ALBERT

Note: Text. engl. und russ. - Teilw. in kyrill. Schr.

Note: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - Introduction. - Sample preparation. - Apparatus and testing procedure. - Test results. - Uniaxial strength. - Initial tangent and 50% strength moduli. - Specific energy. - Discussion. - Testing method. - Compressive strength. - Tensile strength. - Ductile and brittle fracture.. - Initial tangent and 50% stress moduli. - Specific energy. - Conclusions and recommendations. - References. - Appendix A: Description of soil and calculations. - Appendix B: Description of the LVDT and averaging circuits. - Appendix C: Determination of strain in the neck section of a dumbbell specimen.

Note: Contents Table 1 Daily records Table 2 Extreme temperatures Table 3 Montly means Table 4 Mean temperature in the years 1775-1975 Table 5 Daily means of extreme temperatures Table 6 Relative frequency of daily maximum temperature in months Table 7 Relative frequency of daily minimum temperature Table 8 Relative frequency of relative humidity Table 9 Relative frequency of pressure Table 10 Relative frequency of wind Table 11 Relative frequency of cloud amount Table 12 Relative frequency of daily rainfall Table 13 Statistical characteristics of daily observations Table 14 Monthly means in 5 years periods Table 15 Monthly means in 10 years periods Table 16 Monthly means in 50 years periods Table 17 Monthly means of statistical characteristics in the years 1776-1975 Table 18 Monthly means of statistical characteristics in 5 years periods Table 19 Monthly means of statistical characteristics in 10 years periods Table 20 Monthly means of statistical characteristics in 50 years periods Table 21 Mean daily temperature corresponding to the percent of the exceeding probability , In tschechischer, russischer und englischer Sprache

Note: Contents Table 1 Daily records Table 2 Extreme temperatures Table 3 Montly means Table 4 Mean temperature in the years 1775-1975 Table 5 Daily means of extreme temperatures Table 6 Relative frequency of daily maximum temperature in months Table 7 Relative frequency of daily minimum temperature Table 8 Relative frequency of relative humidity Table 9 Relative frequency of pressure Table 10 Relative frequency of wind Table 11 Relative frequency of cloud amount Table 12 Relative frequency of daily rainfall Table 13 Statistical characteristics of daily observations Table 14 Monthly means in 5 years periods Table 15 Monthly means in 10 years periods Table 16 Monthly means in 50 years periods Table 17 Monthly means of statistical characteristics in the years 1776-1975 Table 18 Monthly means of statistical characteristics in 5 years periods Table 19 Monthly means of statistical characteristics in 10 years periods Table 20 Monthly means of statistical characteristics in 50 years periods Table 21 Mean daily temperature corresponding to the percent of the exceeding probability , In tschechischer, russischer und englischer Sprache , Zum Teil in kyrillischer Schrift

