ALBERT

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Paleomagnetism is a relatively young geoscience which incorporates aspects of geomagnetism, rock magnetism and geology. This volume investigates the use of paloenmagnetism in oil exploration and production. It presents various techniques including a newly emerging technique which will be of general interest to the oil industry. The main areas in which paleomagnetic data may be useful to the petroleum geologist are : paleomagnetic dating and magnetostratigraphy; susceptibility logging of cores; magnetic fabric studies for paleocurrent analysis; using remagnetization to date diagenetic events including those associated with hydrocarbon migration; and identification of magnetic anomalies associated with hydrocarbon plumes and oil seeps. Most papers deal with case studies performed on wells from active exploration or production locations worldwide. The book is the first of its kind and presents much previously unpublished data. It will be of particular interest to both academics and professionals in the oil industry.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The metronomic variations of the Earth-Moon system and of the Earth-Sun orbital patterns produce gravitational and temperature effects that alter the physical environment on the Earth’s surface. These give an interpenetrating effect of forcing cycles ranging from twice-daily tides, day-night alternations, various tidal patterns and the annual solar pattern. All of these have been used palaeontologically to give precision to short-term age determination in the past. It is cycles of the Milankovitch band that are showing promise of enabling new practical timescales to be established for parts of the geological record. These depend on changes in the Earth-Sun distance and changes in the tilt of the Earth’s axis with respect to the Earth’s orbit round the Sun. There is increasing evidence that small-scale sedimentary rhythmic couplets may represent the effect of such changes. The disentangling of the interpenetrating cycles to produce an orbital forcing timescale is an exciting problem and challenge for palaeobiology and sedimentology. These should enable numerical dates to be given to bio- and chronostratigraphical timescales and eventually enable many Earth processes to be analysed in real time. The papers in this volume represent major new developments in sedimentological, paIaeontological, geochemical and stratigraphical research being undertaken in this field.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This report describes the growth characteristics and crystalline textures of urea ice sheets which are now used extensively in the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab. (CRREL) test basin for modeling sea ice. The aims of the report are to describe the different kinds of crystalline texture encountered in urea ice sheets and to show that even small variations in texture can drastically influence the mechanical behavior of urea ice sheets. Standard petrographic techniques for studying microstructure in thin sections were used on 24 urea ice sheets. These investigations entailed observations of the crystalline texture of the ice (including details of the subgrain structure), grain size measurements, and studies of the nature and extent of urea entrapment and drainage patterns in the ice. Increased knowledge of the factors controlling the crystalline characteristics of urea ice sheets has progressed to the point where test basin researchers at CRREL are now able to fabricate ice sheets with prescribed structures leading to predictable mechanical properties. Originators supplied keywords include: Sea ice, and Mechanical properties.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: In this study a method for making long-range forecasts of freeze-up dates in rivers is developed. The method requires the initial water temperature at an upstream station, the long-range air temperature forecast, the predicted mean flow velocity in the river reach, and water temperature response parameters. The water temperature response parameters can be either estimated from the surface heat exchange coefficient and the average flow depth or determined empirically from recorded air and water temperature data. The method is applied to the St. Lawrence River between Kingston, Ontario, and Massena, New York, and is shown to be capable of accurately forecasting freeze-up. Originator-supplied keywords include: Ice formation, and River ice.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: VHF-band radiowave short pulses were transmitted within the permafrost tunnel at Fox, Alaska, over distances between 2.2 and 10.5 m. The propagation medium was a frozen silt containing both disseminated and massive ice with temperatures varying from -7°C near the transmitter to probably -2 C near the center of the tunnel overburden. The short pulses underwent practically no dispersion in the coldest zones but did disperse and refract through the warmer overburden, as suggested by calculations of the effective dielectric constant. Most significantly the measured frequency content decreased as the effective dielectric constant increased. The results indicate that deep, cross-borehole pulse transmissions over distances greater than 10 m might be possible, especially when the ground is no warmer than -4°C. The information thus pined could be used for identifying major subsurface variations, including ground ice features.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: It is generally believed that Britain last became separated from mainland Europe about 8500 years ago, although earlier stages of the Quaternary are also considered in this book. The evidence for insularity, or otherwise, of both Britain and Ireland is based on a wide range of data, reflecting the multidisciplinary nature of Quaternary research. This volume provides up-to-date reviews of this evidence: physical or geological, and palaeontological data, as well as marine and non-marine organisms, are examined. Also evaluated are the possible biological repercussions of insularity: the fauna and flora of Britain and Ireland are certainly impoverished when compared with neighbouring mainland European countries - see, for example, the spectacular ecological and evolutionary consequences on the red deer populations of Jersey.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Hydrothermal venting at mid-ocean ridges has become one of the fastest-growing areas of interest in the marine geosciences since their discovery at the beginning of the 1980s. Marine geologists, geochemists and biologists are beginning to unravel the processes that generate and focus these high-temperature, chemically charged fluid exhalations, and those that control the colonization and ecology of the bizarre gamut of fauna and flora resident at these sites. Researchers, on the edge of understanding how volcanic and tectonic processes interact to control fluid flow, can show how they can predict the likely occurrence of hydrothermal systems throughout the world ridge system, and how the biomass has flourished in such inhospitable settings. Indeed, the very isolation of the communities has led workers to suggest that their restricted evolutionary path has direct significance for studies of the early origins of life itself. Hydrothermal processes are four-dimensional in their character, on a range of time-scales, which are of the order of thousands of years in terms of the of the lifetime of the hydrothermal sites, down to days in terms of the dispersal of plume products in the water column. The papers in this volume represent the latest reviews and reports of the state-of-the-art understanding of an area of marine science that we are only just beginning to recognize the scope and impact of.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Measurements of meltwater pH from annual layers of South Pole firn and ice samples ranging in age from 40 to 2000 years B.P. show that precipitation at this remote site has a higher natural acidity than that expected from atmospheric equilibrium with CO2. The average pH of deaerated (CO2-free) samples was 5.64 + or - 0.08, while air-equilibrated samples averaged 5.37 + or - 0.008, a pH that is about a factor of two more acidic than the expected background pH of 5.65. The observed 'excess' acidity can be accounted for by natural SO4(2)- and NO(3)- levels in the samples probably originating from non-anthropogenic H2SO4 and HNO3. Because of the presence of these naturally occurring acids in South Pole precipitation, a pH of 5.4 is considered a more representative baseline reference pH for acid precipitation studies.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Phase composition curves are presented for a typical saline silt from Lanzhou, P.R.C., and compared to some silts from Alaska. The unfrozen water content of the Chinese silt is much higher than that of the Alaskan silts due to the large amount of soluble salts present in the silts from China, which are not present in silt from interior Alaska. When the salt is removed, the unfrozen water content is then similar for both the Chinese and Alaskan silt. Here we introduce a technique for correcting the unfrozen water content of partially frozen soils due to high salt concentrations. We calculate the equivalent molality of the salts in the unfrozen water at various temperatures from a measurement of the electrical conductivity of the extract from saturated paste.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This report investigates the influences of turbulence and water temperature on frazil ice formation. The rate and thequantity of frazil ice formed in a specified volume of supercooled water increase with both increasing turbulence inten-sitv and decreasing water temperature. The influence of turbulence intensity on the rate of frazil ice formation, how-ever. is more pronounced for larger initial supercooling. The turbulence characteristics of a flow affect the rate offrazil ice formation by governing the temperature to which the flow can be supercooled, by influencing heat transferfrom the frazil ice to surrounding water, and by promoting collision nucleation, particle and floc rupture and increasingthe number of nucleation sites. larger frazil ice particles formed in water supercooled to lower temperatures. The par-ticles usually were disks, with diameters several orders greater than their thickness. Particle size generally decreased with increasing turbulence intensity. This report develops an analytical model, in which the rate of frazil ice formation isrelated to temperature rise of a turbulent volume of water from the release of latent heat of fusion of liquid water toice. Experiments conducted in a turbulence jar with a heated, vertically oscillating grid served both to guide and tocalibrate thanalytical'model as well as to afford insights into frazil ice formation. The formation of frazil ice wasstudied for Vemperatures of supercooled water ranging from -0.9° to -0.050°C.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Icing on stationary structures such as oil rigs is becoming an increasingly serious problem as offshore drilling operations in the subpolar regions become more common. Little information exists on this subject. Extensive observations have been made of icing on the upper structures of moving ships, but the complexity of this problem makes analysis of the results very difficult. Even the generation of water drops in this case involves many factors, such as windspeed, wave direction relative to the bearing of the ship, and size and free-board of the ship. On stationary structures, however, the problem is much simpler, since the major factor in drop generation is whitecaps produced by wind, and no motion of the structure is involved. In the present study, a theoretical calculation was made by combining the data available on the generation of drops by wind with data on the proportion of ice frozen from the collected water. The rate of ice accumulation on stationary structures was calculated using published data. The results were compared with icing measured on board ships. Although the general trend of this calculation indicated parallelism with the onboard measurements, the measured ice accumulation rate on ships needed a 5 to 8 m/s higher windspeed to correspond with the calculated rate for stationary structures.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Data obtained from two sets of data buoys either air-dropped or deployed by ship onto the Weddell Sea pack ice during the period from Dec 1978 to Nov 1980 are presented. The buoy data include position, pressure and temperature information and to date represent the most complete combined weather and pack ice drift records for the ice-covered Southern Ocean regions. The buoys tended to drift north initially and then to turn east generally between latitudes 62°S and 64°S. Buoy 1433 turned east farther south at approximately 67°S but at about the same time as buoy 0527, implying that the westerly wind belt was farther south than usual in 1979. The range of air pressures-from about 950 mb to about 1020 mb is typical of the circumpolar low pressure trough in the Southern Hemisphere. All buoys were equipped with an internal or compartment temperature sensor. The 1980 buoys also contained an external air temperature sensor in a ventilated, shielded can at 1-m height. Although differences of 10°C or more between recorded air and compartment temperatures are common, the correlation between the two measured temperatures is generally very good. The compartment temperatures are higher probably because the buoy is radiationally heated. We found that subtracting 3°C from the average daily compartment temperature yielded a good estimate of the average air temperature for any given day. This technique can be used to construct average daily air temperature records for the 1979 buoys which only contained the internal or compartment temperature sensor.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This report presents the results of the first phase of a test program designed to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice from the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. In Phase I, 222 constant-strain-rate uni-axial compression tests were performed on ice samples from ten multi-year pressure ridges to examine the magnitude and variation of ice strength within and between pressure ridges. A limited number of constant-strain-rate compression and tension tests, constant-load compression tests, and conventional triaxial tests were also performed on ice samples from a multi-year floe to provide preliminary data for developing ice yield criteria and constitutive laws for multi-year sea ice. Data are presented on the strength, failure strain, and modulus of multi-year sea ice under different loading conditions. The statistical variation of ice strength within and between pressure ridges is examined, as well as the effects of ice temperature, porosity, structure, strain rate and confining pressure on the mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Ice problems developed in the Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, portion of the St. Marys River because of winter navigation. Passing ships and natural influences moved ice from Soo Harbor into Little Rapids Cut in sufficient quantities to jam, cause high water in the harbor, and prevent further ship passage. After physical model and engineering studies, two ice booms with a total span of 1375 ft (419 m) with a 250-ft (76-m) navigation opening between were installed at the head of Little Rapids Cut in 1975. A modest field study program on the booms was conducted for the ensuring four winters to determine ice and boom interaction and the effects of ship passages on the system. Forces on some anchors were recorded and supplemental data were taken by local personnel. Several reports have been written about the booms' early operations. This paper presents four-year summary of the main effects of the booms on ice and ship interaction and vice versa. Throughout the four winter seasons, the small quantities of ice lost over and between the booms were manageable. Ships usually passed through the boom without influencing the boom force levels, but at time they brought about large changes. One boom needed strengthening, and artificial islands were added for upstream ice stability. Coast Guard icebreakers were also a necessary part of winter navigation in this area.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: An expression relating aerosol growth to cold environmental conditions was developed. This was accomplished by solving the diffusion equation with the method of Laplace transformation. The series solution was expressed in terms of the dimensionless parameters K (ratio of vapor density over droplet surface to droplet density), ω (ratio of environmental vapor density at time zero to vapor density over droplet surface), and dimensionless time τ (ratio of product of diffusion coefficient D and time t to square of initial radius of condensation nucleus). To take into account the variation of the vapor density over the surface of an acidic condensation nucleus due to the continuous dilution of the droplet, the solution was obtained by assuming various levels of constant vapor concentration. The final expression [R/R sub o - 1 = 2.4917 x 10 to the minus 18th power) exp(0.0737 θ) (P sub RHS/25) x (100-P sub RHS) τ to the 0.9890 powder] can be used to compute the value of R once the values of initial radius R sub o, relative humidity P sub RH, percent of relative humidity at the droplet surface P sub RHS, and environmental temperature θ are given.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Diatom species composition and relative abundances were determined for ice cores obtained from Weddell Sea pack ice during the October-November 1981 Weddell Polynya Expedition (WEPOLEX). Ice thickness and salinity indicate that the ice was less than one year old. The predominant ice type (70%) was frazil, which has the capacity to mechanically incorporate biological material through nucleation and scavenging. Diatoms were found throughout the length of the cores. Species showed down-core fluctuations in abundance that appeared to be correlated with changes in ice type. Pennate forms were more abundant than centrics, the average ratio being 16:1. Diatom frustules with intact organic material were more abundant (5 billion cells/liter). Differences in species abundances are attributed initially to incorporation of algal cells from a temporally changing water column and subsequently to diatom reproduction within the ice. Scanning electron micrographs illustrating the morphologic characteristics of the predominant species are included.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This report describes the equipment and procedures that were used for acquiring, preparing and testing samples of multi-year sea ice. Techniques and procedures are discussed for testing ice samples in compression and tension at constant strain rates and constant loads, as well as in a conventional triaxial cell. A detailed account is given of the application and measurement of forces and dispiacements on the ice test specimens under these different loading conditions.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Observations of shore ice pile-up and ride-up along the Alaska Beaufort Sea coast in 1983 and 1984 are presented. New information on historical accounts of onshore ice movement, uncovered since publication of Part I in this series, is reported. An account is given of ice overtopping a concrete caisson exploration island in the Canadian Beaufort Sea.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: A small-scale experimental study was conducted to characterize the magnitude and nature of ice forces during continuous crushing of ice against a rigid, vertical, cylindrical structure. The diameter of the structure was varied from 50 to 500 mm, the relative velocity from 10 to 210 mm/s, and the ice thickness from 50 to 80 mm. The ice tended to fail repetitively, with the frequency of failure termed the characteristic frequency. The characteristic frequency varied linearly with velocity and to a small extent with structure diameter. The size of the damage zone was 10 to 50% of the ice thickness, with an average value of 30%. The maximum and mean normalized ice forces were strongly dependent on the aspect ratio (structure diameter/ice thickness). The forces increased significantly with decreasing aspect ratio, but were constant for large aspect ratios. The maximum normalized forces appeared to be independent of strain rate. The effect of velocity on the normalized ice forces depended on structure diameter. The mean effective pressure or specific energy of ice crushing depended on both aspect ratio and ice-structure relative velocity. The energy required to crush the ice for the one failure cycle was obtained from the ice force records for each test, and was compared to the energy calculated from an idealized sawtooth shape for the force record, the maximum force, velocity and characteristic frequency data. Originator - supplied keywords included: Cold regions, Cold regions construction, Cylindrical test structures, Ice, Ice crushing, Ice forces, and Test facilities.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Current protocols for decontaminating devices used to sample groundwater for organic contaminants are re­viewed. Most of the methods given by regulatory agencies provide little scientific evidence that justify the recommended protocols. In addition, only a few studies that actually compared various decontamination proto­cols could be found in the open literature, and those studies were limited in their scope. Various approaches for decontamination and criteria that are important in determining how effectively a surface could be decontami­nated are discussed.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: A pavement joint seal prevents the passage of liquids into the pavement base and the intrusion of solids into the joint. The primary mechanical requirements of a pavement seal are that it respond elastically or viscoelastically to any movement of the joint without failure and that it withstand indentation of hard objects like rocks. Because pavement joint movements and seal deformations can be large, elastomeric sealants are often used to form seals. Winter conditions are recognized as the most critical for a seal because of the possibility that failure stresses will be reached as the joint opens to a maximum and the material stiffens in response to the temperature reduction. This report reviews the specific problems and requirements that cold climates create for the performance of elastomeric seals. Emphasis is placed on the material response behavior that can lead to failure of a seal. In an attempt to clarity the mechanics of sealant and seal performance associated with low-temperature pavement applications and to address the issue of low-temperature stiffening That should be a dominant factor in the selection of a sealant, this report presents background information on the formulation and mechanical properties of elastomeric seal materials and the structural behavior of field-molded joint and crack seals.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Before vehicle mobility in snow can be reliably predicted, a complete understanding of motion resistance in snow is required. This report examines several aspects of wheeled vehicle motion resistance using results obtained with the CRREL instrumented vehicle. Resistances of leading and trailing tires are examined. Limited data are presented for undercarriage drag, and third and fourth wheel passes in the same rut are initially analyzed, as is how snow deforms around a wheel. For the CRREL instrumented vehicle, a trailing tire has a resistance coefficient of about 0.017 for snow depths less than about 22cm. For deeper snow, the disruption of the snowpack caused by a preceding wheel causes snow to fall into the rut, resulting in higher trailing tire coefficients. For larger vehicles, which in some cases have trailing tires carrying larger loads than preceding tires, the trailing tire coefficients are on the order of 0.048 and 0.025 for second and third trailing wheels respectively. Since there are no trailing tire data available for these larger vehicles, these values are based on nonlinear regression analysis, which includes a prediction of the leading tire resistance. The results and observations of this study are applied in a reanalysis of the towed resistance data obtained during the U.S. Army's Wheels vs. Tracks study. An improved algorithm is presented for predicting wheeled vehicle motion resistance caused by snow.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This report annotates the cold regions mobility prediction routines included in the CAMMS/ALBE mobility models. It further explains the development of the algorithms that are used in these models to describe the interaction of a vehicle with terrain that has been affected by cold weather. The following terrain conditions are discussed: undisturbed snow (shallow and deep); disturbed snow (moderately trafficked and hard packed); ice; and thawing soils. Several combinations of substrates are also considered. A stand-alone computer model is included.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The results of resistance tests in level ice and broken ice channels are presented for two models of the WTGB 140-fticebreaker at scales of 1:10 and 1:24, respectively. No scale effect on the resistance in level ice could be detected between the two models. From the test results an empirical predictor equation for the full scale ice resistance is derived. Predicted resistance is compared against, and found to be 25 to 40% larger than, available full-scale values estimated from thrust measurements during full-scale trials of the Great Lakes icebreaker Katmai Bay.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Investigations of the in situ complex dielectric constant of sea ice were made using time-domain spectroscopy. It was found that (1) for sea ice with a preferred horizontal crystal c-axis alignment, the anisotropy of polarizing properties of the ice increased with depth, (2) brine inclusion conductivity increased with decreasing temperature down to about -8 C, at which point the conductivity decreased with decreasing temperature, (3) the DC conductivity of sea ice increased with increasing brine volume, (4) the real part of the complex dielectric constant is strongly dependent upon brine volume but less dependent upon the brine inclusion orientation, (5) the imaginary part of the complex dielectric constant was strongly dependent upon brine inclusion orientation but much less dependent upon brine volume. Because the electromagnetic (EM) properties of sea ice are dependent upon the physical state of the ice, which is continually changing, it appears that only trends in the relationships between the EM properties of natural sea ice and its brine volume and brine inclusion microstructure can be established.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Experiments were conducted in CRREL's refrigerated flume facility to examine the two-dimensional force distribution of a floating, fragmented ice cover restrained by a boom in a simulated river channel. To determine the force distribution, a vertically walled channel, instrumented for measuring normal and tangential forces, and an instrumented restraining boom were installed in a 40.0- by 1.3-m flume. Two sizes of polyethylene blocks and two similar sizes of fresh-water ice blocks were tested using water velocities ranging from 10 to 30 cm/s. The forces measured at the instrumented boom leveled off with increasing cover length. The contribution of the increasing shear forces developed along theshorelines to this leveling off in the data was clearly evident. The shear coefficients of the polyethylene blocks averaged 0.43, and the freshwater ice averaged 0.044. The normal force measured along the instrumented shoreline could not be related simply by a K coefficient to the longitudinal force; another expression was required, with a term being a function of the cover thickness and independent of the undercover shear stress or cover length. By adding this term, good agreement was then found between the measured and predicted values of the boom forces and the shoreline normal and shear forces

