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  • Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory  (137)
  • Canberra : Australian Gov. Publ. Service  (14)
  • English  (151)
  • Portuguese
  • 1975-1979  (151)
  • 1
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    Detecting structural heat losses with mobile infrared thermography; Part IV: Estimating quantitative heat loss at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/33
    In: CRREL Report, 76-33
    In: Detecting structural heat losses with mobile infrared thermography / R.H. Munis, S.J. Marshall and M.A. Bush, Part IV
    Description / Table of Contents: During the winter of 1973-74 a mobile infrared thermography system was used to survey campus buildings at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire. Both qualitative and quantitative data are presented regarding heat flow through a small area of a wall of one brick dormitory building before and after installation of aluminum reflectors between radiators and the wall. These data were used to estimate annual cost savings for 22 buildings of similar construction having aluminum reflectors installed behind 1100 radiators. The data were then compared with the actual savings which were calculated from condensate meter data. The discrepancy between estimated and actual annual cost savings is explained in detail along with all assumptions required for these calculations.
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    Pages: iii, 14 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-33
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9533
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Turbulent heat transfer in large aspect channels (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/13
    In: CRREL Report, 79-13
    Description / Table of Contents: Heat transfer in turbulent flow was measured in a rectangular channel with a width of 0.254 m and a flow depth of 0.0254 m. Correlations between the Nusselt and Reynolds numbers are given for a range of 3020 Re 22360. A Prandtl number range of 9.90 or = Pr or = 12.28 for water was used in the tests. The results are compared with those of other investigations and show that some well-known correlations underpredict the heat transfer by about 35%.
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    Pages: ii, 5 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-13
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA071003
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9011
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Ultrasonic velocity investigations of crystal anisotropy in deep ice cores from Antarctica (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/10
    In: CRREL Report, 79-10
    Description / Table of Contents: Ice cores from Byrd Station and Little America V have been used to test an ultrasonic technique for evaluating crystal anisotropy in the Antarctic Ice Sheet. P-wave velocities measured parallel and perpendicular to the vertical axes of cores from the 2164-m-thick ice sheet at Byrd Station have yielded results in excellent agreement with the observed c-axis fabric profile and with the in-situ P-wave velocity profile measured parallel to the bore hole axis. Velocity differences in excess of 140 m/s for core samples from deeper than 1300 m attest to the strong single pole clustering of crystallographic c-axes about the vertical, especially in the zone from 1300-1800 m. Such oriented structure is compatible only with strong horizontal shearing in this zone. The existence in an ice sheet of widespread shearing several hundred meters above its bed raises serious questions as to the validity of current concepts of the flow of large ice masses that tend to gloss over or ignore crystal alignments of this magnitude.
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    Pages: IV, 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-10
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA071451
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9009
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Laboratory measurements Sample sources Ultrasonic velocity measurements Effects of inclined drilling at Byrd Station Results Byrd Station Little America V Summary and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 4
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    Mechanics of cutting and boring; Part VIII: dynamics and energetics of continuous belt machines (1978)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/11
    In: CRREL Report, 78-11
    In: Mechanics of cutting and boring, Part VIII
    Description / Table of Contents: The report deals with forces and power requirements for cutting machines of the belt type, as exemplified by large chain saws and ladder trenchers. The forces of single cutting tools are considered, and related to the overall forces on a cutter bar. Forces are related to power, and sources of loss are identified. Tractive thrust and normal reaction are analyzed and used to assess the traction, weight and balance.
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    Pages: vi, 24 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-11
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9272
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Foreword Introduction Terminology Tool forces Number of active cutting teeth Tool force and chain force Chain power Tool turce and belt power Tractive thrust and normal reaction Traction of carrier vehicles Power/weight ratio Cutter bar moments Specific energy Performance index Power density Apparent belt pressure Acceleratin and transport of cuttings Examples
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  • 5
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    Vanadium and other elements in Greenland ice cores (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/24
    In: CRREL Report, 76-24
    Description / Table of Contents: Chemical analysis of surface snows and deeper ice core samples from Milcent, Greenland, indicates a marine origin for Na and Cl and a terrestrial origin for Al, Mn and V. Pre-1900 enrichment factors, based on average crustal composition, are high for Zn and Hg and appear to be related to their volatility. A comparison of pre-1900 and 1971-1973 concentrations of V and Hg shows no decided increase from industrial production; however, the abundance of Zn (relative to Al) increased three-fold during this time period. The chemical composition of ancient ice is extremely useful in interpreting modern aerosols.
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    Pages: ii, 6 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-24
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9540
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    Baseline data on the oceanography of Cook Inlet, Alaska (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/25
    In: CRREL Report, 76-25
    Description / Table of Contents: The primary objective of this investigation was to compile baseline information pertaining to the ocean circulation, especially the extent and patterns of tidal currents and tidal flushing, in Cook Inlet, Alaska, utilizing aircraft and satellite imagery with corroborative ground truth data. LANDSAT-1 and NOAA-2 and -3 imagery provided repetitive, synoptic views of surface currents, water mass migration and sediment distribution during different seasons and tides. Color, color infrared and thermal infrared imagery acquired on 22 July 1972 with the NASA NP-3A aircraft were used to analyze currents, mixing patterns and sediment dispersion in selected areas. Temperature(C), salinity (0/00) and suspended sediment concentration (mg/l) data and hand-held photography were utilized as ground truth information in the interpretation of the aircraft and satellite imagery. Coriolis effect, semidiurnal tides and the Alaska current govern the estuary circulation. Clear, oceanic water enters the inlet on the southeast during flood tide, progresses northward along the east shore with minor lateral mixing, and remains a distinct water mass to the latitude of Kasilof-Ninilchik. South of the forelands, mixing with turbid inlet water becomes extensive. Turbid water moves south primarily along the north shore during ebb tide and a shear zone between the two water masses forms in mid-inlet south of Kalgin Island. Currents adjacent to and north of the forelands are complicated by tidal action, coastal configuration and bottom effects. Turbulence is greatest throughout the water column along the south shore and stratification is more pronounced in Kamishak and Kachemak Bays, especially when fresh water runoff is high.
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    Pages: ix, 92 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-25
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9541
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric (SI) units of measurement. Introduction Background Objectives Project history Approach Aircraft imagery LANDSAT-1 imagery NOAA-2 and -3 satellite imagery Ground truth data Imagery and ground truth data analysis Physical and cultural setting Geography Geology Climate Hydrology Local industry and population density Sources of estuarine pollution Results and discussion Coastal configuration Bathymetry Tides Asymmetry of tidal flow/duration across inlet Suspended sediment distribution and circulation Sea ice Tidal flushing characteristics Summary and conclusions Applications Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. RS-14 infrared scanner imagery
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  • 7
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    Analysis of explosively generated ground motions using Fourier techniques (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/28
    In: CRREL Report, 76-28
    Description / Table of Contents: Fourier transforms of selected ground-motion time histories from five underground high-explosive and nuclear detonations are used to define the transmission properties (Transfer functions) of three rock types. Absorption, a measure of a rock's energy dissipating characteristics, is expressed for each of the tests as a function of the frequency of transmission. Dispersion results from a variation in transmission velocity with frequency and is described for each test by a phase velocity spectrum. The transmission properties from one of the sites are used to predict a ground-motion time history at that site from another nuclear event. The potential use of Fourier techniques to make ground-motion predictions and to measure in-situ material properties is discussed.
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    Pages: vi, 91 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-28
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9525
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Section I: Introduction Section II: Analytical procedures 1. Fourier transforms 2. Basic transform properties 3. Transform techniques 4. The transfer function Section II: Parameter studies and program evaluations 1. Analytical parameter study 2. I-TRAIN evaluation 3. S-TRAIN evaluation Section IV: Data 1. DATEX I 2. DATEX II 3. STARMET 4. MINERAL LODE 5. HARD HAT and PILEDRIVER Section V: Analysis of transformed data 1. Absorption 2. Dispersion 3. Transfer function Section VI: Fourier synthesis Section VII: Discussion Literature cited Appendix A: The Fourier integral and series Appendix B: Subroutine FOURT used in analysis Appendix C: I-TRAIN and S-TRAIN programs
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  • 8
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    Grounded ice in the fast ice zone along the Beaufort Sea coast of Alaska (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/32
    In: CRREL Report, 76-31
    Description / Table of Contents: Four large grounded multi-year shear ridge formations were found in the grounded ice subzone of the fast ice zone near the Harrison Bay/Prudhoe Bay area of Alaska. A 166-m-long cross section of one of these formations was obtained by leveling and sonar measurements. These measurements revealed that the maximum ridge height was 12.6 m and that the formation was grounded in 17-18 m of water. The salinity, temperature, brine volume and density of the ice were determined on samples obtained by coring. The physical characteristics of the formations as observed in satellite, SLAR and aerial imagery indicate that these formations have not moved between the time of their formation in the fall of 1974 and August of 1976. Evidence of significant aeolian debris discoloring the ice is discussed.
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    Pages: iv, 27 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-32
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9534
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Background Fast ice study area Results and discussion Literature cited
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  • 9
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    Analysis of potential ice jam sites on the Connecticut River at Windsor, Vermont (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/31
    In: CRREL Report, 76-31
    Description / Table of Contents: Sections in the Connecticut River where ice jam potential is high were identified through the use of low-altitude black and white photographs taken during low-flow, ice-free conditions. The hydraulics and mechanics of ice jam initiation were investigated in the river reach where these sections were identified. Certain areas were found in the river that had a high susceptibility to ice clogging, but this high potential decreased with increasing discharge because of the improved surface conveyance of the ice through the reach. The stability of ice floes was established along the channel, but the floes generally became unstable as the flow increased. This was calculated by using a Froude number criterion. Grounding locations for ice became evident when the critical Froude number was zero for a given thickness and water depth. No single factor was determined to be responsible for initiating the ice jams in the Connecticut River at Windsor. Apparently there existed a multitude of interacting conditions: surface constrictions, possible high backwater conditions from the Brattleboro Dam, a solid ice cover in the backwater of the Brattleboro Dam that prevented ice transport from the Windsor area, deep pools followed by shallow depth sections upstream of bridge piers, a greater ice thickness accumulation of fragmented floes than would result if a uniform cover could be established in the same reach, and the diurnal fluctuation of river stage casued by the release of water at Wilder Dam.
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    Pages: vi, 39 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-31
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9535
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Testsite Aerial photography Channel morphology — Interpretation of aerial photographs Ground surveys Hydraulic analysis Analysis of ice jam locations Winter field observations Conclusions Literature cited Appendix: Locations and plots of cross sections from Sumner Falls to Chase Island, Connecticut River
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  • 10
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    Geodetic positions of borehole sites of the Greenland Ice Sheet Program (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/41
    In: CRREL Report, 76-41
    Description / Table of Contents: Eight Geoceiver stations were established and suitably marked along or near the crestiline of the Greenland ice sheet during GISP field operations from 1971 to 1975. At one of these stations, DYE-3, repeated Geoceiver positions indicate an ice velocity of 12.7 m.yr on an azimuth of approximately 60 degrees. Data from the International Greenland Glaciological Expedition (EGIG) surveys show that ice flow in the vicinity of Crete is radiating outward from a dome to the south. Two independent calculations of the state of equilibrium at Crete indicate ice sheet thinning rates of 0.25 to 0.37 m/yr, while direct measurement of elevation change by EGIG indicates an ice sheet thickening rate of difference of 0.06 m/yr. Resolution of these differences must await further geophysical work and deep drilling in the ice sheet.
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    Pages: iii, 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-41
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9490
    Language: English
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  • 11
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    Suppression of ice fog from cooling ponds (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/43
    In: CRREL Report, 76-43
    Description / Table of Contents: Ice fog generated at the Eielson AFB power plant cooling pond contributes heavily to the total ice fog problem on the base. Several methods for ice fog suppression were studied and two techniques were tested experimentally. Experiments were also conducted to determine the magnitude of the various modes of heat transfer within the pond's microclimate. Values of evaporative and radiative heat loss during ice fog are presented. Ice cover is shown to be an effective ice fog suppression technique. Monomolecular films are also shown to be effective and offer some unique advantages, such as ease of application and low overall cost. The heat normally lost to evaporation must be dissipated by other means during suppression. With the ice cover technique this is accomplished by melting the ice cover. During suppression with monomolecular films, the heat must be dissipated by increasing radiative and convective losses. The simplicity of application of monomolecular films, along with their lower cost, combine to make this technique attractive; however, the lower pond temperatures and increased suppression effectiveness weigh heavily in favor of the ice-cover technique.
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    Pages: viii, 86 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-43
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9488
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Section I. Ice fog Section II. Evaporation Bowen's equation Evaporation equation Evaporation measurements during ice fog conditions Evaporation measurements at Eielson Power Plant cooling pond Data analysis Section Ill. Radiation during ice fog Brunt's equation Ångström equation Elsasser's equation Cloud cover Reflection Field experimental results Analysis of experimental results Radiation equations for ice fog Transmissivity of ice fog Radiation model Wind effect Summary Section IV. Convection Convective heat transfer theory Rotem and Claassen equation Kay's approach Russian approach Analysis Heat budget at the surface Conclusions Section V. Ice fog suppression techniques Fans Injection wells Latent heat storage Monomolecular films Use of heated water from the cooling pond Section VI. Latent heat storage experiments Freezing rates Cooling pond Ice building Ice growth rate -maximum system limitation Evaporation heat loss -maximum Realistic growth rate Ice building techniques Ice volume measurements Melting experiments Ice fog suppression considerations Experimental results Section VII. Recommendations and conclusions Hexadecanol studies Injection well suppression Latent heat storage suppression Comparison of approaches Measurements of evaporation Measurements of radiation loss Convective heat losses Ice fog suppression Selected bibliography Appendix A. Convective heat transfer coefficient from water to ice and from ice to air
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  • 12
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    Effect of temperature on the strength of frozen silt (1977)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-77/3
    In: CRREL Report, 77-3
    Description / Table of Contents: Tests were conducted in uniaxial compression and tension to determine the effect of temperature on the strength of frozen Fairbanks silt. Test temperatures ranged from 0 C to -56.7 C. Two machine speeds, 4.23 cm/sec and 0.0423 cm/sec, were used for the constant displacement rate tests. From the highest to the lowest temperature, the compressive strength increased up to about one order of magnitude and the tensile strength increased one-half an order of magnitude. Equations are presented which correlate strength with temperature at the strain rates obtained. The initial tangent and 50% strength moduli and the specific energy are given for each test. The mode of fracture and the effects of unfrozen water content and ice matrix strengthening are discussed, and the test results are compared with the data of other investigations.
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    Pages: iv, 27 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 77-3
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9479
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sample preparation Apparatus and testing procedure Test results Discussion Compressive strength Tensile strength Initial tangent and 50% stress moduli Specific energy Mode of failure Strength as a function of unfrozen water Thermal activation Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited
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  • 13
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    Defensive works of subarctic snow (1977)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-77/6
    In: CRREL Report, 77-6
    Description / Table of Contents: It has been reported that small arms projectiles are inherently unstable in snow and that snow has an unexpectedly high ability to stop them and other fast-moving projectiles. Field tests showed that the typical subarctic snow of interior Alaska can be used effectively to provide protection from both rifle and machine gun fire. The undisturbed snow had an average density of 0.18 g/cu. cm., but simple processing, such as shoveling, increased the density to around 0.34 g/cu. cm. Further processing increased the density to above o.40 g/cm3 but densities much above that value were difficult to obtain with simple hand equipment. Tests of the M16 rifle and M60 and M2HB machine guns showed that bullet penetration was inversely related to density - the higher the density the lower the bullet penetration. Design values for the three weapons were determined. A number of types of snow trenches and structures were designed and tested. They were found to provide good protection, in part since bullets showed a strong tendency to ricochet from the snow surface when striking it at a low angle. Burlap bags were filled with snow to revet structures and worked very well. Several types of Russian defensive works of snow were tested but proved unsuitable in the light, weak subarctic snow. The times required for troops to build several types of structures using only shovels and scoops were recorded.
