ALBERT

Note: Contents Preface Units and Numerical Values Chapter 1 A BRIEF SURVEY OF THE ATMOSPHERE 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Origin and Composition of the Atmosphere 1.3 The Distribution of Atmospheric Mass and Gaseous Constituents 1.4 Charged Particles in the Atmosphere 1.5 The Temperature Distribution 1.6 Winds in the Earth's Atmosphere 1.7 Precipitation Problems Chapter 2 ATMOSPHERIC THERMODYNAMICS 2.1 The Gas Laws 2.2 The Hydrostatic Equation and Its Applications 2.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics 2.4 Latent Heats 2.5 Adiabatic Processes 2.6 Water Vapor in the Air 2.7 The Concept of Static Stability 2.8 The Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy 2.9 Thermodynamic Functions and Equilibrium Conditions Problems Chapter 3 EXTRATROPICAL SYNOPTIC-SCALE DISTURBANCES 3.1 The 500-mb Flow 3.2 Surface Weather Elements 3.3 Interpretation of Synoptic Surface Reports 3.4 Upper Level Structure 3.5 Thickness and Its Relationship to Vertical Structure Problems Chapter 4 ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL AND CLOUD MICROPHYSICAL PROCESSES 4.1 Atmospheric Aerosol 4.2 Nucleation of Water Vapor Condensation 4.3 The Microstructure of Warm Clouds 4.4 Growth of Cloud Droplets in Warm Clouds 4.5 The Microphysics of Cold Clouds 4.6 Thunderstorms Problems Chapter 5 CLOUDS AND STORMS 5.1 Cloud Morphology 5.2 The Air-Mass Thunderstorm 5.3 Severe Storms 5.4 Hurricanes 5.5 Extratropical Cyclonic Storms 5.6 Artificial Modification of Clouds and Precipitation Problems Chapter 6 RADIATIVE TRANSFER 6.1 The Spectrum of Radiation 6.2 Absorption and Emission of Radiation by Molecules 6.3 Quantitative Description of Radiation 6.4 Blackbody Radiation 6.5 Absorptivity and Emissivity 6.6 Atmospheric Absorption of Solar Radiation 6.7 Atmospheric Absorption and Emission of lnfrared Radiation 6.8 Scattering of Solar Radiation 6.9 The Role of Radiative Transfer in the Global Energy Balance Problems Chapter 7 THE GLOBAL ENERGY BALANCE 7.1 The Globally Averaged Atmospheric Energy Balance 7.2 The Energy Balance of the Upper Atmosphere 7.3 The Tropospheric Energy Balance 7.4 The Energy Balance at the Earth's Surface 7.5 Time Variations in the Energy Balance Problems Chapter 8 ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS 8.1 Coordinate Systems 8.2 Apparent Forces in a Rotating Coordinate System 8.3 Real Forces 8.4 The Horizontal Equation of Motion 8.5 The Vertical Equation of Motion 8.6 The Thermal Wind 8.7 The Thermodynamic Energy Equation 8.8 The Continuity Equation 8.9 The Primitive Equations Problems Chapter 9 THE GENERAL CIR CU LA TION 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Thermally Driven Circulations in the Absence of Rotation 9.3 The Influence of Planetary Rotation upon Thermally Driven Circulations 9.4 Thermally Driven Circulations in the Tropics 9.5 Baroclinic Disturbances 9.6 The Dissipation of Kinetic Energy 9.7 The Kinetic Energy Cycle 9.8 The Role of the Atmospheric General Circulation in the Hydrologic Cycle 9.9 The Atmospheric Transport of Energy 9.10 The Atmosphere as a Heat Engine Problems Index

Note: CONTENTS Preface / A. Berger, R. E. Dickinson and John W. Kidson I WORLD CLIMATE RESEARCH PROGRAMME 1. The World Climate Research Programme / Gordon A. McBean II. PALEOCLIMATES AND ICE 2. Long-Term Climatic and Environmental Records from Antarctic Ice / C. Lorius, J-M Barnola, M. Legrand, J. R. Petit, D. Raynaud, C. Ritz, N. Barkov, Y. S. Korotkevich, V. N. Petrov, C. Genthon, J. Jouzel, V. M. Kotlyakov, F. Yiou, and G. Raisbeck 3. The Role of Land Ice and Snow in Climate / Michael H. Kuhn III. VOLCANOES AND CLIMATE 4. Petrologic Evidence of Volatile Emissions From Major Historic and Pre-Historic Volcanic Eruptions / Julie M. Palais and Haraldur Sigurdsson IV. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES, LAND HYDROLOGY, LAND SURFACE PROCESSES AND CLIMATE 5. Uptake by the Atlantic Ocean of Excess Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Radiocarbon / Bert Bolin, Anders Björkström and Berrien Moore 6. African Drought: Characteristics, Causal Theories and Global Teleconnections / Sharon E. Nicholson 7. Sensitivity of Climate Model to Hydrology / Duzheng Ye 8. Stability of Tree/Grass Vegetation Systems / Peter S. Eagleson V. TROPICAL OCEAN AND GLOBAL ATMOSPHERE 9. Toga and Atmospheric Processes / Kevin Trenberth 10. Toga Real Time Oceanography in the Pacific / David Halpern VI. MODELLING CLIMATE, PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE 11. Aeronomy and Paleoclimate / J.-C. Gérard 12. Studies of Cretaceous Climate / Eric J. Barron 13. Simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum with an Atmospheric General Circulation Model Including Paleoclimatic Tracer Cycles / Sylvie Joussaume, Jean Jouzel and Robert Sadourny 14. Progress and Future Developments in Modelling the Climate System with General Circulation Models / P. R. Rowntree 15. Quantitative Analysis of Feedbacks in Climate Model Simulations / Michael E. Schlesinger