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Orwell Lake, in west-central Minnesota, is a flood-control, water-management reservoir first impounded in 1953. Subsequent erosion of the shoreline and a lack of knowledge of slope erosion processes in this region prompted this study to identify and quantify the processes there. The processes were measured at selected sites between June 1980 and June 1983. Erosion of the banks is primarily caused by three processes: rain, frost thaw, and waves. The first two processes tend to move sediment to the base of the steep slopes, forming 4 relatively gentle surface of accumulation. Wave action then tends to move this sediment into the lake. Analysis of the data collected over three years has confirmed that wave action is the dominant erosion process, providing almost 77% of the erosion during the 1981-82 study year. During the 1981 high pool level, 2,089 Mg of sediment, mostly colluvium, was removed from the lower slopes by wave action striking the 1.62 km of eroding shoreline. More than 4,300 Mg was eroded by waves accompanying the higher pool levels of 1982., During years in which the pool level does not exceed 325.5 m in elevation, the colluvium slope builds up at the expense of the steeper slope. But during successive years with higher pool levels, the resulting thin colluvium is quickly eroded. Erosion of the primary sediment, a compact till, then occurs, forming the S typical nearly vertical banks. In winter the upland surface adjacent to the lake freezes to a depth of between 1 and 2 m, depending on the surface temperature, the mow cover, and the distance from exposed banks. In late winter soil aggregates, released by the sublimation of interstitial ice within the banks, begin to accumulate at the base of the slopes, often veneering snowbanks there. Once thaw begins, slab failure of bank sediment is followed by mudflows and earthflows. Thaw failure at Orwell Lake in the winter of 1981-82 accounted for over 20% of the erosion; in the spring of 1982, 824 Mg was eroded by this process and 746 Mg the following spring. Such slope failure is most intense along north-facing banks and considerably less intense on south-facing banks, where more effective desiccation and sublimation reduce the soil moisture content. Summer rainfall is responsible for the remaining 3% of the total erosion, amounting to 102 Mg in 1981 and 208 Mg in 1982. Because the banks are steep and relatively short, rainwash is infrequent; rainsplash is the most consistent process during the summer, but the infrequent storms during which rainwash occurscause greater total erosion. Erosion by rain has increased in each of the past three summers, largely because of increased precipitation. Infrequent massive slope failures (slumps) have occurred at the east end of the lake where a buried clay rich unit is stratigraphically and topographically positioned to favor such failures. Drought years followed by heavy spring rains probably will result in additional slope failures of this type at the east end. Unless changes are made, the banks at Orwell Lake will continue to recede. Restriction of the pool level to less than 325.5-m elevation is the least expensive solution to the problem.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This volume contains a selection of 16 papers written by colleagues and students of the late Professor John Sutton FRS. John Sutton was one of the most eminent geologists of his time. He was interested in every aspect of the Earth Sciences, although his passion was for Precambrian rocks throughout the world, and particularly those of NW Scotland. The papers included in this volume reflect the wide interests of John Sutton and provide the latest ideas and information on the Early Precambrian.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Permo-Triassic rifting in Northwest Europe was part of the tectonism which caused Pangaea to disintegrate virtually as soon as it had formed. This rifting, together with associated events elsewhere in Europe, controlled much of the predominantly terrestrial sedimentation which occurred as the continent moved from the equatorial rainbelt in Carboniferous times, through the trade wind desert zone in the Permian to somewhat less arid conditions in the Triassic. To what extent Permo-Triassic rifting influenced sedimentation in the petroleum provinces of the Central and Viking Grabens of the North Sea is still debated. Elsewhere on and around the present-day continental shelf of Northwest Europe the influence of the rifting on Permo-Triassic sedimentation is becoming clearer. The twelve chapters of this volume introduce and discuss the emerging evidence for the differing styles of Permo-Triassic rifting around Northwest Europe. A number go on to discuss how this rifting influenced sedimentation and how it related to igneous activity in some areas.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The variety, form and volume of data available to geologists have increased significantly over the past few decades. It has become essential to use databases (either analogue or digital) to turn this avalanche of data into usable information. Geologists have built many large and complex digital databases to support their activities. However, not all these database projects have been successful. This book reviews the principle and practice of the creation, management and use of geological databases, from the point of view of geological database designers, managers and users. It is the object of this book to increase the proportion of successful geological database projects by encouraging careful thought about the processes that are involved in the design and management of a database. You don’t have to be a geologist to learn from this book…Lucidly written, with copious line drawings, data diagrams and mono screenshots from GUIs, the book covers geological data management problems by industry sector, ranging from petroleum prospecting to palaeontology…As a one-stop introduction to both data management and the use of IT in an applied science, this book cannot be bettered. Alasdair MacLeod in Computing, 8 Feb 1996 … a very worthy summary of the current state of affairs, with much on recent achievements as well as ideas for the future and the problems that need to be solved…In addition, though, there are also introductions to the principles of database design and the work may also function as an instructional textbook…This book is much more wide ranging and valuable than its title suggests.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: PREFACE In recent years, there has been increasing interest from geoscientists in potassic igneous rocks. Academic geoscientists have been interested in their petrogenesis and their potential value in defining the tectonic setting of the terranes into which they were intruded, and exploration geoscientists have become increasingly interested in the association of these rocks with major epithermal gold and porphyry gold-copper deposits. Despite this current interest, there is no comprehensive textbook that deals with these aspects of potassic igneous rocks. This book redresses this situation by elucidating the characteristic features of potassic (high-K) igneous rocks, erecting a hierarchical scheme that allows interpretation of their tectonic setting using whole-rock geochemistry, and investigating their associations with a variety of gold and copper-gold deposits, worldwide. About twothirds of the book is based on a PhD thesis by Dr Daniel MOiler which was produced at the Key Centre for Strategic Mineral Deposits within the Department of Geology and Geophysics at The University of Western Australia under the supervision of Professor David Groves, the late Dr Nick Rock, Professor Eugen Stumpfl, Dr Wayne Taylor, and Dr Brendon Griffin. The remainder of the book was compiled from the literature using the collective experience of the two authors. The book is dedicated to the memory of Dr Rock who initiated the research project but died before its completion...

