ALBERT

Note: CONTENTS: Flight plan 1998. - C130 schedule. - NGRIP 1998 schedule. - Overview of 1998 schedule. - Camp setup. - Quartering and buildings. - Number of field participants. - NGRIP 1998 sub programs. - SITREP. - Term of reference for the NG RIP field work. - Accidents and illness. - Mail to NGRIP participants. - Cargo shipments to Greenland. - Personnel transport 1998. - Booze and drugs. - Vacation in Greenland. - Shipping boxes. - Welcome to the NGRIP camp. - List of participants. - NGRIP camp load. - Kangerlussuaq and the surrounding area. - Thule Air Base, Greenland, Base Operations. - Other useful information for Thule passengers. - Uplift 1998. - Typical specifications for LC-130 and Twin Otter. - Useful data. - Coordination of C-130 in Kangerlussuaq. - Aviation weather reports. - Typical communication plan. - Summary of frequencies used in Greenland. - Phonetic alphabet. - Personal field equipment. - Operation of NERA lnmarsat M terminal. - Map of NGRIP camp. - NGRIP trenches. - Map of NGRIP area. - Map of Greenland. - Map of the ice divide north of GRIP. - Map of the magnetic declination in Greenland. - Density vs temperature of hole liquid. - Surface measurements near NGRIP. - Positions in Greenland. - Relevant distances and directions. - List of NGRIP addresses.

Note: Table of Contents: Climate and American People. - Earth's climate: A dynamic system. - Why does earth's climate change?. - Can we change the climate?. - The Greenhouse Effect. - Why are Greenhouse gas amounts increasing?. - Aerosols: Sunscreen for the planet?. - How has climate changed in the past century?. - Can we predict climate change?. - What do climate models tell us about our future?. - Where do we go from here?

Note: CONTENTS: Foreword / Klaus Hasselmann. - GROUP HASSELMANN. - Improving the SIAM Economy Module / Volker Barth. - A Nonlinear Impulse Response Model of the Coupled Carbon Cycle-Ocean-Atmosphere Climate System / Georg Hooß. - Potential Impact of Uncertainty and Natural Climate Variability in the Design of Optimal Climate Protection Policies / Victor Ocaña. - Climate Change Detection for the Annual Cycle of Temperature and Precipitation / Reiner Schnur. - Estimating the Sensitivity of a Regional Atmospheric Model to a Sea State Dependent Roughness Using Ensemble Calculations / Ralph Weisse, Hauke Heyen, and Hans von Storch. - CLIMATE MODEL AND DATA SECTION DKRZ. - Modellbetreuungsgruppe - An Update / Ulrich Cubasch. - Prediction of Global Change Using Different Models: An Intercomparison / Ulrich Cubasch. - The ECHO-G Coupled Climate Model on the NEC SX-4 / Stephanie Legutke. - Data Group Activities and Status / Hans Luthardt. - GROUP GRAF. - The Possible Effect of Biomass Burning on Local Precipitation and Global Climate / Hans-F. Graf. - The Leading Variability Mode of the Coupled Troposphere-Stratosphere Winter Circulation in Different Climate Regimes / Judith Perlwitz. - Numerical Simulation of Scavenging Processes in Explosive Volcanic Eruption Clouds / Christiane Textor. - Three-dimensional Simulation of Stratospheric Aerosol / Claudia Timmreck. - GROUP LATIF. - Oceanic Control of Decadal North Atlantic Sea Level Pressure Variability in Winter / Mojib Latif, Klaus Arpe, and Erich Roeckner. - Climatology and Variability in the Tropical Pacific in the Coupled GCM ECHO-G / Astrid Baquero. - Large-scale Air-sea Interactions in the Midlatitudes / Dietmar Dommenget. - ENSO Prediction Experiments with the Coupled GCM ECHO-G / Anselm Grötzner, Mojib Latif, and Stephan Venzke. - Simulating the Response of an Ocean General Circulation Model to North Atlantic Oscillation-type Forcing / Helmuth Haak. - The Role of Indian Ocean Sea Surface Temperature in Forcing East African Climate Anomalies / Mojib Latif, Dietmar Dommenget, and Mihai Dima. - A Circulation Model for Paleoclimate Studies: Model Description and First Applications / Gerrit Lohmann. - Southern Ocean Investigations with the HOPE Model / Simon J. Marsland. - The Atmospheric Response to SST Anomalies in Midlatitudes / Ute Merkel. - Equatorial Pacific Thermocline Circulation and Decadal Climate Variability / Keith Rodgers. - Ocean Model Intercomparison Project / Frank Röske. - Assimilation of Topex/Poseidon Altimeter Data into an Ocean GCM to Improve ENSO Forecasts / Sigrid Schöttle. - GROUP MIKOLAJEWICZ. - Development of the new C-HOPE OGCM / Uwe Mikolajewicz. - The Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation: Large Scale and Small Scale Aspects / Johann Jungclaus. - The Global Ocean Assimilation System GOAS / Detlev Müller. - Study of the Climate Variability in the Northern European and Arctic Seas Using Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Models / Dmitry Sein. - GROUP MAIER-REIMER. - Modeling of Marine Biogeochemistry / Ernst Maier-Reimer. - (1) Optimisation of a Marine Silicon Cycle Model and (2) Artificial Sediment Cores / Christoph Heinze. - Modeling Stable Water Isotopes and Vapor Source Regions over Greenland and Antarctica / Martin Werner. - OTHERS. - Ongoing Work in the Bengtsson Department / Marco Giorgetta. - E-journals and Databases for MPG Scientists: How to's / Carola Kauhs. - INDEX OF AUTHORS. -

Note: CONTENTS: Flight plan 1996. - C130 schedule. - NGRIP 1996 Schedule. - Overview of 1996 schedule. - Camp Layout. - Buildings. - Number of field participants. - NGRIP 1996 Sub programs. - CARDS Radar test. - KMS Elevation measurements. - SITREP. - Terms of Reference during the field operation. - Accidents and Illness. - Mail to NGRIP participants. - Cargo shipments to Greenland. - Personnel transport 1996. - Booze and drugs. - Vacation in Greenland. - Shipping boxes. - Welcome to the NGRIP camp. - List of participants. - NGRIP camp load. - Kangerlussuaq and Surrounding Area. - Thule Air Base, Greenland, Base Operations. - Other useful information for Thule passengers. - Uplift 1996. - Typical specs for LC-130 and Twin Otter. - Useful data. - Coordination of C-130 in Kangerlussuaq. - Aviation weather reports. - Typical communication plan. - Summary of frequencies used in Greenland. - Phonetic alphabet. - Personal field equipment. - Map of GRIP camp. - NGRIP, Maps of one and two line set up. - NGRIP trenches. - Map of Greenland. - Map of north Greenland. - Map of ice divide north of GRIP. - Map of magnetic declination in Greenland. - Positions in Greenland. - Relevant distances and directions. - 1996 Twin Otter hours. - List of NGRIP addresses.