Note: Contents: Preface / G. A. Llano. - Welcoming Remarks / W. S. Benninghoff. - The Third Symposium in Historical Perspective / G. A. Knox. - Sir George E. R. Deacon: An Appreciation / K. J. Bertrand. - The Southern Ocean: History of Exploration / Sir George E. R. Deacon. - The Symposium. - Part I: The Structure and Function of Antarctic Marine Phytoplankton Ecosystems. - The Antarctic Marine Ecosystem / Joel W. Hedgpeth. - Primary Production and the Factors Controlling Phytoplankton Growth in the Southern Ocean / O. Holm-Hansen, S. Z. El-Sayed, G. A. Franceschini, and R. L. Cuhel. - Phytoplankton Biomass and Productivity in the Subtropical Convergence Area and Shelves of the Western Indian Subantarctic Islands / Jacqueline Plancke. - Sea Ice Habitats of Signy Island (South Orkneys) and Their Primary Productivity / Terence M. Whitaker. - Dissolved Oxygen and pH Increases by Primary Production in the Surface Water of Arthur Harbor, Antarctica, 1970-1971 / S. V. Shabica, J. W. Hedgpeth, and P. K. Park. - Heterotrophic Activity of Microorganisms in Antarctic Waters / R. Y. Morita, R. P. Griffiths, and S. S. Hayasaka. - Vitamins in the South Polar Seas: Distribution and Significance of Dissolved and Particulate Vitamin B12, Thiamine, and Biotin in the Southern Indian Ocean / A. F. Caducei and R. L. Cuhel. - Discussion. - Part II: The Structure and Function of Antarctic Marine Benthic Ecosystems. - Adaptations within the Antarctic Marine Benthic Ecosystem / Patrick M. Arnaud. - Bacterial Sulfur and Nitrogen Cycles in Sedimentary Deposits of "Fjord Bossière" (Kerguelen Archipelago) / D. Delille. - Antarctic Soft-Bottom, Macrobenthic Community Adaptations to a Cold, Stable, Highly Productive, Glacially Affected Environment / Michael D. Richardson and Joel W. Hedgpeth. - Ecological Adaptations by Antarctic Poikilotherms to the Polar Marine Environment / Martin G. White. - Scoloplos marginatus mcleani: Life Cycle and Adaptations to the Antarctic Benthic Environment / P. Hardy. - Benthic Bionomy of the Continental Shelf of the Kerguelen Archipelago, Macrofauna 2, Diversity of Benthic Annelid Population in a Fjord Close to the Morbihan Gulf / D. Desbruyeres. - Seasonal Variations in the Structure of Populations of Antarctic Polynoids and the Part Played by Polychaetes in the Biocenoses of the Arctic and Antarctic / V. G. Averincev. - Benthic Bionomy of the Continental Shelf of the Kerguelen Islands: Quantitative Data on the Echinoderms of the Morbihan Gulf / Alain Guille. - Seasonal Alterations in Coastal Communities in the Davis Sea / E. N. Gruzov. - First Investigations on the Density of Soft Bottom Meiofauna in Morbihan Bay (Kerguelen Islands) / J. Soyer and F. de Bovee. - Foods and Feeding Characteristics of Antarctic Asteroids and Ophiuroids / John H. Dearborn. - Analysis of the Gigantism and Dwarfness of Antarctic and Subantarctic Gammaridean Amphipoda / Claude De Broyer. - The Breeding Biology of Chorismus antarcticus (Pfeffer) and Notocrangon antarcticus (Pfeffer) (Crustacea, Decapoda) and Its Bearing on the Problems of the Impoverished Antarctic Decapod Fauna / J. Garrey H. Maxwell. - A Preliminary Investigation of the Lipids of Chorismus antarcticus (Pfeffer) (Crustacea, Decapoda) at South Georgia / Andrew Clarke. - Some Additions to Schemes of the Vertical Zonation of Marine Bottom Fauna / A. P. Andriashev. - Quantitative Studies on the Soft-Bottom Macrobenthic Animal Communities of Shallow Antarctic Bays / V. A. Gallardo, J. G. Castillo, M. A. Retamal, A. Yáñez, H. l. Moyano, and J. G. Hermosilla. - Discussion. - Part Ill: Adaptations in Antarctic Vertebrates (Physiology). - Mechanisms of Cold Adaptation in Polar Marine Animals / Bruce L. Umminger. - The Significance of Vertebrates in the Antarctic Marine Ecosystem / Richard M. Laws. - The Role of Glycoprotein Antifreezes in the Survival of Antarctic Fishes / Arthur L. DeVries and Yuan Lin. - New Cytological, Biochemical, and Physiological Data on the Colorless Blood of the Channichthyidae (Pisces, Teleosteans, Perciformes) / J. C. Hureau, J. M. Fine, M. Marneux, and D. Petit. - Respiratory and Circulatory Adaptations to the Absence of Hemoglobin in Chaenichthyid Fishes / Edvard A. Hemmingsen and Everett L. Douglas. - Thermo- and Osmoregulatory Responses Induced by Heating and Cooling the Rostral Brainstem of the Adelie Penguin / H. T. Hammel, J. E. Maggert, E. Simon, L. Crawshaw, and R. Kaul. - Body Temperature Regulation of the Emperor Penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri G.) During Physiological Fasting / Yvon Le Maho, Philippe Delclitte, and René Groscolas. - Cardiovascular Adaptations of the Giant Petrel, Macronectes giganteus, to the Antarctic Environment / David E. Murrish and Charles L. Guard. - Temperature Regulation in the Newborn Weddell Seal, Leptonychotes weddelli / R. Elsner, D. D. Hammond, D. M. Denison, and R. Wyburn. - Discussion. - Part IV: Adaptations in Antarctic Vertebrates (Ecology). - Evolution Within Pelagic Ecosystems: Aspects of the Distribution and Evolution of the Family Myctophidae / Richard F. McGinnis. - Aspects of the Diet of the Antarctic Silverfish, Pleuragramma antarcticum / H. H. DeWitt and T. L. Hopkins. - The Bacterial Microflora in the Digestive Tracts of Penguins and Fishes from the Kerguelen Islands / R. Lesel and J. P. Menet. - The Rockhopper Penguin (Eudyptes chrysocome moseleyi), of Saint Paul and New Amsterdam Islands / T. Duroselle and B. Tollu. - Adaptive Significance of the Reoccupation Period of the Adelie Penguin / E. B. Spurr. - Interactions Between South Polar Skuas and Adelie Penguins / Dietland Müller-Schwarze and Christine Müller-Schwarze. - Comparative Feeding Ecology of the Giant Petrels Macronectes giganteus (Gmelin) and M. halli (Mathews) / G. W. Johnstone. - Feeding Methods in Seabirds: A Comparison of Polar and Tropical Nesting Communities in the Eastern Pacific Ocean / David G. Ainley. - Adaptations of Arctic Terns and Antarctic Terns Within Antarctic Ecosystems / D. F. Parmelee. - Distribution and Abundance of Seals in the Pack Ice of the Pacific Sector of the Southern Ocean / James R. Gilbert and Albert W. Erickson. - Adaptations of Weddell and Ringed Seals to Exploit the Polar Fast Ice Habitat in the Absence or Presence of Surface Predators / Ian Stirling. - Food Consumption of Seals in the Antarctic Pack Ice / Torger Øritsland. - The Leopard Seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) at Palmer Station, Antarctica / R. J. Hofman, R. A. Reichle, D. B. Siniff, and D. Müller-Schwarze. - Distribution of Toothed Whales in the Antarctic Ocean / Masaharu Nishiwaki. - Discussion. - Part V: The Structure and Function of Antarctic Freshwater Ecosystems. - Antarctic Freshwater Ecosystems: Review and Synthesis / Ronald B. Heywood. - Production and Periodicity of Antarctic Freshwater Phytoplankton / J. J. Light. - Studies on Some Saline Lakes of the Vestfold Hills, Antarctica / K. R. Kerry, D. R. Grace, R. Williams, and H. R. Burton. - Nitrogen and Phosphorus Availability to Plankton: and Benthic Communities in Lake Bonney, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica / Robert C. Hoehn, Bruce C. Parker, Richard D. Fortner, Barron L. Weand, James A. Craft, Larry S. Lane, Robert W. Stavros, Harold G. Sugg, Jr., and Jeffrey T. Whitehurst. - Changes in Dissolved Organic Matter, Photosynthetic Production, and Microbial Community Composition in Lake Bonney, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica / Bruce C. Parker, Robert C. Hoehn, Robert A. Paterson, James A. Craft, Larry S. Lane, Robert W. Stavros, Harold G. Sugg, Jr., Jeffrey T. Whitehurst, Richard D. Fortner, and Barron L. Weand. - Discussion. - Part VI: The Structure and Function of Antarctic Terrestrial Ecosystems. - Climatic Relationships in Antarctic and Northern Hemisphere Populations of a Cosmopolitan Moss, Bryum argenteum Hedw. / R. E. Longton and Marjorie A. Maclver. - The Growth of Mosses in Two Contrasting Communities in the Maritime Antarctic: Measurement and Pre , Includes some contributions in French