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: H. J. De Haan: Introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 84:1-4, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.084.01.01 --- Reservoir Characterization --- Alistair Jones, James Doyle, Torgrim Jacobsen, and Dagrun Kjønsvik: Which sub-seismic heterogeneities influence waterflood performance? A case study of a low net-to-gross fluvial reservoir / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 84:5-18, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.084.01.02 --- Michael J. King: Application and analysis of a new method for calculating tensor permeability / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 84:19-27, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.084.01.03 --- Dagrun Kjønsvik and Jostein Alvestad: An analytical method for calculating the performance of heterogeneous reservoirs and its use in uncertainty analysis / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 84:29-41, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.084.01.04 --- J. A. Kokkedee and V. K. Boutkan: Towards measurement of capillary pressure and relative permeability at representative wettability / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 84:43-50, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.084.01.05 --- Lee E. Baker: Three-phase relative permeability of water-wet, intermediate-wet and oil-wet sandstone / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 84:51-61, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.084.01.06 --- François Kalaydjian, Olga Vizika, Jean-Claude Moulu, and Per Kristian Munkerud: The role of wettability and spreading in gas injection processes under secondary conditions / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 84:63-71, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.084.01.07 --- Daniel Longeron, François Kalaydjian, and Charles Bardon: Gas-oil capillary pressure measurements at reservoir conditions: effect of interfacial tension and connate water saturation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 84:73-80, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.084.01.08 --- K. J. Heffer and N. C. Koutsabeloulis: Stress effects on reservoir flow: — Numerical modelling used to reproduce field data / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 84:81-88, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.084.01.09 --- Water and Gas Injection Methods --- Marianne Jørgensen and Erling H. Stenby: Modelling of vapour-liquid-liquid equilibria of CO2-crude oil mixtures / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 84:89-97, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.084.01.10 --- Mariann Dalland and Jan Erik Hanssen: Foam barriers for thin oil rims: gas blockage with hydrocarbon foams / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 84:99-109, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.084.01.11 --- Jan Erik Hanssen, Leonid M. Surguchev, Idar Svorstøl, and Tore Blaker: SAGA injection: a new combination IOR process for stratified reservoirs / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 84:111-123, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.084.01.12 --- Randy Doyle Hazlett: Soluble gas injection for waterflood profile modification / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 84:125-131, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.084.01.13 --- M. J. King, M. J. Blunt, M. Mansfield, and M. A. Christie: Rapid evaluation of the impact of heterogeneity on miscible gas injection / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 84:133-142, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.084.01.14 --- Vilgeir Dalen, Rune Instefjord, and Reidar Kristensen: A WAG injection pilot in the Lower Brent Formation at the Gullfaks Field / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 84:143-152, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.084.01.15 --- Richard J. Hallam, Tuan D. Ma, and Eric W. Reinbold: Performance evaluation and optimization of the Kuparuk hydrocarbon miscible water-alternating-gas flood / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 84:153-164, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.084.01.16 --- T. C. Wilcox, M. W. Polzin, S. S. Kuo, and K. J. Humphrey: Prudhoe Bay: infill drilling in gravity dominated WAG floods / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 84:165-173, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.084.01.17 --- H. Niko and J. Ovens: Waterflooding under fracturing conditions: from theoretical modelling to field process / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 84:175-185, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.084.01.18 --- Oil Rim Development --- S. N. Zakirov, A. N. Shandrygin, and A. S. Romanov: A new approach to oil rim development / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 84:187-195, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.084.01.19 --- T. Madsen, O. Lie, and M. Velvin: Improving oil recovery from Oseberg Gamma North using horizontal wells / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 84:197-208, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.084.01.20 --- Chemical Recovery Methods --- Birgitte E. R. Schilling, Jan-Åge Stensen, and Pål-Eric Øren: Effects of pore-scale displacement mechanisms and small-scale heterogeneities on oil recovery by surfactant flooding / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 84:209-218, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.084.01.21 --- L. K. Altunina, A. A. Bokserman, V. A. Kuvshinov, and V. V. Polkovnikov: Inorganic gels for enhanced oil recovery at high temperature / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 84:219-223, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.084.01.22 --- B. Kalpakci, T. G. Arf, D. M. Grist, S. B. Hyde, O. Vikane, and S. Espedal: A preliminary evaluation of an LTPF process for Statfjord Field, Norway / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 84:225-237, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.084.01.23 --- A. Putz, B. Pedron, and B. Bazin: Commercial polymer injection in the Courtenay Field, 1993 update / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 84:239-249, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.084.01.24 --- R. Kristensen, T. Lund, V. I. Titov, and N. I. Akimov: Laboratory evaluation and field tests of a silicate gel system intended for use under North Sea conditions / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 84:251-259, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.084.01.25 --- Thermal Recovery Methods --- R. R. G. G. Godderij, F. Gümrah, C. T. S. Palmgren, and J. Bruining: An investigation of the vertical sweep efficiency of steam drive in a layered reservoir / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 84:261-273, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.084.01.26 --- D. M. Marjerrison and M. R. Fassihi: Morgan pressure cycling in-situ combustion project: performance and modelling / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 84:275-286, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.084.01.27