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    Pages: vi, 23 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 77-6
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9486
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Background Objectives Subarctic snow General Snow processing Construction productivity Shovel capacity Snow piles Bullet behavior and penetration in snow Test procedure M16 M60 ball M60 tracers .50 caliber Tumbling Bullet deformation and breakage Design penetration values Defensive works of snow Revetments Snow bags The snow trench The hardened snow trench Breastworks and bunkers Evaluation of foreign technology Russian expedient snow trenches Snow blocks and block structures The snow arch An expedient shelter Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited
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  • 14
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    Some characteristics of grounded floebergs near Prudhoe Bay, Alaska (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/34
    In: CRREL Report, 76-34
    Description / Table of Contents: Some physical characteristics of two grounded floebergs (fragments of multi-year pressure ridges) near Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, are described. Cross-sectional profiles of the sails and keels of both floebergs were obtained. A sail to keel ratio of 1 to 3.38 obtained with one floeberg was found to be in good agreement with previous investigations. A survey of the sea floor for evidence of scoring induced during grounding yielded a maximum depth of gouging of 1.1m. Additional studies included investigations of the internal structure of the floebergs, and a brief examination of the organic and sedimentary debris found entrained within the floebergs. The grounding of ice on the continental shelves of the Arctic is of considerable interest to those concerned with the development and impact of development of these continental shelves. The field study reported here provides information useful in assessing the nature and characteristics of interactions between floebergs and the sea bed on which they are grounded.
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    Pages: iii, 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-34
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9532
    Language: English
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  • 15
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    Rheological implications of the internal structure and crystal fabrics of the West Antarctic ice sheet as revealed by deep core drilling at Byrd Station (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/35
    In: CRREL Report, 76-35
    Description / Table of Contents: Crystalline textures and fabrics of ice cores from the 2164-m-thick ice sheet at Byrd Station, Antarctica, reveal the existence of an anisotropic ice sheet. A gradual but persistent increase in the c-axis preferred orientation of the ice crystals was observed between the surface and 1200m. This progressive growth of an oriented crystal fabric is accompanied by a 20-fold increase in crystal sized between 56 and 600m, followed by virtually no change in crystal size between 6000 and 1200m. A broad vertical clustering of c-axes develops by 1200m. Between 1200 and 1300 m the structure transforms into a fine-grained mosaic of crystals with their basal glide planes now oriented substantially within the horizontal. This highly oriented fine-grained structure, which persists to 1800m, is compatible only with a strong horizontal shear deformation in this part of the ice sheet. Rapid transformation from single- to multiple-maximum fabrics occurs below 1800m. This transformation, accompanied by the growth of very large crystals, is attributed to the overriding effect of relatively high temperatures in the bottom layers of old ice at Byrd Station rather than to a significant decrease in stress. The zone of single-maximum fabrics between 1200 and 1800 m also contains numerous layers of volcanic dust. Fabrics of the very fine-grained ice associated with these dust bands indicate the bands are actively associated with shearing in the ice sheet. Some slipping of ice along the bedrock seems likely at Byrd Station, since the basal ice is at the pressure melting point and liquid water is known to exist at the ice/rock interface.
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    Pages: v, 30 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-35
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9304
    Language: English
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  • 16
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    An analysis of plastic shock waves in snow (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/29
    In: CRREL Report, 79-29
    Description / Table of Contents: An analytical study of the propagation of shock waves in snow was carried out to evaluate the response of medium density snow to high rates of loading. One solution was developed for steady shock waves; this resulted in calculation of pressure jump, density jump and stress wave speed. Correlation with available experimental data was found to be good. Nonsteady shock waves were also considered in order to evaluate wave attenuation rates in snow. Very few data were available to compare with the analytical results, so no definite conclusions on the part of the study could be made. The results show, however, that shock waves that produce plastic deformation attenuate at extremely high rates and that differences in pressure between two waves are quickly eliminated within a short distance. Calculations were also made to evaluate the effect of wave frequency on attenuation rates. The results show that, for plastic waves, frequency is not a predominant factor for determining attenuation rates.
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    Pages: v, 14 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-29
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6071
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9189
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature I. Introduction II. A constitutive law for snow and balance principles III. Compatibility laws and jump equations for stress waves IV. Steady shock waves in snow V. Comparison of steady-wave theory with experimental results VI. A numerical solution to the nonsteady wave problem VII. Jump equations for nonsteady shock waves VIII. Reduced jump equations Discussion and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 17
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    Electron microscope investigations of frozen and unfrozen bentonite (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/28
    In: CRREL Report, 79-28
    Description / Table of Contents: Transmission and scanning electron micrographs of Umiat bentonite revealed thin, mica-like grains with irregular shapes. Most of the bentonite showed electron diffraction ring patterns, but some showed hexagonal net patterns as well as ring patterns. The lengths of the unit cells were calculated to be 5.18 A along the a-axis and 8.97 A along the b-axis. Semiquantitative analyses were made using an energy dispersive spectrometer. Common elements such as Si, Ti, Al, Fe, Mg, Na and K were determined. The molecular ratio of SiO2:Al2O3 was calculated to be 492:100 for the bulk sample, indicating that Umiat bentonite is similar in most respects to Wyoming bentonite, and is classified as a mont-morillonite. The microstructure of frozen Umiat bentonite was observed at a specimen temperature of -100 C using a scanning electron microscope equipped with a cold stage. Frozen bentonite and segregated ice patterns formed from wet bentonite were examined using an X-ray map and Si X-ray line scan. Sublimation processes of ice in the frozen bentonite were observed at specimen temperatures of -60 and -80 C. After sublimation of the ice the bentonite displayed a honeycomb structure. It was concluded that the freezing-sublimation cycle in frozen soil increases the permeability of water vapor due to the three-dimensional structure of the coagulated clay formed by freezing.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 14 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-28
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/7067
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9104
    Language: English
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  • 18
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    Charged dislocation in ice : I. Existence and charge density measurement by X-Ray topography (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/25
    In: CRREL Report, 79-25
    In: Charged dislocation in ice, I.
    Description / Table of Contents: The motion of dislocations in single crystal ice under an electric field was observed by using X-ray topographic methods. Electric charge density on these dislocations was deduced from the amplitude and length of the dislocation segment under the known AC electrical field. The most likely linear charge density was about +5x10^-11 c/m, although considerable variation is possible depending on the effective field acting on the dislocation lines.
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    Pages: iii, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-25
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9268
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Theory Experimental apparatus and procedure Results Discussion Concluding remarks Selected bibliography Appendix A. Mosotti type field on core of cylindrical cavity
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  • 19
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    Antifreeze-thermodrilling for core through the central part of the Ross Ice Shelf (J-9 Camp), Antarctica (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/24
    In: CRREL Report, 79-24
    Description / Table of Contents: By using a new thermocoring technique, a hole was successfully drilled through the 416-m thickness of the Ross Ice Shelf at J-9 Camp. This report provides a description of the drill and an account of this drilling project. A provisional examination of the core shows the ice shelf to consist of 410 m of snow and glacial ice underlain by 6 m of sea ice formed by direct freezing of sea water to the bottom of the Ross Ice Shelf.
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    Pages: ii, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-24
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA078748
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9267
    Language: English
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  • 20
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    Effects of seasonal changes and ground ice on electromagnetic surveys of permafrost (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/23
    In: CRREL Report, 79-23
    Description / Table of Contents: The performance of surface impedance and magnetic induction electromagnetic subsurface exploration techniques was studied seasonally at various sites in Alaska where permafrost and massive ground ice occurred. The surface impedance method, which uses radiowaves in the LF and VLF bands, and the magnetic induction method, which uses low-frequency magnetic induction fields, distinguish subsurface materials by the electrical resistivity of the materials. The methods used have greatest sensitivity within about 20 m of the surface and are, therefore, most applicable for shallow subsurface investigations. The selection of study sites was based on anticipated contrasts in electrical resistivity between ground ice and adjacent earth materials. A magnetic induction instrument, using a separation of 3.66-m between the transmitter and receiver antennas, in general was able to detect near-surface zones of massive ice and to provide data regarding permafrost distribution in both the Fairbanks and Prudhoe Bay areas. At this antenna separation, the depth of magnetic field penetration was sufficient to include mainly the zone containing maximum contrasts in resistivity between ground ice and other earth materials. In the Fairbanks area, contrasts, in this zone were greatest in late winter when the seasonally thawed surface layer was completely frozen. When thawed, this layer usually becomes more conductive and often masks the deeper resistivity contrasts. In the Prudhoe Bay area, maximum ground resistivity contrasts were detected in late summer when shallow subsurface temperatures had risen sufficiently to permit resistivity contrasts between the massive ice and the ice-rich ground to appear.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 24 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-23
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA077903
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9110
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Obiectives and procedures Ground electrical resistivity in permafrost regions Electromagnetic techniques General Magnetic induction method Surface impedance fradiowave method Direct current method General description of field sites Results Site 1 CRREL permafrost station, Fairbanks, Alaska Site 2 Planned road cut for Steese Highway near Fox, Alaska Site 3 Relic floodplain near Fairbanks, Alaska Site 4 Pingos, Prudhoe Bay, Alaska Site 5 Ice wedges, Prudhoe Bay, Alaska Comparisons between the surface impedance and magnetic induction methods Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Discussion of the depth of sensitivity of the magnetic induction method using two- and three-layer apparent resistivity curves
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  • 21
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    Some Bessel function identities arising in ice mechanics problems (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/27
    In: CRREL Report, 79-27
    Description / Table of Contents: Some Bessel function identities found by solving problems of the deflection of a floating ice plate by two different methods are rigorously proved. The master formulas from which all the identities are derived are in a Fourier reciprocal relationship, connecting a Hankel function to an exponential function. Many new formulas can be derived from the master formulas. The analytical method presented here now opens the way to study a hitherto impossible type of problem--the deflection of floating elastic plates of various shapes and boundary conditions.
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    Pages: ii, 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-27
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA078709
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9089
    Language: English
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  • 22
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    Lake Champlain ice formation and ice free dates and predictions from meteorological indicators (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/26
    In: CRREL Report, 79-26
    Description / Table of Contents: A 19-year record of the annual closing and opening dates of operation of the Lake Champlain ferry at Grand Isle, Vermont, which are controlled by the lake's ice cover, was made available to CRREL. These navigation records accurately approximated the freeze-over and breakup dates for the ferry crossing area between Gordon Landing, Vermont, and Cumberland Head, New York. When compared statistically with water temperature and climatological data for the same years at nearby Lake Champlain locations, the dates allowed accurate predictions of ice formation. From nearby air temperature records, cumulative freezing degree-day (deg C) curves were plotted for each year of record, and ice formation dates and standard deviations were predicted with considerable accuracy. Several methods of predicting ice formation on Lake Champlain were attempted. The most accurate approach used a combination of water temperatures and freezing degree-days. The influence of wind speed on ice cover formation and prediction are also discussed in the report.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-26
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA079640
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9269
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Data tabulation and collection Air temperatures 11-reezing degree-days Water temperatures Closing and opening dates Results Air temperature Freezing degree-days Water temperatures Analysis: Attempted methods of predicting ice formation Predicting air temperatures 8Summer water temperatures Fall water temperatures and freezing degree-days Wind speed influence on closing of the lake Water temperature vs surface air temperature analysis Prediction of ice-out dates Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Freezing degree-day curves with ice notations and watertemperature notations Appendix B. Summary
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  • 23
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    Failure of an ice bridge (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/29
    In: CRREL Report, 76-29
    Description / Table of Contents: In order to verify current theoretical equations on ice bearing capacity, a heavily loaded truck was used to make successive passes over two ice bridges. Equipment, weather and the normal problems associated with field work resulted in only one complete breakthrough test. Breakthrough occurred on one bridge with a vehicle weight of 53,630 lb (24,327 kg) and an ice thickness of 17.5 in. (44.5 cm). Since only one test was completed, the conclusions drawn cannot be unequivocal. However, the results do indicate that Nevel's equation for ultimate failure of a floating ice sheet is a good working tool.
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    Pages: iv, 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-29
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9523
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Location Test procedure Loading Site preparation and bridge construction Deflection measurements Conclusions Literature cited Appendix, Test data
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  • 24
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    Thermodynamic deformation of wet snow (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/44
    In: CRREL Report, 76-44
    Description / Table of Contents: The deformation of wet snow is explained in terms of the thermodynamics of the three phases of water. When deformation by particle rearrangement is fully developed, deformation can occur most rapidly by melting at the particle contacts. The rate of deformation is highly sensitive to the liquid water content, ionic impurity content, particle contact area, and stress level. A model of the hydrostatic deformation of wet snow is constructed, and examples of the deformation of wet snow are given for a variety of conditions. These results are in agreement with existing experimental evidence. The model accurately simulates the transient nature of the deformation and the effect of water content on the quasi-stable density of wet snow subjected to a constant stress.
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    Pages: iv, 9 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-44
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9476
    Language: English
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  • 25
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    Development of large ice saws (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/47
    In: CRREL Report, 76-47
    Description / Table of Contents: This report describes two mechanical ice-cutting systems for the removal of ice collars at the high pool level on the Poe Lock of the St. Marys Falls Canal at Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan. One system was a narrow-kerf (3.25-in.-wide) coal-cutting chain saw mounted on a bar, driven by a 65-hp wheeled trencher. The other system was a lumber-cutting chain saw mounted on a bar, driven by a 30-hp wheeled soil trencher which cut a 0.56-in.-wide kerf. The lumber-cutting saw's bar was too flexible and the desired cutting traverse speed was not met. The coal-cutting saw cut 6-ft-deep ice collars at traverse speeds of up to 10 ft/min and is acceptable. With a few modifications, the coal-cutting saw would be operational.