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1 Introduction: sedimentology and stratigraphy. - 1.1 Sedimentology and stratigraphy in Earth sciences. - 1.2 Stratigraphy and sedimentology. - 1.3 See the world in just one grain of sand. - 1.4 Processes and products. - 1.5 Sedimentary environments and facies. - 1.6 Modem and ancient sedimentary environments. - 1.7 Geographical distribution of environments and facies. - 1. 8 Changing environments and facies through time. - 1.9 The stratigraphic record and geological time. - 1.10 Earth history, global tectonics, climate and evolution. - 2 Terrigenous clastic sediments: gravel, sand and mud. - 2.1 The components of sediments and sedimentary rocks. - 2.2 Classification and nomenclature of terrigenous clastic sediments and sedimentary rocks. - 2.3 Gravel and conglomerate. - 2.4 Sand and sandstone. - 2.5 Clay, silt and mudrock. - 2.6 Description of the textures of terrigenous clastic sedimentary rocks. - 2.7 Granulometric and clast shape analysis. - 2.8 Maturity of terrigenous clastic material. - 2.9 Terrigenous clastic sediments: summary. - Further reading. - 3 Biogenic, chemical and volcanogenic sediments. - 3.1 Limestone. - 3.2 Volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks. - 3.3 Evaporite minerals. - 3.4 Cherts. - 3.5 Phosphates. - 3.6 Sedimentary ironstone. - 3.7 Carbonaceous (organic) deposits. - 3.8 The description of sedimentary rocks in hand specimen. - 3.9 Examination of sedimentary rocks under the microscope. - Further reading. - 4 Processes of transport and sedimentary structures. - 4.1 Transport media. - 4.2 The behaviour of fluids and particles in fluids. - 4.3 Flows, sediment and bedforms. - 4.4 Waves. - 4.5 Sedimentary structures in sand-mud mixtures. - 4.6 Mass flows. - 4.7 Mudcracks. - 4.8 Erosional sedimentary structures. - 4.9 Sedimentary structures and sedimentary environments. - Further reading. - 5 Environments and facies. - 5.1 Interpreting past depositional environments. - 5.2 The concept of 'facies'. - 5.3 Distribution of palaeoenvironments in time and space. - 5.4 Palaeocurrents. - 5.5 Provenance. - 5.6 Graphic sedimentary logs. - 5.7 Facies and environments: summary. - Further reading. - 6 Continents: sources of sediment and environments of deposition. - 6.1 From source of sediment to formation of strata. - 6.2 The formation of mountains and hills. - 6.3 Continental climatic regimes. - 6.4 Surface processes. - 6.5 Weathering processes. - 6.6 Erosion and transport. - 6.7 Factors which influence erosion rates. - 6.8 Continental environments of deposition. - 6.9 Continental environments: summary. - Further reading. - 7 Glaciers and ice caps. - 7.1 Formation of glaciers. - 7.2 Erosion by glaciers. - 7.3 Glacial deposits. - 7.4 Distribution of glacial deposits. - 7.5 Recognition of glacial deposits: summary. - Further reading. - 8 Arid continental depositional environments. - 8.1 Deserts. - 8.2 Wind in deserts. - 8.3 Water in a desert. - 8.4 Alluvial fans. - 8.5 Playa lakes. - 8.6 Life in the desert. - 8.7 Characteristics of the deposits of arid continental environments: summary. - Further reading. - 9 Rivers: the fluvial environment. - 9.1 River forms and patterns. - 9.2 Modern rivers. - 9.3 Floodplains. - 9.4 Ancient fluvial deposits. - 9.5 Palaeocurrents in fluvial systems. - 9.6 Fossils in fluvial environments. - 9.7 Soils and palaeosols. - 9.8 Recognition of fluvial deposits: summary. - Further reading. - 10 Lacustrine environments: fresh and saline lakes. - 10.1 Modern lakes. - 10.2 Morphology and processes in lakes. - 10.3 Lacustrine sediments and facies. - 10.4 Saline lakes. - 10.5 Life in lakes. - 10.6 Lake environments: summary. - Further reading. - 11 The marine realm: morphology and processes. - 11.1 Marine environments. - 11.2 Tides. - 11.3 Wave and storm processes. - 11.4 Thermo-haline currents. - 11.5 Divisions of the marine realm. - 11.6 Chemical and biochemical sedimentation in oceans. - 11.7 Ecology of the seas. - 11.8 Marine environments: summary. - Further reading. - 12 Deltas and estuaries. - 12.1 Deltas. - 12.2 Controls on deltas. - 12.3 Coarse-grained deltas. - 12.4 Delta 'cycles'. - 12.5 Post- and syndepositional effects on deltas. - 12.6 Recognition of deltaic deposits: summary. - 12.7 Estuaries. - 12.8 Recognition of estuarine deposits: summary. - Further reading. - 13 Coastlines: beaches, barriers and lagoons. - 13.1 Coastal environments. - 13.2 Morphological features of coastlines. - 13.3 Clastic coastlines. - 13.4 Carbonate coastlines. - 13.5 Arid coastlines. - 13.6 Recognition of coastal deposits: summary. - Further reading. - 14 Shallow seas. - 14.1 Sediment supply to shallow seas. - 14.2 Shallow marine clastic environments. - 14.3 Storm-dominated shallow clastic seas. - 14.4 Tide-dominated shallow clastic seas. - 14.5 Shallow marine carbonate environments. - 14.6 Carbonate ramps. - 14.7 Rimmed carbonate shelves. - 14.8 Epeiric, drowned and isolated carbonate platforms. - 14.9 Barred basins and saline giants. - 14.10 Criteria for the recognition of shelf sediments. - Further reading. - 15 Deep marine environments. - 15.1 Modem and ancient oceans. - 15.2 Deep marine mass flows. - 15.3 Submarine fans. - 15.4 Contourites. - 15.5 Pelagic and hemipelagic sedimentation. - 15.6 Other features of deep ocean sediments. - 15.7 Fossils in deep ocean sediments. - 15.8 Ancient deep ocean deposits. - 15.9 Recognition of deep ocean deposits: summary. - Further reading. - 16 Volcanic environments. - 16.1 Volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks. - 16.2 Lavas. - 16.3 Volcaniclastic rocks. - 16.4 Environments of deposition. - 16.5 Recognition of volcanigenic deposits: summary. - 16.6 Volcanic rocks in stratigraphy: flows, dykes and sills. - Further reading. - 17 Sediments into rocks: postdepositional processes. - 17.1 Post-depositional modification of sedimentary layers. - 17.2 Post-depositional physical and chemical processes. - 17.3 Nodules and concretions. - 17.4 Clastic diagenesis. - 17.5 Carbonate diagenesis. - 17.6 Post-depositional changes to evaporites. - 17.7 Diagenesis of volcaniclastic sedirnents. - 17.8 Formation of coal and hydrocarbons. - 17.9 Diagenetic processes: summary. - Further reading. - 18 Stratigraphy: concepts and lithostratigraphy. - 18.1 Stratigraphy and geological time. - 18.2 Chronostratigraphy. - 18.3 Physical stratigraphy. - 18.4 Lithostratigraphy. - 18.5 Lithostratigraphic nomenclature. - 18.6 Lithostratigraphy and environments. - 18.7 Lithostratigraphy and geological maps. - 18.8 Lithostratigraphy and correlation. - Further reading. - 19 Biostratigraphy. - 19.1 Strata and fossils. - 19.2 Fossils in stratigraphy. - 19.3 Taxa used in biostratigraphy. - 19.4 Correlating different environments. - 19.5 Biostratigraphic nomenclature. - 19.6 Biostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy. - Further reading. - 20 Dating and correlation techniques. - 20.1 Radiometric dating. - 20.2 Magnetostratigraphy. - 20.3 Other dating methods. - 20.4 Dating in the Quaternary. - 20.5 Correlation. - Further reading. - 21 Sequence stratigraphy and sea level changes. - 21.1 Introduction. - 21.2 Depositional sequences and systems tracts. - 21.3 Facies patterns in depositional sequences. - 21.4 Sequences in carbonate depositional environments. - 21.5 Subdivision of depositional sequences and systems tracts: parasequences. - 21.6 Sequence stratigraphy and depositional environments. - 21.7 Practical sequence stratigraphy. - 21.8 Causes of sea level fluctuations. - Further reading. - 22 Subsurface stratigraphy. - 22.1 Seismic reflection profiles. - 22.2 Interpreting seismic reflections. - 22.3 Structural features on seismic profiles. - 22.4 Seismic facies. - 22.5 Relating seismic profiles to geological cross-sections. - 22.6 Borehole stratigraphy and sedimentology. - 22.7 Subsurface facies analysis. - 22.8 Use of borehole data. - Further reading. - 23 Sedimentary basins. - 23.1 Tectonics of sedimentary basins. - 23.2 Basins related to crustal extension. - 23.3 Basins related to subduction. - 23.4 Basins related to continen

Note: Contents: Preface Contributors 1. Stable Isotopes: History, Units, and Instrumentation / J. R. Ehleringer and P. W. Rundel Section I Ecophysiological Studies in Plants 2.Carbon Isotope Fractionation and Plant Water-Use Efficiency / G. D. Farquhar, K. T. Hubick, A. G. Condon, and R. A. Richards 3. Carbon Isotope Ratios and Physiological Processes in Aridland Plants / J. R. Ehleringer 4. Stable Carbon Isotope Ratio as an Index of Water-Use Efficiency in C3 Halophytes - Possible Relationship to Strategies for Osmotic Adjustment / R. D. Guy, P. G. Warne, and D. M. Reid 5. Stable Carbon Isotopes in Vernal Pool Aquatics of Differing Photosynthetic Pathways / J. E. Keeley 6. Studies of Mechanisms Affecting the Fractionation of Carbon Isotopes in Photosynthesis / J. A. Berry 7. Intertree Variability of δ13C in Tree Rings / S. W. Leavitt, and A. Long 8. Hydrogen Isotope Fractionation in Plant Tissues / H. Ziegler 9. Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotope Ratios in Plant Cellulose: Mechanisms and Applications / L. Da Silveira Lobo Sternberg 10. Stable Hydrogen Isotope Ratios in Plants: A Review of Current Theory and Some Potential Applications / J. W. C. White Section II Animal Food Webs and Feeding Ecology 11. Stable Carbon Isotopes in Terrestrial Ecosystem Research / L. L. Tieszen and T. W. Boutton 12. δ13C Measurements as Indicators of Carbon Flow in Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems / B. Fry and E. B. Sherr 13. Natural Carbon Isotope Tracers in Arctic Aquatic Food Webs / D. M. Schell and P. J. Ziemann 14. Some Problems and Potentials of Strontium Isotope Analysis for Human and Animal Ecology / J. E. Ericson 15. Natural Isotope Abundances in Bowhead Whale (Balaena mysticetus) Baleen: Markers of Aging and Habitat Usage / D. M. Schell, S. M. Saupe, and N. Haubenstock 16. Doubly-Labeled Water Studies of Vertebrate Physiological Ecology / K. A. NAGY 17. A δ13C and δ15N Tracer Study of Nutrition in Aquaculture: Penaeus vannamei in a Pond Growout System / P. L. Parker, R. K. Anderson, and A. Lawrence Section III Ecosystem Process Studies 18. Stable Isotope Ratios and the Dynamics of Caliche in Desert Soils / W. H. Schlesinger, G. M. Marion, and P. J. Fonteyn 19. The Use of Stable Isotopes in Assessing the Effect of Agriculture on Arid and Semi-Arid Soils / R. Amundson 20. Estimates of N2 Fixation in Ecosystems: The Need for and Basis of the 15N Natural Abundance Method / G. Shearer and D. H. Kohl 21. The Use of Variation in the Natural Abundance of 15N to Assess Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation by Woody Plants / R. A. Virginia, W. M. Jarrell, P. W. Rundel, G. Shearer, and D. H. Kohl 22. 13C/12C Ratios in Atmospheric Methane and Some of Its Sources / S. C. Tyler 23. Temperature-Dependent Hydrogen Isotope Fractionation in Cyanobacterial Sheaths: Applications to Studies of Modern and Precambrian Stromatolites / G. E. Strathearn 24. Sulfur Isotope Studies of the Pedosphere and Biosphere / H. R. Krouse 25. Sulfate Fertilization and Changes in Stable Sulfur Isotopic Compositions of Lake Sediments / B. Fry 26. The Use of Stable Sulfur and Nitrogen Isotopes in Studies of Plant Responses to Air Pollution / W. E. Winner, V. S. Berg, and P. J. Langston-Unkefer 27. The Use of Stable Sulfur Isotope Ratios in Air Pollution Studies: An Ecosystem Approach in South Florida / L. L. Jackson and L. P. Gough 28. 87Sr/86Sr Ratios Measure the Sources and Flow of Strontium in Terrestrial Ecosystems / W. C. Graustein Index

Note: Table of Contents: Copyright; Additional copies. - Foreword and acknowledgements. - Chapter 1. Cosmochemistry of the Rare Earth Elements: Condensation and Evaporation Processes / by William V. Boynton. - Introduction. - Meteorites. - Astrophysical context for interpretation of cosmochemical data. - Solar nebula. - Solar abundances. - Cosmochemical properties of the REE. - REE condensation reactions. - Activity coefficients. - Partial pressures. - Solid / gas distribution coefficients. - Why are the REE volatilities so different?. - Calculated REE patterns. - Early condensates. - Removing REE in the gas. - Comparison with meteoritic data. - Ultra-refractory component. - Group II inclusions. - FUN inclusions. - REE condensation as a function of oxygen fugacity. - Rims on CAI. - What have we learned from the REE?. - High temperatures were achieved in the solar nebula. - A very efficient mechanism for gas/dust separation existed in the solar nebula. - The high nebular temperatures existed for a long time. - A very intense, very brief, heat source also existed. - The solar nebula was a chaotic environment. - Summary. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 2. Radiogenic Isotope Geochemistry of Rare Earth Elements / by P. Jonathan Patchett. - Introduction. - Long-lived radioactive isotopes of Rare Earth Elements. - 138La-138Ce decay. - 147Sm-143Nd decay. - 176Lu-176Hf decay. - Cemical variations of La/Ce, Sm/Nd and Lu/Hf ratios. - Geochronological studies. - La-Ce and Lu-Hf chronology. - Sm-Nd chronology. - Defining bulk planetary isotopic evolution. - Isotopic study of planetary interiors. - The Moon. - The Earth. - Nd isotopes in studies of terrestrial crustal evolution. - Model Nd ages of continental crust. - Growth curves for the continental crust. - Origin of granitoids. - Nd isotopes and the sedimentary system. - Characterization of whole crustal terranes. - Crustal Lu-Hf isotopic studies. - Major unsolved problems. - Continental crustal growth curve. - Abundance of Archean continental crust. - Origin of mantle isotopic variations. - References. - Chapter 3. Partitioning of Rare Earth Elements between Major Silicate Minerals and Basaltic Melts / by Gordon A. McKay. - Introduction. - Usefulness of the REE for petrogenetic modelling. - Scope of this chapter. - Caveat. - How partition coefficients are measured. - Phenocryst/matrix studies of natural samples. - Experimental measurement of partition coefficients. - Basic experimental approach. - Equilibrium. - Percent level doping technique. - Beta-track mapping technique. - Other experimental approaches. - Henry's law: The applicability of percent-level doping results. - Factors governing mineral/melt partitioning. - Ionic size and charge of trace element. - Crystal field effects. - Cristallographic versus defect sites: The Henry's law question. - Phase compositions. - Oxidation state. - Thermodynamic relationships: Dependence of partitioning on temperature and composition. - Other predictive approaches. - Special applications. - Eu as an oxygen fugacity indicator. - Origin of the Eu anomaly in lunar mare basalts. - REE partition coefficient patterns for the major minerals. - Plagioclase. - Olivine. - Pyroxene. - Low-Ca pyroxene. - High-Ca pyroxene. - Garnet. - Future directions. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 4. An Approach to Trace Element Modeling Using a Simple Igneous System as an Example / by Gilbert N. Hanson. - Introduction. - Review of trace element equations. - Melting. - Fractional crystallization. - Melting versus fractional crystallization. - Essential structural constituents. - Example of petrogenetic approach. - Discussion and summary. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 5. Rare Earth Elements in Upper Mantle Rocks / by W. F. McDonough and Fredrick A. Frey. - Introduction. - Massive peridotites. - Massive peridotites: dominantly lherzolite Western Alps - Lanzo. - Western Alps -Baldissero, Balmuccia. - Eastern Liguria, Italy. - Western Liguria, Italy. - Eastern Pyrenees - France. - Ronda, Spain Effects of late stage alteration on REE. - What can be inferred about the melting process and the segregated melts?. - Massive peridotites: pyroxenite layers and veins and their wall rocks. - Amphibole-bearing pyroxenite veins. - Anhydrous pyroxenite layers. - How were the pyroxenite layers created? Evidence for multistage processes. - Implications for mantle enrichment processes (metasomatism). - Massive peridotites: dominantly harzburgite. - Oceanic peridotites. - Ultramafic xenoliths. - Group I spinel peridotites. - Garnet peridotites. - Pyroxenite and related xenoliths. - Models for REE abundance trends in peridotite xenoliths. - Megacrysts, minerals in xenoliths and damong inclusions. - Megacrysts. - Minerals in peridotites and pyroxenites. - Inclusions in diamonds. - Summary: comparison of peridotites from massifs and xenoliths and implications of REE data for Upper Mantle composition. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 6. Rare Earth Elements in Metamorphic Rocks / by Richard I. Grauch. - Introduction. - REE residence in metamorphic rocks. - REE mobility during metamorphism. - REE content of metamorphic rocks. - Suggestions for future work. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 7. Rare Earth Elements in Sedimentary Rocks: Influence of Provenance and Sedimentary Processes / by Scott M. McLennan. - Introduction. - Rare earth element properties and sedimentary rocks. - Cosmochemical considerations. - Geochemical considerations. - Aqueous geochemistry. - Normalizing and notation. - Sedimentary processes. - Weathering. - Diagenesis. - Sedimentary sorting. - REE and provenance studies. - Sedimentary rocks and crustal abundances. - Sedimentation and plate tectonics. - Archean sedimentary rocks and the Archean crust. - Archean greenstone belts. - REE in sedimentary rocks and crustal evolution. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 8. Aqueous Geochemistry of Rare Earth Elements / by Douglas G. Brookins. - Introduction. - The trivalent lanthanides (Ln III). - Types of complexes in solution. - Hydrolysis products. - Phosphate complexes. - Carbonate complexes. - Halide complexes. - Complexes with total dissolved sulfur. - Gadolinium-Terbium fractionation?. - Scandium and Yttrium. - Europium (II). - Cerium (IV). - Eh-pH diagrams. - Cerium. - Europium. - Other lanthanides. - Lanthanides in ocean waters. - Lanthanides and actinides. - Concluding remarks. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 9. Rare Earth Elements in Lunar Materials / by Larry A. Haskin. - Introduction. - The nature of planet moon. - The magma ocean hypothesis and its presumed products. - Lunar REE patterns. - Highland plutonic rocks. - Anorthosites. - Durâtes, troctolites, norites, and gabbros. - Lunar felsite (granite). - Highland volcanic rocks: KREEP. - Mare basalts. - Mare basalt sources as magma ocean products. - Assimilation of crusted material during basalt petrogenesis. - Glassy spherules. - Soils and breccias. - Caveat. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 10. Compositional and Phase Relations among Rare Earth Element Minerals / by Donald M. Burt. - Introduction. - Geochemical background. - Minerals. - Coupled substitutions. - Vector treatment. - Application to selected mineral groups. - Fluorides. - Carbonates. - Fluorocarbonates. - Monazite, xenotime, zircon, and related phases. - Apatites. - Florencite and related phases. - A-B oxides (niobates, tantalates, titanates, ferrites). - Fergusonitelbetafergusonite, ABO4. - Perovskite, ABO3. - Aeschyniteleuxenite, AB2O6. - Pyrochlore, A1-2B2O6(O,F,OH). - Allanite. - Titanite. - Garnet. - Gadolinite. - Chevkinite/perrierite. - Element distributions: acid-base relations. - Summary. - Acknowledgemen

