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Stable isotopes in ecological research (1989)

Rundel, Philip Wilson [HerausgeberIn] ; Ehleringer, J. R. [HerausgeberIn] ; Nagy, Kenneth A. [HerausgeberIn]

New York : Springer

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Call number: AWI G6-92-0403

In: Ecological studies, 68

Description / Table of Contents: The analysis of stable isotope ratios represents one of the most exciting new technical advances in environmental sciences. In this book, leading experts offer the first survey of applications of stable isotope analysis to ecological research. Central topics are plant physiology studies, food webs and animal metabolism, bio-geochemical fluxes. Extensive coverage is given to natural isotopes of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and strontium in both terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Ecologists of diverse research interests, as well as agronomists, anthropologists, and geochemists, will value this overview for its wealth of information on theoretical background, experimental approaches, and technical design of studies utilizing stable isotope ratios.

Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan

Pages: XV, 525 Seiten , Illustrationen

ISBN: 0387967125

Series Statement: Ecological studies 68

URL: https://d-nb.info/890338523/04

Language: English

Note: Contents: Preface Contributors 1. Stable Isotopes: History, Units, and Instrumentation / J. R. Ehleringer and P. W. Rundel Section I Ecophysiological Studies in Plants 2.Carbon Isotope Fractionation and Plant Water-Use Efficiency / G. D. Farquhar, K. T. Hubick, A. G. Condon, and R. A. Richards 3. Carbon Isotope Ratios and Physiological Processes in Aridland Plants / J. R. Ehleringer 4. Stable Carbon Isotope Ratio as an Index of Water-Use Efficiency in C3 Halophytes - Possible Relationship to Strategies for Osmotic Adjustment / R. D. Guy, P. G. Warne, and D. M. Reid 5. Stable Carbon Isotopes in Vernal Pool Aquatics of Differing Photosynthetic Pathways / J. E. Keeley 6. Studies of Mechanisms Affecting the Fractionation of Carbon Isotopes in Photosynthesis / J. A. Berry 7. Intertree Variability of δ13C in Tree Rings / S. W. Leavitt, and A. Long 8. Hydrogen Isotope Fractionation in Plant Tissues / H. Ziegler 9. Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotope Ratios in Plant Cellulose: Mechanisms and Applications / L. Da Silveira Lobo Sternberg 10. Stable Hydrogen Isotope Ratios in Plants: A Review of Current Theory and Some Potential Applications / J. W. C. White Section II Animal Food Webs and Feeding Ecology 11. Stable Carbon Isotopes in Terrestrial Ecosystem Research / L. L. Tieszen and T. W. Boutton 12. δ13C Measurements as Indicators of Carbon Flow in Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems / B. Fry and E. B. Sherr 13. Natural Carbon Isotope Tracers in Arctic Aquatic Food Webs / D. M. Schell and P. J. Ziemann 14. Some Problems and Potentials of Strontium Isotope Analysis for Human and Animal Ecology / J. E. Ericson 15. Natural Isotope Abundances in Bowhead Whale (Balaena mysticetus) Baleen: Markers of Aging and Habitat Usage / D. M. Schell, S. M. Saupe, and N. Haubenstock 16. Doubly-Labeled Water Studies of Vertebrate Physiological Ecology / K. A. NAGY 17. A δ13C and δ15N Tracer Study of Nutrition in Aquaculture: Penaeus vannamei in a Pond Growout System / P. L. Parker, R. K. Anderson, and A. Lawrence Section III Ecosystem Process Studies 18. Stable Isotope Ratios and the Dynamics of Caliche in Desert Soils / W. H. Schlesinger, G. M. Marion, and P. J. Fonteyn 19. The Use of Stable Isotopes in Assessing the Effect of Agriculture on Arid and Semi-Arid Soils / R. Amundson 20. Estimates of N2 Fixation in Ecosystems: The Need for and Basis of the 15N Natural Abundance Method / G. Shearer and D. H. Kohl 21. The Use of Variation in the Natural Abundance of 15N to Assess Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation by Woody Plants / R. A. Virginia, W. M. Jarrell, P. W. Rundel, G. Shearer, and D. H. Kohl 22. 13C/12C Ratios in Atmospheric Methane and Some of Its Sources / S. C. Tyler 23. Temperature-Dependent Hydrogen Isotope Fractionation in Cyanobacterial Sheaths: Applications to Studies of Modern and Precambrian Stromatolites / G. E. Strathearn 24. Sulfur Isotope Studies of the Pedosphere and Biosphere / H. R. Krouse 25. Sulfate Fertilization and Changes in Stable Sulfur Isotopic Compositions of Lake Sediments / B. Fry 26. The Use of Stable Sulfur and Nitrogen Isotopes in Studies of Plant Responses to Air Pollution / W. E. Winner, V. S. Berg, and P. J. Langston-Unkefer 27. The Use of Stable Sulfur Isotope Ratios in Air Pollution Studies: An Ecosystem Approach in South Florida / L. L. Jackson and L. P. Gough 28. 87Sr/86Sr Ratios Measure the Sources and Flow of Strontium in Terrestrial Ecosystems / W. C. Graustein Index