Note: CONTENTS: Preface to the Second Edition. - Preface to the First Edition. - 1 The Atmosphere. - 1.1 History and Evolution of the Earth's Atmosphere. - 1.2 Climate. - 1.3 The Layers of the Atmosphere. - 1.4 Pressure in the Atmosphere. - 1.4.1 Units of Pressure. - 1.4.2 Variation of Pressure with Height in the Atmosphere. - 1.5 Temperature in the Atmosphere. - 1.6 Expressing the Amount of a Substance in the Atmosphere. - 1.7 Spatial and Temporal Scales of Atmospheric Processes. - Problems. - References. - 2 Atmospheric Trace Constituents. - 2.1 Atmospheric Lifetime. - 2.2 Sulfur-Containing Compounds. - 2.2.1 Dimethyl Sulfide (CH3SCH3). - 2.2.2 Carbonyl Sulfide (OCS). - 2.2.3 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2). - 2.3 Nitrogen-Containing Compounds. - 2.3.1 Nitrous Oxide (N2O). - 2.3.2 Nitrogen Oxides (NO* = NO + NO2). - 2.3.3 Reactive Odd Nitrogen (NOy). - 2.3.4 Ammonia (NH3). - 2.4 Carbon-Containing Compounds. - 2.4.1 Classification of Hydrocarbons. - 2.4.2 Methane. - 2.4.3 Volatile Organic Compounds. - 2.4.4 Biogenic Hydrocarbons. - 2.4.5 Carbon Monoxide. - 2.4.6 Carbon Dioxide. - 2.5 Halogen-Containing Compounds. - 2.5.1 Methyl Chloride (CH3C1). - 2.5.2 Methyl Bromide (CH3Br). - 2.6 Atmospheric Ozone. - 2.7 Particulate Matter (Aerosols). - 2.7.1 Stratospheric Aerosol. - 2.7.2 Chemical Components of Tropospheric Aerosol. - 2.7.3 Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN). - 2.7.4 Sizes of Atmospheric Particles. - 2.7.5 Sources of Atmospheric Paniculate. - 2.7.6 Carbonaceous Particles. - 2.7.7 Mineral Dust. - 2.8 Emission Inventories. - 2.9 Biomass Burning. - Appendix 2.1 Air Pollution Legislation. - Appendix 2.2 Hazardous Air Pollutants (Air Toxics). - Problems. - References. - 3 Chemical Kinetics. - 3.1 Order of Reaction. - 3.2 Theories of Chemical Kinetics. - 3.2.1 Collision Theory. - 3.2.2 Transition State Theory. - 3.2.3 Potential Energy Surface for a Bimolecular Reaction. - 3.3 The Pseudo-Steady-State Approximation. - 3.4 Reactions of Excited Species. - 3.5 Termolecular Reactions. - 3.6 Chemical Families. - 3.7 Gas-Surface Reactions. - Appendix 3 Free Radicals. - Problems. - References. - 4 Atmospheric Radiation and Photochemistry. - 4.1 Radiation. - 4.1.1 Solar and Terrestrial Radiation. - 4.1.2 Energy Balance for Earth and Atmosphere. - 4.1.3 Solar Variability. - 4.2 Radiative Flux in the Atmosphere. - 4.3 Beer-Lambert Law and Optical Depth. - 4.4 Actinic Flux. - 4.5 Atmospheric Photochemistry. - 4.6 Absorption of Radiation by Atmospheric Gases. - 4.7 Absorption by O2 and O3 122. - 4.8 Photolysis Rate as a Function of Altitude. - 4.9 Photodissociation of O3 to Produce O and O(1D). - 4.10 Photodissociation of NO2. - Problems. - References. - 5 Chemistry of the Stratosphere. - 5.1 Overview of Stratospheric Chemistry. - 5.2 Chapman Mechanism. - 5.3 Nitrogen Oxide Cycles. - 5.3.1 Stratospheric Source of NO* from N2O. - 5.3.2 NO* Cycles. - 5.4 HO* Cycles. - 5.5 Halogen Cycles. - 5.5.1 Chlorine Cycles. - 5.5.2 Bromine Cycles. - 5.6 Reservoir Species and Coupling of the Cycles. - 5.7 Ozone Hole. - 5.7.1 Polar Stratospheric Clouds. - 5.7.2 PSCs and the Ozone Hole. - 5.7.3 Arctic Ozone Hole. - 5.8 Heterogeneous (Nonpolar) Stratospheric Chemistry. - 5.8.1 The Stratospheric Aerosol Layer. - 5.8.2 Heterogeneous Hydrolysis of N2O5. - 5.8.3 Effect of Volcanoes on Stratospheric Ozone. - 5.9 Summary of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion. - 5.10 Transport and Mixing in the Stratosphere. - 5.11 Ozone Depletion Potential. - Problems. - References. - 6 Chemistry of the Troposphere. - 6.1 Production of Hydroxyl Radicals in the Troposphere. - 6.2 Basic Photochemical Cycle of NO2, NO, and O3. - 6.3 Atmospheric Chemistry of Carbon Monoxide. - 6.3.1 Low NO* Limit. - 6.3.2 High NO* Limit. - 6.3.3 Ozone Production Efficiency. - 6.3.4 Theoretical Maximum Yield of Ozone from CO Oxidation. - 6.4 Atmospheric Chemistry of Methane. - 6.5 The NO* and NOy, Families. - 6.5.1 Daytime Behavior. - 6.5.2 Nighttime Behavior. - 6.6 Ozone Budget of the Troposphere and Role of NO*. - 6.6.1 Ozone Budget of the Troposphere. - 6.6.2 Role of NO*. - 6.7 Tropospheric Reservoir Molecules. - 6.7.1 H2O2, CH3OOH, and HONO. - 6.7.2 Peroxyacyl Nitrates (PANs). - 6.8 Relative Roles of VOC and NOx in Ozone Formation. - 6.8.1 Importance of the VOC/NOx Ratio. - 6.8.2 Ozone Isopleth Plot. - 6.9 Simplified Organic/NOx Chemistry. - 6.10 Chemistry of Nonmethane Organic Compounds in the Troposphere. - 6.10.1 Alkanes. - 6.10.2 Alkenes. - 6.10.3 Aromatics. - 6.10.4 Aldehydes. - 6.10.5 Ketones. - 6.10.6 α, β-Unsaturated Carbonyls. - 6.10.7 Ethers. - 6.10.8 Alcohols. - 6.11 Atmospheric Chemistry of Biogenic Hydrocarbons. - 6.12 Atmospheric Chemistry of Reduced Nitrogen Compounds. - 6.12.1 Amines. - 6.12.2 Nitriles. - 6.12.3 Nitrites. - 6.13 Atmospheric Chemistry (Gas Phase) of Sulfur Compounds. - 6.13.1 Sulfur Oxides. - 6.13.2 Reduced Sulfur Compounds (Dimethyl Sulfide). - 6.14 Tropospheric Chemistry of Halogen Compounds. - 6.14.1 Chemical Cycles of Halogen Species. - 6.14.2 Tropospheric Chemistry of CFC Replacements: Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). - Problems. - References. - 7 Chemistry of the Atmospheric Aqueous Phase. - 7.1 Liquid Water in the Atmosphere. - 7.2 Absorption Equilibria and Henry's Law. - 7.3 Aqueous-Phase Chemical Equilibria. - 7.3.1 Water. - 7.3.2 Carbon Dioxide-Water Equilibrium. - 7.3.3 Sulfur Dioxide-Water Equilibrium. - 7.3.4 Ammonia-Water Equilibrium. - 7.3.5 Nitric Acid-Water Equilibrium. - 7.3.6 Equilibria of Other Important Atmospheric Gases. - 7.4 Aqueous-Phase Reaction Rates. - 7.5 S(IV)-S(VI) Transformation and Sulfur Chemistry. - 7.5.1 Oxidation of S(IV) by Dissolved O3. - 7.5.2 Oxidation of S(IV) by Hydrogen Peroxide. - 7.5.3 Oxidation of S(IV) by Organic Peroxides. - 7.5.4 Uncatalyzed Oxidation of S(IV) by O2. - 7.5.5 Oxidation of S(IV) by O2 Catalyzed by Iron and Manganese. - 7.5.6 Comparison of Aqueous-Phase S(IV) Oxidation Paths. - 7.6 Dynamic Behavior of Solutions with Aqueous-Phase Chemical Reactions. - 7.6.1 Closed System. - 7.6.2 Calculation of Concentration Changes in a Droplet with Aqueous-Phase Reactions. - Appendix 7.1 Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data. - Appendix 7.2 Additional Aqueous-Phase Sulfur Chemistry. - 7.A.1 S(IV) Oxidation by the OH Radical. - 7.A.2 Oxidation of S(IV) by Oxides of Nitrogen. - 7.A.3 Reaction of Dissolved SO2 with HCHO. - Appendix 7.3 Aqueous-Phase Nitrite and Nitrate Chemistry. - 7.A.4 NOx Oxidation. - 7.A.5 Nitrogen Radicals. - Appendix 7.4 Aqueous-Phase Organic Chemistry. - Appendix 7.5 Oxygen and Hydrogen Chemistry. - Problems. - References. - 8 Properties of the Atmospheric Aerosol. - 8.1 The Size Distribution Function. - 8.1.1 The Number Distribution nN(Dp). - 8.1.2 The Surface Area, Volume, and Mass Distributions. - 8.1.3 Distributions Based on In Dp and log Dp. - 8.1.4 Relating Size Distributions Based on Different Independent Variables. - 8.1.5 Properties of Size Distributions. - 8.1.6 The Lognormal Distribution. - 8.1.7 Plotting the Lognormal Distribution. - 8.1.8 Properties of the Lognormal Distribution. - 8.2 Ambient Aerosol Size Distributions. - 8.2.1 Urban Aerosols. - 8.2.2 Marine Aerosols. - 8.2.3 Rural Continental Aerosols. - 8.2.4 Remote Continental Aerosols. - 8.2.5 Free Tropospheric Aerosols. - 8.2.6 Polar Aerosols. - 8.2.7 Desert Aerosols. - 8.3 Aerosol Chemical Composition. - 8.4 Spatial and Temporal Variation. - 8.5 Vertical Variation. - Problems. - References. - 9 Dynamics of Single Aerosol Particles. - 9.1 Continuum and Noncontinuum Dynamics: The Mean Free Path. - 9.2 The Drag on a Single Particle: Stokes' Law. - 9.2.1 Corrections to Stokes' Law: The Drag Coefficient. - 9.2.2 Stokes' Law and Noncontinuum Effects: Slip Correction Factor. - 9.3 Gravitational Settling of an Aerosol Particle. - 9.4 Motion of an Aerosol Particle in an External Force Field. - 9.5 Brownian Motion of Aerosol Particles. - 9.5.1 Particle Diffusion. - 9.5.2 Aerosol Mobility and Drift Velocity. - 9.5.3 Mean Free Path of an Aerosol Particle. - 9.6 Aer