Note: Articles Introductory remarks on the transport problem W. S. Fyfe https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.01 Model of hydrothermal ore genesis J. W. Elder https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.02 Identification of ore-deposition environment from trace-element geochemistry of associated igneous host rocks J. A. Pearce and G. H. Gale https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.03 Identification of the origin of oreforming solutions by the use of stable isotopes S. M. F. Sheppard https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.04 Hydrogen and oxygen isotope evidence for sea-water-hydrothermal alteration and ore deposition, Troodos complex, Cyprus T. H. E. Heaton and S. M. F. Sheppard https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.05 Hydrodynamic model for the origin of the ophiolitic cupriferous pyrite ore deposits of Cyprus E. T. C. Spooner https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.06 Origin and emplacement of ophiolites I. G. Gass https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.07 Hydrothermal alteration of the basaltic lavas of the Troodos Ophiolite Complex associated with the formation of the massive sulphide deposits G. Constantinou https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.08 Rare-earth element evidence for the genesis of the metalliferous sediments of Troodos, Cyprus A. H. F. Robertson and A. J. Fleet https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.09 Modern submarine hydrothermal mineralization: examples from Santorini and the Red Sea D. S. Cronan, P. A. Smith, and R. D. Bignell https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.10 Mineralization at destructive plate boundaries: a brief review M. S. Garson and A. H. G. Mitchell https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.11 Porphyry copper deposits J. P. Hunt https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.12 Metallic mineralization affiliated to subaerial volcanism: a review R. H. Sillitoe https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.13 Igneous geology and the evolution of hydrothermal systems in some sub-volcanic tin deposits of Bolivia J. N. Grant, C. Halls, W. Avila, and G. Avila https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.14 Occurrence, origin and significance of mechanically transported sulphide ores at Buchans, Newfoundland J. G. Thurlow https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.15 Geological setting of the Skorovas orebody within the allochthonous volcanic stratigraphy of the Gjersvik Nappe, central Norway C. Halls, A. Reinsbakken, I. Ferriday, A. Haugen, and A. Rankin https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.16 The Planes-San Antonio pyritic deposit of Rio Tinto, Spain: its nature, environment and genesis D. Williams, R. L. Stanton, and F. Rambaud https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.17 Kuroko deposits: their geology, geochemistry and origin Takeo Sato https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.18 Stable isotope studies on Bougainville and in Matupi Harbour, New Britain, Papua New Guinea J. H. Ford, D. C. Green, J. R. Hulston, I. H. Crick, and S. M. F. Sheppard https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.19 Volcanogenic mineralization at Avoca, Co. Wicklow, Ireland, and its regional implications J. W. Platt https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.20 Discussion https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.21

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Description of experiment Apparatus Test procedure Experimental results Summary of experimental tests Influence of coolant water flow rates Approximation of the rate of melting Comparison of experimental and computed results Comparative analysis of the model sinks Approximation of the heat transfer coefficient Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Experimental data, heat sink Model II Appendix B. Heat sink scaling and similarity relationships Appendix C. Derivation of the relationships for the heat transfer coefficient, Reynolds and Nusselt numbers Appendix D. Determination of freezing rates and refrigeration loads Appendix E. Approximation of stresses in the heat sink tank

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Ice thickness and quantity Chronology of the 1975 Chena River breakup Checkpoint 3 Checkpoint 4 Checkpoint 5 Checkpoint 6 Checkpoint A Checkpoint 7 Checkpoint C Checkpoint D Checkpoint 8 Checkpoint 10 Checkpoint 11 Checkpoint 12 Spring flooding and debris The 1976 Chena River breakup Breakup in other years Summary and conclusions Appendix A. Sequential photographs of 1975 breakup at checkpoints 3-12

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S.customary to metric (SI) units of measurement Introduction Location of test sites Fairbanks Anchorage Hanover, N.H. Test program Instrumentation Effectiveness Therma lefficiency Heat balance within the roof Comparisons with conventional systems Conclusions Effectiveness of the test roof Thermal efficiency Heat balance within the roof Applicability Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Temperature and heat flow measurements, Anchorage and Fairbanks, Alaska, and Hanover, New Hampshire Appendix B. Thermal efficiencies of the test roof, Anchorage and Fairbanks, Alaska, and Hanover, New Hampshire Appendix C. January 1973 and August 1972 comparisons of protected membrane and conventional built-up membrane systems at Hanover, New Hampshire

