvinyl chloride. According to the regulation CE n.1272/2008 (CLP), this type of PVC powder is classified as not dangerous for the supply, also thanks to its low value of density and round shape.

Description: The data publication contains the compilation of global heat-flow data by the International Heat Flow Commission (IHFC; www.ihfc-iugg.org) of the International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior (IASPEI). The presented data update 2023 contains data generated between 1939 and 2022 and constitutes the first intermediate update benefiting from the global collaborative assessment and quality control of the Global Heat Flow Database running since May 2021 (http://assessment.ihfc-iugg.org).

Description: The crystalline aquifer in Ghana’s Pra Basin provides water for over 4 million people as many rivers are polluted by artisanal mining. The aim of the data collection was to understand the origin, quality and chemical evolution of surface water and ground water in order to improve the sustainable management of the resource. Here, we present data on major ions, trace metals, stable oxygen (δ18O) and hydrogen (δ2H) isotope ratios of surface water and ground water and mineralogical composition of rock outcrops from the Pra Basin in Ghana. The field campaign took place in March 2020 (water sampling) and August 2021 (outcrop sampling). A total of 34 surface water and 56 ground water samples were collected from rivers, public boreholes (depth 〉30 m) and hand-dug wells (depth 〈 10 m), respectively. The water samples were analysed for cations and trace metals using the Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). The anions were analysed using the Ion Chromatography (IC). For the stable oxygen (δ18O) and hydrogen (δ2H) isotope ratios, a Picarro L-2140i Ringdown Spectrometer was used. The bulk elemental composition of the rock samples was analysed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The mineralogic composition was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) while the Zeiss Axiophot petrographic microscope was used for the petrographic thin section analysis. The data generated from all measurements are provided in a .zip folder consisting of four subfolders. Each folder contains Excel files discussed in the file inventory section.

Description: This data set includes videos depicting the surface evolution (time-lapse photography, topography data and Digital Image Correlation [DIC] analysis) of 11 analogue models, divided in three model series (A, B and C), simulating rifting and subsequent inversion tectonics. In these models we test how orthogonal or oblique extension, followed by either orthogonal or oblique compression, as well as syn-rift sedimentation, influenced the reactivation of rift structures and the development of new inversion structures. We compare these models with an intracontinental inverted basin in NE Brazil (Araripe Basin). All experiments were performed at the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory of the University of Bern (UB). We used an experimental set-up involving two long mobile sidewalls, two rubber sidewalls (fixed between the mobile walls, closing the short model ends), and a mobile and a fixed base plate. We positioned a 5 cm high block consisting of an intercalation of foam (1 cm thick) and Plexiglas (0.5 cm thick) bars on the top of the base plates. Then we added layers of viscous and brittle analogue materials representing the ductile and brittle lower and upper crust in our experiments, which were 3 cm and 6 cm thick, respectively. A seed made of the same viscous material was positioned at the base of the brittle layer, in order to localize the formation of an initial graben in our models. The standard model deformation rate was 20 mm/h, over a duration of 2 hours for a total of 40 mm of divergence, followed by 2 hours of convergence at the same rate (except for Models B3 and C3, since the oblique rifting did not create space for 40 mm of orthogonal inversion). For syn-rift sedimentation, we applied an intercalation of feldspar and quartz sand in the graben. Model parameters and detailed description of model set-up are summarized in Table 1, and results and their interpretation can be found in Richetti et al. (2023).

Description: In order to test the feasibility of density and viscosity models suitable to explain geoid and dynamic topography in West Antarctica, we perform computations of a thermal plume that enters at the base of a cartesian box corresponding to a region in the upper mantle, as well as some whole-mantle thermal plume models, as well as some instantaneous disk models, with ASPECT. The plume models have typically a narrow conduit and the plume tends to only become wider as it spreads beneath the lithosphere, typically shallower than ~300 km. These results are most consistent with a shallow disk model with reduced uppermost mantle viscosity, hence providing further support for such low viscosities beneath West Antarctica. The data are a supplement to the following article: Steinberger, B., Grasnick, M.-L. & Ludwig, R., Exploring the Origin of Geoid Low and Topography High in West Antarctica: Insights from Density Anomalies and Mantle Convection Models, Tektonika, https://doi.org/10.55575/tektonika2023.1.2.35