Note: CONTENTS: Introduction. - Topography and hydrography. - Climate, glaciation, permafrost. - Notes on the scientific exploration of the area. - Sea level changes. - C-14 dates on shell material, corrections and errors. - Marine limits. - Emergence curves. - Marine faunas. - Glaciation history. - Pleistocene glaciation. - The Milne Land Moraines. - Glacial retreat, the Rødefjord stages. - Glacial readvance. - Climatic implications. - Comparison with other areas. - Pollen analytical investigations. - Field methods. - Lake sediments. - C-14 dates of lake sediments and rates of sedimentation. - Pollen preparation and calculation procedures. - Pollen identification. - Description of sites and pollen diagrams. - Notes on the present vegetation. - Discussion and reconstruction of vegetation types. - Plant immigration and climatic change. - Summary of the vegetation history. - Comparison with other areas. - General notes on the climatic development. - Acknowledgements. - References.

Note: Contents: Part 1: Data, Models, and Algorithms. - 1. Overture. - 2. Overview. - 3. Three-way and multiway data. - 4. Component models for fully-crossed designs. - 5. Algorithms for multiway models. - Part 2: Data Handling, Model Selection, and Interpertation. - 6. Preprocessing. - 7. Missing data in multiway analysis. - 8. Model and dimensionality selection. - 9. Interpreting component models. - 10. Improving interpretation through rotations. - 11. Graphical displays for components. - 12. Residuals, outliers, and robustness. - Part 3: Multiway Data and Their Analysis. - 13. Modeling multiway profile data. - 14. Modeling multiway rating scale data. - 15. Exploratory multivariate longitudinal analysis. - 16. Three-mode clustering. - 17. Multiway contingency tables. - 18. Three-way binary data. - 19. From three-way to four-way data and beyond. - Appendix A: Standard notation for mulitway analysis. - Appendix B: Biplots and their interpretation.

Note: Erscheinungsjahr in Vorlageform:1993-

Note: Chapter 1. Classification and Structures of the Micas by S. W. Bailey, p. 1 - 12 Chapter 2. Crystal Chemistry of the True Micas by S. W. Bailey, p. 13 - 60 Chapter 3. The Brittle Micas by Stephen Guggenheim, p. 61 - 104 Chapter 4. Electrostatic Energy Models of Micas by R. F. Giese, Jr., p. 105 - 144 Chapter 5. Spectroscopy of Micas by George R. Rossman. p. 145 - 182 Chapter 6. Optical Properties of Mica Under the Polarizing Microscope by Ray E. Wilcox, p. 183 - 200 Chapter 7. Experimental Phase Relations of the Micas by David A. Hewitt and David R. Wones, p. 201 - 256 Chapter 8. Paragenesis, Crystallochemical Characteristics, and Geochemical Evolution of Micas in Granitic Pegmatites by Petr Cerny and Donald M. Burt, p. 257 - 298 Chapter 9. Micas in Igneous Rocks by J. Alexander Speer, p. 299 - 356 Chapter 10. Micas in Metamorphic Rocks by Charles V. Guidotti, p. 257 - 468 Chapter 11. F-OH and Cl-OH Exchange in Micas with Applications to Hydrothermal Ore Deposits by James L. Munoz, p. 469 - 494 Chapter 12. Illite by Jan Sordori and Dennis D. Eberl, p. 495 - 544 Chapter 13. Glauconite and Celadonite Minerals by I. Edgar Odom, p. 545 - 572 Appendix: X-Ray Power Patterns of Micas p. 573 - 584