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: R. E. Dunay and E. A. Hailwood: Non-biostratigraphical methods of dating and correlation: an introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 89:1-2, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.089.01.01 --- Andrew Morton and Andrew Hurst: Correlation of sandstones using heavy minerals: an example from the Statfjord Formation of the Snorre Field, northern North Sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 89:3-22, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.089.01.02 --- Maria A. Mange-Rajetzky: Subdivision and correlation of monotonous sandstone sequences using high-resolution heavy mineral analysis, a case study: the Triassic of the Central Graben / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 89:23-30, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.089.01.03 --- C. V. Jeans: Clay mineral stratigraphy in Palaeozoic and Mesozoic red bed facies onshore and offshore UK / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 89:31-55, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.089.01.04 --- Andrew Carter, Charles S. Bristow, and Anthony J. Hurford: The application of fission track analysis to the dating of barren sequences: examples from red beds in Scotland and Thailand / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 89:57-68, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.089.01.05 --- A. Racey, M. A. Love, R. M. Bobolecki, and J. N. Walsh: The use of chemical element analyses in the study of biostratigraphically barren sequences: an example from the Triassic of the central North Sea (UKCS) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 89:69-105, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.089.01.06 --- Timothy J. Pearce and Ian Jarvis: High-resolution chemostratigraphy of Quaternary distal turbidites: a case study of new methods for the analysis and correlation of barren sequences / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 89:107-143, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.089.01.07 --- John Roberts, Jonathan Claoue-Long, Peter J. Jones, and Clinton B. Foster: SHRIMP zircon age control of Gondwanan sequences in Late Carboniferous and Early Permian Australia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 89:145-174, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.089.01.08 --- Jonathan Russell: Direct Pb/Pb dating of Silurian macrofossils from Gotland, Sweden / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 89:175-200, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.089.01.09 --- A. Dalland, E. W. Mearns, and J. J. McBride: The application of samarium-neodymium (Sm-Nd) Provenance Ages to correlation of biostratigraphically barren strata: a case study of the Statfjord Formation in the Gullfaks Oilfield, Norwegian North Sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 89:201-222, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.089.01.10 --- H. M. Rendell: Luminescence dating of Quaternary sediments / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 89:223-235, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.089.01.11 --- Chang-Shu Yang and Wim F. P. Kouwe: Wireline log-cyclicity analysis as a tool for dating and correlating barren strata: an example from the Upper Rotliegend of The Netherlands / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 89:237-259, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.089.01.12

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Neal W. Driscoll, John R. Hogg, Nicholas Christie-Blick, and Garry D. Karner: Extensional tectonics in the Jeanne d’Arc Basin, offshore Newfoundland: implications for the timing of break-up between Grand Banks and Iberia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 90:1-28, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.090.01.01 --- Iain K. Sinclair: Sequence stratigraphic response to Aptian-Albian rifting in conjugate margin basins: a comparison of the Jeanne d’Arc Basin, offshore Newfoundland, and the Porcupine Basin, offshore Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 90:29-49, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.090.01.02 --- C. C. Ebdon, P. J. Granger, H. D. Johnson, and A. M. Evans: Early Tertiary evolution and sequence stratigraphy of the Faeroe-Shetland Basin: implications for hydrocarbon prospectivity / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 90:51-69, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.090.01.03 --- G. Boillot, M. O. Beslier, C. M. Krawczyk, D. Rappin, and T. J. Reston: The formation of passive margins: constraints from the crustal structure and segmentation of the deep Galicia margin, Spain / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 90:71-91, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.090.01.04 --- T. J. Reston, C. M. Krawczyk, and H.-J. Hoffmann: Detachment tectonics during Atlantic rifting: analysis and interpretation of the S reflection, the west Galicia margin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 90:93-109, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.090.01.05 --- Liselotte Kiørboe and Steen Agerlin Petersen: Seismic investigation of the Faeroe basalts and their substratum / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 90:111-123, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.090.01.06 --- K. Vanneste, J.-P. Henriet, J. Posewang, and F. Theilen: Seismic stratigraphy of the Bill Bailey and Lousy Bank area: implications for subsidence history / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 90:125-139, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.090.01.07 --- Morten Sparre Andersen and Lars Ole Boldreel: Effect of Eocene-Miocene Compression Structures on Bottom-Water Currents in the Faeroe-Rockall Area / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 90:141-143, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.090.01.08 --- Lars Ole Boldreel and Morten Sparre Andersen: The relationship between the distribution of Tertiary sediments, tectonic processes and deep-water circulation around the Faeroe Islands / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 90:145-158, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.090.01.09 --- M. S. Stoker: The influence of glacigenic sedimentation on slope-apron development on the continental margin off Northwest Britain / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 90:159-177, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.090.01.10 --- Regin Waagstein and Claus Heilmann-Clausen: Petrography and biostratigraphy of Palaeogene volcaniclastic sediments dredged from the Faeroes shelf / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 90:179-197, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.090.01.11 --- E. J. W. Jones, S. C. Cande, and F. Spathopoulos: Evolution of a major oceanographic pathway: the equatorial atlantic / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 90:199-213, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.090.01.12 --- Morten Sparre Andersen and Lars Ole Boldreel: Tertiary compression structures in the Faeroe-Rockall area / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 90:215-216, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.090.01.13 --- Simon K. Haslett: Pliocene-Pleistocene radiolarian biostratigraphy and palaeoceanography of the North Atlantic / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 90:217-225, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.090.01.14 --- John B. Hunt, Nigel G. T. Fannin, Peter G. Hill, and J. Douglas Peacock: The tephrochronology and radiocarbon dating of North Atlantic, Late-Quaternary sediments: an example from the St. Kilda Basin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 90:227-248, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.090.01.15 --- K. Thomson and R. R. Hillis: Tertiary structuration and erosion of the Inner Moray Firth / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 90:249-269, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.090.01.16 --- C. N. Wold: Palaeobathymetric reconstruction on a gridded database: the northern North Atlantic and southern Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 90:271-302, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.090.01.17

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: PREFACE In the geologic record, vertical crustal uplift has often resulted in erosional removal of huge thicknesses of sedimentary strata. If the uplift is of a broad regional nature or the uplifted strata remain relatively undeformed and sediments deposited after the uplift are not preserved, the magnitude of uplift and subsequent erosion may be difficult to quantify. This may lead to misinterpretation or omission of chapters of geologic history of a region. Fortunately, a number of indirect methods can be used to infer the thicknesses of missing strata and reconstruct the geologic history. Our book titled "Thick Post-Devonian Sediment Cover Over New York State: Evidence from Fluid-Inclusion, Organic Maturation, Clay Diagenesis and Stable Isotope Studies" uses four techniques of paleotemperature measurements in sedimentary rocks in order to determine burial depths of the existing Paleozoic strata in New York State. Since every technique has its own analytical and interpretative uncertainties, the use of four techniques allowed us to place a better constraint on our results. We show how regionally extensive paleotemperature data can be used to estimate the thicknesses of strata lost from an uplifted sedimentary basin. We also provide a tentative tectonic-, paleogeographic- and depositional history of New York State after the Devonian when the missing strata were deposited...

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: William A. England and John M. Cubitt: Geochemistry of reservoirs, an introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 86:1-3, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.086.01.01 --- General Reviews and New Techniques --- S. R. Larter and A. C. Aplin: Reservoir geochemistry: methods, applications and opportunities / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 86:5-32, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.086.01.02 --- Knut Bjørlykke, Per Aagaard, Per K. Egeberg, and Scott P. Simmons: Geochemical constraints from formation water analyses from the North Sea and the Gulf Coast Basins on quartz, feldspar and illite precipitation in reservoir rocks / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 86:33-50, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.086.01.03 --- Leonid Anissimov: Geochemical criteria for reservoir characterization / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 86:51-58, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.086.01.04 --- P. C. Smalley, T. A. Dodd, I. L. Stockden, A. Råheim, and E. W. Mearns: Compositional heterogeneities in oilfield formation waters: identifying them, using them / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 86:59-69, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.086.01.05 --- R. P. Philp, A. N. Bishop, J.-C. Del Rio, and J. Allen: Characterization of high molecular weight hydrocarbons (〉C40) in oils and reservoir rocks / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 86:71-85, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.086.01.06 --- A. Wilhelms and S. R. Larter: Overview of the geochemistry of some tar mats from the North Sea and USA: implications for tar-mat origin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 86:87-101, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.086.01.07 --- Maowen Li, S. R. Larter, D. Stoddart, and M. Bjorøy: Fractionation of pyrrolic nitrogen compounds in petroleum during migration: derivation of migration-related geochemical parameters / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 86:103-123, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.086.01.09 --- Case Studies --- B. McNeil, H. F. Shaw, and A. H. Rankin: Diagenesis of the Rotliegend Sandstones in the V-Fields, southern North sea: a fluid inclusion study / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 86:125-139, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.086.01.10 --- Norman H. Oxtoby, Alan W. Mitchell, and Jon G. Gluyas: The filling and emptying of the Ula Oilfield: fluid inclusion constraints / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 86:141-157, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.086.01.11 --- I. Horstad, S. R. Larter, and N. Mills: Migration of hydrocarbons in the Tampen Spur area, Norwegian North Sea: a reservoir geochemical evaluation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 86:159-183, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.086.01.12 --- W. A. England, A. H. Muggeridge, P. J. Clifford, and Z. Tang: Modelling density-driven mixing rates in petroleum reservoirs on geological time-scales, with application to the detection of barriers in the Forties Field (UKCS) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 86:185-201, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.086.01.13 --- D. A. Karlsen, B. Nyland, B. Flood, S. E. Ohm, T. Brekke, S. Olsen, and K. Backer-Owe: Petroleum geochemistry of the Haltenbanken, Norwegian continental shelf / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 86:203-256, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.086.01.14 --- D. P. Stoddart, P. B. Hall, S. R. Larter, J. Brasher, Maowen Li, and M. Bjorøy: The reservoir geochemistry of the Eldfisk Field, Norwegian North Sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 86:257-279, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.086.01.15 --- P. C. Mason, R. Burwood, and B. Mycke: The reservoir geochemistry and petroleum charging histories of Palaeogene-reservoired fields in the Outer Witch Ground Graben / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 86:281-301, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.086.01.16 --- Andrew C. Aplin and Max L. Coleman: Sour gas and water chemistry of the Bridport Sands reservoir, Wytch Farm, UK / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 86:303-314, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.086.01.17