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric (SI) Units of measurement Introduction Test procedure Pavement types Deicing chemicals Description of tests Discussion Literature cited Appendix A: Test results Appendix B: Portland cement concrete materials data

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Foreword Introduction Terminology Principles of cutting Forces acting on a single cutter Theoretical Ideas on cutting Experimental data on cutting forces Effect of chipping depth on tool forces Effect of rake angle on tool forces Effect of relief angle on cutting forces Effect of side rake on tool forces Effect of base angle or face profile on tool forces Effect of rounding at the cutting edge Effect of tool width on cutting forces Tool compliance and force fluctuations Effect of tool speed on cutting forces Effect of rock properties on cutting forces Tool interaction and kerf spacing Effect of multiple pass cutting on tool forces Effect of tool wear on cutting forces Development of wear Energetics of cutting Energetics of parallel-motion tools Variation of specific energy with chipping depth for a single tool Effect of rake angle on specific energy Effect of relief angle on specific energy Effect of side rake on specific energy Effect of base angle or face profile on specific energy Effect of tip radius on specific energy Effect of tool width on specific energy Effect of tool speed on specific energy Variation of specific energy with rock properties Effect of kerf spacing on specific energy Effect of multiple pass cutting on specific energy Effect of tool wear on specific energy General summary Literature cited Appendix Α. Additional data for ice Appendix Β. Conversion factors: U.S. customary and metric units of measurement

Note: Contents Part I: Mafic rocks Introduction: Magmatic deposits associated with mafic rocks / A. J. Naldrett Sulfide melts: crystallization temperatures, solubilities in silicate melts, and Fe, Ni, and Cu partitioning between basaltic magmas and olivine / A. J. Naldrett Vapor associated with mafic magma and controls on its composition / E. A. Mathez Geochemistry of platinum-group elements in mafic and ultramafic rocks / E. A. Mathez & C. L. Peach Komatite-associated nickel sulfide deposits / C.M. Lesher Ores associated with flood basalts / A. J. Naldrett Contamination and the origin of the sudbury structure and its ores / A. J. Naldrett Stratiform PGE deposits in layered intrusions / A. J. Naldrett Interactions involving fluids in the stillwater and bushveld complexes: observations from the rocks / E. A. Mathez Part II: Silicic rocks Introduction: Ore deposits associated with silicic rocks / J.A. Whitney Origin and evolution of silicic magmas / J.A. Whitney Magmatic ore-forming fluids: Thermodynamic and mass-transfer calculations of metal concentrations / P.A. Candela Felsic magmas, volatiles, and metallogenesis / P.A. Candela Granitoid textures, compositions, and volatile fugacities associated with the formation of Tungsten-dominated skarn deposits / J.D. Keith, W. van Middelaar, A. H. Clark, & C. J. Hodgson

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Foreword Introduction Terminology Forces on individual cutters Torque force and tool force Forces on the rotor axis Tractive thrust and down thrust Alternative tool force formulations Vehicle traction Power/weight ratio Weight and balance Force, torque, speed and power Specific energy Efficiency and performance index Power density Power requirements for ejection of cuttings Hydrodynamic resistance in underwater cutting

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Theory Limiting span of an arch Flow of pack ice through converging channels Stoppage of flow Applications St. Lawrence Amundsen Gulf Bering Strait Conclusion References

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sampling and analytical procedures Results Discussion Conclusions Literature cited

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Universität Bremen, 1989 , Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Summary Introduction Problem General review of the subject Experimental apparatus General considerations Water reservoir Test chamber assembly Pumping system Electrical control system Experimental procedure Experimental results Discussion and comparison of results Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Experimental procedure Snow collection Spectrophotometric methods Data analysis Potential sources of error Presentation of results Continuous-scan measurements Comparison of sequential bandpass and continuous-scan measurements Theoretical calculations Discussion of results Differences in amplitude of reflectance measurements Irregularities in the shape of spectral reflectance curves The true spectral reflectance of snow in the ultraviolet region Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Absolute reflectance values of pressed BaSO4 powder

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Summary Introduction Recent ice research in Denmark General Structures with vertical faces Wedges with inclined faces Recording of the strength of natural ice Artificial ice — properties and manufacture General Composition of material Order of mixing ingredients Rupture theory Theoretical approach Initial contact Forces acting on wedge Maximum force and actual force Principal stress equations 8Dynamic equations Intermittent nature of force Theoretical curve Verifiction of theory by model tests Description Width of rupture channel Plotting of results Engineering application Comparison with Korahavin’s results Recommendations for future research References Appendix A

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: US, customary to metric (SI) units of measurement Introduction Infrared camera Core samples State House State House Annex State Library Legislative Office Building Public Health Complex Highway Garage Fish and Game Offlces Supreme Court John O. Morton Building Department of Health and Welfare Laboratory Economics of roof reinsulation Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Impulse radar system Results and discussion Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Relative locations where impulse radar measurements were made andsamples for moisture determinations were obtained on the CRREL roof Impulse radar signal reflected from metal sheet resting on roof Impulse radar signal reflection from roof at station A Impulse radar surface reflection coefficient versus moisture contentofroof Impulse radar signal reflection from aluminum foil on bottom of con-crete form and from aluminum sheet metal resting on top of form Unconfined compressive strength of concrete versus time Examples of X-Y plots of impulse radar signals obtained during thesounding of concrete slab Impulse radar signal reflection coefficients versus time for acuring concrete slab Calculated impulse radar signal attenuation in concrete slab versuselapsed time Dielectric constants versus time calculated from impulse radar signalInformation obtained during curing of concrete slab Unconfined compressive strength of concrete versus corrected reflec-tion coefficient calculated from impulse radar signal data obtainedduring the curing of concrete slab TABLES Comparison of roof moisture content with radar surface reflection coefficient and dielectric constant