Note: Meet the Authors ... vi --- Preface ... xiii --- The Modern Theory and Practice of Geology --- The Earth System ... 1 --- The Scientific Method ... 2 --- Earth's Shape and Surface ... 3 --- The Geologic Record ... 4 --- Peeling the Onion: Discovery of a Layered Earth ... 6 --- Earth as a System of Interacting Components ... 10 --- An Overview of Geologic Time ... 14 --- Plate Tectonics: The Unifying Theory ... 18 --- The Discovery of Plate Tectonics ... 19 --- The Mosaic of Plates ... 22 --- Rates and History of Plate Motions ... 30 --- The Grand Reconstruction ... 35 --- Mantle Convection: The Engine of Plate Tectonics ... 37 --- The Theory of Plate Tectonics and the Scientific Method ... 42 --- Basic Geologic Processes --- Earth Materials: Minerals and Rocks ... 44 --- What Are Minerals? ... 45 --- The Atomic Structure of Matter ... 46 --- Chemical Reactions ... 47 --- Chemical Bonds ... 49 --- The Atomic Structure of Minerals ... 49 --- Rock-Forming Minerals ... 52 --- Physical Properties of Minerals ... 56 --- What Are Rocks? ... 62 --- Igneous Rocks ... 63 --- Sedimentary Rocks ... 64 --- Metamorphic Rocks ... 66 --- The Rock Cycle: Interactions Between the Plate Tectonic and Climate Systems ... 66 --- Minerals Occur in Rocks as Valuable Resources ... 68 --- Earth Issues: Sulfide Minerals React to Form Acid Waters on Earth and Mars ... 57 --- Igneous Rocks: Solids from Melts ... 76 --- How Do Igneous Rocks Differ from One Another? ... 78 --- How Do Magmas Form? ... 83 --- Where Do Magmas Form? ... 85 --- Magmatic Differentiation ... 85 --- Forms of Magmatic Intrusions ... 88 --- Igneous Activity and Plate Tectonics ... 91 --- Sedimentation: Rocks Formed by Surface Processes ... 100 --- Sedimentary Rocks Are Produced by Surface Processes in the Rock Cycle ... 102 --- Sedimentary Basins: The Sinks for Sediments ... 106 --- Sedimentary Environments ... 108 --- Sedimentary Structures ... 111 --- Burial and Diagenesis: From Sediment to Rock ... 114 --- Classification of Siliciclastic Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks ... 116 --- Classification of Chemical and Biological Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks ... 119 --- Earth Policy: Darwin's Coral Reefs and Atolls ... 124 --- Metamorphism: Modification of Rocks by Temperature and Pressure ... 130 --- Metamorphism and the Earth System ... 132 --- Causes of Metamorphism ... 133 --- Types of Metamorphism ... 134 --- Metamorphic Textures ... 136 --- Regional Metamorphism and Metamorphic Grade ... 141 --- Plate Tectonics and Metamorphism ... 144 --- Deformation: Modification of Rocks by Folding and Fracturing ... 150 --- Mapping Geologic Structure ... 152 --- How Rocks Deform ... 154 --- Basic Deformation Structures ... 156 --- Styles of Continental Deformation ... 163 --- Unraveling Geologic History ... 165 --- Earth and Planets Through Geologic Time --- Clocks in Rocks: Timing the Geologic Record ... 168 --- Reconstructing Geologic History from the Stratigraphic Record ... 170 --- Geologic Time Scale: Relative Ages ... 178 --- Measuring Absolute Time with Radioactive Clocks ... 180 --- Geologic Time Scale: Absolute Ages ... 183 --- Timing the Earth System ... 184 --- Earth Issues: The Grand Canyon Sequence and Regional Correlation of Strata ... 176 --- Early History of the Terrestrial Planets ... 188 --- Origin of the Solar System ... 190 --- Early Earth: Formation of a Layered Planet ... 192 --- Diversity of the Planets ... 195 --- What's in a Face? The Age and Complexion of Planetary Surfaces ... 197 --- Mars Rocks! ... 204 --- Exploring the Solar System and Beyond ... 210 --- Evolution of the Continents ... 214 --- The Tectonics of North America ... 216 --- Tectonic Provinces Around the World ... 221 --- How Continents Grow ... 224 --- How Continents Are Modified ... 226 --- The Formation of Cratons ... 235 --- The Deep Structure of Continents ... 236 --- Geobiology: Life Interacts with the Earth ... 240 --- The Biosphere as a System ... 242 --- Microbes: Nature's Tiny Chemists ... 246 --- Geobiological Events in Earth's History ... 254 --- Astrobiology: The Search for Extraterrestrial Life ... 265 --- Earth Issues: The Mother of all Mass Extinctions: Whodunit? ... 264 --- Internal Geosystems --- Volcanoes ... 270 --- Volcanoes as Geosystems ... 272 --- Lavas and Other Volcanic Deposits ... 273 --- Eruptive Styles and Landforms ... 277 --- Geosystem Interactions ... 282 --- The Global Pattern of Volcanism ... 284 --- Volcanism and Human Affairs ... 288 --- Earth Policy: Mount St. Helens: Dangerous but Predictable ... 292 --- Earthquakes ... 296 --- What Is an Earthquake? ... 298 --- Studying Earthquakes ... 301 --- Earthquakes and Patterns of Faulting ... 309 --- Earthquake Destructiveness ... 313 --- Can Earthquakes Be Predicted? ... 320 --- Earth Issues: The Great Indian Ocean Tsunami of 2004 ... 312 --- Earth Issues: Seven Steps to Earthquake Safety ... 319 --- Exploring: Earth's Interior ... 324 --- Exploring the Interior with Seismic Waves ... 325 --- Layering and Composition of the Interior ... 328 --- Earth's Internal Heat and Temperature ... 332 --- The Three-Dimensional Structure of the Mantle ... 338 --- Earth's Magnetic Field and the Geodynamo ... 337 --- Earth Issues: The Uplift of Scandinavia: Nature's Experiment with Isostasy ... 331 --- Earth Issues: The Geoid: Shape of Planet Earth ... 338 --- Surficial Geosystems --- The Climate System ... 346 --- Components of the Climate System ... 348 --- The Greenhouse Effect ... 352 --- Climate Variability ... 355 --- The Carbon Cycle ... 362 --- Twentieth-Century Warming: Human Fingerprints of Global Change ... 366 --- Earth Issues: Vostok and GRIP: Ice-Core Drilling in Antarctica and Greenland ... 358 --- Earth Issues: El Nino: The Wayward Child ... 360 --- Weathering, Erosion, and Mass Wasting: Interface Between Climate and Tectonics ... 370 --- Weathering, Erosion, Mass Wasting, and the Rock Cycle ... 372 --- Controls on Weathering ... 372 --- Chemical Weathering ... 373 --- Physical Weathering ... 378 --- Soil: The Residue of Weathering ... 381 --- Mass Wasting ... 384 --- Classification of Mass Movements ... 388 --- Understanding the Origins of Mass Movements ... 395 --- The Hydrologic Cycle and Groundwater ... 400 --- Flows and Reservoirs ... 402 --- Hydrology and Climate ... 404 --- The Hydrology of Runoff ... 406 --- Groundwater ... 408 --- Water Resources from Major Aquifers ... 415 --- Erosion by Groundwater ... 417 --- Water Quality ... 418 --- Water Deep in the Crust ... 421 --- Earth Issues: Water Is a Precious Resource: Who Should Get It? ... 404 --- Earth Issues: When Do Groundwaters Become Nonrenewable Resources? ... 416 --- Stream Transport: From Mountains to Oceans ... 426 --- Stream Valleys, Channels, and Floodplains ... 428 --- Drainage Networks ... 432 --- Where Do Channels Begin? How Running Water Erodes Solid Rock ... 435 --- How Stream Waters Flow and Transport Sediment ... 437 --- Deltas: The Mouths of Rivers ... 440 --- Streams as Geosystems ... 443 --- Earth Issues: The Development of Cities on Floodplains ... 432 --- Winds and Deserts ... 452 --- Wind as a Flow of Air ... 454 --- Wind as a Transport Agent ... 455 --- Wind as an Agent of Erosion ... 458 --- Wind as a Depositional Agent ... 460 --- The Desert Environment ... 464 --- Earth Issues: Martian Dust Storms and Dust Devils ... 457 --- Coastlines and Ocean Basins ... 472 --- Basic Differences Between Ocean Basins and Continents ... 474 --- Coastal Processes ... 474 --- Shorelines ... 485 --- Sea Level Change as a Measure of Global Warming ... 488 --- Continental Margins ... 491 --- The Deep Oceans ... 494 --- Ocean Sedimentation ... 500 --- Earth Policy: The Great New Orleans Flood ... 480 --- Earth Issues: Preserving Our Beaches ... 490 --- Glaciers: The Work of Ice ... 504 --- Ice as a Rock ... 506

Note: Potsdam, Univ., Habil.-Schr., 2007

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Introduction Descriptions of road test sections Test equipment and procedures Field repetitive plate bearing tests Data analysis General Layered-elastic analysis of the pavement systems Statistical analysis Flexural analysis Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Resilient surface deflections for the test points

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Comparison of winters Ship effects Measured forces Sequential breaking of the structure Discussion Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Force level fluctuations in west ice boom, 20 January 1977

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Previous work Methods and results Methods of analysis Salinity-chlorophyll a associations Discussion Comparison of ice and water column standing crops Estimated mass of ice associated chl. a Mechanism of ice algae formation in the Weddell Sea Differences between the biological environments of fast and drifting pack ice Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Species variations - ice and water column

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Background Previous investigations Analytical procedures Results and discussion Shoreline changes: High-water line Shoreline changes: Cliff recession Volumetric changes Nodal zone location and direction of littoral transport Error evaluation Summary and conclusions Future research Selected bibliography Appendix A: Maps of shoreline with overlays for 1938, 1952, 1971 and 1974 Appendix B: Supplementary data for estimating shoreline change

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction 1. The problem 2. Abstract of the result Part I. Fundamental solutions 3. Fuchsian type solutions 4. Contour integral solution 5. Integration of the integral solution 6. Fundamental solutions for α = 1 7. Fundamental solutions for α = 0 8. Eigenvalues for α = 0 9. Fundamental solutions for α 〉 1 Part II. Asymptotic expansions 10. Asymptotic expansion for 0 〈 α ⩽1 11. Asymptotic expansion for 1 ≦ α ≦ 2 12. Asymptotic expansion for 2 ≦ α ≦ ∞ Part III. Eigenvalues 13. Range of eigenvalues 14. Eigenvalues for the free-edge condition 15. Eigenvalues for the clamped-edge and simple-edge conditions 16. Deflection Acknowledgement Literature cited Appendix A. Analytical continuation at the singular point Appendix B. Tensorial transformations Appendix C. Comparison of the semi-infinite plate buckling with the asymptotic buckling