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Michael R. House: Orbital forcing timescales: an introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 85:1-18, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.085.01.01 --- Sean B. Kelly and Shaun P. Sadler: Equilibrium and response to climatic and tectonic forcing: A study of alluvial sequences in the Devonian Munster Basin, Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 85:19-36, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.085.01.02 --- Michael R. House: Devonian precessional and other signatures for establishing a Givetian timescale / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 85:37-49, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.085.01.03 --- G. P. Weedon and W. A. Read: Orbital-climatic forcing of Namurian cyclic sedimentation from spectral analysis of the Limestone Coal Formation, Central Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 85:51-66, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.085.01.04 --- Gwyn P. G. Moses: Calibration, analysis and interpretation of depositional cycles in the Early Toarcian of Yorkshire, UK / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 85:67-74, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.085.01.05 --- Helen K. Waterhouse: High-resolution palynofacies investigation of Kimmeridgian sedimentary cycles / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 85:75-114, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.085.01.06 --- P. J. Valdes, B. W. Sellwood, and G. D. Price: Modelling Late Jurassic Milankovitch climate variations / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 85:115-132, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.085.01.07 --- P. Cotillon: Constraints for using high-frequency sedimentary cycles in cyclostratigraphy / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 85:133-141, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.085.01.08 --- F. Giraud, L. Beaufort, and P. Cotillon: Periodicities of carbonate cycles in the Valanginian of the Vocontian Trough: a strong obliquity control / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 85:143-164, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.085.01.09 --- Didier Quesne and Serge Ferry: Detailed relationships between platform and pelagic carbonates (Barremian, SE France) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 85:165-176, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.085.01.10 --- A. S. Gale: Cyclostratigraphy and correlation of the Cenomanian Stage in Western Europe / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 85:177-197, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.085.01.11 --- Alfred G. Fischer: Cyclostratigraphy, Quo Vadis? / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 85:199-204, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.085.01.12

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: James G. Buchanan and Peter G. Buchanan: Introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 88:vii-ix, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.088.01.01 --- Mechanics, Dynamics and Geometry of Basin Inversion --- Richard H. Sibson: Selective fault reactivation during basin inversion: potential for fluid redistribution through fault-valve action / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 88:3-19, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.088.01.02 --- James Brodie and Nicky White: The link between sedimentary basin inversion and igneous underplating / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 88:21-38, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.088.01.03 --- James D. Lowell: Mechanics of basin inversion from worldwide examples / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 88:39-57, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.088.01.04 --- S. D. Knott, A. Beach, A. I. Welbon, and P. J. Brockbank: Basin inversion in the Gulf of Suez: implications for exploration and development in failed rifts / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 88:59-81, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.088.01.05 --- Duncan S. Macgregor: Hydrocarbon habitat and classification of inverted rift basins / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 88:83-93, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.088.01.06 --- Modelling of Basin Inversion --- K. R. McClay: The geometries and kinematics of inverted fault systems: a review of analogue model studies / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 88:97-118, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.088.01.07 --- Gloria Eisenstadt and Martha Oliver Withjack: Estimating inversion: results from clay models / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 88:119-136, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.088.01.08 --- J. V. A. Keller and K. R. McClay: 3D sandbox models of positive inversion / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 88:137-146, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.088.01.09 --- Recognition and Measurement of Basin Inversion --- Paul F. Green, Ian R. Duddy, and Richard J. Bray: Applications of Thermal History Reconstruction in inverted basins / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 88:149-165, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.088.01.10 --- Richard R. Hillis: Regional Tertiary Exhumation in and around the United Kingdom / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 88:167-190, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.088.01.11 --- Robert J. Menpes and Richard R. Hillis: Quantification of Tertiary exhumation from sonic velocity data, Celtic Sea/South-Western Approaches / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 88:191-207, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.088.01.12 --- Case Studies: Americas --- Miguel A. Uliana, Marcelo E. Arteaga, Leonardo Legarreta, Jorge J. Cerdán, and Gustavo O. Peroni: Inversion structures and hydrocarbon occurrence in Argentina / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 88:211-233, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.088.01.13 --- J. F. Homovc, G. A. Conforto, P. A. Lafourcade, and L. A. Chelotti: Fold belt in the San Jorge Basin, Argentina: an example of tectonic inversion / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 88:235-248, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.088.01.14 --- Iain K. Sinclair: Transpressional inversion due to episodic rotation of extensional stresses in Jeanne d’Arc Basin, offshore Newfoundland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 88:249-271, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.088.01.15 --- Case Studies: Europe --- D. W. Thomas and M. P. Coward: Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous inversion of the northern East Shetland Basin, northern North Sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 88:275-306, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.088.01.16 --- Robert J. Hooper, Leng Siang Goh, and Fiona Dewey: The inversion history of the northeastern margin of the Broad Fourteens Basin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 88:307-317, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.088.01.17 --- Nigel R. Deeks and Stefan A. Thomas: Basin inversion in a strike-slip regime: the Tornquist Zone, Southern Baltic Sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 88:319-338, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.088.01.18 --- Pascale Huyghe and Jean-Louis Mugnier: A comparison of inverted basins of the Southern North Sea and inverted structures of the external Alps / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 88:339-353, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.088.01.19 --- Michal Nemčok, Rod Gayer, and Marios Miliorizos: Structural analysis of the inverted Bristol Channel Basin: implications for the geometry and timing of fracture porosity / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 88:355-392, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.088.01.20 --- Chris J. Dart, Ken McClay, and Peter N. Hollings: 3D analysis of inverted extensional fault systems, southern Bristol Channel basin, UK / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 88:393-413, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.088.01.21 --- R. M. G. Bond and K. R. McClay: Inversion of a Lower Cretaceous extensional basin, south central Pyrenees, Spain / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 88:415-431, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.088.01.22 --- Joan Guimerà, Ángela Alonso, and José Ramón Mas: Inversion of an extensional-ramp basin by a newly formed thrust: the Cameros basin (N. Spain) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 88:433-453, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.088.01.23 --- Case Studies: Asia --- Joseph. J. Lambiase and William P. Bosworth: Structural development and stratigraphy of the Kyokpo Pull-Apart Basin, South Korea and tectonic implications for inverted extensional basins / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 88:457-471, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.088.01.24 --- M. A. Samuel, N. A. Harbury, M. E. Jones, and S. J. Matthews: Inversion-controlled uplift of an outer-arc ridge: Nias Island, offshore Sumatra / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 88:473-492, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.088.01.25 --- Guang Ming Wang, Mike P. Coward, Wenguang Yuan, Shenshu Liu, and Wenqiang Wang: Fold growth during basin inversion — example from the East China Sea Basin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 88:493-522, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.088.01.26 --- Case Studies: Australasia --- Kevin C. Hill, Kathy A. Hill, Gareth T. Cooper, Andrea J. O’Sullivan, Paul B. O’Sullivan, and M. Jane Richardson: Inversion around the Bass Basin, SE Australia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 88:525-547, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.088.01.27 --- Daniel J. Bishop and Peter G. Buchanan: Development of structurally inverted basins: a case study from the West Coast, South Island, New Zealand / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 88:549-585, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.088.01.28 --- Jonathan P. Turner and Steve G. Corbin: Tertiary uplift of a deep rift-sag basin, Cardigan Bay, offshore Wales, UK / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 88:587, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.088.01.29

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: L. M. Parson, C. L. Walker, and D. R. Dixon: Hydrothermal vents and processes / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 87:1-2, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.087.01.01 --- C. R. German, E. T. Baker, and G. Klinkhammer: Regional setting of hydrothermal activity / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 87:3-15, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.087.01.02 --- Sergey G. Krasnov, Irina M. Poroshina, and Georgiy A. Cherkashev: Geological setting of high-temperature hydrothermal activity and massive sulphide formation on fast- and slow-spreading ridges / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 87:17-32, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.087.01.03 --- Bramley J. Murton, Cindy Van Dover, and Eve Southward: Geological setting and ecology of the Broken Spur hydrothermal vent field: 29°10′N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 87:33-41, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.087.01.04 --- S. G. Krasnov, G. A. Cherkashev, T. V. Stepanova, B. N. Batuyev, A. G. Krotov, B. V. Malin, M. N. Maslov, V. F. Markov, I. M. Poroshina, M. S. Samovarov, A. M. Ashadze, L. I. Lazareva, and I. K. Ermolayev: Detailed geological studies of hydrothermal fields in the North Atlantic / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 87:43-64, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.087.01.05 --- Edward T. Baker: Characteristics of hydrothermal discharge following a magmatic intrusion / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 87:65-76, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.087.01.06 --- J. M. Edmond, A. C. Campbell, M. R. Palmer, G. P. Klinkhammer, C. R. German, H. N. Edmonds, H. Elderfield, G. Thompson, and P. Rona: Time series studies of vent fluids from the TAG and MARK sites (1986, 1990) Mid-Atlantic Ridge: a new solution chemistry model and a mechanism for Cu/Zn zonation in massive sulphide orebodies / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 87:77-86, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.087.01.07 --- G. P. Klinkhammer, C. S. Chin, C. Wilson, and C. R. German: Venting from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 37°17′N: the Lucky Strike hydrothermal site / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 87:87-96, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.087.01.08 --- R. H. James, H. Elderfield, M. D. Rudnicki, C. R. German, M. R. Palmer, C. Chin, M. J. Greaves, E. Gurvich, G. P. Klinkhammer, E. Ludford, R. A. Mills, J. Thomson, and A. C. Williams: Hydrothermal plumes at Broken Spur, 29°N Mid-Atlantic Ridge: chemical and physical characteristics / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 87:97-110, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.087.01.09 --- M. R. Palmer, E. M. Ludford, C. R. German, and M. D. Lilley: Dissolved methane and hydrogen in the Steinahóll hydrothermal plume, 63°N, Reykjanes Ridge / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 87:111-120, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.087.01.10 --- Rachel A. Mills: Hydrothermal deposits and metalliferous sediments from TAG, 26°N Mid-Atlantic Ridge / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 87:121-132, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.087.01.11 --- F. M. Stuart, P. J. Harrop, R. Knott, A. E. Fallick, G. Turner, Y. Fouquet, and D. Rickard: Noble gas isotopes in 25 000 years of hydrothermal fluids from 13°N on the East Pacific Rise / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 87:133-143, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.087.01.12 --- Penny Dickson, Adam Schultz, and Andrew Woods: Preliminary modelling of hydrothermal circulation within mid-ocean ridge sulphide structures / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 87:145-157, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.087.01.13 --- A. Rachel Pascoe and Johnson R. Cann: Modelling diffuse hydrothermal flow in black smoker vent fields / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 87:159-173, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.087.01.14 --- Rowena C. Duckworth, Richard Knott, Anthony E. Fallick, David Rickard, Bramley J. Murton, and Cindy Van Dover: Mineralogy and sulphur isotope geochemistry of the Broken Spur sulphides, 29°N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 87:175-189, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.087.01.15 --- Steven D. Scott and Raymond A. Binns: Hydrothermal processes and contrasting styles of mineralization in the western Woodlark and eastern Manus basins of the western Pacific / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 87:191-205, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.087.01.16 --- Richard Knott, Anthony E. Fallick, David Rickard, and Harald Bäcker: Mineralogy and sulphur isotope characteristics of a massive sulphide boulder, Galapagos Rift, 85°55′W / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 87:207-222, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.087.01.17 --- G. A. Cherkashev: Hydrothermal input into sediments of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 87:223-229, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.087.01.18 --- R. A. Hodkinson and D. S. Cronan: Hydrothermal sedimentation at ODP Sites 834 and 835 in relation to crustal evolution of the Lau Backarc Basin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 87:231-248, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.087.01.19 --- S. M. Sudarikov, M. P. Davydov, V. L. Bazelyan, and V. G. Tarasov: Distribution and transformation of Fe and Mn in hydrothermal plumes and sediments and the potential function of microbiocoenoses / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 87:249-255, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.087.01.20 --- Cindy Lee van Dover: Ecology of Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal vents / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 87:257-294, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.087.01.21 --- Bruce Shillito, Jean-Pierre Lechaire, Gérard Goffinet, and Francoise Gaill: Composition and morphogenesis of the tubes of vestimentiferan worms / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 87:295-302, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.087.01.22 --- P. R. Dando, J. A. Hughes, and F. Thiermann: Preliminary observations on biological communities at shallow hydrothermal vents in the Aegean Sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 87:303-317, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.087.01.23 --- S. M. Sudarikov and S. V. Galkin: Geochemistry of the Snake Pit vent field and its implications for vent and non-vent fauna / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 87:319-327, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.087.01.24 --- Gareth Rieley, Cindy L. van Dover, David B. Hedrick, David C. White, and Geoffrey Eglinton: Lipid characteristics of hydrothermal vent organisms from 9°N, East Pacific Rise / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 87:329-342, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.087.01.25 --- D. R. Dixon, D. A. S. B. Jollivet, L. R. J. Dixon, J. A. Nott, and P. W. H. Holland: The molecular identification of early life-history stages of hydrothermal vent organisms / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 87:343-350, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.087.01.26 --- Don A. Cowan: Hyperthermophilic enzymes: biochemistry and biotechnology / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 87:351-363, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.087.01.27 --- Christopher R. German and Martin V. Angel: Hydrothermal fluxes of metals to the oceans: a comparison with anthropogenic discharge / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 87:365-372, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.087.01.28 --- Kevin G. Speer and Karl R. Helfrich: Hydrothermal plumes: a review of flow and fluxes / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 87:373-385, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.087.01.29 --- Mark D. Rudnicki: Particle formation, fallout and cycling within the buoyant and non-buoyant plume above the TAG vent field / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 87:387-396, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.087.01.30