Description: The dataset contains a spaceborne hyperspectral image acquired by EnMAP over Berlin, Germany, and surrounding areas on July 24th, 2022. The data was preprocessed to Level 1B format (systematically and radiometrically corrected) and is provided in separate BSQ files for the VNIR and SWIR sensor of the instrument, respectively. The Level 1B product is accompanied by a history file (xml), a metadata file (xml), six quality masks (cirrus, classes, cloud, cloud shadow, haze and snow) as well as quality test flags and pixel masks for the VNIR and SWIR files separately (all TIF format). In addition, this dataset comes with a digital elevation model, COP-DEM-GLO-30-R (ESA, Copernicus) and a Sentinel-2 scene (ESA, Copernicus) as references for geometric and atmospheric correction with the EnMAP processing tool (EnPT). Please note that the two datasets described above are NOT part of the same license as the EnMAP data. The dataset is made publicly available as part of the Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) "Beyond the Visible - EnMAP data access and image preprocessing techniques", available from July 2023. Guidance on preprocessing hyperspectral imagery in general, access to EnMAP data and a hands-on tutorial on preprocessing of EnMAP data with EnPT in the EnMAP-Box (QGIS plugin) are provided as videos at the HYPERedu YouTube channel, the MOOC course page and the EnPT documentation. More information about the EnMAP mission can be found on the mission website and in Guanter et al. (2016) and Storch et al. (2023).

Description: The software is provided as an executable python module. The software automatically analyzes the files present in the data publication. The results are saved in the form of the images presented in the main publication. Each figure is implemented as a dedicated function that first loads the necessary data, then does some processing steps, such as curve fitting, and then plots the outputs in the desired layout. A 'main' function calls all figure functions sequentially. However, the packages is modular so that each individual plot has a standalone function which could be used with other, similarly structured data. Several submodules provide additional data for plotting, e.g. the 'groups' submodule that contains naming schemes and the densities for all samples.

Description: For the integration of this dataset, several research articles were collected from the catalog of The Global Heat Flow Data Assessment Project. Specifically, those that reported heat flow values within Mexican territory and in the country's surrounding seas. The updated database now comprises 1230 heat-flow determinations compiled from 25 different publications. Within this dataset, 49% of the entries represent continental heat-flow data (onshore), while the remaining 51% correspond to marine data (offshore). This data set covers a period from 1970 to 2022. Notably, 92% of the reported heat flow values were obtained via direct temperature measurements (47% through borehole drilling and 45% through probe sensing), while the remaining data (8%) were estimated from indirect methods, such as geothermometer and Curie depth temperature calculations. The data are presented according to the standards defined by the World Heat Flow Database Project and the International Heat Flow Commission (Fuchs et al., 2023).

Description: Within the Inter-Wind project we study wind turbine (WT) emissions with ground motion and acoustic measurements which are accompanied by the acquisition of meteorological parameters as well as psychological surveys of residents living in the vicinity of the wind farms. Measurements are conducted on the Swabian Alb in Southern Germany at wind farms Tegelberg and Lauterstein in multiple interdisciplinary campaigns. Here we focus on measurements with line and ring layouts which are directed at improving the prediction of ground-motion emissions of WTs. This dataset contains recorder log files. Seismic data is stored at GEOFON, network 4C (2020 - 2024, Ritter and Gaßner 2022).

Description: The idea for the Green Recovery Tracker was born in spring 2020 when governments started making announcements on economic Corona recovery measures. From a climate and resilience perspective it is key that those recovery packages, investments and subsidies are in line with long-term climate and sustainability targets. Thus, recovery packages should not only boost the economy in the short-term, but also strike the path to a just transition towards climate neutrality. Against this background, Wuppertal Institute and E3G have launched the Green Recovery Tracker project in late summer 2020 to shed light on the following questions: What can be considered an effective green recovery? What are good examples, which can be used as an inspiration for recovery programs aiming to support sustainable development? Where do the individual Member States stand with respect to aligning their recovery activities with the climate policy agenda? In this report, you will find our Methodology as well our Policy Briefing highlighting our key takeaways of our country and sectoral analyses. It further includes a section on "What can we learn from our experience with the Green Recovery Tracker?". The briefing concludes with a "Guidance for future funding programs and achieving climate targets overall".