Note: Contents Preface PART I Framework of Climate Science CHAPTER 1 Overview of Climate Science Climate and Climate Change 1-1 Geologic Time Tools of Climate Science: Temperature Scales 1-2 How This Book Is Organized Development of Climate Science 1-3 How Scientists Study Climate Change Overview of the Climate System 1-4 Components of the Climate System 1-5 Climate Forcing 1-6 Climate System Responses 1-7 Time Scales of Forcing Versus Response 1-8 Differing Response Rates and Climate-System Interactions 1-9 Feedbacks in the Climate System Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Positive and Negative Feedbacks CHAPTER 2 Climate Archives, Data, and Models Climate Archives, Dating, and Resolution 2-1 Types of Archives 2-2 Dating Climate Records 2-3 Climatic Resolution Climatic Data 2-4 Biotic Data 2-5 Geological and Geochemical Data Climate Models 2-6 Physical Climate Models 2-7 Geochemical Models PART II Tectonic-Scale Climate Change CHAPTER 3 CO2and Long-Term Climate Greenhouse Worlds Faint Young Sun Paradox Carbon Exchanges Between Rocks and the Atmosphere 3-1 Volcanic Input of Carbon from Rocks to the Atmosphere 3-2 Removal of CO2 from the Atmosphere by Chemical Weathering Climatic Factors That Control Chemical Weathering Is Chemical Weathering Earth’s Thermostat? 3-3 Greenhouse Role of Water Vapor Is Life the Ultimate Control on Earth’s Thermostat? 3-4 Gaia Hypothesis Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Organic Carbon Subcycle Was There a “Thermostat Malfunction”? A Snowball Earth? CHAPTER Plate Tectonics and Long-Term Climate Plate Tectonics 4-1 Structure and Composition of Tectonic Plates 4-2 Evidence of Past Plate Motions Polar Position Hypothesis 4-3 Glaciations and Continental Positions Since 500 Myr Ago Modeling Climate on the Supercontinent Pangaea 4-4 Input to the Model Simulation of Climate on Pangaea Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Brief Glaciation 440 Myr Ago 4-5 Output from the Model Simulation of Climate on Pangaea Tectonic Control of CO2 Input: BLAG Spreading-Rate Hypothesis 4-6 Control of CO2 Input by Seafloor Spreading 4-7 Initial Evaluation of the BLAG Spreading Rate Hypothesis Tectonic Control of CO2Removal: Uplift-Weathering Hypothesis 4-8 Rock Exposure and Chemical Weathering 4-9 Case Study: The Wind River Basin of Wyoming 4-10 Uplift and Chemical Weathering 4-11 Case Study: Weathering in the Amazon Basin 4-12 Weathering: Both a Climate Forcing and a Feedback? CHAPTER 5 Greenhouse Climate What Explains the Warmth 100 Myr Ago? 5-1 Model Simulations of the Cretaceous Greenhouse 5-2 What Explains the Data-Model Mismatch? 5-3 Relevance of Past Greenhouse Climate to the Future Sea Level Changes and Climate 5-4 Causes of Tectonic-Scale Changes in Sea Level 5-5 Effect of Changes in Sea Level on Climate Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Calculating Changes in Sea Level Asteroid Impact Large and Abrupt Greenhouse Episode near 50 Myr Ago CHAPTER 6 From Greenhouse to Icehouse: The Last 50 Million Years Global Climate Change Since 50 Myr Ago 6-1 Evidence from Ice and Vegetation 6-2 Evidence from Oxygen Isotope Measurements 6-3 Evidence from Mg/Ca Measurements Do Changes in Geography Explain the Cooling? 6-4 Gateway Hypothesis 6-5 Assessment of Gateway Changes Hypotheses Linked to Changes in CO2 6-6 Evaluation of the BLAG Spreading Rate Hypothesis 6-7 Evaluation of the Uplift Weathering Hypothesis Climate DebateTiming of the Uplift in Western North America Future Climate Change at Tectonic Scales Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Organic Carbon: Monterrey Hypothesis PART III Orbital-Scale Climate Change CHAPTER 7 Astronomical Control of Solar Radiation Earth’s Orbit Today 7-1 Earth’s Tilted Axis of Rotation and the Seasons 7-2 Earth’s Eccentric Orbit: Distance Between Earth and Sun Long-Term Changes in Earth’s Orbit 7-3 Changes in Earth’s Axial Tilt Through Time Tools of Climate Science: Cycles and Modulation 7-4 Changes in Earth’s Eccentric Orbit Through Time 7-5 Precession of the Solstices and Equinoxes Around Earth’s Orbit Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Earth’s Precession as a Sine Wave Changes in Insolation Received on Earth 7-6 Insolation Changes by Month and Season 7-7 Insolation Changes by Caloric Seasons Searching for Orbital-Scale Changes in Climatic Records 7-8 Time Series Analysis 7-9 Effects of Undersampling Climate Records 7-10 Tectonic-Scale Changes in Earth’s Orbit CHAPTER 8 Insolation Control of Monsoons Monsoon Circulations 8-1 Orbital-Scale Control of Summer Monsoons Orbital-Scale Changes in North African Summer Monsoons 8-2 “Stinky Muds” in the Mediteranean 8-3 Freshwater Diatoms in the Tropical Atlantic 8-4 Upwelling in the Equatorial Atlantic Orbital Monsoon Hypothesis: Regional Assessment 8-5 Cave Speleothems in China and Brazil 8-6 Phasing of Summer Monsoons Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Insolation-Driven Monsoon Responses: Chronometer for Tuning Monsoon Forcing Earlier in Earth’s History 8-7 Monsoons on Pangaea 200 Myr Ago 8-8 Joint Tectonic and Orbital Control of Monsoons CHAPTER 9 Insolation Control of Ice Sheets Milankovitch Theory: Orbital Control of Ice Sheets Modeling the Behavior of Ice Sheets 9-1 Insolation Control of Ice Sheet Size 9-2 Ice Sheets Lag Behind Summer Insolation Forcing 9-3 Delayed Bedrock Response Beneath Ice Sheets Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Ice Volume Response to Insolation 9-4 Full Cycle of Ice Growth and Decay 9-5 Ice Slipping and Calving Northern Hemisphere Ice Sheet History 9-6 Ice Sheet History: δ18O Evidence 9-7 Confirming Ice Volume Changes: Coral Reefs and Sea Level Is Milankovich’s Theory the Full Answer? Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Sea Level on Uplifting Islands CHAPTER 10 Orbital-Scale Changes in Carbon Dioxide and Methane Ice Cores 10-1 Drilling and Dating Ice Cores 10-2 Verifying Ice-Core Measurements of Ancient Air 10-3 Orbital-Scale Carbon Transfers: Carbon Isotopes Orbital-Scale Changes in CO2 10-4 Where Did the Missing Carbon Go? 10-5 δ13C Evidence of Carbon Transfer How Did the Carbon Get into the Deep Ocean? 10-6 Increased CO2 Solubility in Seawater 10-7 Biological Transfer from Surface Waters A Closer Look at Climate Science: Using δ13C to Measure Carbon Pumping 10-8 Changes in Deep-Water Circulation Orbital-Scale Changes in CH4 Orbital-Scale Climatic Roles: CO2and CH4 CHAPTER 11 Orbital-Scale Interactions, Feedbacks, and Unsolved Problems Climatic Responses Driven by the Ice Sheets Mystery of the 41,000-Year Glacial World 11-1 Did Insolation Really Vary Mainly at 41,000 Years? 11-2 Interhemispheric Cancellation of 23,000-Year Ice Volume Responses? 11-3 CO2 Feedback at 41,000 Years? Mystery of the ~100,000-Year Glacial World 11-4 How Is the Northern Ice Signal Transferred South? Why did the Northern Ice Sheets Vary at ~100,000 Years? Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Link Between Forcing and the Time Constants of Ice Response 11-5 Ice Interactions with Bedrock 11-6 Ice Interactions with the Local Environment 11-7 Ice Interactions with Greenhouse Gases PART IV Deglacial Climate Change CHAPTER 12 Last Glacial Maximum Glacial World: More Ice, Less Gas 12-1 Project CLIMAP: Reconstructing the Last Glacial Maximum 12-2 How Large Were the Ice Sheets? 12-3 Glacial Dirt and Winds Testing Model Simulations Against Biotic Data 12-4 COHMAP: Data-Model Comparisons 12-5 Pollen: Indicator of Climate on the Continents 12-6 Using Pollen for Data-Model Comparisons Data-Model Comparisons of Glacial Maximum Climates 12-7 Model Simulations of Glacial Maximum Climates 12-8 Climate Changes near the Northern Ice Sheets 12-9 Climate Changes far from the Northern Ice Sheets How Cold Were the Glacial Tropics? 12-10 Evidence for a Small Tropical Cooling 12-11 Evidence for a Large Tropical Cooling 12-12 Actual Cooling Was Medium-Small CHAPTER 13 Climate During and Since the Last Deglaciation Fire and Ice: Shift in the Balance of Power 13-1 When Did the Ice Sheets Melt? 13-2 Coral Reefs and Rising Sea Level 13-3 Glitches in the Deglaciation: Deglacial Two-Step To