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Dan W. J. Bosence and Peter A. Allison: A review of marine palaeoenvironmental analysis from fossils / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 83:1-5, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.083.01.01 --- David J. Bottjer, Kathleen A. Campbell, Jennifer K. Schubert, and Mary L. Droser: Palaeoecological models, non-uniformitarianism, and tracking the changing ecology of the past / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 83:7-26, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.083.01.02 --- Richard M. Corfield: An introduction to the techniques, limitations and landmarks of carbonate oxygen isotope palaeothermometry / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 83:27-42, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.083.01.03 --- J. W. De Leeuw, N. L. Frewin, P. F. Van Bergen, J. S. Sinninghe Damsté, and M. E. Collinson: Organic carbon as a palaeoenvironmental indicator in the marine realm / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 83:43-71, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.083.01.04 --- Jean-Claude Plaziat: Modern and fossil mangroves and mangals: their climatic and biogeographic variability / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 83:73-96, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.083.01.05 --- Peter A. Allison, Paul B. Wignall, and Carlton E. Brett: Palaeo-oxygenation: effects and recognition / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 83:97-112, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.083.01.06 --- M. D. Brasier: Fossil indicators of nutrient levels. 1: Eutrophication and climate change / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 83:113-132, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.083.01.07 --- M. D. Brasier: Fossil indicators of nutrient levels. 2: Evolution and extinction in relation to oligotrophy / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 83:133-150, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.083.01.08 --- Roland Goldring: Organisms and the substrate: response and effect / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 83:151-180, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.083.01.09 --- Christine Perrin, Dan Bosence, and Brian Rosen: Quantitative approaches to palaeozonation and palaeobathymetry of corals and coralline algae in Cenozoic reefs / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 83:181-229, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.083.01.10 --- Abigail M. Smith: Palaeoenvironmental interpretation using bryozoans: a review / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 83:231-243, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.083.01.11 --- John W. Murray: Microfossil indicators of ocean water masses, circulation and climate / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 83:245-264, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.083.01.12

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: R. C. Preece: Introduction - Island Britain: a Quaternary perspective / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 96:1-2, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.096.01.01 --- Brian M. Funnell: Global sea-level and the (pen-)insularity of late Cenozoic Britain / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 96:3-13, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.096.01.02 --- P. L. Gibbard: The formation of the Strait of Dover / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 96:15-26, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.096.01.03 --- D. R. Bridgland and B. D’Olier: The Pleistocene evolution of the Thames and Rhine drainage systems in the southern North Sea Basin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 96:27-45, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.096.01.04 --- Andrew G. Bellamy: Extension of the British landmass: evidence from shelf sediment bodies in the English Channel / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 96:47-62, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.096.01.05 --- D. H. Keen: Raised beaches and sea-levels in the English Channel in the Middle and Late Pleistocene: problems of interpretation and implications for the isolation of the British Isles / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 96:63-74, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.096.01.06 --- J. D. Scourse and R. M. Austin: Palaeotidal modelling of continental shelves: marine implications of a land-bridge in the Strait of Dover during the Holocene and Middle Pleistocene / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 96:75-88, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.096.01.07 --- T. Meijer and R. C. Preece: Malacological evidence relating to the insularity of the British Isles during the Quaternary / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 96:89-110, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.096.01.08 --- A. J. Stuart: Insularity and Quaternary vertebrate faunas in Britain and Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 96:111-125, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.096.01.09 --- Antony J. Sutcliffe: Insularity of the British Isles 250 000–30 000 years ago: the mammalian, including human, evidence / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 96:127-140, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.096.01.10 --- Alan Turner: Evidence for Pleistocene contact between the British Isles and the European Continent based on distributions of larger carnivores / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 96:141-149, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.096.01.11 --- Adrian M. Lister: Sea-levels and the evolution of island endemics: the dwarf red deer of Jersey / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 96:151-172, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.096.01.12 --- K. D. Bennett: Insularity and the Quaternary tree and shrub flora of the British Isles / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 96:173-180, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.096.01.13 --- Robert J. N. Devoy: Deglaciation, Earth crustal behaviour and sea-level changes in the determination of insularity: a perspective from Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 96:181-208, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.096.01.14 --- Robin T. R. Wingfield: A model of sea-levels in the Irish and Celtic seas during the end-Pleistocene to Holocene transition / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 96:209-242, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.096.01.15 --- P. Coxon and S. Waldren: The floristic record of Ireland’s Pleistocene temperate stages / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 96:243-267, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.096.01.16

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Jeremy R. A. Giles: The what, why, when, how, where and who of geological data management / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 97:1-4, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.097.01.01 --- Database design --- Ken Rasmussen: An overview of database analysis and design for geological systems / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 97:5-11, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.097.01.02 --- K. J. Chew: Data modelling a general-purpose petroleum geological database / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 97:13-23, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.097.01.03 --- J. S. Coats and J. R. Harris: Database design in geochemistry: BGS experience / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 97:25-32, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.097.01.04 --- J. R. A. Giles and K. A. Bain: The nature of data on a geological map / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 97:33-40, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.097.01.05 --- Michael R. Saunders, John A. Shields, and Michael R. Taylor: Improving the value of geological data: a standardized data model for industry / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 97:41-53, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.097.01.06 --- M. Lhotak and M. C. Boulter: Towards the creation of an international database of palaeontology / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 97:55-64, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.097.01.07 --- D. G. Toll and A. J. Oliver: Structuring soil and rock descriptions for storage in geotechnical databases / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 97:65-71, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.097.01.08 --- S. C. R. Mallender: The use of text databases in the management of exploration data / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 97:73-79, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.097.01.09 --- Data Management --- D. J. Lowe: The geological data manager: an expanding role to fill a rapidly growing need / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 97:81-90, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.097.01.10 --- Paul R. Duller: The quality assurance of geological data / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 97:91-95, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.097.01.11 --- Stephen Henley: Project databases: standards and security / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 97:97-101, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.097.01.12 --- Roy K. Lowry and Raymond N. Cramer: Database applications supporting Community Research Projects in NERC marine sciences / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 97:103-107, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.097.01.13 --- Roy K. Lowry and Stephen G. Loch: Transfer and SERPLO: powerful data quality control tools developed by the British Oceanographic Data Centre / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 97:109-115, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.097.01.14 --- R. C. Bowie: Data management in the National Geological Records Centre / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 97:117-125, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.097.01.15 --- Richard G. Miller and John S. Gardner: Geoscience data value, cost and management in the oil industry / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 97:127-135, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.097.01.16 --- Case Studies --- P. Doorgakant: Groundwater level archive for England and Wales / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 97:137-144, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.097.01.17 --- S. Power, M. Scott, G. Robinson, and I. Statham: Database design and data management on the Swansea-Llanelli Earth Science Mapping Project / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 97:145-155, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.097.01.18 --- Andrew A. McKenzie: A hydrogeological database for Honduras / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 97:157-162, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.097.01.19 --- Stephen G. Allen: CD-ROM and its application to the petroleum industry / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 97:163-180, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.097.01.20