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Water and electrolyte budgets of a free-living desert lizard,Sauromalus obesus (1972)

Nagy, Kenneth A.

Springer

Journal of comparative physiology 79 (1972), S. 39-62

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ISSN: 1432-1351

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Medicine

Notes: Summary 1. Seasonal water metabolism in the herbivorous desert lizardSauromalus obesus (chuckwalla) was measured with tritiated water (HTO). Electrolyte budgets were obtained from field and laboratory measurements. These data describe the roles of various excretory organs in maintaining balance and permit evaluation of some aspects of the physiological ecology of these lizards. 2. When vegetation was succulent, chuckwallas obtained more than enough water from their food to meet their needs (Table 5). The excess was excreted rather than being stored (Table 1). 3. Although water requirements of chuckwallas maintaining constant weights are low in comparison to some other desert vertebrates, metabolic water production is insufficient to balance losses. These lizards must eat succulent vegetation to maintain water balance. 4. When vegetation was dry (summer), chuckwallas remained in crevices most of the day and did not eat. This behavior resulted in a considerable reduction in water loss. 5. These lizards did not drink rain water. 6. During drought, chuckwallas became dehydrated (Fig. 2), but fractional fluid volumes were maintained at normal levels (Table 1), as were plasma electrolyte concentrations (Table 2). 7. Chuckwallas entered winter dens in October weighing only two-thirds as much as in April (Fig. 1). They did not grow in length during 1970. 8. The diet was always hyperosmotic with K+ predominating, but this load was excreted by the nasal salt glands and as precipitated potassium urate (Table 7). These avenues of electrolyte loss require little water (Table 6), resulting in effective separation of water excretion from electrolyte excretion.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00693617

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Effects of climatic variation on field metabolism and water relations of desert tortoises (1998)

Henen, Brian T. ; Peterson, Charles C. ; Wallis, Ian R. ; [et al.]

Springer

Oecologia 117 (1998), S. 365-373

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ISSN: 1432-1939

Keywords: Key words Physiological ecology ; El Niño (ENSO) effect ; Geographic variation ; Gopherus agassizii ; Resource availability

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract We used the doubly labeled water method to measure the field metabolic rates (FMRs, in kJ kg−1 day−1) and water flux rates (WIRs, in ml H2O kg−1 day−1) of adult desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) in three parts of the Mojave Desert in California over a 3.5-year period, in order to develop insights into the physiological responses of this threatened species to climate variation among sites and years. FMR, WIR, and the water economy index (WEI, in ml H2O kJ−1, an indicator of drinking of free water) differed extensively among seasons, among study sites, between sexes, and among years. In high-rainfall years, males had higher FMRs than females. Average daily rates of energy and water use by desert tortoises were extraordinarily variable: 28-fold differences in FMR and 237-fold differences in WIR were measured. Some of this variation was due to seasonal conditions, with rates being low during cold winter months and higher in the warm seasons. However, much of the variation was due to responses to year-to-year variation in rainfall. Annual spring peaks in FMR and WIR were higher in wet years than in drought years. Site differences in seasonal patterns were apparently due to geographic differences in rainfall patterns (more summer rain at eastern Mojave sites). In spring 1992, during an El Niño (ENSO) event, the WEI was greater than the maximal value obtainable from consuming succulent vegetation, indicating copious drinking of rainwater at that time. The physiological and behavioral flexibility of desert tortoises, evident in individuals living at all three study sites, appears central to their ability to survive droughts and benefit from periods of resource abundance. The strong effects of the El Niño (ENSO) weather pattern on tortoise physiology, reproduction, and survival elucidated in this and other studies suggest that local manifestations of global climate events could have a long-term influence on the tortoise populations in the Mojave Desert.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050669

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Aspects of dietary quality, nutrient assimilation and water balance in wild howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) (1979)

Nagy, Kenneth A. ; Milton, Katharine

Springer

Oecologia 39 (1979), S. 249-258

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ISSN: 1432-1939

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Summary Wild howler monkeys were fed natural fruit and leaf diets in order to determine their ability to assimilate minerals (Ca, P, Mg, Si, Sr, Ba, Fe, Al, Mn, B, Cu, Li, V), and to assess their water and electrolyte budgets by the balance method. Results were extrapolated to the field situation so that the nutritional status of free-living monkeys could be examined in relation to their diet. The figs and young leaves of Ficus insipida and F. yoponensis trees (the most important foods in the dry season) provide adequate amounts of most required minerals, and an abundance of water. However, the copper requirement would not be met by this diet, which also provides only marginal amounts of sodium and phosphorus. These deficiencies may be corrected by consuming other available food items that are rich in Cu, Na or P. These results help explain the diversity that has been observed in the diet of wild howler monkeys, and suggest that these herbivores should feed selectively in order to obtain a nutritionally adequate diet.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00345437

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The roles of energetics, water economy, foraging behavior, and geothermal refugia in the distribution of the bat,Macrotus californicus (1986)

Bell, Gary P. ; Bartholomew, George A. ; Nagy, Kenneth A.

Springer

Journal of comparative physiology 156 (1986), S. 441-450

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ISSN: 1432-136X

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Medicine

Notes: Summary Energy metabolism, thermoregulation, and water flux ofMacrotus californicus, the most northerly representative of the Phyllostomidae, were studied in the laboratory using standard methods, and energy metabolism and water fluxes were studied in the field using the doubly labelled water method together with a time budget. Daily energy expenditures of free-living bats averaged 22.8 kJ during the winter study period. Approximately 60% of this was allocated to resting metabolism costs while in the primary roosts (22 h/day).Macrotus californicus is unable to use torpor. The thermoneutral zone (TNZ) in this species is narrow (33 to 40 °C) and metabolic rate increased rapidly as ambient temperature decreased below the TNZ. Basal metabolic rate was 1.25 ml O2/g·h, or 24 J/g·h. Total thermal conductance below the TNZ. was 1.8 mW/g·°C, similar to values measured for other bats. Evaporative water loss showed a hyperbolic increase with increasing ambient temperature, and was approximately 1% of total body mass/h in the TNZ. The success of these bats as year-round residents in deserts in the southwestern United States is probably not due to special physiological adaptations, but to roosting and foraging behavior. They use geothermally-heated winter roost sites (stable year-round temperatures of approximately 29 °C) which minimize energy expenditures, and they have an energetically frugal pattern of foraging that relies on visual prey location. These seem to be the two major factors which have allowedM. californicus to invade the temperate zone.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01101107

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