Note: CONTENTS: Flight plan 1997. - C130 schedule. - NGRIP 1997 schedule. - Overview of 1997 schedule. - Camp layout. - Quartering and buildings. - Number of field participants. - NGRIP 1997 sub programs. - CARDS Radar test. - KMS elevation measurements. - SITREP. - Terms of reference during the field operation. - Accidents and illness. - Mail to NGRIP participants. - Cargo shipments to Greenland. - Personnel transport 1997. - Booze and drugs. - Vacation in Greenland. - Shipping boxes. - Welcome to the NGRIP camp. - List of participants. - NGRIP camp load. - Kangerlussuaq and the surrounding area. - Thule Air Base, Greenland, Base Operations. - Other useful information for Thule passengers. - Uplift 1997. - Typical specifications for LC-130 and Twin Otter. - Useful data. - Coordination of C-130 in Kangerlussuaq. - Aviation weather reports. - Typical communication plan. - Summary of frequencies used in Greenland. - Phonetic alphabet. - Personal field equipment. - Map of NGRIP camp. - NGRIP, Central Camp. - NGRIP trenches. - Map of NGRIP area. - Map of Greenland. - Map of the ice divide north of GRIP. - Map of the magnetic declination in Greenland. - Positions in Greenland. - Relevant distances and directions. - 1997 Twin Otter hours. - List of NGRIP addresses.

Note: Contents: 1. Personnel at DC. - 2. Summary timetable of events for EPICA personnel. - 3. Transport to/from DC for EPICA personnel. - 4. Building period. - 5. Scientific activity - equipment layout. - 6. Science processing line. - 7. Results from this season. - 8. General comments on communications, logistics and general status of the camp. - 9. Tasks that EPICA personnel need to do next season. - 10. Recommendations for 1998/99. - 11. Acknowledgements.

Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction Sorption and desorption of organic contaminants Decontamination methods Aqueous cleaning methods Cleaning or rinsing with organic solvents Chemical neutralization methods Current protocols to decontaminate groundwater sampling devices Variations in methodology Special instructions for cleaning pumps Effectiveness of various decontamination methods Low-temperature considerations Conclusions Literature cited