Description: Within the Shaping Digitalisation project, we aim to highlight and discuss the opportunities that digitalisation can bring to Germany. In particular, we are discussing three stand-out areas where action is most needed to achieve ecological transformation: mobility, the circular economy, and agriculture and food. This report addresses the second area in need of action. Up until now, discussions on the circular economy have been limited to recycling and the re-use of materials. We must expand the scope of these discussions to include new, resource-efficient business models and the comprehensive transformation of value chains and industrial structures. Our analysis has found that digitalisation is indispensable for this transformation if used properly. We hope this report will provide the impetus needed to kick-start a climate- and resource-friendly industrial transformation in Germany. Here, we have incorporated the findings of our interdisciplinary workshop on "Shaping the Digital-Ecological Industrial Transformation - Business Models and Political Framework Conditions for Climate and Resource Protection" that was attended by experts from international research institutes, civil organizations, public authorities, and private companies.

Description: On the basis of a literature research, this subtask develops a conceptional framework for a common understanding of CE within the project team and for the following work packages and tasks. After a brief introduction into the objectives and the context of a circular economy, a more elaborated look into the necessity of an explicit understanding of CE, the objectives, the spatial perspective of CE and the specific challenges within the CICERONE context will be done, in order to develop a basis for a common understanding within the project context. Circular economy can and has to be understood as an (eco-)innovation agenda. Therefore, the paper investigates the role policy has to play to support innovation for a CE transition, for creating the framework conditions and why CE has also to be build from the ground up. Finally, the paper looks from two perspectives at emerging trends and business models in a CE to sketch next steps towards the transition in a selection of central sectors. Conclusions are drawn on the basis of the insights gained by the preceding chapters.

Description: The key objective of this deliverable is to gain insights on and assess how CE is being implemented and R&I is being funded at regional level, e.g., via the RIS3 strategy and Structural Funds. As such it sets the scope for the project and provides the background against which programmes and measures can be understood, assessed, developed and recommended in succinct tasks and work packages. The objective of this report is to provide a concise overview of the current R&I priorities, as expressed in running and newly introduced funding and legislative measures with respect to Circular Economy in European countries and regions.

Description: A main goal of this study - which also functions as deliverable 210078-D07 of the Circular Economy Beacons (CEB) project - is to evaluate currently available frameworks that measure and operationalise Circular Economy (CE), with a particular focus on the urban context. The regional focus lies on the Western Balkan region, which is at the centre of the project. Such "Urban Circularity Hotspot Frameworks" (UCHF) aim at providing decision support for policy makers, companies, citizens etc. regarding the transition to CE within cities. Based on the analysis of different frameworks, suggestions are derived regarding UCHF suitable for the specific characteristics of Western Balkan municipalities, i.e. a Circular Economy Beacons Urban Circularity Hotspot Framework (CEB-UCHF) ready for short-term implementation.

Description: A sectoral perspective can help the Global Stocktake (GST) to effectively achieve its objective to inform Parties' in enhancing subsequent NDCs and in enhancing international cooperation. Specifically, granular and actionable sectoral lessons, grounded in country-driven assessments, should be identified and elaborated. To be effective, conversations on sectoral transformations need to synthesise key challenges and opportunities identified in the national analyses and link them to international enablers; focus on systemic interdependencies, involve diverse actors, and be thoroughly prepared including by pre-scoping points of convergences and divergence across transformations. We specifically recommend that: the co-facilitators of the Technical Dialogue use their (limited) mandate to facilitate an effective conversationon sectoral transformations e.g. by organising dedicated informal seminars in between formal negotiation sessions; key systemic transformations necessary toachieve net-zero by mid-century should be spelled out and included in the final decision or political declaration of the GST; and the political outcome of the GST should mandate follow-up processes at the regional level and encourage national-level conversations to translate the collective messages from GST into actionable and sector-specific policy recommendations.

Description: This paper analyses the potential of digital information technology to enable the reliable provision of product information along the plastics supply chain. The authors investigate the possible contribution of a product passport equipped with decentralised identifiers and verifiable credentials to overcome information deficits and information asymmetry in the circular plastics economy. Through this, high-quality plastics recycling could be enabled on a larger scale than currently possible.

Description: A large number and variety of activities are being undertaken to introduce Digital Product Passports (DPPs). However, only a few DPPs have made it into practice so far, so there is some uncertainty about which impact DPPs will actually have. With this paper, we aim to provide a structured overview of the current development of DPPs. We provide insights of 76 current corporate, policy, and research activities that exist and their objectives. To allow for a structured assessment and discussion of the diverse approaches we defined 13 criteria for a comparable description, categorization and evaluation. We expect that this overview will not only encourage feedback and contributions from the DPP community, as well as valuable discussions with and among experts. It is also intended to help promote and facilitate the adoption of DPPs for the Circular Economy by facilitating collaborations and suggestions for ongoing activities.