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: PREFACE Seismic imaging is the process through which seismograms recorded on the Earth's surface are mapped into representations of its interior properties. Imaging methods are nowadays applied to a broad range of seismic observations: from nearsurface environmental studies, to oil and gas exploration, even to long-period earthquake seismology. The characteristic length scales of the features imaged by these techniques range over many orders of magnitude. Yet there is a common body of physical theory and mathematical techniques which underlies all these methods. The focus of this book is the imaging of reflection seismic data from controlled sources. At the frequencies typical of such experiments, the Earth is, to a first approximation, a vertically stratified medium. These stratifications have resulted from the slow, constant deposition of sediments, sands, ash, and so on. Due to compaction, erosion, change of sea level, and many other factors, the geologic, and hence elastic, character of these layers varies with depth and age. One has only to look at an exposed sedimentary cross section to be impressed by the fact that these changes can occur over such short distances that the properties themselves are effectively discontinuous relative to the seismic wavelength. These layers can vary in thickness from less than a meter to many hundreds of meters. As a result, when the Earth's surface is excited with some source of seismic energy and the response recorded on seismometers, we will see a complicated zoo of elastic wave types: reflections from the discontinuities in material properties, multiple reflections within the layers, guided waves, interface waves which propagate along the boundary between two different layers, surface waves which are exponentially attenuated with depth, waves which are refracted by continuous changes in material properties, and others. The character of these seismic waves allows seismologists to make inferences about the nature of the subsurface geology. Because of tectonic and other dynamic forces at work in the Earth, this first-order view of the subsurface geology as a layer cake must often be modified to take into account bent and fractured strata. Extreme deformations can occur in processes such as mountain building. Under the influence of great heat and stress, some rocks exhibit a taffy-like consistency and can be bent into exotic shapes without breaking, while others become severely fractured. In marine environments, less dense salt can be overlain by more dense sediments; as the salt rises under its own buoyancy, it pushes the overburden out of the way, severely deforming originally flat layers. Further, even on the relatively localized scale of exploration seismology, there may be significant lateral variations in material properties. For example, if we look at the sediments carried downstream by a river, it isclear that lighter particles will be carried further, while bigger ones will be deposited first; flows near the center of the channel will be faster than the flow on the verge. This gives rise to significant variation is the density and porosity of a given sedimentary formation as a function of just how the sediments were deposited. Taking all these effects into account, seismic waves propagating in the Earth will be refracted, reflected and diffracted. In order to be able to image the Earth, to see through the complicated distorting lens that its heterogeneous subsurface presents to us, in other words, to be able to solve the inverse scattering problem, we need to be able to undo all of these wave propagation effects. In a nutshell, that is the goal of imaging: to transform a suite of seismograms recorded at the surface of the Earth into a depth section, i.e., a spatial image of some property of the Earth (usually wave speed or impedance). There are two main types of spatial variations of the Earth's properties. There are the smooth changes (smooth meaning possessing spatial wavelengths which are long compared to seismic wavelengths) associated with processes such as compaction. These gradual variations cause ray paths to be gently turned or refracted. On the other hand, there are the sharp changes (short spatial wavelength), mostly in the vertical direction, which we associate with changes in lithology and, to a lesser extent, fracturing. These short wavelength features give rise to the reflections and diffractions we see on seismic sections. If the Earth were only smoothly varying, with no discontinuities, then we would not see any events at all in exploration seismology because the distances between the sources and receivers are not often large enough for rays to turn upward and be recorded. This means that to first order, reflection seismology is sensitive primarily to the short spatial wavelength features in the velocity model. We usually assume that we know the smoothly varying part of the velocity model (somehow) and use an imaging algorithm to find the discontinuities. The earliest forms of imaging involved moving, literally migrating, events around seismic time sections by manual or mechanical means. Later, these manual migration methods were replaced by computer-oriented methods which took into account, to varying degrees, the physics of wave propagation and scattering. It is now apparent that all accurate imaging methods can be viewed essentially as linearized inversions of the wave equation, whether in terms of Fourier integral operators or direct gradient-based optimization of a waveform misfit function. The implicit caveat hanging on the word "essentially" in the last sentence is this: people in the exploration community who practice migration are usually not able to obtain or preserve the true amplitudes of the data. As a result, attempts to interpret subtle changes in reflector strength, as opposed to reflector position, usually run afoul of one or more approximations made in the sequence of processing steps that makes up a migration (trace equalization, gaining, deconvolution, etc.) On the other hand, if we had true amplitude data, that is, if the samples recorded on the seismogram really were proportional to the velocity of the piece of Earth to which the geophone were attached, then we could make quantitative statements about how spatial variations in reflector strength are related to changes in geological properties. The distinction here is the distinction between imaging reflectors, on the one hand, and doing a true inverse problem for the subsurface properties on the other. Until quite recently the exploration community was exclusively concerned with the former, and today the word "migration" almost always refers to the imaging problem. The more sophisticated view of imaging as an inverse problem is gradually making its way into the production software of oil and gas exploration companies, since careful treatment of amplitudes is often crucial in making decisions on subtle lithologic plays (amplitude versus offset or AVO) and in resolving the chaotic wave propagation effects of complex structures. When studying migration methods, the student is faced with a bewildering assortment of algorithms, based upon diverse physical approximations. What sort of velocity model can be used: constant wave speed v? v(x), v(x, z), v(x, y, z)? Gentle dips? Steep dips? Shall we attempt to use turning or refracted rays? Take into account mode converted arrivals? 2D (two dimensions)? 3D? Prestack? Poststack? If poststack, how does one effect one-way wave propagation, given that stacking attenuates multiple reflections? What domain shall we use? Time-space? Time-wave number? Frequency-space? Frequency-wave number? Do we want to image the entire dataset or just some part of it? Are we just trying to refine a crude velocity model or are we attempting to resolve an important feature with high resolution? It is possible to imagine imaging algorithms that would work under the most demanding of these assumptions, but they would be highly inefficient when one of the simpler physical models pertains. And since all of these situations arise at one time or another, it is necessary to look at a variety of migration algorithms in daily use. Given the hundreds of papers that have been published in the past 15 years, to do a reasonably comprehensive job of presenting all the different imaging algorithms would require a book many times the length of this one. This was not my goal in any case. I have tried to emphasize the fundamental physical and mathematical ideas of imaging rather than the details of particular applications. I hope that rather than appearing as a disparate bag of tricks, seismic imaging will be seen as a coherent body of knowledge, much as optics is...

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Maarten J. De Wit and Andrew Hynes: The onset of interaction between the hydrosphere and oceanic crust, and the origin of the first continental lithosphere / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 95:1-9, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.095.01.01 --- Kenneth A. Eriksson: Crustal growth, surface processes, and atmospheric evolution on the early Earth / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 95:11-25, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.095.01.02 --- E. G. Nisbet: Archaean ecology: a review of evidence for the early development of bacterial biomes, and speculations on the development of a global-scale biosphere / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 95:27-51, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.095.01.03 --- R. M. Shackleton: Tectonic evolution of greenstone belts / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 95:53-65, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.095.01.04 --- P. Choukroune, H. Bouhallier, and N. T. Arndt: Soft lithosphere during periods of Archaean crustal growth or crustal reworking / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 95:67-86, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.095.01.05 --- Peter J. Treloar and Tom G. Blenkinsop: Archaean deformation patterns in Zimbabwe: true indicators of Tibetan-style crustal extrusion or not? / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 95:87-107, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.095.01.06 --- James F. Wilson, Robert W. Nesbitt, and C. Mark Fanning: Zircon geochronology of Archaean felsic sequences in the Zimbabwe craton: a revision of greenstone stratigraphy and a model for crustal growth / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 95:109-126, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.095.01.07 --- Alec F. Trendall: Paradigms for the Pilbara / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 95:127-142, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.095.01.08 --- John S. Myers: The generation and assembly of an Archaean supercontinent: evidence from the Yilgarn craton, Western Australia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 95:143-154, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.095.01.09 --- D. I. Groves, J. R. Ridley, E. M. J. Bloem, M. Gebre-Mariam, S. G. Hagemann, J. M. A. Hronsky, J. T. Knight, N. J. McNaughton, J. Ojala, R. M. Vielreicher, T. C. McCuaig, and P. W. Holyland: Lode-gold deposits of the Yilgarn block: products of Late Archaean crustal-scale overpressured hydrothermal systems / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 95:155-172, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.095.01.10 --- R. J. Herrington: Late Archaean structure and gold mineralization in the Kadoma region of the Midlands greenstone belt, Zimbabwe / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 95:173-191, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.095.01.11 --- David Bridgwater, Flemming Mengel, Brian Fryer, Paul Wagner, and Søren Claudius Hansen: Early Proterozoic mafic dykes in the North Atlantic and Baltic cratons: field setting and chemistry of distinctive dyke swarms / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 95:193-210, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.095.01.12 --- R. G. Park: Palaeoproterozoic Laurentia-Baltica relationships: a view from the Lewisian / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 95:211-224, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.095.01.13 --- Timothy James Wynn: Deformation in the mid to lower continental crust: analogues from Proterozoic shear zones in NW Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 95:225-241, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.095.01.14 --- Mike P. Coward, Richard M. Spencer, and Camille E. Spencer: Development of the Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 95:243-269, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.095.01.15 --- R. H. Graham: Asian analogues for Precambrian tectonics? / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 95:271-289, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.095.01.16

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: K. W. Glennie: Permian and Triassic rifting in northwest Europe / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 91:1-5, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.091.01.01 --- M. P. Coward: Structural and tectonic setting of the Permo-Triassic basins of northwest Europe / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 91:7-39, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.091.01.02 --- A. Carter, A. Yelland, C. Bristow, and A. J. Hurford: Thermal histories of Permian and Triassic basins in Britain derived from fission track analysis / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 91:41-56, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.091.01.03 --- T. Swiecicki, P. Wilcockson, A. Canham, G. Whelan, and H. Homann: Dating, correlation and stratigraphy of the Triassic sediments in the West Shetlands area / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 91:57-85, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.091.01.04 --- K. Hitchen, M. S. Stoker, D. Evans, and B. Beddoe-Stephens: Permo-Triassic sedimentary and volcanic rocks in basins to the north and west of Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 91:87-102, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.091.01.05 --- T. B. Anderson, J. Parnell, and A. H. Ruffell: Influence of basement on the geometry of Permo-Triassic basins in the northwest British Isles / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 91:103-122, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.091.01.06 --- P. J. Goldsmith, B. Rich, and J. Standring: Triassic correlation and stratigraphy in the South Central Graben, UK North Sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 91:123-143, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.091.01.07 --- P. A. Griffiths, M. R. Allen, J. Craig, W. R. Fitches, and R. J. Whittington: Distinction between fault and salt control of Mesozoic sedimentation on the southern margin of the Mid-North Sea High / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 91:145-159, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.091.01.08 --- R. A. Chadwick and D. J. Evans: The timing and direction of Permo-Triassic extension in southern Britain / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 91:161-192, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.091.01.09 --- A. Ruffell, M. P. Coward, and M. Harvey: Geometry and tectonic evolution of megasequences in the Plymouth Bay Basin, English Channel / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 91:193-214, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.091.01.10 --- P. M. Shannon: Permo-Triassic development of the Celtic Sea region, offshore Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 91:215-237, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.091.01.11 --- M. L. Keeley: New evidence of Permo-Triassic rifting, onshore southern Ireland, and its implications for Variscan structural inheritance / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 91:239-253, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.091.01.12