Note: ÍNDICE PRÓLOGO INTRODUCCIÓN El estudio científico de las cavidades kársticas y las Ciencias Geológicas. Una buena alianza / J.J. Durán. KARST, TECTÓNICA Y SISMICIDAD Evidencias tectónicas y sísmicas a partir del estudio de espeleotemas: conocimiento actual y desarrollo futuro / P. Forti Evolución tectosedimentaria del entorno de la Cueva de Nerja durante el Plio-Cuatemario. / A. Guerra-Merchán, D. Ramallo y F. Serrano Análisis de la fracturación reciente en los espelotemas de la Cueva de Nerja, Málaga. / P. Gumiel, J.J. Durán, J. López-Martínez, J.M. González-Casado, B. Andreo y F. Carrasco La fracturación en la Cueva de los Enebralejos, Segovia, borde norte del Sistema Central. / J. Barea, J.J. Durán, J. Giner, J.M. González-Casado y J. López-Martínez Control estructural de la cavidad kárstica "La Cuevona" (Ribadesella, Asturias) / J. L. Alonso, J. G. García-Ramos y M. Gutiérrez-Claverol El karst de la Alquería (Vélez-Rubio, Almería) / A. González y J.A. Martínez The influence of tectonics on karstification of Permian-Carboniferous limestone from westem Serbia. / P. Pavlovic and D. Stojiljkovic Estudio preliminar de la Cueva de Castelar (Ciudad Real). El ejemplo español de karst en rocas cristalinas / C. J. Gavilán, l. Alonso y J.J. Durán REGISTROS SEDIMENTARIOS KÁRSTICOS Y RECONSTRUCCIONES PALEOAMBIENTALES Endokarstic sedimentary records and paleo-environmental reconstructions in caves / D. C. Ford Speleothem records of environmental changes and the past-bases and potential. / Y. Y. Shopov, L. Tsankov, L. N Georgiev, C.J Yonge, H.P.R. Krouse and A.J.T. Jull Significance of Luminescent spelothem records for determination of orbital variations, glaciations and timing of termination-II. / Y.Y. Shopov, D. Stoykova, M. Sanambria, L. Tsankov, D. Ford, L. Georgiev and D. Georgieva Dataciones isotópicas de espeleotemas procedentes de cuevas costeras de Mallorca. Estado actual de las investigaciones / A. Ginés, J. Ginés, J.J. Fornós y P. Tuccimei Estudio isotópico sobre las condiciones de precipitación de "calcitas flotantes" actuales procedentes de tres cuevas en la isla de Mallorca / C. Jiménez de Cisneros y E. Caballero Geoquimica de travertinos procedentes de una fuente termal. Estimaciones sobre su velocidad de formación. / E. Caballero, C. Jiménez de Cisneros y C. Jiménez Travertinos asociados a los manantiales del borde occidental de la Sierra de la Alfaguara (Granada, Sur de España) / B. Andreo, M. Martín-Martín, A. Martín-Algarra y R. Julia Espeleotemas y morfogénesis exokárstica. El ejemplo de la Sierra del Endrinal (Grazalema, Cádiz) / J Rodríguez Vidal, G. Alvarez, L. M. Cáceres, A. Martínez Aguirre y J. M. Alcaraz La evolución de los materiales de acumulación en el Altiplano carbonatado de Cantanhede (NO de Coimbra-Portugal) / A. De Marco y L. A. Dimuccio Cave genesis in karst regions of Balkan Península / D. Vasileva Skocjanske Jame, Slovenia: development of caves related to rock characteristics and rock relief / M. Knez and T. Slabe Facies mineralógicas de las arenas de los rellenos kársticos de la Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos) / T. Aleixandre y A. Pérez González Mineralogy of cave deposits from Bihor Mountains (Romanía) / L. Ghergari and T. Tamas Análisis polínico de sedimentos en cavidades kársticas: hacia un nuevo desarrollo conceptual / J. S. Carrión, C. Navarro y M. Munuera El karst de la Espluga de Francolí: características fisicas e hidrogeológicas. Interés en la educación ambiental / J M Cervelló, M Monterde, J Ramoneda y A. Freixes Análisis sistemático y ecológico de los roedores del Pleistoceno Superior procedentes de la Cueva de las Ventanas (Granada, España) / A. Ruiz-Bustos y J A. Riquelme Cantal Geology, geomorphology, tectonics and geological map ofthe Cave of Riomurtas (Narcao, Southwest Sardinia). J De Waele and A. Muntoni CONSERVACIÓN DE CAVIDADES: EL IMPACTO ANTRÓPICO La dynamique du milieu souterrain, concepts de base servant a la conservation des grottes / A. Mangin, D. D 'Hulst et F. Bourges L' eclairage et la protection des grottes / F. Bourges, A. Mangin et D. D'Hulst Análisis de las concentraciones de 222Rn del aire de la Cueva de Nerja / C. Dueñas, M.C. Fernández, J Carretero, E. Liger y S. Cañete El medio ambiente subterráneo de la Cueva de Nerja (Málaga). Modificaciones antrópicas / F. Carrasco, B. Andreo, I Vadillo, J.J. Durán y C. Liñán EL AGUA Y EL KARST Recharge and behaviour of karst aquifers. Examples from Southeastem France / J Mudry, Y. Guglielmi, A. Chalumeau, A. Reynaud and Y. Paquette ¿Pueden las teorías sobre el desarrollo del karst contribuir al mejor conocimiento de la moderna hidrogeología del karst? / J Silar Behaviour of the epikarst aquifer: signal analysis and flow analysis. Si te of Lascaux Cave. / R. Lastennet, A. Denis, Ph. Malaurent and J Vouvé Primeros datos sobre la variabilidad estacional de la infiltración en la Cueva del Agua (lznalloz, Granada) / F. Sánchez-Martos, J. M Calaforra y M J González-Ríos Primeros resultados sobre la caracterización hidroquímica y evolución espacial de las aguas del sistema kárstico de Valporquero, Cordillera Cantábrica / JJ Durán, M Vallejo, l. Herráez y J López-Martínez Hidrodinámica e hidroquímica de las aguas de goteo de la Cueva de Nerja / C. Liñán, B. Andreo, F Carrasco e l. Vadillo Modelización de los procesos hidrogeoquímicos que afectan al agua de goteo de la Cueva de Nerja / J. Cardenal, J. Benavente, B. Andreo y F. Carrasco Algunos procesos hidrogeoquímicos en la Cueva de Canalobre y en el acuífero del Cabeçó D'Or (Alicante) / J. M Andreu, J.C. Cerón, A. Pulido-Bosch y A. Estévez Tracing technique as a contribution to karstology: past experience, new directions / Ph. Meus and C. Ek Ensayos de trazadores en acuíferos kársticos: desarrollo histórico y anecdotario / J. G. Yélamos Trazados en la Unidad Hidrogeológica Izarraitz (País Vasco): consideraciones sobre la complejidad estructural y dinámica del medio kárstico / l. Mugerza, T. Morales, l. Antigüedad, J.A. Uriarte, l. Fernández de Valderrama, J.M Gonzalo y P. Bezares d18O and average recharge-altitude relationships in karstic springs / Th. Herold, S.M. Bernasconi, P. Jordan and F. Zwahlen Concentración inicial de radiocarbono en agua subterránea del karst de Bohemia central / J. Silar y K. Záhrubsky Los sistemas kársticos del Parque Natural del Cadí-Moixeró (Pirineo oriental, Catalunya) / J. Ramoneda, A. Freixes, M. Monterde, J. P. Morin y L. Gourcy Hidroquímica de la Sierra de Guara / J. A. Cuchí, J.A. Manso, M. Subías y J. Buera Nuevas aportaciones sobre el funcionamiento hidrogeológico del acuífero kárstico multicapa del Calar del Mundo (Provincias de Albacete y Jaén) / T. Rodríguez-Estrella Posible contribución del karst de Los Berros (Argentina) para el abastecimiento a la industria de la región / C. Wetten y O.A. Damiani Karst groundwater quality in Austria / M. Kralik Modelo numérico del flujo subterráneo de un acuífero kárstico en Yucatán, México. Implicaciones hidrogeológicas / R. González, l. Sánchez y J. Gamboa Aprovechamiento de manantiales kársticos de carácter intermitente mediante operaciones de recarga artificial de acuíferos. Las Ufanes de Gabellí (Mallorca) / J. M Murillo, C.J. Gavilán, J.A. de la Orden The karstic aquifer ofthe Izhora Plateau (Russia) and problems ofits use under anthropogenic pressure / A. N Voronov, NA. Vinograd and A.A. Shvarts Aspects of groundwater vulnerability mapping in karst regions with the help of GIS / P.S. Bezrukov Natural and anthropogenic influences as threats to pits in the Debeli Namet Glacier (Durmitor National Park, Montenegro) / P. Djurovic Carbon inorganic total dissolved origine, repartition and it's karstification impact / C. Emblanch, H. Celle, B. Blavoux and J. M. Puig , Beiträge teilweise in spanischer, teilweise in englischer Sprache

Note: CONTENTS Page Preface Introduction Elastomers and sealant formulations Mechanical behavior of sealants Phenomenological behavior of rubbers and elastomers Hyperelastic constitutive model Examples of sealant behavior Mechanical response of seals Basic structural geometry and loading configurations of seals Conventional performance testing for studying the load and deformation response of joint and crack seals Response of seals to joint movements Summary and recommendations Literature cited Abstract

Note: CONTENTS Page Preface Nomenclature Introduction Experimental procedure Results and analysis Leading tire resistance Trailing tire resistance Deep snow Undercarriage drag Multiple passes Shallow snow resistance model Summary Literature cited Appendix A: Snow data Appendix B: Observations of snow deformation by a wheel Appendix C: Wheeled vehicle motion resistance data Abstract

Note: CONTENTS Page Preface Nomenclature Introduction Background Shallow snow Undisturbed snow on a firm substrate Undisturbed snow on a soft substrate Undisturbed snow over ice Disturbed, processed and packed snow Deep snow Ice Freezing or thawing ground conditions Bearing capacity of freezing ground Effect of thawing conditions on vehicle performance Speed made good Internal motion resistance Slopes Summary and recornmendations Literature cited Appendix A: Cold Regions Mobility Model CRM-1.F Appendix B: FORTRAN code using NRMM/CAMMS variables and format Appendix C: Traction coefficients on packed snow Appendix D: NRMM checkout data Abstract

Note: Contents Preface Symbols Abbreviations 1 The atmospheric boundary layer 1.1 Introduction 1.2 History 1.3 Observing the ABL 1.4 ABL modelling 1.5 Applications 1.6 Scope of the book 1.7 Nomenclature and some definitions Notes and bibliography 2 Basic equations for mean and fluctuating quantities 2.1 Turbulence and flow description 2.2 Governing equations for mean and fluctuating quantities 2.3 The simplified mean equations 2.4 The turbulence closure problem 2.5 The second-moment equations 2.6 Turbulent kinetic energy and stability parameters Notes and bibliography 3 Scaling laws for mean and turbulent quantities 3.1 The wind profile: simple considerations 3.2 Wind profile laws: the neutral case 3.3 Monin-Obukhov similarity theory: the non-neutral surface layer 3.4 Generalized ABL similarity theory 3.5 Similarity theory and turbulence statistics Notes and bibliography 4 Surface roughness and local advection 4.1 Aerodynamic characteristics of the land 4.2 Scalar roughness lengths 4.3 The vegetation canopy 4.4 Flow over the sea 4.5 Local advection and the internal boundary layer Notes and bibliography 5 Energy fluxes at the land surface 5.1 Surface energy balance and soil heat flux 5.2 Radiation fluxes 5.3 Evaporation 5.4 Condensation Notes and bibliography 6 The thermally stratified atmospheric boundary layer 6.1 The convective boundary layer 6.2 The stable (nocturnal) boundary layer 6.3 The marine atmospheric boundary layer 6.4 Mesoscale flow and IBL growth Notes and bibliography 7 The cloud-topped boundary layer 7.1 General properties of the CTBL 7.2 Observations 7.3 Radiation fluxes and cloud-top radiative cooling 7.4 Entrainment and entrainment instability 7.5 Numerical modelling of the CTBL Notes and bibliography 8 Atmospheric boundary-layer modelling and parameterization schemes 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Surface temperature 8.3 Surface humidity (soil moisture) 8.4 Canopy parameterization 8.5 Surface fluxes 8.6 Rate equation for ABL depth 8.7 Turbulence closure schemes 8.8 ABL cloud parameterization Notes and bibliography 9 The atmospheric boundary layer, climate and climate modelling 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Sensitivity of climate to the ABL and to land surface 9.3 Research priorities Notes and bibliography Appendices References Index

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Methods of testing Sampling Preparation of samples Preparation of structure pictures Results Influence of time and place Porosity Number of grains/cm2 Mean grain cross section Relative length of grain boundaries (KM ratio) Mean number of adjacent grains per grain Number of new boundaries/cm 2 Mean length of new grain-to-grain boundaries Some interrelations of the structure data Structure of a 1-yr old Peter snow Suggestions for an exact study of the age-hardening process of snow References Appendix: Structure pictures

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Experimental Materials Apparatus Experimental results Deformation under constant hydrostatic pressure Deformation as a function of hydrostatic pressure Deformation as a function of temperature at constant pressure Discussion References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Mathematical development Method of solution Discussion of results Base temperature Minimum temperature Effect of rate of growth Effect of geothermal influx Comparison with observed results References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction The Sorge depth-density curve Generalization for time-variable rate of accumulation Path of a particle on the surface y=B(h,t) Effect of temperature Computational procedure Densification under high loads References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Soil material Soil Preparation of the soil material Containers Temperature and humidity of the air Moisture content and dry density of the soil Experimental procedures and results General procedures Definition of the characteristics of cracking of soil Cracking moisture content Size of cells made by cracking of the soil Length of cracks Number of sides of cells Development of cracks Additional experiments Interfacial fracture markings Method of auxilliary tests on physical properties of the soil Elastic constants of the soil Shrinkage of soil due to desiccation Tests of the adhesion between the soil and the bottom material Results of auxiliary tests Elastic constants of the soil Free shrinkage process of the soil due to desiccation Adhesion between the soil and glass or wood Mechanism of crack formation due to the desiccation of soil Geometric interpretation Mechanical interpretation Conclusions References Appendix: Table of experiments

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Air temperature Wind direction and speed Precipitation and accumulation Climatological map for the Greenland Ice Sheet Appendix A: Temperature data Appendix B: Precipitation data

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Part 1. Data analysis Introduction Estimating snow temperature distributions from meteorological information Radiative heat transfer Short-wave radiation Long-wave radiation Net radiation exchange Convective heat transfer Liljequist method Monin-Obukhov method Conductive heat transfer Heat transfer in soil Heat transfer in snow Direct relationships Measurement of snow properties Cold content of snow Vertical temperature gradient in snow and its effects Snow hardness Summary of the analysis Thermal radiative heat transfer Convective heat transfer Heat transfer processes in soil and snow Part II. Tabulated data for Keweenaw Field Station Description of data Location and periods of measurement Instrumentation Data processing Explanation of tables Thermal radiation data, Keweenaw Field Station References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Experimentation Method of growing salt ice Strength test procedures Bulk properties of salt ice Phase relations Density and air content Strength results Strength of fresh-water ice Strength of NaCl ice as a function of brine volume Strength of NaCl· 2H2O ice as a function of the relative volume of solid salt Effect of thermal history on salt-ice strength Phase hysteresis Geometric hysteresis Effect of short-term cooling on the strength of fresh-water and NaCl·2H2O ice Effect of the volume of inclosed air on the strength of salt ice Conclusions NaCl ice Sea ice References Appendix A: Volume of brine and NaCl· 2H2O in NaCl ice as a function of salinity and temperature Appendix B: Ring test results Normal test sequences Appendix C: Ring test results Hysteresis test sequences Appendix .b: Ring test results Thermal history test sequences

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Theory Effective sliding velocity Estimate of stresses Surface profilecalculations Effect of the weight of ice on the bedrock base Sample calculations References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction to the problem Laboratory data Preliminary experiments Vertical sorting and volume changes produced by cyclic freeze -thaw Volume increase by sorting in straight graded samples without freezing and thawing Field data Vertical sorting of the active layer Correlation between laboratory and field data Conclusion and recommendations References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Standard methods of data presentation- A class interval method of data presentation Interpretation of the numerical data Interpretation of thin sections Conclusions References Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Comments on the shear hypothesis Appearance of the debris layers The possibility of cold ice scraping up debris The shear across a debris layer The geometry of the debris layers Freezing model Theory Discussion Conclusion References

Note: Table of Contents Part 1: Introduction Arthur Holmes Frederick Henry Stewart Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 1-11, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.03 The history of attempts to establish a quantitative time-scale L. R. Wager Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 13-28, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.04 A review of recent Phanerozoic time-scales N. J. Snelling Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 29-36, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.05 Sedimentation rates in relation to the Phanerozoic time-scale J. D. Hudson Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 37-42, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.06 The relationship between radiometric ages obtained from plutonic complexes and stratigraphical time R. St J. Lambert Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 43-54, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.07 The geological significance of radiometric age studies on volcanic and hypabyssal rocks F. J. Fitch and J. A. Miller Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 55-69, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.08 Part 2: Radiometric Methods with Respect to the Time-Scale Uranium–thorium–lead age-determinations with respect to the phanerozoic time-scale A. G. Darnley Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 73-86, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.09 The rubidium–strontium method Stephen Moorbath Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 87-99, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.10 Potassium—argon methods with special reference to basic igneous rocks John Alfred Miller and Frank John Fitch Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 101-117, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.11 Potassium—argon ages of sedimentary and pyroclastic rocks Halfdan Baadsgaard and Martin Henry Dodson Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 119-127, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.12 Potassium—argon decay constants and age tables Alan Gilbert Smith Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 129-141, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.13 Part 3: Original Data Glauconite dates from the Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous Martin Henry Dodson, David Charles Rex, Raymond Casey and Percival Allen Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 145-158, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.14 The age of the paroxysmal Variscan orogeny in England Frank Joseph Fitch and John Alfred Miller Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 159-175, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.15 Part 4: Stratigraphical Review The Tertiary period Brian Michael Funnell Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 179-191, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.16 The Cretaceous period Raymond Casey Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 193-202, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.17 The Jurassic period Michael Kingsley Howarth Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 203-205, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.18 The Triassic period Edward Timothy Tozer Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 207-209, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.19 The Permian period Denys Barker Smith Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 211-220, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.20 The Carboniferous period Edward Howel Francis and Austin William Woodland Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 221-232, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.21 The Devonian period Peter Furneaux Friend and Michael Robert House Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 233-236, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.22 The Silurian period I. Strachan Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 237-240, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.23 The Ordovician period H. B. Whittington and A. Williams Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 241-254, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.24 The Cambrian period J. W. Cowie Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 255-258, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.25 GENERAL DISCUSSION OF PAPAERS IN PART 4S Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 259, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.26 Summary of the Phanerozoic time-scale: the Geological Society Phanerozoic time-scale 1964 Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 260-262, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.27 Part 5: Abstracts of Published Radiometric and Stratigraphical Data with Comments Introduction Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 265-268, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.28 Items Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 269-442, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.29 Erratum Errata Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 443, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.01 Corrigenda Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 444, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.30

Note: Masterarbeit, University of Waterloo, 1995 , TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE AUTHOR'S DECLARATION BORROWER'S PAGE ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS DEDICATION LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF PLATES CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 PURPOSE 1.3 OBJECTIVES CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.2 THERMAL REGIME 2.3 INHERENT PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS 2.4 HYDROLOGICAL REGIME 2.5 INTEGRATED STUDIES 2.6 SUMMARY CHAPTER 3 STUDY SITE LOCATION 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.2 REGIONAL CLIMATE 3.3 GEOLOGY 3.4 VEGETATION 3.5 COLOUR LAKE BASIN CHAPTER4 INHERENT PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ACTIVE LAYER 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2 METHODS 4.3 RESULTS 4.4 DISCUSSION 4.4.1 SS, EIF and GC Transects 4.4.2 Permafrost Transects 4.5 SUMMARY CHAPTER 5 THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ACTIVE LAYER 5.1 lNTRODUCTION 5.2 THEORY 5.2.1 Energy Balance 5.2.2 Active Layer Development 5.3 METHODS 5.3.1 Energy Balance 5.3.2 Ground Thermal Regime 5.3.3 Predicting of Active Layer Depths 5.4 RESULTS 5.4.1 Energy Balance 5.4.2 Ground Thermal Regime 5.4.3 Predicting Active Layer Depths 5.5 DISCUSSION 5.S.1 Energy Balance 5.5.2 Ground Temperatures and Ground Heat Flux 5.5.3 Predicting Active Layer Depths 5.6 SUMMARY CHAPTER 6 HYDROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ACTIVE LAYER 6.1 INTRODUCTION 6.2 THEORY 6.2.1 Moisture Distribution 6.2.2 Maximum Storage within the Active Layer 6.3 METHODS 6.3.1 Moisture Profiles Using TDR 6.3.2 Precipitation and Evaporation 6.3.3 Changes in Water Storage in the Active Layer 6.3.4 Maximum Water Storage in the Active Layer 6.4 RESULTS 6.4.1 Moisture Distribution 6.4.1.1 Water Content Peaks 6.4.1.2 Apparent Unfrozen Water Content 6.4.1.3 Temporal Trends of a Typical Moisture Profile 6.4.1.4 Deviations from a Typical Site 6.4.1.5 Moisture Distribution Along a Hillslope 6.4.2 Precipitation Infiltration 6.4.3. Water Storage 6.5 DISCUSSION 6.5.1 Effect of Hydrology on Active Layer Development 6.5.1.1 Precipitation 6.5.1.2 Ice and Water Content 6.5.1.3 Seasonal Changes in Soil Moisture Distribution 6.5.2 Effect of Active Layer on Hydrology 6.5.2. 1 Impermeable Boundary 6.5.2.2 Subsurface Ponding 6.5.2.3 Permafrost/Active Layer Boundary Topography 6.5.2.4 Effect of Active Layer Hydrology on Surface Water 6.6 SUMMARY CHAPTER 7 CLIMATE CHANGE AND ACTIVE LAYER DEVELOPMENT 7.1 INTRODUCTION 7.2 SUMMARY 7.3 CLIMATE CHANGE 7.3.1 Introduction 7.3.2 Increase of Temperature 7.3.3 Changing Precipitation 7.4 REMOTE SENSING 7.5 RECOMMENDATION FOR FuRTHER RESEARCH APPENDIX A PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS APPENDIX A.1: ACTIVE LAYER DEPTHS APPENDIX B THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS APPENDIX B.1: BASE CAMP METEOROLOGICAL STATION OBSERVATIONS APPENDIX B.2: DAILY ENERGY-BALANCE SUMMARY APPENDIX B.3: MONTHLY AVERAGES FROM THE DESERT RESEARCH INSTITUTE METEOROLOGICAL STATION APPENDIX B.4: EXAMPLE OF DIURNAL FLUCTUATIONS IN TEMPERATURE AND ENERGY BALANCE COMPONENTS APPENDIX B.5: SOIL TEMPERATURES AT THE INTENSIVE STUDY SITES APPENDIX B.6: ACCUMULATED THAWING DEGREE DAYS APPENDIX B.7: CURVE FOR FENWALL THERMISTORS APPENDIX B.8: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN √ADDT AND √TT APPENDIX C HYDROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS APPENDIX C.1: VOLUMETRIC WATER CONTENT VALUES APPENDIX C.2: POTENTIAL INFILTRATION REFERENCES , Englisch

Note: 1961 , In tschechischer Sprache mit russischen, deutschen und englischen Zusammenfassungen

Note: Zum Teil in kyrillischer Schrift. , Text in russischer, englischer und französischer Sprache

Note: Contents: Front Matter ; Introduction ; Reconstruction of Phase Space ; Choosing Time Delays ; Choosing the Dimension of Reconstructed Phase Space ; Invariants of the Motion ; Modeling Chaos ; Signal Separation ; Control and Chaos ; Synchronization of Chaotic Systems ; Other Example Systems ; Estimating in Chaos: Cramér-Rao Bounds ; Summary and Conclusions

Note: Contents: Introduction / P. J. le B. Williams. - The management and behaviour of the Mesocosms / P. J. le B. Williams and J. K. Egge. - Evolution of phytoplankton pigments in Mesocosm experiments / R. G. Barlow, R. F. C. Mantoura, D. G. Cummings, D. W. Pond and R. P. Harris. - Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO) gene expression and photosynthetic activity in nutrient-enriched Mesocosm experiments / M. Wyman, J. T. Davies, K. Weston, D. W. Crawford and D. A. Purdie. - Bacterial response to blooms dominated by diatoms and Emiliania huxleyi in nutrient-enriched Mesocosms / R. Sanders and D. A. Purdie. - Population dynamics of phytoplankton and viruses in a phosphate-limited Mesocosm and their effect on DMSP and DMS production / W. H. Wilson, S. Turner and N. H. Mann. - Microplanktonic polyunsaturated fatty acid markers: a Mesocosm trial / D. W. Pond, M. V. Bell, R. P. Harris and J. R. Sargent.

Note: Contents 1. Introductory overview 2. Selected research topics Food availability and microbial activity on the continental slope: from the Siberian shelf to the Arctic basin (Boetius, Damm, Nothig) Ecology of summer sea ice (Cieitz, Kukert, Riebesell, Rutgers v. d. Loeff, Crossmann, Dieckmann) Temperature physiology of marine invertebrates and fish (Hardewig, Sartoris, Sommer, van Dijk, Zielinski, Partner) The 'multistoried' habitat on the Antarctic sea floor (Cutt) The near-surface air flow at Neumayer Station (Handorf) Simulation of atmospheric climate processes over the Arctic (Dethloff, Rinke) Coordinated ozone soundings for determination of ozone depletion rates in the Arctic and sub-Arctic winter (Rex, van der Cathen) Sunshine Simulation (Tüg) Ice-free areas in pack ice - The Northeast Water Polynya in the Greenland Sea (Budeus, Schneider, Kattner, Hirche) Exchange of deep water across the Greenland-Iceland-Scotland sills (Beckmann, Doscher) The large-scale distribution of inorganic carbon in the Atlantic sector of the Antarctic (Hoppema, Fahrbach) Modelling the circulation under the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf (Determann, Cerdes, Crosfeld) Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf Programme (FRISP) (Oerter, Mayer, Hempel, Lambrecht, Nixdorf) Plate tectonics in the Bellingshausen Sea, Southeast Pacific (Cohl, Nitsche, Miller) Small-scale structures from multibeam bathymetry in the Weddell Sea (Schenke, Kuhn) Radiolarians as a paleothermometer in the Southern Ocean - reconstruction of climatic changes (Abelmann, Brathauer, Sieger) Sibiria: Region of origin for Arctic sediments (Rachold, Hoops, Hubberten) Late and postglacial vegetation and climate history of northern Central Siberia (Hahne, Harwart) SEPAN (Sediment and Paleoclimate Data Network) (Diepenbroek, Crobe, Reinke, Schlitzer, Sieger, Siems) 3. Reports by the Scientific Sections 3.1 Oceanic and atmospheric processes in polar regions 3.2 Modelling of ocean processes and circulation 3.3 Marine physics and instrument development 3.4 The bedrock of the polar regions in the Atlantic and the surrounding continental margin 3.5 Glaciology 3.6 Marine geology 3. 7 Marine ecosystem research and ecophysiology 3.8 Biological oceanography 3.9 Ceoscientific studies in ice-margin regions 3.10 Physics and chemistry of the polar atmosphere 3.11 Sea-ice research 3.12 The oceanic carbon cycle 4. Large equipment, expeditions and land-based stations 4.1 'Polarstern' 4.2 'Victor Hensen' 4.3 Polar Aircraft 4.4 Land Expeditions 4.5 Neumayer Station 4.6 Dallmannn Laboratory 4.7 Koldewey Station 4.8 Other small stations 5. Logistics 6. International and National Cooperation 6.1 National Cooperation 6.2 International Cooperation 7. Central Facilities 7.1 Computer Centre 7.2 Libraries 7.3 Public Relations 8. Personnel Structure and Budget Trends 8.1 Staff plan 8.2 Budget 8.3 On the Situation of Women at the AWl 9. Publications 9.1 Publications of the Institute 9.2 Publications of the Staff Annex I. Staff II. Scientific Events Ill. Completed Theses and Dissertations IV 'Polarstern' Expeditions , Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitende Übersicht 2. Ausgewählte Forschungsthemen Vom sibirischen Schelf zur arktischen Tiefsee: Nahrungsverfügbarkeit und mikrobielle Aktivität am Meeresboden (Boetius, Damm, Nöthig) Zur Ökologie des sommerlichen Meereises (Gleitz, Kukert, Riebesell, Rutgers v. d. Loeff, Grossmann, Dieckmann) Temperaturphysiologie von marinen Invertebraten und Fischen (Hardewig, Sartoris, Sommer, van Dijk, Zielinski, Pörtner) Der "mehrstöckige" Lebensraum am Meeresboden der Antarktis (Gutt) Die bodennahe Luftströmung an der Neumayer-Station (Handorf) Die Simulation atmosphärischer Klimaprozesse über der Arktis (Dethloff, Rinke) Koordinierte Ozonsondierungen zur Bestimmung des Ozonabbaus im arktischen und subarktischen Winter (Rex, von der Gathen) Der Sonnenscheinsimulator (Tüg) Eisfreie Stellen im Packeis - Die Nordostwasser-Polynja in der Grönlandsee (Budeus, Schneider, Kattner, Hirche) Der Austausch von Tiefenwasser über die untermeerischen Schwellen zwischen Grönland und Schottland (Beckmann, Döscher) Die großräumige Verteilung des anorganischen Kohlenstoffs im atlantischen Sektor der Antarktis (Hoppema, Fahrbach) Modeliierung der Ozeanzirkulation unter dem Filchner-Ronne-Schelfeis (Determann, Gerdes, Grosfeld) Das Filchner- Ronne-Schelfeis-Projekt (Oerter, Mayer, Hempel, Lambrecht, Nixdorf) Die Plattentektonik des Bellingshausenmeeres (Gohl, Nitsche, Miller) Entdeckung neuer Strukturen auf dem Meeresboden des südlichen Weddellmeeres (Schenke, Kuhn) Radiolarien als Paläothermometer im Südpolarmeer (Abelmann, Brathauer, Sieger) Sibirien: Ursprungsregion arktischer Sedimente (Rachold, Hoops, Hubberten) Spät- und postglaziale Vegetations- und Klimageschichte des nördlichen Mittelsibiriens (Hahne, Harwart) Informationssystem SEPAN (Sediment and Paleoclimate Data Network) (Diepenbroek, Grobe, Reinke, Schlitzer, Sieger, Siems) 3. Berichte der wissenschaftlichen Arbeitsgruppen 3.1 Ozeanische und atmosphärische Prozesse in den Polargebieten 3.2 Modellierung von Prozessen und Zirkulationssystemen im Ozean 3.3 Meeresphysikalische Messungen und Instrumentenentwicklung 3.4 Der Untergrund der polaren Teile des Atlantik und seiner kontinentalen Umrandung 3.5 Glaziologie 3.6 Meeresgeologie 3.7 Marine Ökosystemforschung und Ökophysiologie (Sektion Biologie I) 3.8 Biologische Meereskunde (Sektion Biologie II) 3.9 Geowissenschaftliche Studien in Eisrandgebieten 3.10 Physik und Chemie der polaren A tmosphäre 3.11 Meereisforschung 3.12 Der Kohlenstoffkreislauf 4. Großgeräte, Expeditionen und Landstationen 4.1 "Polarstern" 4.2 "Victor Hensen" 4.3 Polarflugzeuge 4.4 Landexpeditionen 4.5 Neumayer-Station 4.6 Dallmann-Laboratorium 4.7 Koldewey-Station 4.8 Weitere kleine Stationen 5. Logistik 6. Internationale und nationale Zusammenarbeit 6.1 Nationale Zusammenarbeit 6.2 Internationale Zusammenarbeit 7. Zentrale Einrichtungen 7.1 Rechenzentrum 7.2 Bibliothek 7.3 Presse-und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit 8. Personeller Aufbau und HaushaItsentwicklung 8.1 Personal 8.2 Haushalt 8.3 Bericht der Frauenbeauftragten 9. Veröffentlichungen 9.1 Veröffentlichungen des Instituts 9.2 Veröffentlichungen der Mitarbeiter Anhang I. Personal II. Wissenschaftliche Veranstaltungen III. Abgeschlossene Examensarbeiten IV. "Polarstern"-Expeditionen

Note: pt. 1. Introduction. The need for better theories / Paul A. Sabatier ; The stages approach to the policy process: what has it done? where is it going? / Peter deLeon -- pt. 2. Alternative views of the role of rationality in the policy process. Institutional rational choice: an assessment of the institutional analysis and development framework / Elinor Ostrom ; Ambiguity, time, and multiple streams / Nikolaos Zahariadis -- pt. 3. Frameworks focusing on policy change over fairly long periods. Punctuated-equilibrium theory: explaining stability and change in American policymaking / James L. True, Bryan D. Jones, and Frank R. Baumgartner ; The advocacy coalition framework: an assessment / Paul A. Sabatier and Hank C. Jenkins-Smith -- pt. 4. Frameworks comparing policies across a large number of political systems. Innovation and diffusion models in policy research / Frances Stokes Berry and William D. Berry ; The policy process and large-N comparative studies / William Blomquist -- pt. 5. Conclusions. A comparison of frameworks, theories, and models of policy processes / Edella Schlager ; Fostering the development of policy theory / Paul A. Sabatier..

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Open-loop system Method of analysis Time dependence of pond size Temperature of water in the pond Effect of inlet water temperature Effect of convection duct Power consumption for circulation of cooling water Condlusions Closed-loop system Method of analysis Time dependence of pond size Flow conditions of glycol solutions inside coil Discussion and conclusions References Appendix: Examples of calculations

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Materials Apparatus and procedure Results Discussion References Appendix: Compression of an assembly of cylinders

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Experimental Materials Apparatus Experimental results Ice/metal interface Ice/quartz interface Discussion References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Petrographic characteristics Intercrystalline features Intracrystalline features References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Theory Apparatus and experimental procedure Results and discussion References Appendix A: Sample calculations of a and ke

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Experimental procedure Experimental results Conclusions and recommendations References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Description of the lake Cli rna te of the lake Methods of study Ice textures Crystal size Ice structures Crystal fabric studies Growth of an ice sheet References Appendix A: Weather data Appendix B: Sample data

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Notation Stress analysis Analysis of densification process Non-Newtonian densification Equation for hyperbolic sine densification law Determination of parameters Discussion Glaciological engineering aspects References Appendix A: Example of calculation Appendix B: Snow density profiles

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Method of investigation Location Pit studies Temperature Hardness Density Stratigraphic measurements Thermal studies Stratigraphic features Grain size Grain shape Crusts Discussion of results Temperature Altitude gradient Latitude gradient Depth-density relationship Depth-load relationship Densification Stratigraphic analysis Facies relationship Climatological aspects 1960 meteorological observations Temperature Wind Barometric pressure Radiation Cloudiness Visibility Thermal studies Summary and conclusions References Appendix A Appendix B

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Theoretical background Test method and equipment Test operations Effectiveness of the air well Estimation of fan capacity Natural cooling in winter Change of trench foundation temperature Trench wall warm-up Conclusions and recommendations

Note: Contents Introduction Acknowledgements Classification of British diatoms New combinations References Description of plates Index to the genera and plates

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Experimental facilities Experimental in-place measurements Density and homogeneity of processed snow Ram hardness Temperature measurements Mechanical properties Unconfined compressive strength Stress-strain relationships in unconfined compress ion Creep in unconfined compression Tensile strength Discussion of results References

Note: Table of Contents Foreword The Global Context The Arctic in a Global Context The ARCSS Program The Arctic System Science (ARCSS) Program The Scientific Goals of the ARCSS Program ARCSS Objectives Significant Research and Findings of the ARCSS Program ARCSS Program Research Implementation of ARCSS Program Research ARCSS Program Components Paleoenvironmental Studies Greenland Ice Sheet Project Two (GISP2) Paleoclimates of Arctic Lakes and Estuaries (PALE) Ocean-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (OAII) Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (LAII) Integrative Studies Synthesis, Integration, and Modeling Studies (SIMS) New Initiatives Human Dimensions of the Arctic System (HARC) Russian-American Initiative on Shelf-Land Environments in the Arctic (RAISE) International Collaboration The Future of the ARCSS Program Priorities for the Future Research Questions Integrative Strategies Community Coordination and Integration Coordination and Integration Logistics Support Working with Arctic Residents Community Planning and Science Management ARCSS Committee Science Steering Committees Periodic Meetings of ARCSS Principal Investigators Appendices ARCSS Program Contact Information A History of ARCSS Program Development ARCSS Data Protocol References and Relevant Reports Contributors and Reviewers

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Norges landbrukshøgskole, 1999 , Englisch

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, Uppsala, 1997 , Contents Frozen soil hydrology Review and practical relevance The complex frozen soil environment Objectives Heat exchange above and within frozen soils Heat exchange at the snow surface Heat transfer through the snow pack Soil freezing characteristic curve Frost-induced solute redistribution Water infiltration and redistribution in frozen soil Experimental work Modelling Model versus measurements Conclusions Ongoing and future work Improved description of the processes at the pore scale Improved description of the snow pack Link to larger-scale models References Acknowledgments , Englisch

Note: Table of Contents Chapter 1 Analysis / John S. Robertson, Karen Bolinger, Lawrence M. Glasser, Neil J.A. Sloane, and Rob Gross Chapter 2 Algebra / Brad Wilson, John Michaels, Patrick J. Driscoll, and Rob Gross Chapter 3 Discrete Mathematics / George K. Tzanetopoulos, Jeff Goldberg, Joseph J. Rushanan, and Mel Hausner Chapter 4 Geometry / Ray McLenaghan and Silvio Levy Chapter 5 Continuous Mathematics / Catherine Roberts and Ray McLenaghan Chapter 6 Special Functions / Ahmed I. Zayed, Nicco M. Temme, and Paul Jameson Chapter 7 Probability and Statistics / William C. Rinaman, Christopher Heil, Michael T. Strauss, Michael Mascagni, and Mike Sousa Chapter 8 Scientific Computing / Gary Stanek Chapter 9 Financial Analysis / Daniel Zwillinger Chapter 10 Miscellaneous / Michael T. Strauss, Rob Gross, and Victor J. Katz List of Notations Index

Note: Abstract Résumé Acknowledgments Welcome to Yellowknife Part I: The landscape and the people Geological evolution of the landscape Bedrock geology Surficial geology Climate and vegetation History of Yellowknife From gold to government Significant events Part II: Living with frozen ground Permafrost Regional distribution Permafrost occurrence in Yellowknife Significance of peat Significance of moisture Ice lenses Thaw stable and thaw unstable ground Thaw settlement Frost heave Development Buildings Roads Utilities Thermosyphons Climate change - an uncertain future for permafrost Climate and permafrost history Air temperature trends over the last century Response of air temperatures to doubling of greenhouse gases Effect of climate warming on permafrost in Yellowknife Impacts of climate warming Part III: Guide to field stops Introduction The Capital Tour - Capital Site to Bowling Green building Stop 1. The Capital Site - a profusion of peat Stop 2. Legislative Assembly - design with nature Stop 3. Legislative Assembly roadway - perils of paving peat Stop 4. Walking path - tipping trails Stop 5. Legislative Assembly parking lot - preserving permafrost Stop 6. Frame Lake - Yellowknife's aquatic centrepiece Stop 7. National Defence building - seeking solid ground Stop 8. Visitors Centre - rocking and rolling Stop 9. 49 Street thermosyphons - keeping it cool Stop 10. Bowling Green building - swallowing sidewalks The City Tour - 49 Avenue to Niven Lake Stop 11. 49 and 49 intersection - rolling roadways Stop 12. 49 Avenue - sagging sidewalks Stop 13. Downtown Yellowknife - safe on sand Stop 14. Gold Range Hotel - making things work Stop 15. Centre Square Mall - stemming shifting sands Stop 16. Boston Pizza - fast food on a slab Stop 17. Royal Oak Mines Inc. houses - half a century later Stop 18. 52 Avenue - up, up, and ... away Stop 19. 49 Street hill - leaving good ground Stop 20. 54 Avenue - frozen dangers underfoot Stop 21. Rockcliffe Apartments - creeping crawl space Stop 22. School Draw subdivision - houses on the move Stop 23. School Draw Park - from basements to basketballs Stop 24. Rock outcrop - on the shores of glacial Lake McConnell Stop 25. Detah ice road - crystal highway Stop 26. Old Town - doing things the old-fashioned way Stop 27. Franklin Avenue - whither frozen ground? Stop 28. Fritz Theil Park - from dump to diamond I Stop 29. Old sewage line - pipes and peat Stop 30. Niven Lake - a subarctic oasis I Part IV: The Niven Lake Trail Introduction Stop 1. A biological magnet for waterbirds Stop 2. The land of little sticks Stop 3. The wonder of wetlands Stop 4. Niven Lake -urban oasis for wildlife Stop 5. Peat, beautiful peat Stop 6. Honolulu north? Stop 7. Home sweet home -all year round Stop 8. Those mud-slinging, bug-poking shorebirds Glossary of terms Selected references List of field guides for Yellowknife

Note: Contents: Preface. - Summary. - Introduction. - Basis of theory. - Basic equations. - Ice sheets with only accumulation or ablation. - Growing ice sheets which contain only an accumulation zone. - Shrinking ice sheets which contain only an ablation zone. - Comments. - Ice sheet with both accumulation and ablation zones. - Growing ice sheets. - Shrinking ice sheets. - Conclusions. - References.