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    Pages: iii, 20 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-47
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9472
    Language: English
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  • 26
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    Growth history of lake ice in relation to its stratigraphic, crystalline and mechanical structure (1977)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-77/1
    In: CRREL Report, 77-1
    Description / Table of Contents: Studies of the growth history and structural characteristics of winter ice covers on two New Hampshire lakes are described. These investigations included measurements of ice cover thickness, characterization of the stratigraphic and crystalline structure of the ice, identification and classification of major ice types and measurements of electrolytic conductivity. The formation of cracks and flaws in the ice and their effects on the mechanical properties of the ice were also investigated. A method of correlating ice growth with surface wind and temperature measurement is described and the interrelationships of the various physical and mechanical properties of temperate lake ice covers are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 29 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 77-1
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9273
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Study areas Study methods Winter freeze-up Composition of ice cover Freezing degree day records and applications Evaluation of ice growth coefficient α Growth history and entrapped bubble stratigraphy Mechanical properties Electrolytic conductivity Literature cited
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  • 27
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    Sedimentological analysis of the western terminus region of the Matanuska Glacier, Alaska (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/9
    In: CRREL Report, 79-9
    Description / Table of Contents: Sedimentation at the terminus of the Matanuska Glacier has been found to be primarily subaerial in a 100- to 300-m wide, ice-cored zone paralleling the edge of the active ice. Certain physical and chemical characteristics of the ice and debris of the superglacial, englacial and basal zones of the glacier indicate the debris of the basal zone, the primary source of sediment, is entrained during freeze-on of meltwater, probably surficially derived, to the glacier sole. Till formation results from the melting of buried ice of the basal zone. Melt-out till inherits the texture and particle orientations of basal ice debris; other properties are not as well preserved. Most deposits result from resedimentation of till and debris by sediment gravity flows, meltwater sheet and rill flow, slump, spall, and ice ablation. Depositional processes are interrelated in the process of backwasting of ice-cored slopes. Sediment flows are the primary process of resedimentation. Their physical characteristics, multiple mechanisms of flow and deposition, and characteristics of their deposits vary with the water content of the flow mass. Deposits of each process are distinguished from one another by detailed analysis of their internal organization, geometry and dimensions, and the presence of other internal and related external features. Genetic facies are defined by these characteristics. The interrelationship of processes develops a composite depositional sequence defined in terms of genetic facies associations; an upper, resedimented facies association, a middile, till facies association, and a lower, subglacial-resedimental facies association. The lateral and vertical distribution of genetic facies within the associations is mainly nonrepetitive.
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    Pages: X, 112 Seiten , Illustrationen , 1 Beilage
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-9
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA072000
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9016
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Chapter 1. Introduction Field site Historical background Chapter 2. Characteristics of the debris and ice Characteristics of the facies and subfacies Basal zone Characteristics of the debris Discussion Chapter 3. Oxygen isotope analysis Sampling and analysis Results Discussion Chapter 4. Depositional processes—till formation Methods of analysis Environmental setting Till formation Chapter 5. Depositional processes—resedimentation Sediment flows Other resedimentation processes Resedimentation process relationships Chapter 6. Process distribution, sediment dispersal and depositional patterns Physical characteristics Sediment dispersal Sedimentary facies Patterns of terminus sedimentation Chapter 7. Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 28
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    Towing ships through ice-clogged channels by warping and kedging (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/21
    In: CRREL Report, 79-21
    Description / Table of Contents: The report studies the question of whether Great Lakes freighters could move effectively through ice-clogged channels with the aid of tows provided by warping or kedging systems. Ten operational concepts are outlined, and their advantages and disadvantages are noted. The crushing resistance of floating brash ice is then analyzed. The neutral, active and passive states of stress for laterally confined brash ice are considered, and the resistance to horizontal thrusting by a smooth vertical wall is calculated for cohesionless brash ice, and for ice in which there is finite cohesion between the ice fragments. The thickening of the ice cover in the vicinity of a "pusher", and the formation of pressure ridges, are analyzed in order to estimate the amount of pile-up that can occur against a ship hull. The analysis then moves on to consideration of ship resistance by brash ice, taking into account crushing resistance at the bow, tangential friction at the bow, and hull friction aft of the bow section. Comparisons are made between thrust from the ship’s screws and the calculated ice resistance. The next section of the report estimates the force requirements for a warping or kedging system in terms of thrust augmentation for existing vessels. Tow cable requirements are given, and estimates are made for cable anchors and for anchorage of underwater structures. The force and power requirements for winches and windlasses are given, the practical problems involved in the pickup or transfer of cables are mentioned, and the report concludes with a brief appraisal. The conclusion is that a simple warping tug system is appropriate for a full scale experiment, a chain ferry with auxiliary barge seems attractive for an operational system, and a chain ferry plow may be an efficient way to clear ice from channels.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-21
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a077801.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9051
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Operational concepts A. Warping tug system B. Chain ferry system C. Chain ferry with auxiliary barge D. Ski tow system E. Dual winch warping system F. Simple kedging G. Trailing-line system H. Above-surface dual winch system I. Pulley systems J. Chain ferry plow Crushing resistance of fragmented ice covers Resistance to ship passage by broken ice Crushing resistance at the bow Tangential friction at the bow Hull friction aft of the bow section Total ship resistance from brash ice Comparison of ship thrust and ice resistance Force requirements for a warping or kedging system Tow cable requirements Anchors and anchorages Force and power requirements for winches and windlasses Pickup or transfer of cable General appraisal Literature cited
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  • 29
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    Debris of the Chena River (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/26
    In: CRREL Report, 76-26
    Description / Table of Contents: Debris over a 44-mile stretch of the Chena River was studied. The study area extended from the first bridge on the Chena Hot Springs Road to the Chena River Flood Control damsite. The purpose of the study was to assess the potential danger to the Chena River Flood Control Dam outlet structure. Debris was catalogued, log jams were measured, and sources of debris were studied. The average size of logs was determined, as well as the number of logs present on the river. The authors concluded that a serious debris problem existed and would remain serious for the foreseeable future. Recommendations for debris handling were made.
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    Pages: iv, 17 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-26
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9343
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Origin of debris Volume, magnitude Types of debris Hazards of the debris Recommended measures to counteract log jamming Conclusions and recommendations Future work Epilogue Selected bibliography Appendix: Additional photographs of Chena River debris
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  • 30
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    Accelerated ice growth in rivers (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/14
    In: CRREL Report, 79-14
    Description / Table of Contents: Solid ice growth rates due to the presence of frazil slush beneath the ice cover have been shown to be greater than the so-called static growth. The frazil slush reduces the effective heat of ice solidification and the frazil particles freeze into the interstitial water. Numerical schemes are presented which clearly show the effect of frazil ice porosity on ice cover growth rates and the numerical model using air temperature as the major input is compared with field data on ice thickness in a small river laden with frazil ice beneath its cover.
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    Pages: ii, 4 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-14
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA071015
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9219
    Language: English
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  • 31
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    Crystal alignments in the fast ice of Arctic Alaska (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/22
    In: CRREL Report, 79-22
    Description / Table of Contents: Field observations at 60 Sites located in the fast or near-fast ice along a 1200-km stretch of the north coast of Alaska between Bering Strait and Barter Island have shown that the great majority of the ice samples (95%) exhibit striking c-axis alignments within the horizontal plane. Such alignments were usually well developed by the time the ice was 50 cm thick and in some cases when the ice was 20 cm thick. In all cases the degree of preferred orientation increased with depth in the ice. Representative standard deviations around a mean direction in the horizontal plane are commonly less than ± 10° for samples collected near the bottom of the ice. The general patterns of the alignments support a correlation between the preferred c-axis direction and the current direction at the ice/water interface. A comparison between c-axis alignments and spot current measurements made at 42 locations shows that the most frequent current direction coincides with the mean c-axis direction. Such alignments are believed to be the result of geometric selection with the most favored orientation being that in which the current flows normal to the (0001) plates of ice that compose the dendritic sea ice/sea water interface.
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    Pages: v, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-22
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a077188.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9142
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Techniques and sampling Observations Crystal alignments “Odd” sites Causes Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Current observations
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  • 32
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    The critical velocities of a floating ice plate subjected to in-plane forces and a moving load (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/19
    In: CRREL Report, 79-19
    Description / Table of Contents: The critical velocities of loads moving over floating ice plates have been determined by several authors. In all these analyses it was assumed that the in-plane force field in the ice cover is zero. However, due to constrained thermal strains, in-plane forces do occur in the field. The purpose of the present paper is to determine their effect upon the critical velocities of the moving loads. It is shown that a uniform compression force field reduces the critical velocity, whereas a tension force field has the opposite effect.
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    Pages: ii, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-19
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a075455.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9045
    Language: English
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  • 33
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    Roof response to icing conditions (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/17
    In: CRREL Report, 79-17
    Description / Table of Contents: Six test roofs of two different slopes — 16.3° and 39.8°, and three different roof coverings — asphalt shingles, cedar shingles, and corrugated aluminum sheeting, were constructed at USACRREL, Hanover, New Hampshire, and were instrumented with thermocouples, heat flow meters, and calibrated gutters. Measurements were recorded for the winters of 1971-72 and 1972-73. The degree of icing and the chronological changes in the snow cover were recorded on 35-mm Kodachrome slides. It was found that eave icing is a sensitive function of the slope, roof covering composi­tion, and solar radiation. The effects of wind were not investigated; the data were screened to remove all informa­tion corresponding to windspeeds over 8 km/h. In order of increasing tendency to form ice dams on the eaves, the roofs were high-slope asphalt, high-slope cedar, high-slope aluminum, low-slope asphalt, low-slope cedar, and low- slope aluminum.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 40 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-17
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/5287/rec/1
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9047
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Experimental procedure Description of roofs Meteorological data Procedure Analysis General Temperature profiles Temperature rankings Heat flow Snow depths and meltwater volumes Degree of icing Results and conclusions General Temperature profiles of the roofs Comparative temperatures of roofs by section — rankings Heat flow and accumulation Snow depth, coverage, and meltwater Degree of icing Discussion of the icing problem Literature cited
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  • 34
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    Construction and performance of membrane encapsulated soil layers in Alaska (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/16
    In: CRREL Report, 79-16
    Description / Table of Contents: In 1973 two membrane encapsulated soil layer (MESL) test sections were constructed into existing gravel surfaced roads at Elmendorf A FB and at Ft. Wainwright in Anchorage and Fairbanks, Alaska, respectively. The Elmendorf AFB MESL contains a silty clay soil and the Ft. Wainwright MESL contains a nonplastic silt. Both sections were constructed at soil moisture contents of approximately 2% to 3% below optimum for the CE-12 compactive effort. There were no indica­tions of soil moisture migration during freezing in either test section and after-thaw field California Bearing Ratio values were nearly equal to values measured before freezing. There is growing evidence of a slight increase in the overall soil moisture content in the Elmendorf AFB MESL possibly from moisture entering through the single layer polyethylene sidewalls which were not treated with asphalt emulsion. There is good evidence that the membrane of the same section might have received damage during a soil sampling operation which allowed localized moisture infiltration. A two-layer polyethylene membrane used in the Ft. Wainwright MESL is considered a more positive moisture barrier than the single sheet and a justifiable added cost for permanent construction.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 27 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-16
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/5297/rec/1
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9048
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction Laboratory studies General Elmendorf AFB silty clay Fairbanks silt Field studies Elmendorf AFB MESL Ft. Wainwright MESL Traffic use Elmendorf AFB MESL Ft. Wainwright MESL Performance observations Elmendorf AFB MESL Ft. Wainwright MESL Conclusions Elmendorf AFB MESL Ft. Wainwright MESL General Literature cited Appendix A. The MESL concept Appendix B. Classification, compaction, freezing and CBR test results for Fairbanks silt
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    Brine drainage and initial salt entrapment in sodium chloride ice (1975)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-345
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 345
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - List of symbols. - Introduction. - Previous work. - Experimental design. - The radioisotope 22Na. - Description of apparatus. - Experimental procedure. - Correction of profiles. - Assumptions. - Decay correction. - Boundary correction. - Error analysis. - Results. - Salinity data. - Temperature data. - Growth velocity. - Discussion. - Brine and ice properties. - Brine salinity. - Brine density. - Brine volume. - Brine latent heat of freezing. - Brine viscosity, specific heat, and thermal conductivity. - Ice properties. - Theoretical brine expulsion model. - Continuity equations. - Thermal energy equation. - Simplified brine expulsion equations. - Brine expulsion in NaCl ice. - Results. - Discussion. - Gravity drainage in NaCl ice. - Application of results to natural sea ice. - Effective distribution coefficient. - Previous work. - Experimental procedure and results. - Conclusions. - Literature cited. - Appendix A: Profile correction data. - Appendix B: Program "correct" and sample output. - Appendix C: Tabulation of salinity data. - Appendix D: Tabulation of profile data. - Appendix E: Time-ice thickness equations (Runs 2 and 3). - Appendix F: Tabulation of distribution coefficient data.
    Description / Table of Contents: To obtain a better understanding of the desalination of natural sea ice, an experimental technique was developed to measure sequential salinity profiles of a growing sodium chloride ice sheet. Using radioactive 22Na as a tracer, it was possible to determine both the concentration and movement of the brine within the ice without destroying the sample. A detailed temperature and growth history of the ice was also maintained so that the variation of the salinity profiles could be properly interpreted. Since the experimental salinity profile represented a smoothed, rather than a true salinity distribution, a deconvolution method was devised to restore the true salinity profile. This was achieved without any significant loss of end points. In all respects, the salinity profiles are similar to those of natural sea ice. They have a characteristic C-shape, and clearly exhibit the effects of brine drainage. Not knowing the rates of brine expulsion or gravity drainage, the variation of the salinity profiles during the period of ice growth could be explained by either process. To determine the relative importance of the desalination mechanisms, a theoretical brine expulsion model was derived and compared to the experimental data. As input for the model, equations describing the variation of some properties of NaCl brine with temperature were derived. These included the brine salinity, viscosity, specific heat, thermal conductivity, and latent heat of freezing. The theoretical brine expulsion model was derived by performing mass and energy balances over a control volume of NaCl ice. A simplified form of the model, when compared to the experimental results, indicated that brine expulsion was only important during the first several hours of ice growth, and later became a minor desalination process relative to gravity drainage which continued to be the dominant mechanism for the remainder of the study period (up to 6 weeks). The rate of gravity drainage was found to be dependent on the brine volume and the temperature gradient of the ice. As either the brine volume or temperature gradient was increased, the rate of change of salinity due to gravity drainage increased. The equation commonly used to calculate the effective distribution coefficient (Weeks and Lofgren 1967) was modified and improved by taking brine drainage into account. An expression was also derived to give the distribution coefficient at very low growth velocities.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vii, 85 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 345
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA021765
    Language: English
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    Point source bubbler systems to suppress ice (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/12
    In: CRREL Report, 79-12
    Description / Table of Contents: An analysis of a point source bubbler system used to induce local melting of an ice cover is presented. The analysis leads to a numerical simulation programmed in FORTRAN which may be used to predict the effectiveness of such systems. An example application is presented using a typical record of average daily air temperatures. The FORTRAN program for the point source simulation as well as a FORTRAN program for line source systems are included in the Appendix.
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    Pages: iii, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-12
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA071038
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9308
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Outline of analysis Plume analysis Heat transfer analysis Temperature of impinging plume Heat transfer coefficient Melting of the ice cover Simulation example Thermal reserve analysis Literature cited Appendix
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    Energy balance and runoff from a subarctic snowpack (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/27
    In: CRREL Report, 76-27
    Description / Table of Contents: In Part I a physically based model was used to predict daily snowmelt on 2000 m sq plots in the Subarctic. The plots had a range of aspects and inclinations in boreal forest and on the tundra. The energy balance, computed for each of the plots, was compensated for differences in radiative and turbulent energy fluxes caused by varied slope geometry and vegetative cover. The turbulent energy fluxes were also corrected for the effects of the stable stratification of the air over the snow surface. The predictions of the model were compared with daily melts derived from runoff measured on the snowmelt plots. The results show that the method is a good predictor of daily amounts of snowmelt, although some uncertainties are introduced by changes in the snow surface during the melt period. In Part II, a physically based model of the movement of water through snowpacks was used to calculate hydrographs generated by diurnal waves of snowmelt on the tundra and in the boreal forest of subarctic Labrador. The model was tested against measured hydrographs from hillside plots that sampled a range of aspect, gradient, length, vegetative cover, and snow depth and density. The model yielded good results, particularly in the prediction of peak runoff rates, though there was a slight overestimate of the lag time. A comparison of predictions against field measurements indicated that, given the ranges over which each of the controls is likely to vary, the two most critical factors controlling the hydrograph are the snow depth and the melt rate, which must be predicted precisely for short intervals of time. Permeability of the snowpack is another important control, but it can be estimated closely from published values.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: ix, 40 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-27
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9527
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Abstract Preface Summary Notation Scope of the study Part I. Energy balance computations Introduction The experimental sites Instrumentation Theoretical Radiation heat flow Hr Sensible heat flux Hc and latent heat flux He The application of the heat flow model Results and discussion Conclusions and recommendations Part II. Comparison of water runoff computations and measurements Introduction The runoff model The unsaturated zone The saturated layer The field study Instrumentation of the plots Descriptive hydrology Application of the runoff model The unsaturated zone The saturated zone Discussion and conclusions Comparison of predicted and observed hydrographs Factors affecting results Literature cited
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    Remote sensing of land use and water quality relationships - Wisconsin Shore, Lake Michigan (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/30
    In: CRREL Report, 76-30
    Description / Table of Contents: The focus of this investigation was to assess the utility of remote sensing techniques in the study of land use-water quality relationships in an east central Wisconsin test area. The following types of aerial imagery were evaluated for this purpose: high altitude (60,000 ft) color, color infrared, multispectral black and white, and thermal; low altitude (less than 5000 ft) color infrared, multispectral black and white, thermal, and passive microwave. A non-imaging hand-held four-band radiometer was evaluated for utility in providing data on suspended sediment concentrations. Land use analysis includes the development of mapping and quantification methods to obtain baseline data for comparison to water quality variables. Suspended sediment loads in streams, determined from water samples, were related to land use of dfferences and soil types in three major watersheds. A multiple correlation coefficient R of 0.85 was obtained for the relationship between the 0.6-.7 incident and reflected radiation data from the hand-held radiometer and concurrent ground measurements of suspended solids in streams. Applications of the methods and baseline data developed in this investigation include: mapping and quantification of land use; input to watershed runoff models,estimation of effects of land use changes on stream sedimentation; and remote sensing of suspended sediment content of streams. High altitude color infrared imagery was found to be the most acceptable remote sensing technique forthe mapping and measurement of land use types.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 53 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-30
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9521
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric (SI) units of measurement lntroduction Objectives Approach and project history Study area Physical setting Cultural setting Documented pollution sources in the study area Evaluation of imagery Photographic imagery Thermal imagery PMIS imagery Land use analysis Analysis of 1972 imagery Analysis of 1974 imagery Soils of Manitowoc, East Twin and Oconto River watersheds Manitowoc River watershed East Twin River watershed Oconto River watershed Water quality data Manitowoc River East Twin River Oconto River Land use/stream sedimentation relationships Results and conclusions Sensor evaluation Land use analysis Mapping approaches Land use/sedimentation relationships Cost effectiveness analysis Recommendations and applications Selected bibliography Appendix A. Precipitation and temperature data
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    Snowpack optical properties in the infrared (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/11
    In: CRREL Report, 79-11
    Description / Table of Contents: A theory of the optical properties of snow in the 2-20 region of the infrared has been developed. Using this theory it is possible to predict the absorption and scattering coefficients and the emissivity of snow, as a function of the snow parameters of grain size and density, for densities between 0.17 and 0.4 g/cm3. The absorption and scattering coefficients are linearly related to the density and inversely related to the average grain size. The emissivity is independent of grain size and exhibits only a weak dependence upon density.
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    Pages: iii, 9 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-11
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/5313
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9010
    Language: English
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  • 40
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    Detection of Arctic water supplies with geophysical techniques (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/15
    In: CRREL Report, 79-15
    Description / Table of Contents: This report discusses the application of several modern geophysical techniques to groundwater exploration in areas in permafrost. These methods utilize the principles of magnetic induction and radiowave surface impedance in the 10- to 400-kHz band, the techniques of impulse and side-looking radar in the 50- to 10,000-MHz band, and also some optical techniques using imagery obtained from a satellite. Low frequency case studies demonstrate the use of the techniques for detecting free water under an ice cover in shallow, almost completely frozen lake basins, and thaw zones within lake beds, stream channels, and in permafrost in general. The radar studies demonstrate the use of these techniques for determining depth of free water and ice cover thickness on lakes and rivers
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 30 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-15
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA072157
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9012
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Part I. Low frequency resistivity methods Resistivity of earth materials Theory and description of techniques Surface impedance technique Airborne radiowave technique Magnetic induction technique Case studies Location of thaw zones beneath lakes and rivers Location of permeable materials in unfrozen ground Delineating permafrost boundaries Part II. High frequency dielectric methods Dielectric properties of earth materials Theory and description of equIpment Profiling radar Imaging radar Case studies Radar profile of a river channel Impulse radar profile of a freshwater lake SLAR imagery of Arctic lakes Literature cited Appendix A: Satellite imagery for subsurface water exploration
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  • 41
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    A volumetric constitutive law for snow subjected to large strains and strain rates (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/20
    In: CRREL Report, 79-20
    Description / Table of Contents: A volumetric constitutive equation was developed to characterize the behavior of snow subjected to large compressive volumetric deformations. By treating the material as a suspension of air voids in a matrix material of polycrystalline ice, a rate-dependent volumetric constitutive law was formulated and found to accurately predict material response to pressure loads for a wide range of load rates. Comparison of the theory with shock wave data was not considered in this paper, although the constitutive law appears to be valid for such load situations. One application to oversnow mobility of tracked vehicles was made. In this case, power requirements due to snow compaction were calculated parametrically in terms of vehicle speed, track loading, and snow density.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-20
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA075474
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9052
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Material representation of ice Development of the volumetric constitutive law for snow Fully elastic phase Elastic-plastic phase Fully plastic phase Simplified equation Comparison with experimental data Application to vehicle mobility problems Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 42
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    Arching of model ice floes : effect of mixture variation on two block sizes (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/42
    In: CRREL Report, 76-42
    Description / Table of Contents: A study of arching of mixed, square fragmented ice floes at an opening in an ice boom is documented, using results from a model study in which two sizes of plastic blocks represented real ice. A power function, relating the upstream ice concentration to the ratio of a characteristic block dimension to the gap opening, is found adequate to distinguish between arching and nonarching events for block mixtures of two component sizes. It is demonstrated that when the respective total areas of the two block components are nearly equal, a minimum ice concentration initiates an arch across the opening. As the mixture of two sizes of blocks approaches a uniform (one-sized) mixture, a higher concentration of ice is needed to initiate the arch. When the ratio of the block dimension to the gap opening is equal to or less than 0.10, arching of the fragmented ice is not possible, even when the upstream ice discharge exceeds the maximum discharge of ice through a gap opening. The distribution of fragmented ice areas is an important parameter in establishing the minimum size of opening at which an ice boom will retain its arching capability.
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    Pages: iv, 17 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-42
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9487
    Language: English
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  • 43
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    Air cushion vehicle ground contact directional control devices (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/45
    In: CRREL Report, 76-45
    Description / Table of Contents: The maneuverability of air cushion vehicles can become a serious operational problem when the vehicle's travel route is restricted by obstacles, slopes or cross-wind conditions, or when close-quarter turns are required. While improvement and perfection of aerodynamic methods may be a more desirable approach, there is a practical limit to these methods, and the use of ground contact devices requires consideration for providing more positive directional control. Wheels deserve special attention, and therefore are analyzed in more detail because of their obvious application on a variety of land terrains. Brake rods and harrows are more suitable on water, ice and snow. The saucer-shaped ground contact device would cause the least ecological impact on fragile organic terrains such as tundra. Relative directional stability is evaluated in terms of the total yawing moments produced by wheel arrangements (single, dual, tandem), location on the vehicle, and operational modes (free-rolling, braked, or a combination of the two). The available moments are plotted against the yaw angle of the vehicle to determine the most effective operational mode with a particular wheel arrangement for any yaw condition. The analysis is limited to retractable devices which act as moment producing brakes or rollers and do not serve as either propulsion or load support aids. Controlled ground contract with skirt sections having special wearing surfaces may provide a suitable control method and would require the least significant change to the basic design of the vehicle or its components. The concept involves the use of an air flow control mechanism for deflating specific skirt sections.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vii, 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-45
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9270
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric (SI) units of measurement Section I: Use of auxiliary devices for ACV control Introduction Discussion of wheels as a control device Dual wheels Single wheel Tandem wheels Application to existing ACV’s Other control devices Turning force Conclusions Section II: Use of flexible skirts for ACV control Introduction The flexible skirt as a control device Model tests Conclusions Literature cited
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    Topological properties of some trellis pattern channel networks (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/46
    In: CRREL Report, 76-46
    Description / Table of Contents: The topological properties of 10 stream networks having moderate to well developed trellis drainage patterns have been compared with those expected in a topologically random population. Magnitude 4 subnetworks show a systematic departure from expectation which can be related to geological controls. A link type classification system was developed and a series of equations describing the probability of occurrence of link types in topologically random populations derived. Analysis of the link structure in the channel networks showed small but persistent deviations from expectation in the well developed trellis pattern streams. The general conclusion is that the topologically random model is a very useful standard with which to compare real channel networks.
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    Pages: vi, 54 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-46
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9474
    Language: English
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  • 45
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    Photomacrography of artifacts in transparent materials (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/40
    In: CRREL Report, 76-40
    Description / Table of Contents: Several original methods were developed to photograph artifacts in transparent materials such as ice. The artifacts, occurring in the surface, bulk, and interface, were generally 0.01 mm to 70 mm in size. Sample preparation, illumination, focusing and other technical problems are discussed in detail. Several sample photographs are included.
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    Pages: v, 36 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-40
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9489
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Equipment The microscope system The camera system Tools for preparation of sample Laboratory procedure Categorizing artifact Choosing setup Preparing sample llluminating sample Photographing artifact Results Literature cited Selected bibliography Appendix. Reference information for photomacrographic and photo-micrographic applications
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    Model studies of surface noise interference in ground-probing radar (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-85/19
    In: CRREL Report, 85-19
    Description / Table of Contents: Ground-probing radar can be an effective tool for exploring the top 10 to 20 m of ground, especially in cold regions where the freezing of water decreases signal absorption. However, the large electrical variability of the surface, combined with the short wavelengths used, can often cause severe ground clutter that can mask a desired, deeper return. In this study a model facility was constructed consisting of a metallic reflector covered by sand. Troughs of saturated sand were emplaced at the surface to vary surface electrical properties and to act as a noise source to interfere with the bottom reflections. Antenna polarization and height, and signal stacking in both static (antennas stationary) and dynamic (antennas moving) modes were then investigated as methods for reducing the surface clutter. Polarization parallel to the profile direction (perpendicular to the troughs' axes) gave profiles superior to the perpendicular case because of the directional sensitivity of the antenna radiation. Dynamic stacking greatly improved the signal-to-noise ratio because noise sources were averaged as the antennas moved, while the desired reflector, buried at constant depth, was enhanced. Raising the antennas above the surface also reduced noise because the surface area over which reflections were integrated increased. All three noise reduction techniques could be effective in surveys for reflectors at nearly constant depth such as groundwater tables or ice/water interfaces if the lateral variation in undesired ground propertiesis sufficiently random.
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    Pages: iv, 23 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 85-19
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a163208.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9440
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Objective and procedures Materials and methods Subsurface radar Model facility Results Isolated disturbances-surface and raised analog profiles Multiple disturbances Discussion and conclusions Literature cited
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    Water absorption of insulation in protected membrane roofing-systems (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/38
    In: CRREL Report, 76-38
    Description / Table of Contents: Current methods for evaluation of the moisture absorption of plastic insulations (ASTM-C-272-53 and ASTM-C-355-64) due to vapor pressure gradients or immersion rely on short time periods to predict long term performance. This procedure may not provide accurate information on performance since in practice insulations may absorb more moisture than these tests indicate. A series of tests were conducted on extruded polystyrene roof insulation that had been in place, exposed to environmental moisture and pressure gradients, for a maximum of 36 months. Results indicate that moisture absorption of 1.5% by volume can be expected in the field.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-38
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9529
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric (SI) units of measurement Introduction Principal features of a protected membrane roof system Reported advantages of a protected membrane roof system Study sites Stevens Hall, University of Alaska, Fairbanks Building 41 5, University of Alaska, Fairbanks Building 1053, Ft. Wainwright, Alaska Gruening Building, University of Alaska, Fairbanks Consortium Library and K Building, University of Alaska, Anchorage CRREL Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire Resources Building, University of Alaska, Fairbanks Insulation properties Sampling Results Bulksamples Sliced samples Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Moisture contents Appendix B. Photographs
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  • 48
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    Airborne resistivity and magnetometer survey in northern Maine for obtaining information on bedrock geology (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/37
    In: CRREL Report, 76-37
    Description / Table of Contents: Geophysical studies were conducted during September and October of 1975 in northern Maine to locate rock types suitable for construction purposes for the proposed Dickey-Lincoln School Dam Project. Simultaneous airborne magnetometer and VLF electrical resistivity surveys were performed over an area of approximately 920 km2 surrounding the confluence of the St. John and Allagash rivers. The resulting data were used to construct contour maps of apparent resistivity and of total magnetic intensity above the earth's background magnetic field. During the same time period, ground and multi-elevation surveys were performed over a special test sector of known geology. The ground and airborne study in the test sector aided in interpretation of the data by revealing a strong correlation between igneous geology, resistivity, and magnetic intensity. Lack of a similar correlation between resistivity and magnetic data in the remainder of the survey area suggested an absence of additional areas of igneous rocks. The multi-elevation survey of the test area indicated that changes in flight altitude, necessitated by the topographic relief encountered, would not seriously affect the regional resistivity patterns. Although there was no strong evidence of igneous rocks outside the test sector, suitable rock types may exist within the Dss geologic unit (cyclically bedded gray slate and sandstone) in the central part of the main survey area, where most of the high resistivity contours occur.
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    Pages: v, 24 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-37
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9530
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Measurement techniques employed Ground Airborne Magnetometer survey Results Ground control study VLF survey Bedrock geology and resistivity Aeromagnetic survey results Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Theory of electromagnetic resistivity surveying Appendix B. Magnetic surveying
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  • 49
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    Rock, frozen soil and ice breakage by high-frequency electromagnetic radiation : a review (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/36
    In: CRREL Report, 76-36
    Description / Table of Contents: In the past decade, various workers have investigated the use of high-frequency electromagnetic radiation for breaking and excavating rock and frozen ground. This report reviews the high-frequency dielectric properties of these materials, the physics of heating, and the existing literature on these subjects. The high-frequency dielectric properties of rocks and soils, and the absorption of energy by these materials, are mainly determined by their liquid water contents. Computer modeling was used to calculate absorption energy as a function of distance behind irradiated faces of earth materials. The resulting computations showed that most energy is absorbed in the first few centimeters of frozen ground and weak soils. However, in hard rocks of low water content, electromagnetic waves penetrate more deeply, and significant amounts of energy are also absorbed tens of centimeters behind the irradiated faces. Test results showed that electromagnetic rock breakage is feasible only for excavations in hard rock; test results from the use of electromagnetic radiation for excavating tunnels in weak rocks and frozen ground are not promising.
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    Pages: iii, 23 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-36
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9531
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction Sorption and desorption of organic contaminants Decontamination methods Aqueous cleaning methods Cleaning or rinsing with organic solvents Chemical neutralization methods Current protocols to decontaminate groundwater sampling devices Variations in methodology Special instructions for cleaning pumps Effectiveness of various decontamination methods Low-temperature considerations Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 50
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    Insulating and load-supporting properties of sulfur foam for expedient roads in cold regions (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/18
    In: CRREL Report, 79-18
    Description / Table of Contents: Temperatures of the subgrade and of sulfur foam insulation test sections in an expedient road were monitored with thermocouples to document freezing and thawing conditions. Vehicular trafficking was conducted on a limited basis to determine the load supporting capabilities of the foam. The sulfur foam, placed directly under a prefabri­cated surface mat, was found to be unsuitable for use as an expedient thermal insulation and traffic load supporting material primarily because of its low tensile strength and high brittleness. The insulating value of sulfur foam pro­duced by the batch process in the field was about one-half that of extruded polystyrene, meaning double the thick­ness for equal protection against thaw.
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    Pages: v, 21 Seiten
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-18
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/5276/rec/1
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9046
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Site preparation Sulfur foam application Sulfur foaming equipment Environmental aspects Traffic testing and test pad observations Field sampling and temperature readings during pouring Lab tests for physical properties Sulfur foam odor analysis Insulation costs Lab experiments with sulfur foam Conclusions Literature cited
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    A computer program to determine the resistance of long wires and rods to nonhomogeneous ground (1977)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-77/2
    In: CRREL Report, 77-2
    Description / Table of Contents: A computer program was developed for finding the d-c resistance to ground of two simple electrodes, a straight horizontal wire and a vertically driven rod. The objective of this study was to develop a rapid means of finding the resistance to ground of simple electrode types in arctic environments where a two-layer earth model, frozen and unfrozen ground, is applicable. The program can consider homogeneous as well as two-layer earth, and the length, diameter and position of the electrodes. The computations were performed first by dividing an electrode into several smaller segments. Next the electrostatic potential of each segment was computed at the center of the electrode for unit-applied current. The segment potentials were then summed to find the total resistance to ground. Some specific computations are presented in comparison with previous theoretical work of other authors. The following conclusions were made: 1) A maximum run time of 165 seconds is needed for all two-layer arctic models where (a) the depth of the upper layer does not exceed 10 m, (b) the vertical rod length is less than 30 m, or (c) the horizontal wire length is less than 100 m; 2) Best accuracy is obtained when rod and wire radii are less than 0.01 m; and 3) Coincidence of the center of the vertical electrode with the two-layer interface must be avoided.
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    Pages: iv, 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 77-2
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9480
    Language: English
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  • 52
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    St. Marys River ice booms : design force estimate and field measurements (1977)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-77/4
    In: CRREL Report, 77-4
    Description / Table of Contents: The ice booms on the St. Marys River at Sault Ste.Marie, Michigan and Ontario, were operated a second winter, 1976-77, under colder conditions, with less water flow, lower water levels, and 25% fewer ships in the river than during the previous year. The ice cover behind the booms remained frozen to shore for longer periods, and the loads registered in the booms were relatively unaffected by ship passages compared with the previous year's activity. As in the previous year, most structural load changes took place in the west ice boom and were due to movements of the ice cover immediately upstream of the boom. The cover broke free from shore on three occasions: the first and third occasions were minor events, but on the second occasion the cover cracked free, the timbers remained frozen to it, and the boom structure became damaged by the subsequent ice activity. Three anchor line assemblies broke over a period of about 4 hours; the two latter breaks occurred while a ship was operating in the ice. The first break was in an instrumented line and the measured load was unexpectedly low. The most important break was in the main shore anchor and this opened the boom. The maximum force at this anchor was estimated as less than 115 tons (1,023 kN). Some ice moved downstream without serious consequence and the boom was reconnected in two days. These events point out several factors to be considered in ice booms, such as designing the booms to withstand the action of the solid ice cover as well as the fragmented ice cover, keeping the structures and their assembly simple, and inspecting components and assemblies carefully.
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    Pages: vi, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 77-4
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9478
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Ice boom basic principles General loading considerations Design ice areas Prediction of ice boom loads Summary Ice cover forces Ice barrier reaction force Ice forces in the structure Analytical relationships Design force summary Special features Extension of west ice boom Pipe restraint structure Diagonal anchor cables Measurement systems Measured anchor cable forces Data records Average and peak loads Ice activity on or about 1 February 1976 C3W cable forces Ship-induced leads Ice cover load check Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. St. Marys River ice booms test data
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  • 53
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    Suppression of river ice by thermal effluents (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/30
    In: CRREL Report, 79-30
    Description / Table of Contents: The ice suppression resulting from discharge of warm water into rivers during winter is analyzed with emphasis on two different cases. In Part 1 the case of a thermal effluent fully mixed across the flow section is analyzed to include the effects of unsteadiness in the effluent temperature and the meteorological variations. The location of the ice edge is determined either by a 0 C water temperature criterion or an equilibrium ice melting analysis. The choice of the applicable criterion emerges naturally from the analysis even though the location of the ice edge may be considerably different when a steady-state analysis is done. In Part 2 the case of a side discharge of heated effluent is analyzed, also in an unsteady manner, and the effects of transverse dispersion are included in the analysis. Comparisons are made in both Parts 1 and 2 to limited field data that are available.
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    Pages: iv, 23 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-30
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Part I. Unsteady suppression of river ice by fully mixed thermal effluents Introduction Governing equations Outline of analysis Location of ice edge Numerical simulation Uncertainties and Imitations Literature cited Part II. Effect of transverse mixing on ice suppression Introduction Analysis of dispersion and heat loss Analysis of ice thickening and melting Numerical simulation Example simulations Field comparison Uncertainties and limitations Literature Cited Appendix A: Computer program for unsteady fully mixed ice suppression Appendix B: Computer program for unsteady lateral mixing ice suppression
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  • 54
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    Analysis of hydrologic response to rain-on-snow (1975)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-340
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - Nomenclature. - Introduction. - Theory. - Application. - Literature cited. - Appendix.
    Description / Table of Contents: The equations describing water movement in a dry snow cover are derived and examples of flow through ripe, refrozen and fresh snows are given. The grain size of snow has a large effect on the timing of water discharge. Water is retained by dry snow to raise its temperature and satisfy the irreducible water saturation. These requirements delay and reduce runoff following rain on dry snow.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 13 S. : graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 340
    URL: https://usace.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6127/rec/2
    Language: English
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  • 55
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    Interpretation of young ice forms in the Gulf of St. Lawrence using side-looking airborne radar and infrared imagery (1975)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-337
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Introduction. - Surface ice observations. - Imagery interpretation. - Side-looking airborne radar. - Infrared. - Conclusions. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: Ice conditions during mid-January 1974 in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and in the estuaty as far upstream as Rimouski are described utilitizing side-looking airborne radar, infrared and photographic imagery. The interpretations were verified by simultaneous surface observations on the ice by investigators operating from the CSS Dawson. The ice examined was undergoing rapid drift and deformation and showed a wide variety of thin ice (0-40 cm) features formed under the influence of strong winds and currents. These observations should serve as a guide in interpreting ice conditions in similar areas where ground truth data are not available.
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    Pages: 41 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 337
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2327064
    Language: English
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  • 56
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    Compressibility characteristics of undisturbed snow (1975)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-336
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - Nomenclature. - Introduction. - Description of study. - Sample preparation. - Test equipment and procedure. - Discussion of results. - Stress-density relationship. - Effect of rate of deformation. - Effect of temperature. - Effect of initial snow density. - Stress-deformation relationship. - Summary and conclusions. - Microstructural analysis. - Introduction. - Analytical methods. - Results and discussion. - Conclusion. - Literature cited. - Anpendix: Test data.
    Description / Table of Contents: The effects of snow temperature, rate of deformation, and initial density on the stress vs density and stress vs deformation relationships were investigated in the pressure range of 0.1 to 75 bars. The rate of deformation in the range of 0.027 to 27 cm sec^-1 does not have a significant effect. A decrease in temperature in the range of 0° to -40°C increases the resistance to stress and deformation, the temperature effect increasing with applied pressure and initial density. The effect of initial density is significant. For any stress, an increase in the initial density results in an increase in the resulting density, particularly at low stress levels and at temperatures near 0°C. The texture of artificially compacted snow is significantly different from that of naturally compacted snow of the same density because of the very short recrystallization time period.
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    Pages: iv, 57 Seiten , Illustrations
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 336
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1035634745
    Language: English
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  • 57
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    Tundra disturbances and recovery following the 1949 exploratory drilling, Fish Creek, northern Alaska (1978)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/28
    In: CRREL Report, 78-28
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: x, 112 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-28
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9460
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Introduction Descriptions of road test sections Test equipment and procedures Field repetitive plate bearing tests Data analysis General Layered-elastic analysis of the pavement systems Statistical analysis Flexural analysis Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Resilient surface deflections for the test points
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  • 58
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    Performance of the St. Marys River ice booms, 1976-1977 (1978)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/24
    In: CRREL Report, 78-24
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-24
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9383
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Comparison of winters Ship effects Measured forces Sequential breaking of the structure Discussion Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Force level fluctuations in west ice boom, 20 January 1977
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  • 59
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    Primary production in sea ice of the Weddell region (1978)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/19
    In: CRREL Report, 78-19
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-19
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9389
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Previous work Methods and results Methods of analysis Salinity-chlorophyll a associations Discussion Comparison of ice and water column standing crops Estimated mass of ice associated chl. a Mechanism of ice algae formation in the Weddell Sea Differences between the biological environments of fast and drifting pack ice Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Species variations - ice and water column
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  • 60
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    Shoreline changes along the outer shore of Cape Cod from Long Point to Monomoy Point (1978)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/17
    In: CRREL Report, 78-17
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: This investigation utilized historical and recent aerial photographs and satellite imagery in 1) estimating changes in positions of the high-water line and sea cliff break and base, in rates of accretion and/or erosion, and in volumes of transported sediment, and 2) providing a preliminary evaluation of the direction of littoral transport along the outer Cape Cod coast. Using aerial photographs acquired in 1938, 1952, 1971 and 1974 with manual photointerpretation techniques, changes in the distances from selected reference points to the cliff break, cliff base and the high-water line were measured. LANDSAT-1 and -2 imagery acquired from 1 September 1972 to 28 May 1975 was evaluated for use in determining the directions of littoral transport that are active the predominant amount of time. Although the imagery has been very useful for this purpose at other locations, it proved to be useless along the outer shore of Cape Cod. Largest net migrations of the high water line from 1938 to 1974 occurred in the northern and southern portions of this coast. The northern maximum high water line was 321.4 ft, the southern was 1794.6 ft. The central portion of the coast was generally more stable with changes varying from 6.8 to 157.6 ft. Cliff-base recession rates varied from 0.4 to 7.3 ft/yr. Maximum estimated net volume of sediment deposited per linear foot of beach from 1938 to 1974 was 334 yd^3 (based on 2 yd^3/ft of recession or accretion); maximum eroded was 914 yd^3. Changes in the configuration of spits were used to evaluate directions of littoral transport since suspended sediment concentrations were generally not sufficient to act as natural tracers of surface currents. Based on the literature and a determination of the portion of the coast perpendicular to the direction of dominant wave approach, the location of the nodal zone for predominant littoral directions of drift probably shifts between the area near Spectacle Pond and North Truro Air Force Station. This investigation has illustrated a photo interpretation technique that is useful in performing a reconnaissance of coastal change. The data obtained from this method can be used to supplement those acquired by ground surveys and are valid as first approximations for planning subsequent, more detailed surveys.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 49 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-17
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9394
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Background Previous investigations Analytical procedures Results and discussion Shoreline changes: High-water line Shoreline changes: Cliff recession Volumetric changes Nodal zone location and direction of littoral transport Error evaluation Summary and conclusions Future research Selected bibliography Appendix A: Maps of shoreline with overlays for 1938, 1952, 1971 and 1974 Appendix B: Supplementary data for estimating shoreline change
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    The buckling pressure of an elastic plate floating on water and stressed uniformly along the periphery of an internal hole (1978)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/14
    In: CRREL Report, 78-14
    Description / Table of Contents: The analytical solution and the numerical study of the eigenvalue problem for determining the buckling pressure of an infinite elastic plate floating on water and stressed uniformly along the periphery of an internal hole is presented. The boundary conditions considered are the clamped-, simple-, and free-edge conditions. Small buckling pressure occurs only for the free-edge condition. The shape of the deflection for the free-edge condition suggests that buckling is an important mechanism of failure.
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    Pages: v, 55 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-14
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9401
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction 1. The problem 2. Abstract of the result Part I. Fundamental solutions 3. Fuchsian type solutions 4. Contour integral solution 5. Integration of the integral solution 6. Fundamental solutions for α = 1 7. Fundamental solutions for α = 0 8. Eigenvalues for α = 0 9. Fundamental solutions for α 〉 1 Part II. Asymptotic expansions 10. Asymptotic expansion for 0 〈 α ⩽1 11. Asymptotic expansion for 1 ≦ α ≦ 2 12. Asymptotic expansion for 2 ≦ α ≦ ∞ Part III. Eigenvalues 13. Range of eigenvalues 14. Eigenvalues for the free-edge condition 15. Eigenvalues for the clamped-edge and simple-edge conditions 16. Deflection Acknowledgement Literature cited Appendix A. Analytical continuation at the singular point Appendix B. Tensorial transformations Appendix C. Comparison of the semi-infinite plate buckling with the asymptotic buckling
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    Repetitive loading tests on membrane-enveloped road sections during freeze-thaw cycles (1978)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/12
    In: CRREL Report, 78-12
    Description / Table of Contents: Road test sections of membrane-enveloped silt and clay soils overlain with asphalt cement concrete were subjected to repetitive dynamic plate-bearing loadings to determine their strength variations during freeze-thaw cycles. The recoverable surface deformations in the load deflection bowl were continuously measured during the loading cycles and analyzed using the Chevron layered elastic computer program to obtain the in situ resilient deformation modulus of the various section layers at different stages of the freeze-thaw cycles. The resilient stiffness of the pavement system (the total load per unit of resilient load plate deflection) was also calculated for the various freeze-thaw conditions. The modulus values of the asphalt cement concrete varied inversely with its temperature by an order of magnetide (90,000 psi to 1,300,000 psi). The resilient stiffness of the pavement system varied in the same manner by nearly a factor of eight (228.4 kips/in. to 1740.2 kips/in.). Despite the wide strength variations of the sections during freeze-thaw cycles, membrane-enveloped fine-grained soils can be utilized instead of granular materials as base and subbase layers in flexible pavements in cold regions where moisture migration is a major concern. Moisture migration did not occur at saturation levels up to 75%, thus there was no strength loss during thawing.
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    Pages: v, 24 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-12
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9404
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S.customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Freeze-thaw system Construction materials Controlled environment test section Outdoor sections Temperature monitoring instrumentation Repetitive plate bearing test apparatus Test results and analyses Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 63
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    Study of water drainage from columns of snow (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/1
    In: CRREL Report, 79-1
    Description / Table of Contents: Experiments were conducted to study the flow of water through columns of homogeneous, repacked snow. The gravity flow theory of water flow through snow was verified, although possibly there is some dependence of the relative permeability on the state of metamorphism of the snow. Also, at very large values of saturation there may be some additional flow in saturated channels.
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    Pages: iv, 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-1
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9017
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Symbols Introduction Test procedure Theory Evaluation of the experimental results Example evaluation Results and discussion Literature cited Appendix A. Measured and computed discharge
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  • 64
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    Measurement and identification of aerosols collected near Barrow, Alaska (1978)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/20
    In: CRREL Report, 78-20
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: Measurements of the concentrations of Aitken nuclei in maritime air were made near Barrow, Alaska, in June 1975 with a modified Nolan-Pollack small-particle detector. The concentrations varied from 50 to 300 particles cm^-3 depending upon meteorological conditions. The mean Aitken nuclei count was 100 particles cm^-3 for diameters greater than 2 x 10^-3 μm. Transmission electron micrographs of aerosols in maritime air near Barrow were taken. The size range was measured to be 0.01 to 2.5 μm in diameter with the most frequently observed diameter being 0.04 μm. The volume of the maritime air and the collection efficiency of aerosol particles on filmed grids for electron microscopy were measured. The aerosol concentrations were found to be 76 to 101 particles cm^-3 ; the mean concentration was calculated to be 87 particles cm^-3. The aerosol particles in the maritime air were identified by electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction analysis. About 20% of the aerosol particles were identified, and 80% of the particles were too small for electron diffraction analysis. Sea salt particles constituted 2% of the total, and clay minerals 3%; these particles were considered to be of natural origin. Solid combustion by-products such as coagulated carbon particles and fly ash particles constituted 16%. Despite the comparative remoteness of the sampling site, the measurements indicate that many anthropogenic aerosols were found using an electron microscope.
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    Pages: iv, 48 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-20
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9391
    Language: English
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  • 65
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    Analysis of the midwinter temperature regime and snow occurence in Germany (1978)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/21
    In: CRREL Report, 78-21
    Description / Table of Contents: This study investigates the possibility of providing estimates of the time of occurrence and length of the freezing season for any location in East and West Germany by using the average Januavy air temperature (AJ AT) as an index. The results indicate that reliable values of the mean freezing index can be obtained from the AJAT relationships which are developed for Germany. This association is further verified using data from the northeastern part of the U.S., and the AJ AT is then used to determine the average starting and ending dates (and hence the probable length) of the freezing season for stations in Germany. The AJ AT and the average dates of snowfall occurrence for numerous locations in the U.S. and Germany are also correlated. Interrelationships between these parameters and the average number of days with snow on the ground for stations up to 3000 m in elevation in Germany are examined. A detailed AJ AT map for East and West Germany, in which data from 134 stations, latitude, altitude and regional influences are considered, is developed in order to make the relationships usable. A historical review of the literature on snow studies in Germany and a brief discussion of snow-cover interpretation by satellite photography are included
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    Pages: v, 48 Seiten , Illustrationen , 1 Karte
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-21
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9384
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Historical literature review Relationships between midwinter temperature and freezing season Mean freezing index 4 Average January air temperature U.S. comparative study Correlation of AJAT and duration of freezing season Relationships between average January air temperature and snow conditions U.S. relationships German relationships Mapping of average January air temperatures Analysis of observed AJ AT data Development of detailed maps Application and discussion Examples Influence of vegetation Literature cited Appendix A. interpretation of snow cover by satellite Appendix B. Contour, station elevation and Aj AT maps for East and West Germany
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  • 66
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    Preferred crystal orientations in the fast ice along the margins of the Arctic Ocean (1978)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/13
    In: CRREL Report, 78-13
    Description / Table of Contents: Field observations of the growth fabrics of the fast and near-fast ice along the coasts of the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas show that, at depths of more than 60 cm below the upper ice surface, the sea ice crystals show striking alignments within the horizontal plane. At one site this alignment was well developed at a depth of 15 cm and in all cases the degree of preferred orientation increased with depth, with the strongest orientations occurring at the bottom of the ice sheet. In general the c-axes of the crystals were aligned roughly E-W parallel to the coast. In the vicinity of islands the alignment roughly paralleled the outlines of the islands and in narrow passes between islands the alignment paralleled the channel. Our observations, as well as similar observations made in the Kara Sea by Cherepanov, can be explained if it is assumed that the c-axes of the crystals are aligned parallel to the 'long-term' current direction at the sea ice/sea water interface. The alignments are believed to be the result of geometric selection among the growing crystals, with the most favored orientation being that in which the current flows normal to the (0001) plates of ice that make up the dendritic ice/water interface characteristics of sea ice. It is hypothesized that current flow in this direction reduces the thickness of the solute boundary layer as well as the salinity in the liquid at the interface. This lowered salinity allows crystals in the favored orientation to extend farther into the melt than neighboring crystals with less favored orientations. In addition the current tends to induce a continuous flux of supercooled seawater against the sides of the crystals that extend ahead of the interface.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 29 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-13
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9402
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Locale and techniques Observations Vertical variations in crystal orientation Regional variations in crystal orientation Summary of observations Causes Initial ice skim Earth’s magnetic field Currents Conclusions and consequences Literature cited
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  • 67
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    Detection of moisture in construction materials (1977)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-77/25
    In: CRREL Report, 77-25
    Description / Table of Contents: Results of a study to determine the feasibility of using an impulse radar to detect moisture variations in the built-up roof at CRREL and to monitor the curing of concrete are presented. The results indicate that impulse radar can be used to detect wide variations in roof moisture associated with built-up roof surface deterioration and that this technique has the potential of providing a nondestructive test method for measuring the strength of concrete during curing.
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    Pages: iv, 9 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 77-25
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA045353
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9498
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Impulse radar system Results and discussion Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Relative locations where impulse radar measurements were made andsamples for moisture determinations were obtained on the CRREL roof Impulse radar signal reflected from metal sheet resting on roof Impulse radar signal reflection from roof at station A Impulse radar surface reflection coefficient versus moisture contentofroof Impulse radar signal reflection from aluminum foil on bottom of con-crete form and from aluminum sheet metal resting on top of form Unconfined compressive strength of concrete versus time Examples of X-Y plots of impulse radar signals obtained during thesounding of concrete slab Impulse radar signal reflection coefficients versus time for acuring concrete slab Calculated impulse radar signal attenuation in concrete slab versuselapsed time Dielectric constants versus time calculated from impulse radar signalInformation obtained during curing of concrete slab Unconfined compressive strength of concrete versus corrected reflec-tion coefficient calculated from impulse radar signal data obtainedduring the curing of concrete slab TABLES Comparison of roof moisture content with radar surface reflection coefficient and dielectric constant
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  • 68
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    Ice arching and the drift of pack ice through restricted channels (1977)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-77/18
    In: CRREL Report, 77-18
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: Models originally developed to describe the arching and the movement of granular materials through hoppers or chutes are applied to the arching and drift of pack ice in straits and gulfs having lengths of 50 to 500 km. Verification of the usefulness of the models is attempted by making comparisons with ice deformation patterns as observed via satellite imagery in the Bering Strait region and in Amundsen Gulf. The results are encouraging in that there is good correspondence between observed arching and lead patterns and those predicted by theory. In addition, values determined via the model for the angle of internal friction (≈ 30° to 35°) and the cohesive strength per unit thickness (≈ 2000 N/m) are similar to values obtained by other approaches. It is estimated that if the wind velocity parallel to the Bering Strait exceeds ≈ 6 m/s, there will be ice flow through the strait.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 11 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 77-18
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9517
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Theory Limiting span of an arch Flow of pack ice through converging channels Stoppage of flow Applications St. Lawrence Amundsen Gulf Bering Strait Conclusion References
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  • 69
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    Icebreaker simulation (1977)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-77/16
    In: CRREL Report, 77-16
    Description / Table of Contents: A brief discussion is given of the ways an icebreaker breaks ice. Since the icebreaking process is so complex, the solution of a mathematical model does not appear to be feasible. As an alternative, it is suggested that physical models be used to design icebreakers. The appropriate scaling laws for physical models are developed and their practical limitation discussed.
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    Pages: ii, 9 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 77-16
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9515
    Language: English
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  • 70
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    Flexural strength of ice on temperate lakes : comparative tests of large cantilever and simply supported beams (1978)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/9
    In: CRREL Report, 78-9
    Description / Table of Contents: Large, simply supported beams of temperate lake ice were found, generally, to yield significantly higher flexural strengths than the same beams tested in the cantilever mode. Data support the view that a significant stress concentration may exist at the fixed corners of the cantilever beams. Maximum effects are experienced with beams of cold, brittle ice substantially free of structural imperfections; for this kind of ice the strength difference factor, here attributed to the effect of stress concentrations, may exceed 2.0; that is, simply supported beams test a factor of 2 or more stronger than the same beams tested in the cantilever mode. In ice that has undergone extensive thermal degradation, the stress concentration effect may be eliminated entirely. Simply supported beams generally yield higher strengths when the top surfaces are placed in tension. This behavior is attributed to differences in ice type; the fine-grained, crack-free top layer of snow-ice which constituted up to 50% of the ice cover in the current series of tests usually reacted more strongly in tension than the coarse-grained crack-prone bottom lake ice.
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    Pages: iv, 14 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-9
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9406
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test sites and ice cover properties Beam testing Results Discussion Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 71
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    A comparison between derived internal dielectric properties and radio-echo sounding records of the ice sheet at Cape Folger, Antarctica (1978)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/4
    In: CRREL Report, 78-4
    Description / Table of Contents: The use of radio-echo sounding records to indicate the presence of internal layers within large ice sheets is of interest to glaciologists because it offers a means of tracking the internal properties of the ice sheets over large distances. The interpretation of the reflections obtained in this manner is more valuable, however, if a physical property change relating to the glaciological regime can be related to the dielectric property change producing the radio-echo reflections. In this report, we use the measured physical properties of core to bedrock taken at Cape Folger, East Antarctica (66 deg 22 min s, 111 deg (E), 324-m depth), to compute a profile of dielectric properties and from this, a depth-reflection coefficient profile for comparison with observed radio-echo reflections. The measurements available on physical properties are: density variations, bubble size and shape changes, and crystal fabric variations. The depths of the strong reflections shown on the available radio-echo records are in reasonable agreement with the depths corresponding to the highest reflection coefficients computed from the combined physical property measurements. In calculations to differentiate the separate effects of different physical properties, it appears that density variations account for the primary contributions to the calculated dielectric property changes corresponding to the highest reflection coefficients. However, bubble changes alone can also account for reasonable, though lower, reflection coefficients at the appropriate depths. Crystal fabric variations correspond poorly with the reflection locations. Density variations are normally associated with depositional events in the history of the ice sheet.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-4
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9416
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Derivation of the power reflection coefficient-depth variation Possible sources of dielectric constant variation with depth in ice sheets Ice density variations Effect of macroscopic impurity layers Effect of microscopic impurtty layers Changes in inclusion geometry Effect of crystal orientation changes Physical properties of the Cape Folger core Density-depth profile Air bubble-geometry depth profile Crystal orientation-depth profile Radio-echo sounding data Results and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 72
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    Axial double point-load tests on snow and ice (1978)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/1
    In: CRREL Report, 78-1
    Description / Table of Contents: The results of axial double point-load tests on disk samples of snow and ice obtained from the area of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, are presented. They show the effects of temperature, sample length, load point diameter and specific gravity on failure load. It was determined that 13 samples should be tested to obtain a representative mean strength index. The results show that the axial double point-load test has good possibilities as a rapid field test for determining the unconfined comrpessive strength of snow and ice but that further evaluation of the variables affecting test results must be made.
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    Pages: iii, 11 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-1
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9425
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test procedure Test program Test samples Number of test for determining strength index Effect of temperature Effect of sample length Effect of load point size Tests on snow Discussion Recommendations Literature cited
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  • 73
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    Heat transfer over a vertical melting plate (1977)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-77/32
    In: CRREL Report, 77-32
    Description / Table of Contents: An experimental study of forced convective heat transfer over a vertical melting plate has been conducted. This study covers water velocities ranging from 1.7 to 9.8 mm/s and bulk water temperatures from 1.11 to 7.50 C. The experimental results are correlated in terms of Nusselt, Prandtl and Reynolds numbers with a moderate correlation coefficient of 0.843. The results are expected to be useful in predicting the heat transfer characteristics of a much larger prototype ice-water heat sink.
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    Pages: v, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 77-32
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9426
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Summary Introduction Problem General review of the subject Experimental apparatus General considerations Water reservoir Test chamber assembly Pumping system Electrical control system Experimental procedure Experimental results Discussion and comparison of results Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 74
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    Roof moisture survey : ten state of New Hampshire buildings (1977)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-77/31
    In: CRREL Report, 77-31
    Description / Table of Contents: Ten roofs in Concord, New Hampshire, were surveyed for wet insulation using a hand-held infrared camera. Suspected wet areas were marked on the roof with spray paint and roof samples were obtained to verify wet and dry conditions. Recommendations for maintenance and repair were made based on infrared findings, water contents, and visual examinations. An incremental economic study is presented to serve as a guide in determining the most cost-effective approach.
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    Pages: v, 29 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 77-31
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9502
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: US, customary to metric (SI) units of measurement Introduction Infrared camera Core samples State House State House Annex State Library Legislative Office Building Public Health Complex Highway Garage Fish and Game Offlces Supreme Court John O. Morton Building Department of Health and Welfare Laboratory Economics of roof reinsulation Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited
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  • 75
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    Some elements of iceberg technology (1978)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/2
    In: CRREL Report, 78-2
    Description / Table of Contents: Many of the technical questions relating to iceberg transport are given brief, but quantitative, consideration. These include iceberg genesis and properties, the mechanical stability of icebergs at sea, towing forces and tug characteristics, drag coefficients, ablation rates, and handling and processing the iceberg at both the pick-up site and at the final destination. In particular the paper attempts to make technical information on glaciological and ice engineering aspects of the problem more readily available to the interested planner or engineer. Specific conclusions include: (1) No unprotected iceberg, no matter how long or wide, would be likely to survive the ablation caused by a long trip to low latitudes. (2) Icebergs that have a horizontal dimension exceeding 2 km may well be prone to breakup by long wavelength swells. (3) To avoid the dangers associated with an iceberg capsizing, the width of a 200-m thick iceberg should always be more than 300 m. (4) For towing efficiency the length/width ratio of a towed iceberg should be appreciably greater than unity. (5) For a pilot project, the selected iceberg would have to be quite small, if for no other reason than the practical availability of tug power.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 31 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-2
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9421
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sources and properties of tabular icebergs Sources Characteristics of ice shelves near the ice front Characteristics of tabular icebergs Towing Geophysical and engineering considerations Tug characteristics Handling and processing Cutting and boring with thermal devices Penetration with electrothermal devices Electrothermal cutting Making vertical cuts by pre-split blasting Primary fragmentation by blasting Primary fragmentation by mechanical sawing Comminuting ice with machines Slurry pipelines Conclusion Literature cited
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  • 76
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    Ice accumulation on ocean structures (1977)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-77/17
    In: CRREL Report, 77-17
    Description / Table of Contents: A literature search was made for information on the accretion of ice on ocean structures and on methods for control. The bulk of the reports were in Russian, with some additional Japanese, British, American, Canadian, and Icelandic sources. Analysis of icing reports indicated that sea spray is the most important cause of ship icing, with lesser amounts due to freezing rain, snow, and fog. Icing is a potential danger whenever air temperatures are below the freezing point of water and the sea temperature is 6 C or lower. Theoretical work on the ice accretion process is discussed, and a method is suggested, based on Russian experiments, for calculating the sea spray accumulation rate for cylindrical and flat surfaces as a function of water source temperature, air temperature, and wind speed. Other factors that influence icing severity are ship size and configuration, angle between ship course and water heading, and ship speed. Icing in the north temperate latitudes generally occurs in the rear of barometric depressions. Maps showing limits of various degrees of icing severity are included. Atmospheric icing measurements on tall land-based structures are presented, and potential maximum accumulations estimated. Control measures are discussed, though no completely effective method is available. Mechanical (impaction) methods are the most common, but experiments have been conducted on heated, icephobic, and deformable surfaces, and with freezing point depressants. No device for the unequivocal measurement of ice accumulation is available, though some experimental methods are suitable for controlled testing; it is recommended that a device be developed.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 42 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 77-17
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9516
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric units of measurements Introduction The freezing proeess Icing observations Geographical distribution of icing and contributing meteorological conditions Extreme icing conditions Extremes of icc accumulation Prediction of icing occurrences Prediction of icing intensity and rate Control methods Measurement of icing rate Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Maps of icing occurrence and rate Appendix B. Data for computing ship icing rates Appendix C. Estimation of ice accumulation
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  • 77
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    Experimental scaling study of an annular flow ice-water heat sink (1977)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-77/15
    In: CRREL Report, 77-15
    Description / Table of Contents: A laboratory experimental study was conducted on a scale model of an annular flow ice-water heat sink to be used to store the waste heat produced in a hardened defense installation operating in an isolated mode. The study ex­amined: 1) scaling relationships for predicting the performance of prototype units using data from scale models, 2) the accuracy of a computer prediction technique developed during an earlier study, 3) the heat transfer phenom­enon at the ice-water interface, and 4) some practical aspects related to the operation of a prototype installation. The scaling relationships and the computer program were found to be sufficiently accurate for use in developing a proto­type sink design. During operation the scale model sink provided an almost constant low temperature source of coolant water for approximately one-half its useful life and thereafter behaved like an ordinary stored water reservoir type heat sink. No significant operational problems were discovered.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vii, 54 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 77-15
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9514
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Description of experiment Apparatus Test procedure Experimental results Summary of experimental tests Influence of coolant water flow rates Approximation of the rate of melting Comparison of experimental and computed results Comparative analysis of the model sinks Approximation of the heat transfer coefficient Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Experimental data, heat sink Model II Appendix B. Heat sink scaling and similarity relationships Appendix C. Derivation of the relationships for the heat transfer coefficient, Reynolds and Nusselt numbers Appendix D. Determination of freezing rates and refrigeration loads Appendix E. Approximation of stresses in the heat sink tank
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  • 78
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    Ice breakup on the Chena River 1975 and 1976 (1977)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-77/14
    In: CRREL Report, 77-14
    Description / Table of Contents: The breakup of the Chena River was observed and documented during the spring of 1975 and 1976. This study attempted to determine the potential for damage to the proposed Chena River flood control dam from ice and debris during breakup. Results of this study were compared to those of a 1974 companion study. In 1975, ice thickness were determined to be 15% thinner than in 1974 and ice volume was 33% smaller. No major ice floes were observed in 1975 and no significant flooding occurred, although the approaches to a bridge at the damsite were eroded by debris and high water immediately after breakup. The 1976 breakup was milder than that of 1975. Minor flooding in the lower river was caused by jamming of a few large ice pieces, but no property damage resulted.
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    Pages: v, 44 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 77-14
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9513
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Ice thickness and quantity Chronology of the 1975 Chena River breakup Checkpoint 3 Checkpoint 4 Checkpoint 5 Checkpoint 6 Checkpoint A Checkpoint 7 Checkpoint C Checkpoint D Checkpoint 8 Checkpoint 10 Checkpoint 11 Checkpoint 12 Spring flooding and debris The 1976 Chena River breakup Breakup in other years Summary and conclusions Appendix A. Sequential photographs of 1975 breakup at checkpoints 3-12
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  • 79
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    Observations of the ultraviolet spectral reflectance of snow (1977)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-77/27
    In: CRREL Report, 77-27
    Description / Table of Contents: The spectral reflectance of natural snow in the range of 0.20- to about 0.40-micrometers wavelengths was studied in the laboratory using both continuous spectral scanning and fixed bandpass measurements. White barium sulfate pressed powder was used as a standard for comparison. The reflectance of fresh snow was found to be very high (usually nearly 100%) and only weakly wavelength dependent from 0.24 micrometers to the visible range. In the 0.20- to 0.24-micrometers portion of the spectrum, the reflectance was found to be quite erratic. Possible reasons for the irregularities in reflectance measurements are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 77-27
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9499
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Experimental procedure Snow collection Spectrophotometric methods Data analysis Potential sources of error Presentation of results Continuous-scan measurements Comparison of sequential bandpass and continuous-scan measurements Theoretical calculations Discussion of results Differences in amplitude of reflectance measurements Irregularities in the shape of spectral reflectance curves The true spectral reflectance of snow in the ultraviolet region Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Absolute reflectance values of pressed BaSO4 powder
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  • 80
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    Mechanics of cutting and boring; Part VI: dynamics and energetics of transverse rotation machines (1977)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-77/19
    In: CRREL Report, 77-19
    In: Mechanics of cutting and boring, Part VI
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: The report deals with forces and power levels in cutting machines having adisc or drum that rotates about an axis perpendicular to the direction of advance. The forces on individual cutting tools are related to position on the rotor and to characteristics such as tool layout, rotor speed, rotor size, machine advance speed, and rotor torque. Integration leads to expressions for force components acting on the rotor axis, taking into account tool characteristics, cutting depth of the rotor, and rotor torque. These provide estimates of tractive thrust and thrust normal to the primary free surface. For self-propelled machines, this leads to considerations of traction, normal reaction, weight and balance, and power/weight ratios. Specific energy consumption is analyzed and related to machine characteristics and strength ofthe material being cut. Power per unit working area is discussed, and data for existing machines are summarized. Power requirements for ejection ofcuttings are analyzed, and the hydrodynamic resistance on underwater cuttings is treated. A number of worked examples are given to illustrate the principles discussed in the report.
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    Pages: vii, 36 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 77-19
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9518
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Foreword Introduction Terminology Forces on individual cutters Torque force and tool force Forces on the rotor axis Tractive thrust and down thrust Alternative tool force formulations Vehicle traction Power/weight ratio Weight and balance Force, torque, speed and power Specific energy Efficiency and performance index Power density Power requirements for ejection of cuttings Hydrodynamic resistance in underwater cutting
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  • 81
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    The Arctic environment and the Arctic surface effect vehicle (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/1
    In: CRREL Report, 76-1
    Description / Table of Contents: This report summarizes the advances in understanding of the Arctic which have come about since the inception of the ARPA Arctic Surface Effect Vehicle Program in 1970, primarily as the result of CRREL’s participation. Major efforts to increase knowledge of sea ice, terrestrial, and coastal topographic features are described. Special empha­sis is placed upon the quantitative understanding of pressure ridging. Other areas of major interest are atmospheric characteristics and ecological effects. A list of publications generated is included.
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    Pages: iv, 28 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-1
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6018
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sea ice characteristics Ridging intensity Arctic terrain characteristics databank Digital terrain maps Digital laser profiles Standard terrain tapes Mobility analysis Terrestrial and coastal characteristics Northern Alaska Interior Alaska Arctic USSR Northern Canada and Greenland Climatological characteristics General features Surface winds Temperatures Precipitation and visibility Electromagnetic/optical propagation Ecological effects of SEV operations SK-5 tests Simulated SEV tests Conclusions Literature cited Additional CRREL SEV Bibliography
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  • 82
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    Survey of design criteria for harbors and channels in cold regions : an annotated bibliography (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/3
    In: CRREL Report, 76-3
    Description / Table of Contents: A world-wide review of the literature applicable to the design of harbors and channels in cold regions was conducted. Forces due to ice movement present the dominant factor in the design of marine structures in cold regions. Expressions for calculating the ice force are presented. Other factors relating to design criteria such as construction materials, structure geometry, and methods of ice suppression are discussed.
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    Pages: iii, 32 Seiten
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-3
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA025225
    Language: English
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  • 83
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    Sea ice ridging over the Alaskan continental shelf (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/8
    In: CRREL Report, 79-8
    Description / Table of Contents: Sea ice ridging statistics obtained from a series of laser surface roughnessprofiles are examined. Each set of profiles consists of six 200-km-long flight tracks oriented approximately perpendicular to the coastline of the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas. The landward ends of the profiles were located at Point Lay, Wainwright, Barrow, Lonely, Cross Island and Barter Island. The flights were made in February, April, August, and December 1976, and one additional profile was obtained north of Cross Island during March 1978. It was found that although there is a systematic variation in mean ridge height (h) with season (with the highest values occurring in late winter), there is no systematic spatial variation in h at a given time. The number of ridges/km (micron) is also high during the late winter, with the highest values occurring in the Barter and Cross Island profiles . In most profiles, the ice 20 to 60 km from the coast is more highly deformed (higher micron values) than the ice either nearer the coast or farther seaward. The Wadhams model for the distribution of ridge heights gives better agreement with observed values in the higher ridge categories than does the Hibler model. Estimates of the spatial recurrence frequency of large pressure ridges are made by using the Wadhams model and also by using an extreme value approach. In the latter, the distribution of the lagest ridges per 20 km of laser track was found to be essentially normal
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 28 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-8
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9015
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Data collection and processing Analysis General Variations in ridging Ridge height distributions Occurrence of high ridges The tail of the distribution Extreme values Applications to offshore design Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Tabulated ice ridge data
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  • 84
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    Penetration tests in subsea permafrost, Prudhoe Bay, Alaska (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/7
    In: CRREL Report, 79-7
    Description / Table of Contents: Sediments beneath the Beaufort Sea near Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, were probed at 27 sites using a static cone penetrometer to determine engineering properties and distribution of material types, including ice-bonded sediments. The probe provided both point and casing resistance data and thermal profiles. At five sites these data were correlated with information from adjacent drilled and sampled holes. These control data and the quality of the probe information permitted profiles of sediment type and occurrence of ice-bonded material to be developed along three lines that included various geological features and depositional environments. Material properties were quite variable in the upper 14 m of sediments probed. In general, softer, finer-grained sediments occurred in the upper layers, while penetration refusal was met in stiff gravels to 10 to 12 m below the seabed. Seabed temperatures during the study were all below 0 C. However, because of uncertainties in freezing point values caused by brines, evaluation of the penetration resistance data was required to identify the occurrence of ice-bonded sediments. The coupling of thermal and penetration resistance data revealed that seasonally ice-bonded sediments occurred where the sea ice froze back to or near the seabed. Deeper, perennially frozen sediments also appeared to be present at several probe sites. The penetration data obtained can be used to aid in the design of shallow and deep foundations in both ice-bonded and unfrozen subsea sediments.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 49 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-7
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9014
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Equipment Data collection and reduction Data analysis and interpretation Point penetration resistance and material properties Lithologic and temperature profiles Casing penetration resistance Applications Shallow foundations Deep foundations Foundations in permafrost Correlations with laboratory tests Conclusions Selected bibliography Appendix A: Description of penetrometer and test procedures Appendix B: Point resistance and skin friction data
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  • 85
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    Undersea pipelines and cables in polar waters (1978)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/22
    In: CRREL Report, 78-22
    Description / Table of Contents: Special environmental factors that influence the design, laying and maintenance of undersea pipelines and cables in polar waters are described. Various approaches to the protection of submarine pipes and cables are considered, and prime emphasis is given to burial techniques for shallow water. A wide range of methods for trenching and burying are discussed, and technical data are given.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 36 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-22
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9387
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Introduction Types of pipelines and cables Potential hazards to pipelines and cables Areas of concern Waterdepth Sea ice Icebergs and ice islands Submarine permafrost Ice gouging Seabed erosion by water jets Protection methods Protection of unburied pipes and cables Protection by burial Backhoe digging Wireline equipment Plowing and ripping from the surface Plowing and ripping by self-propelled seabed vehicles Bucket ladder dredges Suction dredging Conventional cutterhead dredges Low pressure water jetting Bottom-traveling cutterhead dredges Explosive methods Novel methods Disc saws, wheel ditchers and milling drums Ladder trenchers and chain saws Repetitive impulse devices High pressure water jets Flame jets and plasma torches Electrical discharge and electromagnetic radiation Chemical methods Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 86
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    The compression of wet snow (1978)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/10
    In: CRREL Report, 78-10
    Description / Table of Contents: The compressibility of wet snow is described in terms of pressure melting and nonlinear viscous deformation at grain contacts. The results of experiments with different salinities and liquid water contents are compared with computed densities. The decreasing compressibility of wet snow with increasing salinity and decreasing liquid content is quantified and explained. Simultaneous particle growth and the doubly charged layer at phase boundaries are included in the model. The results show that the density of wet snow increases approximately as a power of time but is highly dependent on the stress, initial particle size, liquid water content, and ionic impurity content of the snow.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 23 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-10
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9405
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Experimental procedure Grain growth Stressed particle contacts Fluid pressure Packing geometry Temperature distribution and heat flow Fluid and impurity flows Results The liquid film Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 87
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    A computer model of municipal snow removal (1977)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-77/30
    In: CRREL Report, 77-30
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: Ageneral computer model to simulate municipal snow removal has been developed. Programs which aid in the routing of snowplows are a part of this package. Once vehicle routes are created, the simulation program can be used to assess situations varying both equipment and meteorological parameters. Time for each plow to complete its route is calculated. Considerations are made for the above variable parameters plus plowing windrow, route starting depth, overlapping truck routes and intersection delay time. The effects of storm length, snowfall rate and starting depth on total plowing time are examined in a test case.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: ii, 7 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 77-30
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9503
    Language: English
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  • 88
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    Roof loads resulting from rain-on-snow (1977)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-77/12
    In: CRREL Report, 77-12
    Description / Table of Contents: A computer program to calculate the increased live load on a snow-covered roof due to rain-on-snow is given. For the 25-year rainstorm falling on a heavy snow load on a flat roof in Hanover, New Hamsphire, and additional 98 kg/m2 (20 lb/ft2) of liquid water is added to the live load. The additional load due to rain-on-snow is very sensitive to the snow properties and characteristics of the roof. A wide range of live loads is possible, depending on the particular circumstances.
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    Pages: vii, 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 77-12
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9511
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Page Abstract Preface Summary Nomenclature Introduction Water movement through snow Vertical percolation Lateral flow Flat roofs Sloping roofs Rainfall intensity-duration effects Miscellaneous effects Radial flow to drains Flow along gutters on snow-covered roofs Snow structure Basal layer Conclusion Literature citied Appendix A. Computer program calculating roof loads from rain-on-snow
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  • 89
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    Ice forces on vertical piles (1977)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-77/10
    In: CRREL Report, 77-10
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: The amount of force that an ice sheet can apply to a vertical pile was tested by lowering a hydraulic ram device into a hole cut in an existing ice sheet. The device had a large base and shoved a relatively narrow vertical pile in a horizontal direction. Test variables were: pile widths - 1.5 in. to 36.7 in.; pile shapes - flat, round, 45 ° and 90° wedges; ice thickness - 2.6 in. to 8.8 in.; and ram speed - 0.07 in./sec to 18.75 in./sec; but not all shapes and sizes were tested at all speeds. Air temperature was 20 ° F (-6.7 ° C). Forces and displacements were measured electronically. The findings are presented as a table of test results and as bar graphs of the resultant ice pressures versus the pile width-to-ice-thickness ratio, pile width and shape combination and pile velocity. The types of failures in the ice sheet were classified as crushing, splitting, buckling, bending, and creeping. The ice sheet generally withstood a high initial load followed by several lower peak load levels. The maximum ice pressure measured was 610 psi for a 12.6-in.-diam round pile in 8.4-in.-thick ice.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 9 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 77-10
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9505
    Language: English
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  • 90
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    A laboratory investigation of the mechanics and hydraulics of river ice jams (1977)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-77/9
    In: CRREL Report, 77-9
    Description / Table of Contents: This report presents experimental results on the conditions of initiation of an ice jam by a simple surface obstruction, on the equilibrium thickness of an ice jam formed by accumulation and submergence of ice floes, and on the compression strength of floating, fragmented ice cover. In the study on ice jam initiation, it was found that the minimum concentration of floes in the opening of the obstruction at which a jam occurs is nearly independent of the ratio of width of constricted passage to channel width, and is proportional to a negative power of the ratio of floe length to width of constricted passage. From energy analysis of floe submergence, a relationship relating the thickness of a jam formed by accumulation and submergence of floes to the approach flow characteristics was derived and found to fit satisfactorily the experimental data. In experiments on compression strength of floating, fragmented ice cover it was found that the compressive strength is inversely proportional to compression velocity and independent of cover length.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vii, 45 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 77-9
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9482
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction I. Initiation of ice jams by partial surface obstructions A. Introductory remarks B. Experimental apparatus and procedure C. Dimensional analysis D. Presentation of results and discussion ΙΙ. Thickness of ice jams due to accumulation and transport of ice floes A. Introductory remarks B. Experimental apparatus and procedures C. Presentation of results E. Conclusion III. Compressive strength of floating fragmented ice covers A. Introductory remarks B. Experimental setup and procedure C. Presentation of results and discussion D. Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Experimental results on ice jam initiation Appendix B: Effect of surface tension on submergence velocity of ice floes Appendix C: Experimental results for ice jam thickness study Appendix D: Experimental results on compressive strength of fragmented ice cover
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  • 91
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    Remote sensing of accumulated frazil and brash ice in the St. Lawrence River (1977)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-77/8
    In: CRREL Report, 77-8
    Description / Table of Contents: A broadbanded impulse radar system was used for aerial detection of accumulated frazil and brash ice in a 9.5-km reach of the St. Lawrence River near Ogden Island. The remote sensing and data reduction system developed for the project provided data sufficient for production of a contour map having 1-ft intervals. With this contour map, the accumulation pattern of frazil and brash ice could be analyzed. Recommendations are given for improving the performance of the aerial profiling system.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 77-8
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9483
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Page Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric (SI) units of measurement Background Objectives Profiling system Approach Profiling method Data reduction and interpretation Results Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Comparison of ground and aerial data
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  • 92
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    Heat transfer characteristics of melting and refreezing a drill hole through an ice shelf in Antarctica (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/12
    In: CRREL Report, 76-12
    Description / Table of Contents: The heat transfer processes associated with melting and refreezing a drill hole 500 m in depth and 0.150 m in initial radius through an ice shelf were approximately analyzed. The results were expressed in graphical form showing the time available for experimentation under the hole as a function of heating duration and heating strength. It was found that the refreezing of the drill hole had a much slower rate than the melting of the hole.
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    Pages: vi, 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-12
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA026368
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Summary Nomenclature Introduction Analysis Melting period Freezing period Calculation Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Justification of using eq 8 for the calculation of heat transfer coefficient h
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  • 93
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    Evaluation of MESL membrane : puncture, stiffness, temperature, solvents (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/22
    In: CRREL Report, 76-22
    Description / Table of Contents: Several membrane materials used or considered for MESL (membrane-enveloped soil layer) utilization of poor soils in road construction have been tested for cold effect on puncture and stiffness. PE (polyethylene) film was also tested for solvent soak effects. A simple blunt needle apparatus was devised for puncture testing. For plastic films (mainly PE), both puncture resistance and stiffness increase at low temperature (0 F, -18 C). For non-woven, spunbonded fabrics these properties are little affected by cold. For both non-wovens and PE film, puncture and bending strengths increase linearly with weight or thickness. The slope is steeper for the non-wovens, which generally are stronger on a per unit weight basis. PE film soaked in a hydrocarbon solvent swelled approximately 17% and lost about 30-40% its puncture strength. These effects are apparently reversible upon drying. Consideration has been given to sealing and patching requirements and to the drying of sealant liquids when adhering film to film. Also considered have been pos­sible slippage related to the reported low angle of friction of plastic films in soil and the possibility of lamination for improved membrane properties.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 60 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-22
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6187
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Page Abstract Preface Introduction Experimental Materials Apparatus Procedure Results Discussion PE solvent soak and swelling PE solvent soak and puncture Film puncture rate effect Bending orientation Comparative tables and graphs Puncture and temperature Bending and temperature Test result vs thickness and weight General considerations Conclusion and recommendations Literature cited Appendix Detailed data tables Denier explanation
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  • 94
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    Thickness and roughness variations of Arctic multiyear sea ice (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/18
    In: CRREL Report, 76-18
    Description / Table of Contents: Three surface elevation and ice thickness profiles obtained during the 1972 Arctic Ice Dynamics Joint Experiment on a multiyear ice floe were analyzed to obtain relationships between surface elevation, thickness and physical properties of the ice. It was found that for ice freeboards from 0.10 m to 1.05 m above sea level a linear relationship between ice density and freeboard could be postulated. The equation for the regression line is: Ice density = -194f' + 974 kg/cu m where f' is the ice freeboard plus snow depth in ice equivalent at the point in question. This statistical relationship is consistent with observed physical properties, which indicate that as the ice freeboard increases, ice salinity decreases and the higher freeboard or thicker ice therefore decreases in density. Using this variable density with freeboard relationship, a model was constructed to predict ice thickness, given ice freeboard and snow depth alone. This prediction is desirable, since snow depth and freeboard are relatively easy to obtain, whereas ice thickness can usually be obtained only by drilling through the ice. The model was compared with two other models. It was found that the variable density prediction model gave the best approximation to observed ice thickness, with a standard error between the measured and predicted value of about 0.4 m, compared with errors from 50 to 100% higher for the other two models.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 25 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-18
    URL: Abstract
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Previous work Results Models for predicting thickness from ice freeboard Comparison between measured and predicted thicknesses Spectral behavior of measured and predicted profiles Comparisons of ice thickness using airborne laser profilometry Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Misgivings on isostatic imbalance as a mechanism for sea ice cracking
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  • 95
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    Study of piles installed in polar snow (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/23
    In: CRREL Report, 76-23
    Description / Table of Contents: This report describes the study of piles tested in polar snow at Camp Century, Greenland. More than 20 piles of various lengths and sizes were driven, including timber, closed-end and open-end steel pipe piles, and I- and H-piles. The H-piles were instrumented with strain gages. In addition to the driven piles, two purely end-bearing piles were installed in augered holes and five piles were frozen in place using a snow-water slurry. Driving records were obtained and are discussed. Analysis of the driving response of various piles revealed that the Hiley formula, and presumably other similar pile driving formulas, cannot be used to predict the ultimate supporting capacity of piles driven in snow. Factors such as pile inertia, rigidity, size, and tip resistance are discussed in relation to their apparent influence upon pile penetration. Pile load test procedures are described and test results are discussed. It was found that closed-end pipe piles are decidedly inferior to open-end pipe piles in their load-carrying capability and their ultimate supporting capacity. Although pile settlement was found to be dependent upon such variables as pipe load, time, pile shape, and snow temperature, precise effects of these variables were not determined. Nevertheless, the capability of open-end piles to carry quite heavy loads was demonstrated and a procedure is presented for testing these piles in snow.
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    Pages: ix, 132 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-23
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA029191
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Test site Pile driving equipment Test instrumentation Testing procedures Pile driving data Pile type vs driving resistance Closed-end vs open-end piles Calculated bearing capacity of pile Effect of pile driving on the embedment medium Pile inclination Slurried-in-place piles Pile load test data Strain gage instrumentation and results Pile excavation Discussion and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Theoretical elastic deflection of piles supported by skin friction Appendix B: Trench floor arching study
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  • 96
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    Compressibility characteristics of compacted snow (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/21
    In: CRREL Report, 76-21
    Description / Table of Contents: The effects of snow temperature and initial density on the stress vs density and stress vs deformation relationships were investigated for shallow compacted snow in the density range of 0.28 to 0.76 g/cu m, for stress range of 0.5 to 72 bars and a temperature range of -1 to -34 C at a deformation rate of 40 cm/s. A decrease in temperature increases the resistance to stress, the effect increasing with applied stress. For any stress, an increase in the initial density results in an increase in the resulting density, the effect decreasing with an increase in stress. The approximate yield envelopes, which define the stress required to initiate any deformation of snow of a particular density and temperature, were determined. Rapid compaction of snow results in extensive recrystallization, significantly different from that of naturally compacted snow. At a stress of 72 bars, transformation to ice occurs only at temperature above -10C.
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    Pages: vi, 47 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-21
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6184/rec/1
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Description of study Sample preparation Test equipment and procedure Discussion of results Stress-density relationship Stress-deformation relationship Summary and conclusions Microstructural examination of artifically compacted snow Analytical techniques Results and discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix: Photographs of oscilloscope traces
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  • 97
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    River channel characteristics at selected ice jam sites in Vermont (1978)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/25
    In: CRREL Report, 78-25
    Description / Table of Contents: The objectives of this investigation were to describe channel characteristics and geographic settings of ice jam sites from aerial photographic interpretation, to indicate which characteristics may be important in causing ice jams, and to suggest additional uses of aerial photographs. Aerial photographs were taken of 19 sites with a Zeiss RMK 15/23 aerial camera on 17, 19, and 21 April 1976. Uncontrolled photomosaics of each site were assembled and major river characteristics were delineated on the photomosaics. Characteristics described include: manmade structures, falls, rapids, changes in channel depths, channel islands, mid-channel shoals or bars, river bed material, river sinuosity, meanders, floodplain width, riparian vegetation, and types of development on the floodplain. River channel widths were measured from the photographs along rivers where ground truth data were available for comparison. Lengths of channel riffles and pools were measured along the rivers where variations in river depths were evident on the photographs. Seventy-nine percent of the sites have some form of flow control structure which causes a pool with a backwater condition of low velocity. The low flow condition in the pool allows a solid ice cover to form which impedes ice movement and initiates ice jams. Aerial photographs provide a regional perspective for evaluating channel characteristics at an ice jam site and for analyzing the geographic setting at each site during ice-free conditions. Photographs taken after ice jams have formed are useful in monitoring ice jam formation, in analyzing ice characteristics, and in documenting ice jam breakup and movement.
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    Pages: iii, 60 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-25
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9458
    Language: English
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  • 98
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    Ice fog suppression using reinforced thin chemical films (1978)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/26
    In: CRREL Report, 78-26
    Description / Table of Contents: Ice fog suppression experiments on the Fort Wainwright Power Plant cooling pond were conducted during the winters of 1974-76. Baseline information studies occupied a sizable portion of the available ice fog weather in 1974-75. Then hexadecanol was added to the pond and dramatically improved visibility by reducing fog generated from water vapor released by the pond at -14 C. Although this temperature was not low enough to create ice fog, the cold vapor fog created was equally as devastating to visibility in the vicinity of the pond. During the winter of 1975-76, suppression tests were continued using films of hexadecanol, mixes of hexadecanol and octadecanol, and ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (EGME). Suppression effectiveness at colder temperatures was stuided and limits to the techniques were probed. A reinforcing grid was constructed that prevented breakup of the film by wind and water currents. Lifetime tests indicated that EGME degrades much more slowly than either hexadecanol or the hexadecanol-octadecanol mix. The films were found to be very effective fog reducers at warmer temperatures but still allowed 20% to 40% of normal evaporation to occur. The vapor thus produced was sufficient to create some ice fog at lower temperatures, but this ice fog occurred less frequently and was more quickly dispersed than the thick fog that was present before application of the films.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 27 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-26
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9456
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Ice fog from cooling ponds Evaporation Relative humidity and cold air Ice fog suppression Air movement Plastic films Rafts Injection wells Cooling towers Chemical films Reinforced film experiments Meteorological data collection Floating reinforcement grid Application of the hexadecanol film Hexadecanol, octadecanol mixes Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether Laboratory tests of suppression effectiveness Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Design for an automatic thin chemical film applicationsystem Appendix B. Meteorological data
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  • 99
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    A hydraulic model investigation of drifting snow (1978)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/16
    In: CRREL Report, 78-16
    Description / Table of Contents: A model investigation of drifting snow conditions was conducted in a hydraulic flume using a sand-water analog. Model results were evaluated to define modeling parameters that would allow quantitative correlation between measured prototype drift conditions and the model. The modeled structure was the standard plan snow fence designed by the Wyoming Highway Department and installed along Interstate Highway 80 in 1971. The performance of this system was documented by the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station of the U.S. Forest Service. Models of the fence were constructed for three heights and two geometric scales. Geometric scaling was based on terrain roughness and boundary layer thickness considerations, while velocity scaling was based on particle fall velocity and threshold of motion characteristics. Simulation of the atmospheric boundary layer was found to be of primary importance. Velocity scaling analysis suggested the use of a 'significant wind' concept based on a combination of velocity magnitude and frequency. Similarity of precipitation rate was not essential, and could be altered within limits to adjust the time scale. The response of the model to the shape of model elements was significant. Although the model is distorted and inexact similarity is achieved, it appears useful on a practical basis.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-16
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9400
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Background Experimental design Similitude considerations The model Model operation Results Velocity Fence height Porosity Model correlation Summary and conclusions Recommeqdations for future work Literature cited Appendix A
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    On the determination of horizontal forces a floating ice plate exerts on a structure (1978)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/15
    In: CRREL Report, 78-15
    Description / Table of Contents: This report first discusses the general approach for calculating the horizontal forces an ice cover exerts on a structure. Ice force determination consists of two parts: (1) the analysis of the in-plane forces assuming that the ice cover remains intact and (2) the use of a failure criterion, since an ice force cannot be larger than the force capable of breaking up the ice cover. For an estimate of the largest ice force, an elastic plate analysis and a failure criterion are often sufficient. A review of the literature revealed that, in the majority of the analyses, it is assumed that the failure load is directly related to a 'crushing strength' of the ice cover. However, observations in the field and tests in the laboratory show that in some instances the ice cover fails by buckling. This report reviews the ice force analyses based on the buckling failure mechanism and points out their shortcomings. The report then presents a new method of analysis which is based on the buckling mechanism
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-15
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9275
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction and statement of problem Review of relevant analyses and tests Determination of the largest ice force on an isolated structure Preliminary remarks The buckling analysis of a floating wedge Proposed method to determine Literature cited
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