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S.customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Freeze-thaw system Construction materials Controlled environment test section Outdoor sections Temperature monitoring instrumentation Repetitive plate bearing test apparatus Test results and analyses Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Preface Symbols Introduction Test procedure Theory Evaluation of the experimental results Example evaluation Results and discussion Literature cited Appendix A. Measured and computed discharge

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Description of study Sample preparation Test equipment and procedure Test sample characteristics Discussion of results Data presentation format Effect of water content and mixture density Effect of water content and initial snow density Effect of deformation rate Effect of water content and rate of deformation on specific energy Summary Literature cited Appendix A. Derivation of equations Appendix B. Load-deformation traces

Note: Utrecht, Univ., Diss., 2008

Note: Inhalt = Content 1. Vorwort = Introduction 2. Ausgewählte Forschungsthemen = Selected research topics Rinnen im Meereis: Heizung für die Atmosphäre? = Leads in Sea Ice: Heating the Atmosphere? / Christof Lüpkes, Vladimir Gryanik, Anna Barbara Herold, Gerit Birnbaum, Ulrike Wacker, Jörg Hartmann Die polaren Ozeane vor dem Hintergrund der Klimaänderung – Ein Vergleich = The Polar Oceans in the context of climate change – commons and contrasts / Eberhard Fahrbach, Christian Haas und Ursula Schauer Wissenschaftliches Rechnen und Ozeanographie für das Krisenmanagement: Der Beitrag des Alfred-Wegener-Instituts zum Deutsch-Indonesischen Tsunami-Frühwarnsystem = Scientific computing and oceanography for hazard management: The contribution of the Alfred Wegener Institute to the German-Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System / Jörn Behrens, Wolfgang Hiller, Jens Schröter Klimaarchiv Eis – Das European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) = Climate archive in ice - the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) / Hubertus Fischer, Frank Wilhelms, Sepp Kipfstuhl, Hans Oerter, Hanno Meyer, Peter Köhler, Rainer Gersonde & Heinz Miller Schwarzschiefer vom Nordpol entschlüsseln Klimageschichte: Der Arktische Ozean war vor 45 Millionen Jahren so warm wie die Ostsee heute = Black shales near the North Pole decipher climate history: The Arctic Ocean at 45 Ma was as warm as the modern Baltic Sea / Ruediger Stein, Petra Weller, Bettina Boucsein und Jens Matthiessen Leben auf dem Mars? Methan-bildende Mikroorganismen aus sibirischen Permafrost-böden als Studienobjekte = Life on Mars? Methane-forming micro-organisms from Siberian permafrost soils as study objects / Dirk Wagner und Daria Morozova Seeelefanten helfen Südozeanmodellierern = Elephant Seals help validate Finite Element Ice-Ocean Model / Ralph Timmermann Neuigkeiten in der Krillforschung: Licht kontrolliert Lebensfunktionen des Krills = News in Krill research: Light controls life functions of krill / Mathias Teschke, Bettina Meyer, Carsten Pape, Susanne Spahic Wie wird man 400 Jahre alt? Altersvorsorge der Islandmuschel (Arctica islandica) = Living 400 years – what is the secret of the ocean quahog (Arctica islandica)? / Doris Abele, Eva Philipp, Julia Strahl, Thomas Brey Langzeitforschung auf Helgoland und Sylt: Ein Finger am Puls der Nordsee = Long-Term Ecological Research at Helgoland and Sylt: Keeping a Finger at the Pulse of the North Sea / Justus E.E. van Beusekom, Maarten Boersma, Karsten Reise and Karen H. Wiltshire 3. Forschung = Research MARCOPOLI 3.1 MARINE 3.2 COAST 3.3 POLAR 3.4 Neue Themen = Additional funding 4. Helmholtz-Nachwuchsgruppen = Helmholtz Young Investigator Groups 5. Entwicklungen in den Fachbereichen = Progresses in the Scientific Divisions 6. Neue Technologien = New technologies 7. Logistik und Forschungsplattformen = Logistics and research platforms 8. Nationale und internationale Zusammenarbeit = National and international cooperation 9. Mariner Umweltschutz = Marine environmental protection 10. Wissenschaftliches Rechenzentrum = Scientific data processing centre 11. Bibliothek = Library 12. Technologietransfer = Technology transfer 13. Presse- und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit = Public relations department 14. Schulprojekt = School project 15. Personeller Aufbau und Haushaltsentwicklung = Personnel structure and budget trends 16. Veröffentlichungen, Patente = Publications, patents Anhang = Annex , Text in deutscher und englischer Sprache

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Historical literature review Relationships between midwinter temperature and freezing season Mean freezing index 4 Average January air temperature U.S. comparative study Correlation of AJAT and duration of freezing season Relationships between average January air temperature and snow conditions U.S. relationships German relationships Mapping of average January air temperatures Analysis of observed AJ AT data Development of detailed maps Application and discussion Examples Influence of vegetation Literature cited Appendix A. interpretation of snow cover by satellite Appendix B. Contour, station elevation and Aj AT maps for East and West Germany

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Locale and techniques Observations Vertical variations in crystal orientation Regional variations in crystal orientation Summary of observations Causes Initial ice skim Earth’s magnetic field Currents Conclusions and consequences Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Impulse radar system Results and discussion Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Relative locations where impulse radar measurements were made andsamples for moisture determinations were obtained on the CRREL roof Impulse radar signal reflected from metal sheet resting on roof Impulse radar signal reflection from roof at station A Impulse radar surface reflection coefficient versus moisture contentofroof Impulse radar signal reflection from aluminum foil on bottom of con-crete form and from aluminum sheet metal resting on top of form Unconfined compressive strength of concrete versus time Examples of X-Y plots of impulse radar signals obtained during thesounding of concrete slab Impulse radar signal reflection coefficients versus time for acuring concrete slab Calculated impulse radar signal attenuation in concrete slab versuselapsed time Dielectric constants versus time calculated from impulse radar signalInformation obtained during curing of concrete slab Unconfined compressive strength of concrete versus corrected reflec-tion coefficient calculated from impulse radar signal data obtainedduring the curing of concrete slab TABLES Comparison of roof moisture content with radar surface reflection coefficient and dielectric constant

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Theory Limiting span of an arch Flow of pack ice through converging channels Stoppage of flow Applications St. Lawrence Amundsen Gulf Bering Strait Conclusion References

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test sites and ice cover properties Beam testing Results Discussion Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Derivation of the power reflection coefficient-depth variation Possible sources of dielectric constant variation with depth in ice sheets Ice density variations Effect of macroscopic impurity layers Effect of microscopic impurtty layers Changes in inclusion geometry Effect of crystal orientation changes Physical properties of the Cape Folger core Density-depth profile Air bubble-geometry depth profile Crystal orientation-depth profile Radio-echo sounding data Results and conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test procedure Test program Test samples Number of test for determining strength index Effect of temperature Effect of sample length Effect of load point size Tests on snow Discussion Recommendations Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Summary Introduction Problem General review of the subject Experimental apparatus General considerations Water reservoir Test chamber assembly Pumping system Electrical control system Experimental procedure Experimental results Discussion and comparison of results Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: US, customary to metric (SI) units of measurement Introduction Infrared camera Core samples State House State House Annex State Library Legislative Office Building Public Health Complex Highway Garage Fish and Game Offlces Supreme Court John O. Morton Building Department of Health and Welfare Laboratory Economics of roof reinsulation Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sources and properties of tabular icebergs Sources Characteristics of ice shelves near the ice front Characteristics of tabular icebergs Towing Geophysical and engineering considerations Tug characteristics Handling and processing Cutting and boring with thermal devices Penetration with electrothermal devices Electrothermal cutting Making vertical cuts by pre-split blasting Primary fragmentation by blasting Primary fragmentation by mechanical sawing Comminuting ice with machines Slurry pipelines Conclusion Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric units of measurements Introduction The freezing proeess Icing observations Geographical distribution of icing and contributing meteorological conditions Extreme icing conditions Extremes of icc accumulation Prediction of icing occurrences Prediction of icing intensity and rate Control methods Measurement of icing rate Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Maps of icing occurrence and rate Appendix B. Data for computing ship icing rates Appendix C. Estimation of ice accumulation

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Description of experiment Apparatus Test procedure Experimental results Summary of experimental tests Influence of coolant water flow rates Approximation of the rate of melting Comparison of experimental and computed results Comparative analysis of the model sinks Approximation of the heat transfer coefficient Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Experimental data, heat sink Model II Appendix B. Heat sink scaling and similarity relationships Appendix C. Derivation of the relationships for the heat transfer coefficient, Reynolds and Nusselt numbers Appendix D. Determination of freezing rates and refrigeration loads Appendix E. Approximation of stresses in the heat sink tank

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Ice thickness and quantity Chronology of the 1975 Chena River breakup Checkpoint 3 Checkpoint 4 Checkpoint 5 Checkpoint 6 Checkpoint A Checkpoint 7 Checkpoint C Checkpoint D Checkpoint 8 Checkpoint 10 Checkpoint 11 Checkpoint 12 Spring flooding and debris The 1976 Chena River breakup Breakup in other years Summary and conclusions Appendix A. Sequential photographs of 1975 breakup at checkpoints 3-12

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Experimental procedure Snow collection Spectrophotometric methods Data analysis Potential sources of error Presentation of results Continuous-scan measurements Comparison of sequential bandpass and continuous-scan measurements Theoretical calculations Discussion of results Differences in amplitude of reflectance measurements Irregularities in the shape of spectral reflectance curves The true spectral reflectance of snow in the ultraviolet region Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Absolute reflectance values of pressed BaSO4 powder

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Foreword Introduction Terminology Forces on individual cutters Torque force and tool force Forces on the rotor axis Tractive thrust and down thrust Alternative tool force formulations Vehicle traction Power/weight ratio Weight and balance Force, torque, speed and power Specific energy Efficiency and performance index Power density Power requirements for ejection of cuttings Hydrodynamic resistance in underwater cutting

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sea ice characteristics Ridging intensity Arctic terrain characteristics databank Digital terrain maps Digital laser profiles Standard terrain tapes Mobility analysis Terrestrial and coastal characteristics Northern Alaska Interior Alaska Arctic USSR Northern Canada and Greenland Climatological characteristics General features Surface winds Temperatures Precipitation and visibility Electromagnetic/optical propagation Ecological effects of SEV operations SK-5 tests Simulated SEV tests Conclusions Literature cited Additional CRREL SEV Bibliography