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: P. F. Croker and P. M. Shannon: The petroleum geology of Ireland’s offshore basins: introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 93:1-8, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.093.01.01 --- P. W. Readman, B. M. O’Reilly, J. W. F. Edwards, and M. J. Sankey: A gravity map of Ireland and surrounding waters / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 93:9-16, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.093.01.02 --- Rob Shelton: Mesozoic basin evolution of the North Channel: preliminary results / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 93:17-20, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.093.01.03 --- Steven Fitzsimons and John Parnell: Diagenetic history and reservoir potential of Permo-Triassic sandstones in the Rathlin Basin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 93:21-35, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.093.01.04 --- James P. Armstrong, Victor A. A. D’Elia, and Rita Löberg: Holywell Shale: a potential source of hydrocarbons in the East Irish Sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 93:37-38, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.093.01.05 --- Stephen Trueblood, Chris Bryan, and Steve Pickering: The Douglas oil field and its implications for exploration on the Irish Continental Shelf / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 93:39-40, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.093.01.06 --- Peter F. Croker: Shallow gas accumulation and migration in the western Irish Sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 93:41-58, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.093.01.07 --- Steven J. Maddox, Richard Blow, and Martin Hardman: Hydrocarbon prospectivity of the Central Irish Sea Basin with reference to Block 42/12, offshore Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 93:59-77, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.093.01.08 --- P. S. Griffiths: Predictive model for the development and distribution of Triassic reservoir sands offshore southeast Ireland, based on seismic sequence geometries at the Variscan unconformity / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 93:79-80, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.093.01.09 --- F. W. Musgrove, L. M. Murdoch, and T. Lenehan: The Variscan fold-thrust belt of southeast Ireland and its control on early Mesozoic extension and deposition: a method to predict the Sherwood Sandstone / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 93:81-100, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.093.01.10 --- Philip Rowell: Tectono-stratigraphy of the North Celtic Sea Basin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 93:101-137, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.093.01.11 --- Nuala P. Ewins and Patrick M. Shannon: Sedimentology and diagenesis of the Jurassic and Cretaceous of the North Celtic Sea and Fastnet Basins / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 93:139-169, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.093.01.12 --- L. G. Kessler II and Scott D. Sachs: Depositional setting and sequence stratigraphic implications of the Upper Sinemurian (Lower Jurassic) sandstone interval, North Celtic Sea/St George’s Channel Basins, offshore Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 93:171-192, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.093.01.13 --- N. J. Murphy, M. J. Sauer, and J. P. Armstrong: Toarcian source rock potential in the North Celtic Sea Basin, offshore Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 93:193-207, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.093.01.14 --- V. N. D. Caston: The Helvick oil accumulation, Block 49/9, North Celtic Sea Basin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 93:209-225, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.093.01.15 --- D. R. Taber, M. K. Vickers, and R. D. Winn, Jr: The definition of the Albian ‘A’ Sand reservoir fairway and aspects of associated gas accumulations in the North Celtic Sea Basin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 93:227-244, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.093.01.16 --- Adrian Hartley: Sedimentology of the Cretaceous Greensand, Quadrants 48 and 49, North Celtic Sea Basin: a progradational shoreface deposit / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 93:245-257, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.093.01.17 --- M. V. Murray: Development of small gas fields in the Kinsale Head area / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 93:259-260, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.093.01.18 --- Tim J. Howell and Paul Griffiths: A study of the hydrocarbon distribution and Lower Cretaceous Greensand prospectivity in Blocks 48/15, 48/17, 48/18 and 48/19, North Celtic Sea Basin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 93:261-275, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.093.01.19 --- John E. Craven: The tectonic evolution, stratigraphy and petroleum potential of the Mizen Basin, southwest Celtic Sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 93:277, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.093.01.20 --- C. Smith: Evolution of the Cockburn Basin: implications for the structural development of the Celtic Sea basins / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 93:279-295, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.093.01.21 --- L. M. Murdoch, F. W. Musgrove, and J. S. Perry: Tertiary uplift and inversion history in the North Celtic Sea Basin and its influence on source rock maturity / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 93:297-319, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.093.01.22 --- Robert J. Menpes and Richard R. Hillis: Quantification of Tertiary exhumation from sonic velocity data, Celtic Sea/Southwestern Approaches / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 93:321-322, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.093.01.23 --- N. A. McMahon and J. R. Underhill: The regional stratigraphy of the southwest United Kingdom and adjacent offshore areas with particular reference to the major intra-Cretaceous unconformity / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 93:323-325, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.093.01.24 --- Peter F. Croker: The Clare Basin: a geological and geophysical outline / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 93:327-339, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.093.01.25 --- D. O’Driscoll, B. B. Holcombe, P. T. Rose, and D. J. Jones: Cretaceous and Tertiary unconformities in the Atlantic margin basins / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 93:341, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.093.01.26 --- T. C. Earls: Potential for development of the Connemara field, Block 26/28 / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 93:343, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.093.01.27 --- J. G. Moore and P. M. Shannon: The Cretaceous succession in the Porcupine Basin, offshore Ireland: facies distribution and hydrocarbon potential / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 93:345-370, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.093.01.28 --- T. McCann, P. M. Shannon, and J. G. Moore: Fault styles in the Porcupine Basin, offshore Ireland: tectonic and sedimentary controls / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 93:371-383, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.093.01.29 --- I. C. Scotchman and J. R. W. Thomas: Maturity and hydrocarbon generation in the Slyne Trough, northwest Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 93:385-411, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.093.01.30 --- Brian M. O’Reilly, Franz Hauser, A. W. Brian Jacob, Pat M. Shannon, Jannis Makris, and Ulrike Vogt: The Erris and eastern Rockall Troughs: structural and sedimentological development / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 93:413-421, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.093.01.31 --- Richard W. England: Westline: a deep near-normal incidence reflection profile across the Rockall Trough / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 93:423-427, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.093.01.32 --- A. W. B. Jacob, P. M. Shannon, J. Makris, F. Hauser, U. Vogt, and B. M. O’Reilly: An overview of the results of the RAPIDS seismic project, North Atlantic / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 93:429-431, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.093.01.33 --- J. S. Daly, L. M. Heaman, R. C. Fitzgerald, J. F. Menuge, T. S. Brewer, and A. C. Morton: Age and crustal evolution of crystalline basement in western Ireland and Rockall / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 93:433-434, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.093.01.34 --- P. M. Shannon, A. W. B. Jacob, J. Makris, B. O’Reilly, F. Hauser, and U. Vogt: Basin development and petroleum prospectivity of the Rockall and Hatton region / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 93:435-457, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.093.01.35 --- Jannis Makris, Knuth Lange, Leo Savostin, and Vladimir Sedov: A wide-angle reflection profile across the Iceland-Faeroe Ridge / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 93:459-466, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.093.01.36 --- P. M. Shannon, B. P. J. Williams, and I. K. Sinclair: Tectonic controls on Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous reservoir architecture in the Jeanne d’Arc Basin, with some comparisons from the Porcupine and Moray Firth Basins / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 93:467-490, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.093.01.37 --- Appendix: A list of common abbreviations / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 93:491, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.093.01.38

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This book presents the proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns, CAIP '95, held in Prague, Czech Republic in September 1995. The volume presents 61 full papers and 75 posters selected from a total of 262 submissions and thus gives a comprehensive view on the state-of-the-art in computer analysis of images and patterns, research, design, and advanced applications. The papers are organized in sections on invariants, segmentation and grouping, optical flow, model recovery and parameter estimation, low level vision, motion detection, structure and matching, active vision and shading, human face recognition, calibration, contour, and sessions on applications in diverse areas.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: PREFACE The four-year period of activity of the Groupement de Recherche 942 (GDR) of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) came to an end in December 1993. This GDR was a scientific association grouping research teams from the academic sphere -- i.e. the Unités de Recherches Associées 723 & 724 of the CNRS as well as the Universities of Orléans and Paris-Sud -- and from the industrial world: Elf-Aquitaine Production, TOTAL and the Institut Français du Pétrole (IFP). The aim of the GDR was to understand the processes and the causes of organic carbon fossilization in sediments, especially when they can be modified by environmental conditions such as climate, eustatism, productivity etc., factors which can alko interact. This goal implies the simultaneous study of ancient geological formations (hydrocarbon source rocks from the famous Kimmeridge Clay Formation) and recent Quaternary sediments (the Lac du Bouchet or lake Bouchet maar, Massif Central, France). In the latter case, we benefit from a fine-scale stratigraphical framework as well as a reliable reconstruction of the local and regional environment. This volume is a collection of papers representing oral presentations given on December 7, 1993, at the Société Géologique de France in Paris, during the final meeting of the GDR. These articles thus report the latest developments of the studies carried out under the GDR. However, this is not the first publication of our results, which can be found in the papers referred to in each article. The Kimmeridge Clay Formation was previously studied in 1987, by the Yorkim Group from IFP, Elf-Aquitaine and the British Geological Survey, on the basis of a series of wells drilled across the Cleveland Basin of Yorkshire. In each well, the distribution with depth of the total organic content is cyclic. We have compared some of the organic cycles from two wells (Matron and Ebberston) based on mineralogy, organic and inorganic geochemistry and petrography, at a high resolution scale (centimetric). The main conclusion of this work is that the driving force for organic matter accumulation in the studied cycles was organic phytoplankton productivity. Oxygenation conditions seem to have played a secondary role as a positive feedback action enhancing organic matter storage. Lac du Bouchet is located on the Devès volcanic plateau, 15 km SW of Le Puy en Velay, at an altitude of 1205 m. The depth of the water column is 28 m. The lake has a subcircular shape (1 km in diameter) and a very restricted watershed. This site is exceptionally suitable for research on climate variations and palaeomagnetic field modifications (Euromaars EC Program). The GDR focused on sedimentary organic matter and its relationship to inorganic phases. An important result is that organic matter appears to be a good indicator of palaeoenvironmental reconstructions for over 350 000 years. In addition, the study of early diagenetic reactions in surficial sediments (porewater and solid phase) allows the specification of the processes of organic matter degradation and storage in such an oligothrophic lake.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: PREFACE The sedimentology of Chalk describes processes that caused the rhythmic vertical variation in grain size, structures and authigenic mineral concentrations in Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary, subtropical, shallow marine, fine-grained, detrital bioclastic carbonates of northwest Europe. In particular, attention is paid to the sedimentology of the Tuffaceous Chalk of Maaslricht (The Netherlands), a coarsegrained variety of Chalk that resembles the Chalk (coccolithic mudstones) as well as modern shallow marine carbonate sands. Numerical models are presented that enable the simulation of the genesis of flint nodule layers, hardgrounds and complex wavy bedded sequences, such as the K/T boundary sequence of Stevns Klint (Denmark). The aim of this book is to show how depositional and early diagenetic features, which are observed in small-scale Chalk outcrops, can be used to reconstruct the large-scale dynamics of the northwest European continent during the Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary...