ALBERT

Note: Contents: Introduction / Valentí Rull, Christopher Stevenson Transpacific Voyaging and Settlement Ex Oriente Lux: Amerindian Seafaring and Easter Island Contact Revisited / Atholl Anderson Commensals/Domesticates on Rapa Nui: What Can Their Phylogeographic Patterns Tell Us About the Discovery and Settlement of the Island? / Vicki A. Thomson, Michael Herrera, Jeremy J. Austin Sweet Potato on Rapa Nui: Insights from a Monographic Study of the Genus Ipomoea / Pablo Muñoz-Rodríguez, John R. I. Wood, Robert W. Scotland Pre-European Contact Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) at Rapa Nui: Macrobotanical Evidence from Recent Excavations in Rano Raraku Quarry, Rapa Nui / Jo Anne Van Tilburg, Jennifer M. Huebert, Sarah C. Sherwood, Casey R. Barrier Anakena Re-visited: New Perspectives on Old Problems at Anakena, Rapa Nui / Paul Wallin, Helene Martinsson-Wallin The Ancient Rapanui Culture A Behavioral Assessment of Refuge Caves (ana kionga) on Rapa Nui / Christopher Stevenson, José Miguel Ramrez-Aliaga, Juan Gongalves Borrega Vinapū Area Re-visited / Helene Martinsson-Wallin Undelivered Moai or Unidentified Monument? / Nicolas Cauwe, Morgan De Dapper Platforms in Motion: A Genealogical Architecture / Nicolas Cauwe Climatic and Environmental Change Climatology of Rapa Nui (Isla de Pascua, Easter Island) / Raymond S. Bradley, William J. D’Andrea, Henry F. Diaz, Liang Ning Prehistoric Paleoecology of Easter Island / Valentí Rull Geological and Climatic Features, Processes and Interplay Determining the Human Occupation and Habitation of Easter Island / Alberto Sáez, Olga Margalef, Laura Becerril, Christian Herrera, James Goff, Sergi Pla-Rabes et al. Deforestation and Extinctions The Flora and Vegetation of Easter Island: Past and Present / Georg Zizka, Alexander Zizka Palms for the Archaeologist / Daniel W. Ingersoll Jr., Kathleen B. Ingersoll, Fred W. Stauffer Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Deforestation, Settlement, and Land Use on Easter Island Prior to European Arrivals / Peter Steiglechner, Agostino Merico Economic Causes and Consequences of Deforestation on Easter Island / James A. Brander Palm Forest to Gardens and Grassland: A Study of Environmental and Geomorphological Changes of the Te Niu, Rapa Nui Landscape / Joan A. Wozniak Collapse or Resilience? Environmental Change and Cultural Continuity: Extraordinary Achievements of the Rapanui Society after Deforestation / Andreas Mieth, Annette Kühlem, Burkhard Vogt, Hans-Rudolf Bork Ecology Limits Population, But Interaction with Culture Defines It: Carrying Capacity on Rapa Nui / Cedric O. Puleston, Thegn N. Ladefoged Population Principles, Climate Change, and the “Collapse” of the Rapa Nui Society / Mauricio Lima, Eugenia M. Gayo, Sergio A. Estay, Nils Chr. Stenseth Claims and Evidence in the Population History of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) / Carl P. Lipo, Robert J. DiNapoli, Terry L. Hunt European Contact The Human Giants of Easter Island (Rapa Nui) / Jan J. Boersema Synthesis Towards a Holistic Approach to Easter Island’s Prehistory / Valentí Rull, Christopher Stevenson

Note: Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Leningrad—1982 1.2 ‘Global Warming’ or ‘Global Weirding’ 1.3 My Background 1.4 What Is Science? 1.5 The Observational Sciences 1.6 The Compexity of Nature 1.7 Summary 2 Discovering Climate 2.1 Defining ‘Climate’ 2.2 Numerical Descriptions of Climate 2.3 How Science Works 2.4 Summary 3 The Language of Science 3.1 Numbers and Symbols 3.2 Arithmetic, Algebra, Geometry, and Calculus 3.3 Shapes 3.4 Orders of Magnitude and Exponents 3.5 Logarithms 3.6 Logarithms and Scales with Bases Other Than 10 3.7 Earthquake Scales 3.8 The Beaufort Wind Force Scale 3.9 Extending the Beaufort Scale to Cyclonic Storms 3.10 Calendars and Time 3.11 Summary 4 Applying Mathematics to Problems 4.1 Measures and Weights 4.2 The Nautical Mile 4.3 The Metric System 4.4 Temperature 4.5 Precisely Defining Some Words You Already Know 4.6 Locating Things 4.7 Latitude and Longitude 4.8 Map Projections 4.9 Trigonometry 4.10 Circles, Ellipses, and Angular Velocity 4.11 Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces 4.12 Graphs 4.13 Exponential Growth and Decay 4.14 The Logistic Equation 4.15 Statistics 4.16 Summary 5 Geologic Time 5.1 Age of the Earth—4004 BCE, or Older? 5.2 The Discovery of the Depths of Time—Eternity 5.3 Geologic Time Punctuated by Revolutions 5.4 Catastrophism Replaced by Imperceptibly Slow Gradual Change 5.5 The Development of the Geological Timescale 5.6 The Discovery of the Ice Age 5.7 The Discovery of Past Warm Polar Regions 5.8 Throwing a Monkey Wrench into Explaining Climate Change 5.9 Crustal Mobility’ to the Rescue 5.10 The Return of Catastrophism and the Idea of Rapid Change 5.11 The Nature of the Geologic Record 5.12 The Great Extinctions and Their Causes 5.13 Summary—A History with No Dates 6 Putting Numbers on Geologic Ages 6.1 1788—An Abyss of Time of Unknown Dimensions 6.2 1863—Physics Comes to the Rescue—Earth Is Not More than 100 Million Years Old 6.3 What We Now Know About Heat from Earth’s Interior 6.4 Some Helpful Background in Understanding Nineteenth-Century Chemistry 6.5 Atomic Weight, Atomic Mass, Isotopes, Relative Atomic Mass, Standard Atomic Weight—A Confusing Plethora of Terms 6.6 1895–1913—The Worlds of Physics and Chemistry Turned Upside Down 6.7 Henri Becquerel and the Curies 6.8 Nonconformists and the British Universities Open to All 6.9 The Discovery of Electrons, Alpha-Rays, and Beta-Rays 6.10 The Discovery of Radioactive Decay Series, Exponential Decay Rates, and Secular Equilibrium 6.11 The Mystery of the Decay Series Explained by Isotopes 6.12 The Discovery That Radioactive Decay Series Might Be Used to Determine the Age of Rocks 6.13 The Discovery of Stable Isotopes 6.14 Rethinking the Structure of the Atom 6.15 From Science to Science Fiction 6.16 The Discovery of Protons and Neutrons 6.17 Arthur Holmes and the Age of the Earth 6.18 The Development of a Numerical Geological Timescale 6.19 Summary 7 Documenting Past Climate Change 7.1 What Is ‘Climate’? 7.2 A Brief Overview of Earth’s Climate History 7.3 The Cenozoic Climate ‘Deterioration’ 7.4 From Ages to Process Rates 7.5 Radiometric Age Dating in the Mid-Twentieth Century 7.6 Potassium—Argon Dating 7.7 Reversals of Earth’s Magnetic Field 7.8 Fission Track Dating 7.9 Astronomical Dating 7.10 Tritium, Carbon-14, and Beryllium-10 7.11 The Human Acceleration of Natural Process Rates 7.12 The Present Climate in Its Geologic Context 7.13 Steady State Versus Non-steady State 7.14 Feedbacks 7.15 Summary 8 The Nature of Energy Received from the Sun—The Analogies with Water Waves and Sound 8.1 Water Waves 8.2 Special Water Waves—Tides and Tsunamis 8.3 Wave Energy, Refraction, and Reflection 8.4 Sound Waves 8.5 Sound Waves and Music 8.6 Measuring the Speed of Sound in Air 8.7 Measuring the Speed of Sound in Water 8.8 The Practical Use of Sound in Water 8.9 Summary 9 The Nature of Energy Received from the Sun—Figuring Out What Light Really Is 9.1 Early Ideas About Light 9.2 Refraction of Light 9.3 Measuring the Speed of Light 9.4 The Discovery of Double Refraction or ‘Birefringence’ 9.5 Investigating the Dispersion of Light 9.6 Figuring Out the Wavelengths of Different Colors of Light 9.7 Diffraction 9.8 Polarization of Light 9.9 Eureka!—Light Is Electromagnetic Waves 9.10 A Review of the Discovery of the Invisible Parts of the Electromagnetic Spectrum 9.11 The Demise of the ‘Luminiferous Æther’ 9.12 Summary 10 Exploring the Electromagnetic Spectrum 10.1 Spectra and Spectral Lines 10.2 The Discovery of Helium—First in the Sun, Then on Earth 10.3 The Discovery That Spectral Lines Are Mathematically Related 10.4 Heinrich Hertz’s Confirmation of Maxwell’s Ideas 10.5 Marconi Makes the Electromagnetic Spectrum a Tool for Civilization 10.6 Human Use of the Electromagnetic Spectrum for Communication, Locating Objects, and Cooking 10.7 Summary 11 The Origins of Climate Science—The Idea of Energy Balance 11.1 What Is Heat? 11.2 Thermodynamics 11.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics 11.4 The Discovery of Greenhouse Gases 11.5 Kirchhoff’s ‘Black Body’ 11.6 Stefan’s Fourth Power Law 11.7 Black Body Radiation 11.8 Summary 12 The Climate System 12.1 Insolation—The Incoming Energy from the Sun 12.2 Albedo—The Reflection of Incoming Energy Back into Space 12.3 Reradiation—How the Earth Radiates Energy Back into Space 12.4 The Chaotic Nature of the Weather 12.5 The Earthly Components of the Climate System: Air, Earth, Ice, and Water 12.6 The Atmosphere 12.7 The Hydrosphere 12.8 The Cryosphere 12.9 The Land 12.10 Classifying Climatic Regions 12.11 Uncertainties in the Climate Scheme 12.12 Summary 13 What Is at the Bottom of Alice’s Rabbit Hole? 13.1 Max Planck and the Solution to the Black Body Problem 13.2 The Photoelectric Effect 13.3 The Bohr Atom 13.4 Implications of the Bohr Model for the Periodic Table of the Elements 13.5 The Zeeman Effect 13.6 Trying to Make Sense of the Periodic Table 13.7 The Second Quantum Revolution 13.8 The Discovery of Nuclear Fission 13.9 Molecular Motions 13.10 Summary 14 Energy from the Sun—Long-Term Variations 14.1 The Faint Young Sun Paradox 14.2 The Energy Flux from the Sun 14.3 The Orbital Cycles 14.4 The Rise and Fall of the Orbital Theory of Climate Change 14.5 The Resurrection of the Orbital Theory 14.6 Correcting the Age Scale: Filling in the Details to Prove the Theory1 14.7 The Discovery that Milankovitch Orbital Cycles Have Affected Much of Earth History 14.8 Summary 15 Solar Variability and Cosmic Rays 15.1 Solar Variability 15.2 The Solar Wind 15.3 Solar Storms and Space Weather 15.4 The Solar Neutrino Problem 15.5 The Ultraviolet Radiation 15.6 Cosmic Rays 15.7 A Digression into the World of Particle Physics 15.8 How Cosmic Rays Interact with Earth’s Atmosphere 15.9 Carbon-14 15.10 Beryllium-10 15.11 Cosmic Rays and Climate 15.12 Summary 16 Albedo 16.1 Albedo of Planet Earth 16.2 Clouds 16.3 Could Cloudiness Be a Global Thermostat? 16.4 Volcanic Ash and Climate Change 16.5 Aerosols 16.6 Albedo During the Last Glacial Maximum 16.7 Changing the Planetary Albedo to Counteract Greenhouse Warming 16.8 Summary 17 Air 17.1 The Nature of Air 17.2 The Velocity of Air Molecules 17.3 Other Molecular Motions 17.4 The Other Major Component of Air—Photons 17.5 Ionization 17.6 The Scattering of Light 17.7 Absorption of the Infrared Wavelengths 17.8 Other Components of Air: Subatomic Particles 17.9 Summary 18 HoH—The Keystone of Earth’s Climate 18.1 Some History 18.2 Why Is HOH So Strange? 18.3 The Hydrologic Cycle 18.4 Vapor 18.4.1 Pure Water 18.5 Natural Water 18.6 Water—Density and Specific Volume 18.7 Water—Surface Tension 18.8 Ice 18.9 Earth’s Ice 18.10 How Ice Forms from Freshwater and from Seawater 18.11 Snow and ICE on Land 18.12 Ice Cores 18.13 Ice as Earth’s Climate Stabilizer 19 The Atmosphere 19.1 Atmospheric Pressure 19.2 The Structure of the Atmosphere 19.3 The Troposphere 19.4 The Stratosphere 19.5 The Mesosphere 19.6 The Thermosphere 19.7 The Exosphere 19.8 The Magnetosphere 19.9 The Ionosphere 19.10 The Atmospheric Greenhouse Effect 19.11 Th

Note: Contents: 1 The ecosystem of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard / Haakon Hop and Christian Wiencke Part I. Atmospheric conditions 2 The atmosphere above Ny-Ålesund : climate and global warming, ozone and surface UV radiation / Marion Maturilli, Inger Hanssen-Bauer, Roland Neuber, Markus Rex, and Kåre Edvardsen Part II. Oceanography, sea ice and underwater light regime 3 The Kongsfjorden Transect : seasonal and inter-annual variability in hydrography / Vigdis Tverberg, Ragnheid Skogseth, Finlo Cottier, Arild Sundfjord, Waldemar Walczowski, Mark E. Inall, Eva Falck, Olga Pavlova, and Frank Nilsen 4 Changes in sea-ice extent and thickness in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard (2003-2016) / Olga Pavlova, Sebastian Gerland, and Haakon Hop 5 The underwater light climate in Kongsfjorden and its ecological implications / Alexey K. Pavlov, Eva Leu, Dieter Hanelt, Inka Bartsch, Ulf Karsten, Stephen R. Hudson, Jean-Charles Gallet, Finlo Cottier, Jonathan H. Cohen, Jørgen Berge, Geir Johnsen, Marion Maturilli, Piotr Kowalczuk, Sławomir Sagan, Justyna Meler, and Mats A. Granskog Part III. Pelagic production, phytoplankton and zooplankton 6 Phytoplankton seasonal dynamics in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard and the adjacent shelf / Else N. Hegseth, Philipp Assmy, Józef M. Wiktor, Józef Wiktor Jr., Svein Kristiansen, Eva Leu, Vigdis Tverberg, Tove M. Gabrielsen, Ragnheid Skogseth, and Finlo Cottier 7 Zooplankton in Kongsfjorden (1996-2016) in relation to climate change / Haakon Hop, Anette Wold, Mikko Vihtakari, Malin Daase, Slawomir Kwasniewski, Marta Gluchowska, Silke Lischka, Friedrich Buchholz and Stig Falk-Petersen Part IV. Benthic microbes, macroalgae and fauna 8 Living on cold substrata : new insights and approaches in the study of microphytobenthos ecophysiology and ecology in Kongsfjorden / Ulf Karsten, Iris Schaub, Jana Woelfel, Duygu S. Sevilgen, Carolin Schlie, Burkhard Becker, Angela Wulff, Martin Graeve, and Heiko Wagner 9 Biodiversity of benthic macro- and microalgae from Svalbard with special focus on Kongsfjorden / Stein Fredriksen, Ulf Karsten, Inka Bartsch, Jana Woelfel, Miriam Koblowsky, Rhena Schumann, Siri Røang Moy, Robert S. Steneck, Józef M. Wiktor, Haakon Hop, and Christian Wiencke 10. Kelps and environmental changes in Kongsfjorden : Stress perception and responses / Kai Bischof, Christian Buschbaum, Stein Frederiksen, Francisco J. L. Gordillo, Sandra Heinrich, Carlos Jiménez, Cornelius Lütz, Markus Molis, Michael Y. Roleda, Max Schwanitz, and Christian Wiencke 11. Ecological drivers of and responses by Arctic benthic communities, with an emphasis on Kongsfjorden, Svalbard / Markus Molis, Frank Beuchel, Jürgen Laudien, Maria Włodarska-Kowalczuk, and Christian Buschbaum Part V. Arctic fjord ecosystem model and autonomous marine observatories. 12. Outline of an Arctic fjord ecosystem model for Kongsfjorden-Krossfjorden, Svalbard / Pedro Duarte, Jan Marcin Weslawski, and Haakon Hop 13. Autonomous marine observatories in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard / Haakon Hop, Finlo Cottier, and Jørgen Berge Part VI. Kongsfjorden as harbinger of the future Arctic 14. Kongsfjorden as harbinger of the future Arctic : knowns, unknowns and research priorities / Kai Bischof, Peter Convey, Pedro Duarte, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Maria Granberg, Haakon Hop, Clara Hoppe, Carlos Jiménez, Leonid Lisitsyn, Brezo Martinez, Michael Y. Roleda, Peter Thor, Józef M. Wiktor, and Geir Wing Gabrielsen

Note: Contents Part I Natural Mangrove Systems 1 Australian Mangroves: Their Distribution and Protection / I. D. Cresswell and V. Semeniuk 2 The Dynamics of Expanding Mangroves in New Zealand / Erik M. Horstman, Carolyn J. Lundquist, Karin R. Bryan, Richard H. Bulmer, Julia C. Mullarney, and Debra J. Stokes 3 Mangrove Forests of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman / Alireza Salehipour Milani 4 Current Status of Mangrove Wetlands in Sinaloa: A Biological Corridor Along the Eastern Margin of the Gulf of California, México / Marlenne Manzano-Sarabia, Olivia Millán-Aguilar, Francisco Flores-Cárdenas, Lidia Rodríguez-Arredondo, Mayra I. Grano-Maldonado, and Mario Nieves-Soto 5 Geospatial Assessment of Spatio-Temporal Changes in Mangrove Vegetation of Pichavaram Region, Tamil Nadu, India / M. Vani and P. Rama Chandra Prasad Part II Threats, Vulnerability, and Impacts 6 Natural Threats and Impacts to Mangroves Within the Coastal Fringing Forests of India / Ashis Kr. Paul, Amrit Kamila, and Ratnadip Ray 7 An Assessment of Vulnerability and Adaptation of Coastal Mangroves of West Africa in the Face of Climate Change / Isaac Boateng 8 Historical Losses of Mangrove Systems in South America from Human-Induced and Natural Impacts / Daniel Gorman 9 Australian Mangroves: Anthropogenic Impacts by Industry, Agriculture, Ports, and Urbanisation / V. Semeniuk and I. D. Cresswell 10 Determining the Influence of Urbanization on Mangrove Zones of Northeastern Brazil: Characterization of Ceará State Coastal Zone Organic Matter Inputs / Stéphane Jean Louis Mounier, Rozane Valente Marins, and Luiz Drude de Lacerda 11 Vulnerability of Mangrove Forests and Wetland Ecosystems in the Sundarbans Natural World Heritage Site (Bangladesh) / Shafi Noor Islam, Sandra Reinstädtler, and Albrecht Gnauck Part III Pollution and Contamination by Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals 12 The Impact of Oil and Gas Exploration: Invasive Nypa Palm Species and Urbanization on Mangroves in the Niger River Delta, Nigeria / Aroloye O. Numbere 13 Oil-Related Mangrove Loss East of Bonny River, Nigeria / Erich R. Gundlach 14 Sediment Hydrocarbons in Former Mangrove Areas, Southern Ogoniland, Eastern Niger Delta, Nigeria / David I. Little, Kay Holtzmann, Erich R. Gundlach, and Yakov Galperin 15 Heavy Metal Distribution and Accumulation from Natural and Anthropogenic Sources in Tropical Mangroves of India and Bangladesh / Prabhat Ranjan, Karuna Rao, Alok Kumar, and A. L. Ramanathan Part IV Assessment Techniques, Ecosystem Design, and Management Strategies 16 Ecosystem Design: When Mangrove Ecology Meets Human Needs / Martin Zimmer 17 Towards Sustainability and Protection of Threatened Coastal Ecosystems: Management Strategies for a Rare Stone Mangrove in Gorda Beach, Armação dos Búzios, Brazil / Marcelo Obraczka, Kátia Leite Mansur, and Gerson Cardoso da Silva, Jr. 18 Assessment and Management Strategies of Mangrove Forests Alongside the Mangsalut River Basin (Brunei Darussalam, on the Island of Borneo) / Shafi Noor Islam, Nurin Hidayati Hj Abd Rahman, Sandra Reinstädtler, and Mohd Nur Azri Bin Aladin 19 Mangrove Establishment in an Artificially Constructed Estuarine Channel, Sungei Api-Api, Singapore / Suzanna Ramos and Patrick A. Hesp 20 Interaction of Mangroves, Coastal Hydrodynamics, and Morphodynamics Along the Coastal Fringes of the Guianas / Erik A. Toorman, Edward Anthony, Pieter G. E. F. Augustinus, Antoine Gardel, Nicolas Gratiot, Oudho Homenauth, Nicolas Huybrechts, Jaak Monbaliu, Kene Moseley, and Sieuwnath Naipal 21 The Beneficial Effects of Mangrove Forest to Sea Defence Structures / Henk Jan Verhagen 22 Remote Sensing of Mangrove Forests: Current Techniques and Existing Databases / Stuart E. Hamilton, Gustavo A. Castellanos-Galindo, Marco Millones-Mayer, and Mara Chen 23 Urban Mangrove Biology and Ecology: Emergent Patterns and Management Implications / Benjamin Branoff 24 High-Throughput Techniques As Support for Knowledge-Based Spatial Conservation Prioritization in Mangrove Ecosystems / Véronique Helfer and Martin Zimmer Part V Conservation, Rehabilitation, and Governance 25 Mangrove Concessions: An Innovative Strategy for Community Mangrove Conservation in Ecuador / Fausto Vinicio López Rodríguez 26 Conserving Mangroves for Their Blue Carbon: Insights and Prospects for Community-Based Mangrove Management in Southeast Asia / Dixon T. Gevaña, Leni D. Camacho, and Juan M. Pulhin 27 Mangrove Habitats in São Tomé and Príncipe (Gulf of Guinea, Africa): Conservation and Management Status / R. Haroun, A. Herrero Barrencua, and A. D. Abreu 28 The Success of Hydrological Rehabilitation in Mangrove Wetlands Using Box Culverts Across Coastal Roads in Northern Yucatán (SE, México) / Claudia Teutli-Hernández and Jorge A. Herrera-Silveira 29 Mangroves on the Brazilian Amazon Coast: Uses and Rehabilitation / Marcus E. B. Fernandes, Francisco Pereira Oliveira, and Indira A. L. Eyzaguirre 30 Mangrove Restoration and Mitigation After Oil Spills and Development Projects in East Africa and the Middle East / David I. Little 31 Environmental Governance As a Framework for Mangrove Sustainability on the Brazilian Amazon Coast / Indira A. L. Eyzaguirre and Marcus E. B. Fernandes Erratum Index

Note: Contents Part I Introduction Population Genomics: Advancing Understanding of Nature / Gordon Luikart, Marty Kardos, Brian K. Hand, Om P. Rajora, Sally N. Aitken, and Paul A. Hohenlohe Part II Methods Genotyping and Sequencing Technologies in Population Genetics and Genomics / J. A. Holliday, E. M. Hallerman, and D. C. Haak Computational Tools for Population Genomics / Jarkko Salojärvi Population and Evolutionary Genetic Inferences in the Whole-Genome Era: Software Challenges / Alexandros Stamatakis Part III Concepts and Approaches Population Epigenomics: Advancing Understanding of Phenotypic Plasticity, Acclimation, Adaptation and Diseases / Ehren R. V. Moler, Abdulkadir Abakir, Maria Eleftheriou, Jeremy S. Johnson, Konstantin V. Krutovsky, Lara C. Lewis, Alexey Ruzov, Amy V. Whipple, and Om P. Rajora Landscape Genomics: Understanding Relationships Between Environmental Heterogeneity and Genomic Characteristics of Populations / Niko Balkenhol, Rachael Y. Dudaniec, Konstantin V. Krutovsky, Jeremy S. Johnson, David M. Cairns, Gernot Segelbacher, Kimberly A. Selkoe, Sophie von der Heyden, Ian J. Wang, Oliver Selmoni, and Stéphane Joost Paleogenomics: Genome-Scale Analysis of Ancient DNA and Population and Evolutionary Genomic Inferences / Tianying Lan and Charlotte Lindqvist Genome-Wide Association Studies and Heritability Estimation in the Functional Genomics Era / Dunia Pino Del Carpio, Roberto Lozano, Marnin D. Wolfe, and Jean-Luc Jannink Genomic Selection / Elisabeth Jonas, Freddy Fikse, Lars Rönnegård, and Elena Flavia Mouresan Part IV Population, Evolutionary and Ecological Genetics Applications and Inferences Population Genomics Provides Key Insights in Ecology and Evolution / Paul A. Hohenlohe, Brian K. Hand, Kimberly R. Andrews, and Gordon Luikart Inferring Demographic History Using Genomic Data / Jordi Salmona, Rasmus Heller, Martin Lascoux, and Aaron Shafer Advancing Biogeography Through Population Genomics / Jeremy S. Johnson, Konstantin V. Krutovsky, Om P. Rajora, Keith D. Gaddis, and David M. Cairns Adaptation Without Boundaries: Population Genomics in Marine Systems / Marjorie F. Oleksiak Population Genomics of Speciation and Admixture / Nicola J. Nadeau and Takeshi Kawakami Population Genomics of Colonization and Invasion / Shana R. Welles and Katrina M. Dlugosch Population Genomics of Crop Domestication: Current State and Perspectives / Philippe Cubry and Yves Vigouroux Population Genomics of Animal Domestication and Breed Development / Samantha Wilkinson and Pamela Wiener Population Genomics of Domestication and Breed Development in Canines in the Context of Cognitive, Social, Behavioral, and Disease Traits / Kristopher J. L. Irizarry and Elton J. R. Vasconcelos Index

Note: Contents 1 Introduction 2 Time and Geological Periods 3 Rocks and the Geological Record 4 The Age of the Rocks 5 Plate Tectonics, the Unifying Theory 6 Tectonics Units of Europe 6.1 Ancestral Europe 6.2 Paleo-Europe 6.3 Meso-Europe 6.4 Neo-Europe 7 Overview of the Plate Tectonic History of Europe 8 The Dynamic Earth, Earthquakes in Germany 9 Early Geological Evolution of Germany 9.1 The Pre-variscan Basement 9.2 Occurrences of Proterozoic and Early Paleozoic Units 9.2.1 Harz Mountains 9.2.2 Rheinisches Schiefergebirge 9.2.3 Lusatia 9.2.4 Elbe Zone 9.2.5 Erzgebirge 9.2.6 Schwarzburg Anticlinorium, Vesser Zone 9.2.7 Bohemian Massif 9.2.8 Black Forest 10 Late Paleozoic of Germany 10.1 The Variscan Orogeny 10.1.1 Rhenohercynian Zone 10.1.2 Saxothuringian Zone 10.1.3 Moldanubian Zone 10.2 Development of the Variscan Orogeny Through Time 10.2.1 Devonian 10.2.2 Carboniferous 10.3 The Variscides in Germany 10.3.1 Regional Geology of the Rhenohercynian 10.3.2 Northern Phyllite Zone 10.3.3 Regional Geology of the Saxothuringian 10.3.4 Saxothuringian (excluding the Mid-German Crystalline Zone) 10.3.5 Regional Geology of the Moldanubian 11 Permian and Mesozoic Geology of Germany 11.1 Post-Variscan History 11.2 Permian 11.2.1 Rotliegend 11.2.2 Zechstein 11.3 Permian/Triassic Boundary 11.4 Triassic 11.4.1 Buntsandstein (Bunter Sandstone) 11.4.2 Muschelkalk 11.4.3 Keuper 11.5 Triassic/Jurassic Boundary 11.6 Jurassic 11.6.1 Early Jurassic 11.6.2 Middle Jurassic 11.6.3 Late Jurassic 11.7 Cretaceous 11.7.1 Early Cretaceous 11.7.2 Late Cretaceous 11.8 Cretaceous/Tertiary Boundary 12 The Evolution of the Alps 12.1 Overview of the Tectonic Structure of the Alps 12.1.1 Helvetic 12.1.2 Penninic 12.1.3 Austroalpine and Southern Alpine Units 12.2 Development of the Alpine Region During the Permian 12.3 The Alpine Triassic 12.4 The Alpine Jurassic 12.5 The Alpine Region in the Cretaceous and Early Tertiary 12.6 The Tectonic Evolution of the Alps 13 Tertiary Basins 13.1 Tertiary Brown Coal Deposits 13.2 The Upper Rhine Graben 13.3 The Northern Alpine Foreland Basin—The Molasse 14 Tertiary and Quaternary Volcanism 14.1 Volcanism in the Eifel 14.2 Westerwald, Siebengebirge, Vogelsberg, Rhön, and Heldburger Gangschar 14.3 Small Chimneys in the Odenwald and the Messel Pit 14.4 Kaiserstuhl 14.5 Tuff Chimneys of Bad Urach, Hegau 14.6 Eger Graben Area, Fichtel Mountains, Vogtland, and Lusatia 15 Asteroid Craters 16 Germany During the Glacial Periods 16.1 Glacial and Interglacial Periods 16.2 Deposits and Erosion Forms of the Glacial Periods 16.3 The Baltic Sea—A Relic from the Last Glaciation Period Appendix References Index

Note: Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Complexity of the Climate System 1.2 Data Exploration, Data Mining and Feature Extraction 1.3 Major Concern in Climate Data Analysis 1.3.1 Characteristics of High-Dimensional Space Geometry 1.3.2 Curse of Dimensionality and Empty Space Phenomena 1.3.3 Dimension Reduction and Latent Variable Models 1.3.4 Some Problems and Remedies in Dimension Reduction 1.4 Examples of the Most Familiar Techniques 2 General Setting and Basic Terminology 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Simple Visualisation Techniques 2.3 Data Processing and Smoothing 2.3.1 Preliminary Checking 2.3.2 Smoothing 2.3.3 Simple Descriptive Statistics 2.4 Data Set-Up 2.5 Basic Notation/Terminology 2.5.1 Centring 2.5.2 Covariance Matrix 2.5.3 Scaling 2.5.4 Sphering 2.5.5 Singular Value Decomposition 2.6 Stationary Time Series, Filtering and Spectra 2.6.1 Univariate Case 2.6.2 Multivariate Case 3 Empirical Orthogonal Functions 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Eigenvalue Problems in Meteorology: Historical Perspective 3.2.1 The Quest for Climate Patterns: Teleconnections 3.2.2 Eigenvalue Problems in Meteorology 3.3 Computing Principal Components 3.3.1 Basis of Principal Component Analysis 3.3.2 Karhunen–Loéve Expansion 3.3.3 Derivation of PCs/EOFs 3.3.4 Computing EOFs and PCs 3.4 Sampling, Properties and Interpretation of EOFs 3.4.1 Sampling Variability and Uncertainty 3.4.2 Independent and Effective Sample Sizes 3.4.3 Dimension Reduction 3.4.4 Properties and Interpretation 3.5 Covariance Versus Correlation 3.6 Scaling Problems in EOFs 3.7 EOFs for Multivariate Normal Data 3.8 Other Procedures for Obtaining EOFs 3.9 Other Related Methods 3.9.1 Teleconnectivity 3.9.2 Regression Matrix 3.9.3 Empirical Orthogonal Teleconnection 3.9.4 Climate Network-Based Methods 4 Rotated and Simplified EOFs 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Rotation of EOFs 4.2.1 Background on Rotation 4.2.2 Derivation of REOFs 4.2.3 Computing REOFs 4.3 Simplified EOFs: SCoTLASS 4.3.1 Background 4.3.2 LASSO-Based Simplified EOFs 4.3.3 Computing the Simplified EOFs 5 Complex/Hilbert EOFs 5.1 Background 5.2 Conventional Complex EOFs 5.2.1 Pairs of Scalar Fields 5.2.2 Single Field 5.3 Frequency Domain EOFs 5.3.1 Background 5.3.2 Derivation of FDEOFs 5.4 Complex Hilbert EOFs 5.4.1 Hilbert Transform: Continuous Signals 5.4.2 Hilbert Transform: Discrete Signals 5.4.3 Application to Time Series 5.4.4 Complex Hilbert EOFs 5.5 Rotation of HEOFs 6 Principal Oscillation Patterns and Their Extension 6.1 Introduction 6.2 POP Derivation and Estimation 6.2.1 Spatial Patterns 6.2.2 Time Coefficients 6.2.3 Example 6.3 Relation to Continuous POPs 6.3.1 Basic Relationships 6.3.2 Finite Time POPs 6.4 Cyclo-Stationary POPs 6.5 Other Extensions/Interpretations of POPs 6.5.1 POPs and Normal Modes 6.5.2 Complex POPs 6.5.3 Hilbert Oscillation Patterns 6.5.4 Dynamic Mode Decomposition 6.6 High-Order POPs 6.7 Principal Interaction Patterns 7 Extended EOFs and SSA 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Dynamical Reconstruction and SSA 7.2.1 Background 7.2.2 Dynamical Reconstruction and SSA 7.3 Examples 7.3.1 White Noise 7.3.2 Red Noise 7.4 SSA and Periodic Signals 7.5 Extended EOFs or Multivariate SSA 7.5.1 Background 7.5.2 Definition and Computation of EEOFs 7.5.3 Data Filtering and Oscillation Reconstruction 7.6 Potential Interpretation Pitfalls 7.7 Alternatives to SSA and EEOFs 7.7.1 Recurrence Networks 7.7.2 Data-Adaptive Harmonic Decomposition 8 Persistent, Predictive and Interpolated Patterns 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Background on Persistence and Prediction of Stationary Time Series 8.2.1 Decorrelation Time 8.2.2 The Prediction Problem and Kolmogorov Formula 8.3 Optimal Persistence and Average Predictability 8.3.1 Derivation of Optimally Persistent Patterns 8.3.2 Estimation from Finite Samples 8.3.3 Average Predictability Patterns 8.4 Predictive Patterns 8.4.1 Introduction 8.4.2 Optimally Predictable Patterns 8.4.3 Computational Aspects 8.5 Optimally Interpolated Patterns 8.5.1 Background 8.5.2 Interpolation and Pattern Derivation 8.5.3 Numerical Aspects 8.5.4 Application 8.6 Forecastable Component Analysis 9 Principal Coordinates or Multidimensional Scaling 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Dissimilarity Measures 9.3 Metric Multidimensional Scaling 9.3.1 The Problem of Classical Scaling 9.3.2 Principal Coordinate Analysis 9.3.3 Case of Non-Euclidean Dissimilarity Matrix 9.4 Non-metric Scaling 9.5 Further Extensions 9.5.1 Replicated and Weighted MDS 9.5.2 Nonlinear Structure 9.5.3 Application to the Asian Monsoon 9.5.4 Scaling and the Matrix Nearness Problem 10 Factor Analysis 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The Factor Model 10.2.1 Background 10.2.2 Model Definition and Terminology 10.2.3 Model Identification 10.2.4 Non-unicity of Loadings 10.3 Parameter Estimation 10.3.1 Maximum Likelihood Estimates 10.3.2 Expectation Maximisation Algorithm 10.4 Factor Rotation 10.4.1 Oblique and Orthogonal Rotations 10.4.2 Examples of Rotation Criteria 10.5 Exploratory FA and Application to SLP Anomalies 10.5.1 Factor Analysis as a Matrix Decomposition Problem 10.5.2 A Factor Rotation 10.6 Basic Difference Between EOF and Factor Analyses 10.6.1 Comparison Based on the Standard Factor Model 10.6.2 Comparison Based on the Exploratory Factor Analysis Model 11 Projection Pursuit 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Definition and Purpose of Projection Pursuit 11.2.1 What Is Projection Pursuit? 11.2.2 Why Projection Pursuit? 11.3 Entropy and Structure of Random Variables 11.3.1 Shannon Entropy 11.3.2 Differential Entropy 11.4 Types of Projection Indexes 11.4.1 Quality of a Projection Index 11.4.2 Various PP Indexes 11.4.3 Practical Implementation 11.5 PP Regression and Density Estimation 11.5.1 PP Regression 11.5.2 PP Density Estimation 11.6 Skewness Modes and Climate Application of PP 12 Independent Component Analysis 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Background and Definition 12.2.1 Blind Deconvolution 12.2.2 Blind Source Separation 12.2.3 Definition of ICA 12.3 Independence and Non-normality 12.3.1 Statistical Independence 12.3.2 Non-normality 12.4 Information-Theoretic Measures 12.4.1 Entropy 12.4.2 Kullback–Leibler Divergence 12.4.3 Mutual Information 12.4.4 Negentropy 12.4.5 Useful Approximations 12.5 Independent Component Estimation 12.5.1 Choice of Objective Function for ICA 12.5.2 Numerical Implementation 12.6 ICA via EOF Rotation and Weather and Climate Application 12.6.1 The Standard Two-Way Problem 12.6.2 Extension to the Three-Way Data 12.7 ICA Generalisation: Independent Subspace Analysis 13 Kernel EOFs 13.1 Background 13.2 Kernel EOFs 13.2.1 Formulation of Kernel EOFs 13.2.2 Practical Details of Kernel EOF Computation 13.2.3 Illustration with Concentric Clusters 13.3 Relation to Other Approaches 13.3.1 Spectral Clustering 13.3.2 Modularity Clustering 13.4 Pre-images in Kernel PCA 13.5 Application to An Atmospheric Model and Reanalyses 13.5.1 Application to a Simplified Atmospheric Model 13.5.2 Application to Reanalyses 13.6 Other Extensions of Kernel EOFs 13.6.1 Extended Kernel EOFs 13.6.2 Kernel POPs 14 Functional and Regularised EOFs 14.1 Functional EOFs 14.2 Functional PCs and Discrete Sampling 14.3 An Example of Functional PCs from Oceanography 14.4 Regularised EOFs 14.4.1 General Setting 14.4.2 Case of Spatial Fields 14.5 Numerical Solution of the Full Regularised EOF Problem 14.6 Application of Regularised EOFs to SLP Anomalies 15 Methods for Coupled Patterns 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Canonical Correlation Analysis 15.2.1 Background 15.2.2 Formulation of CCA 15.2.3 Computational Aspect 15.2.4 Regularised CCA 15.2.5 Use of Correlation Matrices 15.3 Canonical Covariance Analysis 15.4 Redundancy Analysis 15.4.1 Redundancy Index 15.4.2 Redundancy Analysis 15.5 Application: Optimal Lag Between Two Fields and Other Extensions 15.5.1 Application of CCA 15.5.2 Application of Redundancy 15.6 Principal Predictors 15.7 Extension: Functional Smooth CCA 15.7.1 Introduction 15.7.2 Functional Non-smooth CCA and Indeterminacy 15.7.3 Smooth CCA/MCA 15.7.4 Application of SMCA to Space–Time Fields 15.8 Some Points on Coupled Patterns and Multiva

Note: Contents Part I Introduction 1 Antarctic Seaweeds: Biogeography, Adaptation, and Ecosystem Services / Iván Gómez and Pirjo Huovinen 1.1 Introduction: The Historical Context 1.2 Antarctic Seaweeds in the Wake of Climate Change 1.3 The Book 1.4 Gaps, Emerging Challenges, and Future Directions References Part II Diversity and Biogeography 2 Diversity of Antarctic Seaweeds / Mariana C. Oliveira, Franciane Pellizzari, Amanda S. Medeiros, and Nair S. Yokoya 2.1 The Antarctic Environment 2.2 Seaweeds in Antarctica: Definition and Importance 2.3 Seaweed Taxonomic Studies in Antarctica: Toward a New Species Compilation 2.4 Molecular Taxonomy for the Study of Antarctic Seaweed Diversity 2.5 Seaweed Distribution in Antarctica 2.6 Concluding Remarks: Gaps and Prospects for the Future References 3 Biogeographic Processes Influencing Antarctic and sub-Antarctic Seaweeds / Ceridwen I. Fraser, Adele Morrison, and Pamela Olmedo Rojas 3.1 Antarctica’s Place in the World: An Isolated Continent? 3.2 Physical Oceanographic Processes Influencing Movement of Seaweeds into or out of the Antarctic 3.3 Hitch-Hiking to the Antarctic: Passengers on Seaweed Rafts 3.4 Concluding Remarks References 4 Detached Seaweeds as Important Dispersal Agents Across the Southern Ocean / Erasmo C. Macaya, Fadia Tala, Iván A. Hinojosa, and Eva Rothäusler 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Detached Seaweeds in Antarctica 4.3 Abiotic Factors Influencing Floating Seaweeds 4.4 Biotic Factors Affecting Floating Seaweeds 4.5 Physiology of Floating and Drifting Seaweeds: Traspassing Thermal Barriers References 5 Biogeography of Antarctic Seaweeds Facing Climate Changes / Franciane Pellizzari, Luiz Henrique Rosa, and Nair S. Yokoya 5.1 The Abiotic Setting of the Southern Ocean 5.2 Biogeographic Patterns 5.3 Seaweed Assemblages: Are Antarctic Seaweed Diversity and Richness Changing? 5.4 The Physiological Bases of Macroalgal Shifts 5.5 Deception Island: A Case Study of Opportunistic, Alien, Cryptic and Cryptogenic Species 5.6 Reevaluating Eco-Regions, Isolation, and Endemism in the Southern Ocean 5.7 Concluding Remarks: Prospects for the Future Marine Flora of the Southern Ocean References 6 Comparative Phylogeography of Antarctic Seaweeds: Genetic Consequences of Historical Climatic Variations / Marie-Laure Guillemin, Claudio González-Wevar, Leyla Cárdenas, Hélène Dubrasquet, Ignacio Garrido, Alejandro Montecinos, Paula Ocaranza-Barrera, and Kamilla Flores Robles 6.1 Historical Isolation of Antarctic Marine Macroalgae 6.2 Antarctic Marine Macroalgae: Surviving Quaternary Glacial Cycles in Situ 6.3 Persistence in Multiple Isolated Glacial Refugia Versus a Single Antarctic Refugium 6.4 Antarctic Macroalgae Genetic Diversity: COI and TufA Sequences Data Sets 6.5 Brown, Red and Green Macroalgae: Sharing a Common Pattern of Glacial Impact and Postglacial Populations Recovery? 6.6 Concluding Remarks References Part III Physiology, Productivity and Environmental Reponses 7 Underwater Light Environment of Antarctic Seaweeds / Pirjo Huovinen and Iván Gómez 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Optics of Antarctic Coastal Waters 7.3 Adaptations of Antarctic Seaweeds to Extreme Light Conditions 7.4 Consequences for Light Field Under Current and Future Threats 7.5 Concluding Remarks References 8 Production and Biomass of Seaweeds in Newly Ice-Free Areas: Implications for Coastal Processes in a Changing Antarctic Environment / María L. Quartino, Leonardo A. Saravia, Gabriela L. Campana, Dolores Deregibus, Carolina V. Matula, Alicia L. Boraso, and Fernando R. Momo 8.1 Introduction: Seaweeds in Coastal Marine Ecosystems 8.2 Macroalgae and Carbon Fluxes in Antarctic Coastal Areas 8.3 Macroalgal Biomass Studies in Antarctica 8.4 The Ecosystem of Potter Cove: An Outstanding Case Study 8.5 A Dynamic Growth Model for Antarctic Macroalgae Under a Fast-Changing Environment 8.6 Seaweed Production in Present and Future Warming Scenarios 8.7 Future Prospects References 9 Carbon Balance Under a Changing Light Environment / Dolores Deregibus, Katharina Zacher, Inka Bartsch, Gabriela L. Campana, Fernando R. Momo, Christian Wiencke, Iván Gómez, and María L. Quartino 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Carbon Balance: A Case Study in Potter Cove 9.3 New Scenarios and Their Implications for Algal Photosynthesis 9.4 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects References 10 Life History Strategies, Photosynthesis, and Stress Tolerance in Propagules of Antarctic Seaweeds / Nelso Navarro, Pirjo Huovinen, and Iván Gómez 10.1 Seasonal Strategies and Life History Cycles 10.2 Photosynthetic Light Requirements of Early Stages 10.3 Effects of Environmental Factors on the Biology of Propagules 10.4 Concluding Remarks: Biology of Propagules under Climate Change References 11 Form and Function in Antarctic Seaweeds: Photobiological Adaptations, Zonation Patterns, and Ecosystem Feedbacks / Iván Gómez and Pirjo Huovinen 11.1 Brief Overview of Form and Function in Seaweeds 11.2 Functional Groups of Seaweeds in the Antarctic 11.3 The Vertical Zonation of Antarctic Seaweeds: A Paradigm of Spatial Distribution of Different Morpho-functional Traits 11.4 Light Use Characteristics as a Major Factor Delineating Physiological Thallus Anatomy of Seaweeds 11.5 Form and Function in the Context of Life Strategies and Stress Tolerance 11.6 Functional Traits of Seaweeds and Properties of Benthic Communitie 11.7 Concluding Remarks References Part IV Biological Interactions and Ecosystem Processes 12 Successional Processes in Antarctic Benthic Algae / Gabriela L. Campana, Katharina Zacher, Fernando R. Momo, Dolores Deregibus, Juan Ignacio Debandi, Gustavo A. Ferreyra, Martha E. Ferrario, Christian Wiencke, and María L. Quartino 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Structural Patterns and Changes in Algal Community Composition during Succession 12.3 Ecological Factors Influencing Antarctic Algal Succession 12.4 Experimental Approaches to Study In Situ Succession of Antarctic Benthic Algae 12.5 Concluding Remarks and Perspectives References 13 Seaweed-Herbivore Interactions: Grazing as Biotic Filtering in Intertidal Antarctic Ecosystems / Nelson Valdivia 13.1 Biological Invasions and Their Impact on the Ecology of Antarctic Coastal Systems 13.2 Recent Introductions of Exotic Macroalgae in Antarctica 13.3 Can Grazers Control Alien Macroalgae in Antarctica? 13.4 Ulva intestinalis as a Case Study in a Simple, Two- Species Assembly Model 13.5 Concluding Remarks References 14 Diversity and Functioning of Antarctic Seaweed Microbiomes / Juan Diego Gaitan-Espitia and Matthias Schmid 14.1 Introduction: Environment and Antarctic Seaweed Host-Microbiome 14.2 Functional Interactions of Antarctic Seaweeds and Their Associated Microbiota 14.3 Deciphering the Structure and Diversity of Seaweed Microbiomes 14.4 Variation of Bacterial Community Diversity in Antarctic Seaweeds 14.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References 15 Seaweeds in the Antarctic Marine Coastal Food Web / Fernando R. Momo, Georgina Cordone, Tomás I. Marina, Vanesa Salinas, Gabriela L. Campana, Mariano A. Valli, Santiago R. Doyle, and Leonardo A. Saravia 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Food Webs and Seaweeds 15.3 Network Dynamics and Robustness 15.4 Non-Trophic Interactions 15.5 Final Remarks References 16 Trophic Networks and Ecosystem Functioning / Marco Ortiz, Brenda B. Hermosillo-Núñez, and Ferenc Jordán 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Macroscopic Ecosystem-Network Properties 16.3 Keystone Species Complex (KSC) 16.4 Contribution of Keystone Species Complex to Macroscopic Network Properties 16.5 Constrains and Perspectives Appendix 16.A References Part V Chemical Ecology 17 Chemical Mediation of Antarctic Macroalga-Grazer Interactions / Charles D. Amsler, James B. McClintock, and Bill J. Baker 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Feeding Bioassay Methodology 17.3 Antarctic Macroalgal Resistance to Herbivory 17.4 Macroalga-Invertebrate Interactions on the Western Antarctic Peninsula 17.5 Overview References 18 Brown Algal Phlorotannins: An Overview of Their Functional Roles / Iván Gómez and Pirjo

Note: Contents 1 The Ecology of Browsing and Grazing II / Iain J. Gordon and Herbert H. T. Prins 2 The Palaeontology of Browsing and Grazing / Juha Saarinen 3 The Paleoecological Impact of Grazing and Browsing: Consequences of the Late Quaternary Large Herbivore Extinctions / John Rowan and J. T. Faith 4 Morphological and Physiological Adaptations for Browsing and Grazing / Daryl Codron, Reinhold R. Hofmann, and Marcus Clauss 5 Feeding Ecology of Large Browsing and Grazing Herbivores / Jan A. Venter, Mika M. Vermeulen, and Christopher F. Brooke 6 Population Dynamics of Browsing and Grazing Ungulates in the Anthropocene / Christian Kiffner and Derek E. Lee 7 Community Dynamics of Browsing and Grazing Ungulates / Charudutt Mishra, Munib Khanyari, Herbert H. T. Prins, and Kulbhushansingh R. Suryawanshi 8 Weather and Climate Impacts on Browsing and Grazing Ungulates / Randall B. Boone 9 Impacts of Browsing and Grazing Ungulates on Soil Biota and Nutrient Dynamics / Judith Sitters and Walter S. Andriuzzi 10 Effects of Grazing and Browsing on Tropical Savanna Vegetation / Frank van Langevelde, Claudius A. D. M. van de Vijver, Herbert H. T. Prins, and Thomas A. Groen 11 Impacts of Browsing and Grazing Ungulates on Plant Characteristics and Dynamics / Autumn E. Sabo 12 Impacts of Browsing and Grazing Ungulates on Faunal Biodiversity / Krisztián Katona and Corli Coetsee 13 Interactions Between Fire and Herbivory: Current Understanding and Management Implications / Izak P. J. Smit and Corli Coetsee 14 Managing Browsing and Grazing Ungulates / Richard W. S. Fynn, David J. Augustine, and Samuel D. Fuhlendorf 15 The Ecology of Browsing and Grazing in Other Vertebrate Taxa / Iain J. Gordon, Herbert H. T. Prins, Jordan Mallon, Laura D. Puk, Everton B. P. Miranda, Carolina Starling-Manne, René van der Wal, Ben Moore, William Foley, Lucy Lush, Renan Maestri, Ikki Matsuda, and Marcus Clauss 16 Browsers and Grazers Drive the Dynamics of Ecosystems / Iain J. Gordon and Herbert H. T. Prins Index

Note: Contents 1 Deep Water Masses of the South and North Atlantic 1.1 General Description 1.2 Global Overturning Circulation 1.3 Mechanisms of the Formation of the Deep and Bottom Waters 1.4 Classifications of Deep and Bottom Waters in the Atlantic 1.5 Upper Circumpolar Water and Upper Circumpolar Deep Water 1.6 North Atlantic Deep Water 1.7 Lower Circumpolar Water and Lower Circumpolar Deep Water, Circumpolar Bottom Water, Southeast Pacific Deep Water, and Warm Deep Water 1.8 Antarctic Bottom Water References 2 General Overview of Abyssal Pathways, and Channels (for Waters of the Antarctic Origin) 2.1 Propagation of Deep and Bottom Waters as Series of Deep Cataracts 2.2 Propagation of Antarctic Waters in the Abyss of the Atlantic 2.3 Comparison of Spreading of Water Masses Reference 3 Source Regions 3.1 Weddell Sea and Weddell Gyre 3.2 Agulhas and Cape Basins 3.3 Drake Passage, Scotia Sea, and Georgia Basin 3.3.1 General Description and Bottom Topography 3.3.2 Deep and Bottom Water Masses and Previous Concepts of Circulation 3.3.3 Analysis of Recent Data 3.4 Antarctic Bottom Water in the Argentine Basin References 4 Exchange Between the Argentine and Brazil Basins; Abyssal Pathways and Bottom Flow Channels (for Waters of the Antarctic Origin) 4.1 General Description 4.2 Vema Channel 4.2.1 Topography and General Description 4.2.2 History of Research and Datasets of Long-Term Observations 4.2.3 Deep and Bottom Waters 4.2.4 Section Along the Channel 4.2.5 Structure of the Flow. Sections Across the Channel 4.2.6 Trends in Potential Temperature and Salinity of the Coldest Bottom Water Observed Since 1972 4.2.7 Salinity Variations 4.2.8 Flow in the Southern Part of the Channel at the Boundary with the Argentine Basin 4.2.9 Moored Observations of Velocities in the Channel 4.2.10 Measurements with the Lowered ADCP 4.2.11 Extreme Transport Velocities of Antarctic Bottom Water in the Deep-Water Vema Channel 4.2.12 Flow of Antarctic Bottom Water from the Vema Channel 4.3 Modeling of Antarctic Bottom Water Flow in the South Atlantic 4.4 Modeling of Antarctic Bottom Water Flow Through the Vema Channel 4.5 Santos Plateau 4.6 Hunter Channel References 5 Further Propagation of Antarctic Bottom Water from the Brazil Basin 5.1 Brazil Basin 5.2 Flow in the Guiana Basin and Westward Equatorial Channels 5.3 North American Basin 5.4 Eastward Equatorial Channels. The Romanche and Chain Fracture Zones 5.4.1 Research History 5.4.2 Bottom Topography 5.4.3 Hydrography of the Romanche and Chain Fracture Zones 5.4.4 Currents in the Eastern Parts of the Romanche and Chain Fracture Zones 5.4.5 Temperature Distributions Along the Romanche and Chain Fracture Zone 5.4.6 Long-Term Variations in Temperature and Salinity 5.4.7 Inflow of Antarctic Bottom Water and Deep Spillway in the Western Part of the Romanche Fracture Zone 5.4.8 Summary 5.4.9 Abyssal Spillway at the Main Sill in the Chain Fracture Zone 5.4.10 Abyssal Spillway at the Nameless Sill of the Romanche Fracture Zone 5.4.11 Modeling of the Flow in the Romanche Fracture Zone References 6 Fractures in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge of the North Atlantic 6.1 Vema Fracture Zone 6.1.1 Bottom Topography 6.1.2 Measurements 6.1.3 Structure of Bottom Flow Based on the Measurements in 2006 6.1.4 Bottom Water Transport Based on the Measurements in 2006 6.1.5 Bottom Flow Through the Vema Fracture Zone Based on the Measurements in 2014–2016 6.2 Other Fracture Zones of the Northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge 6.2.1 Strakhov Fracture Zone (Four North Fracture Zone) (3° 53' N) 6.2.2 Bogdanov Fracture Zone (7° 10' N) 6.2.3 Nameless Fracture Zone (7° 28' N) 6.2.4 Vernadsky Fracture Zone (7° 49' N) 6.2.5 Doldrums Fracture Zone (8° N) and a Rift Valley South of It 6.2.6 Arkhangelsky Fracture Zone (9° N) 6.2.7 Ten Degree Fracture Zone (9° 57' N) 6.2.8 Rift Valley South of the Vema Fracture Zone (10° 21' N) 6.2.9 Marathon Fracture Zone (12° 40' N) 6.2.10 Fifteen Twenty Fracture Zone (Cabo Verde Fracture Zone) (15° 16' N) 6.2.11 Kane Fracture Zone (24° N) 6.2.12 Pathways and AABW Transport Through the Northern Part of the MAR 6.3 Modeling of the Flow Through the Northern MAR References . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Eastern Basin Pathways and Further Propagation of Antarctic Bottom Water in the East Atlantic 7.1 General Description 7.2 Mixing Caused by the Barotropic Tide 7.3 Kane Gap 7.4 Angola Basin References 8 Passages in the East Azores Ridge 8.1 General Description 8.2 Discovery Gap 8.3 Western Gap 8.4 Modeling References 9 Flows Through the Northern Channels in the North Atlantic 9.1 Charlie Gibbs Fracture Zone 9.2 Overflow in the Denmark Strait 9.3 Overflow in the Faroe-Shetland Channel 9.4 Overflow in the Gibraltar Strait 9.5 Gravity Current in the Bear Island Trough References Summary of Research and Integrated Conclusions

Note: Contents 1 Origin and Evolution of Atmospheres Introduction Machine-Generated Summaries 2 Downscaling, Regional Models and Impacts Introduction Machine-Generated Summaries 3 Response and Alternative Theories in Climate Change Introduction Machine-Generated Summaries 4 Stochastic Weather and Climate Models Introduction Machine-Generated Summaries 5 Progress in Climate Modeling Introduction Machine-Generated Summaries 6 Maximum Entropy Production (MEP) and Climate Introduction Machine-Generated Summaries 7 Astrobiology and Development of Human Civilization Introduction Machine-Generated Summaries 8 Planets and Exoplanets, Habitability Sustainability and Time Introduction Machine-Generated Summaries 9 Geobiology Introduction Machine-Generated Summaries 10 The Fermi Paradox Introduction Machine-Generated Summaries 11 The Gaia Hypothesis, Evolution and Ecology Introduction Machine-Generated Summaries

Note: Contents Part I Python for Geologists: A Kickoff 1 Setting Up Your Python Environment, Easily 1.1 The Python Programming Language 1.2 Programming Paradigms 1.3 A Local Python Environment for Scientific Computing 1.4 Remote Python Environments 1.5 Python Packages for Scientific Applications 1.6 Python Packages Specifically Developed for Geologists 2 Python Essentials for a Geologist 2.1 Start Working with IPython Console 2.2 Naming and Style Conventions 2.3 Working with Python Scripts 2.4 Conditional Statements, Indentation, Loops, and Functions 2.5 Importing External Libraries 2.6 Basic Operations and Mathematical Functions 3 Solving Geology Problems Using Python: An Introduction 3.1 My First Binary Diagram Using Python 3.2 Making Our First Models in Earth Science 3.3 Quick Intro to Spatial Data Representation Part II Describing Geological Data 4 Graphical Visualization of a Geological Data Set 4.1 Statistical Description of a Data Set: Key Concepts 4.2 Visualizing Univariate Sample Distributions 4.3 Preparing Publication-Ready Binary Diagrams 4.4 Visualization of Multivariate Data: A First Attempt 5 Descriptive Statistics 1: Univariate Analysis 5.1 Basics of Descriptive Statistics 5.2 Location 5.3 Dispersion or Scale 5.4 Skewness 5.5 Descriptive Statistics in Pandas 5.6 Box Plots 6 Descriptive Statistics 2: Bivariate Analysis 6.1 Covariance and Correlation 6.2 Simple Linear Regression 6.3 Polynomial Regression 6.4 Nonlinear Regression Part III Integrals and Differential Equations in Geology 7 Numerical Integration 7.1 Definite Integrals 7.2 Basic Properties of Integrals 7.3 Analytical and Numerical Solutions of Definite Integrals 7.4 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus and Analytical Solutions 7.5 Numerical Solutions of Definite Integrals 7.6 Computing the Volume of Geological Structures 7.7 Computing the Lithostatic Pressure 8 Differential Equations 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Ordinary Differential Equations 8.3 Numerical Solutions of First-Order Ordinary Differential Equations 8.4 Fick’s Law of Diffusion—A Widely Used Partial Differential Equation Part IV Probability Density Functions and Error Analysis 9 Probability Density Functions and Their Use in Geology 9.1 Probability Distribution and Density Functions 9.2 The Normal Distribution 9.3 The Log-Normal Distribution 9.4 Other Useful PDFs for Geological Applications 9.5 Density Estimation 9.6 The Central Limit Theorem and Normal Distributed Means 10 Error Analysis 10.1 Dealing with Errors in Geological Measurements 10.2 Reporting Uncertainties in Binary Diagrams 10.3 Linearized Approach to Error Propagation 10.4 The Mote Carlo Approach to Error Propagation Part V Robust Statistics and Machine Learning 11 Introduction to Robust Statistics 11.1 Classical and Robust Approaches to Statistics 11.2 Normality Tests 11.3 Robust Estimators for Location and Scale 11.4 Robust Statistics in Geochemistry 12 Machine Learning 12.1 Introduction to Machine Learning in Geology 12.2 Machine Learning in Python 12.3 A Case Study of Machine Learning in Geology Appendix A: Python Packages and Resources for Geologists Appendix B: Introduction to Object Oriented Programming Appendix C: The Matplotlib Object Oriented API Appendix D: Working with Pandas Further Readings

Note: Contents 1 End Poverty in All Its Forms Everywhere / Joel C. Gill, Sarah Caven, and Ekbal Hussain 2 Zero Hunger / Benson H. Chishala, Rhoda Mofya-Mukuka, Lydia M. Chabala, and Elias Kuntashula 3 Ensure Healthy Lives and Promote Well-Being for All At All Ages / Kim Dowling, Rachael Martin, Singarayer K. Florentine, and Dora C. Pearce 4 Quality Education / Ellen Metzger, David Gosselin, and Cailin Huyck Orr 5 Achieve Gender Equality and Empower All Women and Girls / Ezzoura Errami, Gerel Ochir, and Silvia Peppoloni 6 Clean Water and Sanitation / Kirsty Upton and Alan MacDonald 7 Affordable and Clean Energy / Michael H. Stephenson 8 Decent Work and Economic Growth / Katrien An Heirman, Joel C. Gill, and Sarah Caven 9 Infrastructure, Industry, and Innovation / Joel C. Gill, Ranjan Kumar Dahal, and Martin Smith 10 Reduce Inequality Within and Amongst Countries / Melissa Moreano and Joel C. Gill 11 Sustainable Cities and Communities / Martin Smith and Stephanie Bricker 12 Ensure Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns / Joseph Mankelow, Martin Nyakinye, and Evi Petavratzi 13 Climate Action / Joy Jacqueline Pereira, T. F. Ng, and Julian Hunt 14 Conserve and Sustainably Use the Oceans, Seas, and Marine Resources / Michael G. Petterson, Hyeon-Ju Kim, and Joel C. Gill 15 Life on Land / Eric O. Odada, Samuel O. Ochola, and Martin Smith 16 Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions / Joel C. Gill, Amel Barich, Nic Bilham, Sarah Caven, Amy Donovan, Marleen de Ruiter, and Martin Smith 17 Partnerships for the Goals / Susanne Sargeant, Joel C. Gill, Michael Watts, Kirsty Upton, and Richard Ellison 18 Reshaping Geoscience to Help Deliver the Sustainable Development Goals / Joel C. Gill Index

Note: Contents Sub-Basin Scale Heterogeneity in the Polymeric Composition of Floating Microplastics in the Mediterranean Sea / Giuseppe Suaria, Carlo Giacomo Avio, Francesco Regoli and Stefano Aliani Floating Microplastics in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea: Temporal and Spatial Heterogeneities / Mel Constant, Philippe Kerherve, Jennifer Sola, Anna Sanchez-Vidal, Miquel Canals and Serge Heussner Microplastic Abundance and Polymer Types in a Mediterranean Environment / Nikoletta Digka, Catherine Tsangaris, Helen Kaberi, Argyro Adamopoulou and Christina Zeri TARA Mediterranean Expedition: Assessing the Impact of Microplastics on Mediterranean Ecosystem / Maria Luiza Pedrotti, Maria Grazia Mazzocchi, Fabien Lombard, François Galgani, Marie Emmanuelle Kerros, Maryvonne Henry, Amanda Elineau, Stéphanie Petit, María Luz Fernandez-de-Puelles, Stéphane Gasparini, Valentina Tirelli, Jean-Louis Jamet and Gabriel Gorsky Statistical Methodology for Identifying Microplastic Samples Collected During TARA Mediterranean Campaign / Mathilde Falcou-Préfol, Mikaël Kedzierski, Jonathan Villain, Marie Emmanuelle Kerros, Amanda Elineau, Maria Luiza Pedrotti and Stéphane Bruzaud Toward 3D Modeling the Plastic Marine Debris in the Mediterranean / Giovanni Coppini, Svitlana Liubartseva, Rita Lecci, Sergio Cretì, Giorgia Verri, Emanuela Clementi and Nadia Pinardi Assessment of Microplastics Marine Pollution from an Environmental NGO’s Point of View: The First Study About the Widespread Presence of Plastic Pellets Along the Italian Coast / Stefania Di Vito, Giorgio Zampetti, Maria Sighicelli, Serena Carpentieri and Loris Pietrelli Microplastics from Wastewater Treatment Plants—Preliminary Data / Ricardo Gouveia, Joana Antunes, Paula Sobral and Leonor Amaral Challenging the Microplastic Extraction from Sandy Sediments / Mikaël Kedzierski, Véronique Le Tilly, Patrick Bourseau, Hervé Bellegou, Guy César, Olivier Sire and Stéphane Bruzaud Are Our Synthetic Fabrics Released into the Marine Environment? Evidences on Microplastics Pollution in Wastewater Coming from Our Laundry / Raquel Villalba, Àngels Rovira and Laura Gelabert Analytical Approach for the Detection of Micro-sized Fibers from Textile Laundry / Jasmin Haap and Edith Classen Study on Microplastics Release from Fishing Nets / Alessio Montarsolo, Raffaella Mossotti, Alessia Patrucco, Marina Zoccola, Rosalinda Caringella, Pier Davide Pozzo and Claudio Tonin A Research on Microplastic Presence in Outdoor Air / Meral Yurtsever, Ahmet Tunahan Kaya and Senem Çiftçi Bayraktar Commonly Used Disposable Plastic Bags as a Source of Microplastic in Environment / Meral Yurtsever and Ulaş Yurtsever From Coral Triangle to Trash Triangle—How the Hot spot of Global Marine Biodiversity Is Threatened by Plastic Waste / Markus T. Lasut, Miriam Weber, Fransisco Pangalila, Natalie D. C. Rumampuk, Joice R. T. S. L. Rimper, Veibe Warouw, Stella T. Kaunang and Christian Lott Preliminary Assessment of Microplastic Accumulation in Wild Mediterranean Species / Manuela Piccardo, Serena Felline and Antonio Terlizzi Zooplankton and Plastic Additives—Insights into the Chemical Pollution of the Low-Trophic Level of the Mediterranean Marine Food Web / Natascha Schmidt, Javier Castro-Jiménez, Vincent Fauvelle and Richard Sempéré Microplastics in Juvenile Commercial Fish from an Estuarine Environment / Filipa Bessa, Pablo Barría, João M. Neto, João P. G. L. Frias, Vanessa Otero, Paula Sobral and João Carlos Marques Plastic Soles: Microplastic Litter in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Solea solea from the Adriatic Sea / Giulio Pellini, Alessio Gomiero, Tomaso Fortibuoni, Gianna Fabi, Fabio Grati, Anna Nora Tassetti, Piero Polidori, Carmen Ferra Vega and Giuseppe Scarcella Size-Selective Feeding by Mesopelagic Fish Can Impact Ocean Surface Abundance of Small Plastic Particles / John van den Hoff, Cecilia Eriksson, Harry Burton and Martin Schultz Dynamics in Microplastic Ingestion During the Past Six Decades in Herbivorous Fish on the Mediterranean Israeli Coast / Noam van der Hal, Erez Yeruham and Dror L. Angel Nanoplastic Impact on Human Health—A 3D Intestinal Model to Study the Interaction with Nanoplastic Particles / Roman Lehner, Alke Petri-Fink and Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser Imitating the Weathering of Microplastics in the Marine Environment / Kathrin Oelschlägel, Jenny Pfeiffer and Annegret Potthoff Microbial Degradation of HDPE Secondary Microplastics: Preliminary Results / Panagiota Tsiota, Katerina Karkanorachaki, Evdokia Syranidou, Martina Franchini and Nicolas Kalogerakis Assessing Marine Biodegradability of Plastic—Towards an Environmentally Relevant International Standard Test Scheme / Miriam Weber, Dorothée Makarow, Boris Unger, Nike Mortier, Bruno De Wilde, Miriam van Eekert, Els Schuman, Maurizio Tosin, Michele Pognani, Francesco Degli Innocenti, Demetres Briassolis, Antonis Mistriotis, Maarten van der Zee and Christian Lott Marine Fate of Biodegradable Plastic—Substitution Potential and Ecological Impacts / Christian Lott, Andreas Eich, Nora-Charlotte Pauli, Tobias Mildenberger, Christian Laforsch, Jana S. Petermann, Markus T. Lasut and Miriam Weber Biodegradable Poly(Butylene Succinate)-Based Composites for Food Packaging / Salvatore Mallardo, Valentina De Vito, Mario Malinconico, Maria Grazia Volpe, Gabriella Santagata and Maria Laura Di Lorenzo Degradation of Biodegradable Plastic Buried in Sand / Mariacristina Cocca, Francesca De Falco, Gennaro Gentile, Roberto Avolio, Maria Emanuela Errico, Emilia Di Pace and Maurizio Avella Non-conventional Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Alginates from Sargassum Seaweed: From Coastal Waste to a Novel Polysaccharide Source / Gabriella Santagata, Giorgio Grillo, Barbara Immirzi, Silvia Tabasso, Giancarlo Cravotto and Mario Malinconico Eco-Sustainable Finishing Treatment of Polyamide Fabrics to Reduce the Release of Microplastics During Washing Processes / Francesca De Falco, Maria Pia Gullo, Gennaro Gentile, Roberto Avolio, Maria Emanuela Errico, Emilia Di Pace, Veronica Ambrogi, Maurizio Avella and Mariacristina Cocca Mitigation of the Impact Caused by Microfibers Released During Washings by Implementing New Chitosan Finishing Treatments / Raffaella Mossotti, Alessio Montarsolo, Alessia Patrucco, Marina Zoccola, Rosalinda Caringella, Pier Davide Pozzo and Claudio Tonin MWCNT/Polyaniline Nanocomposites Used for pH Nanosensors of Marine Waters / Anita Grozdanov, Aleksandar Petrovski, Perica Paunovik, Aleksandar T. Dimitrov and Maurizio Avella Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Wastewater Using Bio- and Nanosorbents / Anita Grozdanov, Katerina Atkovska, Kiril Lisickov, Gordana Ruseska and Aleksandar T. Dimitrov Banning Microplastics in Cosmetic Products in Europe: Legal Challenges / Esther Kentin

Note: Contents Part I Introduction 1 Evolution and Progress Accomplished During Previous French-Japanese Symposiums of Oceanography / Hubert-Jean Ceccaldi 2 Challenge to Resolve Problems in the Ocean and Coastal Waters in Future Earth with Stronger Cooperation Between the Two Societies Franco-Japonaise of Oceanography / Teruhisa Komatsu Part II Natural and Anthropogenic Impacts 3 Slower Decrease in Radioactive Concentrations in Some Fish Species After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Disaster / Hisayuki Arakawa 4 Influence of Behavioral Patterns of Several Fish Species on Their Radioactive Cesium Concentrations Revealed with a Biotelemetry System After the Nuclear Accident Caused by the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake / Keiichi Uchida, Kohei Hasegawa, Yoshinori Miyamoto, Hisayuki Arakawa, Seiji Akiyama and Naoto Hirakawa 5 Estimate of Water Quality Change in Osaka Bay Caused by the Suspension of Marine Sediment with Mega Tsunami / Mitsuru Hayashi, Satoshi Nakada, Shunich Koshimura and Eiichi Kobayashi 6 Litter in the Mediterranean Sea / François Galgani 7 The European eel (Anguilla anguilla) in France: An Example of Close Cooperation Among Researchers and Fishers to Study and Manage an Endangered Species / Patrick Prouzet, Elsa Amilhat, Catherine Boisneau, Philippe Boisneau, Eric Feunteun and Nicolas Michelet 8 Trophic Cascade in Seaweed Beds in Sanriku Coast Hit by the Huge Tsunami on 11 March 2011: Sea Urchin Fishery as a Satoumi Activity Serving for Increase in Marine Productivity and Biodiversity / Teruhisa Komatsu, Shuji Sasa, Hiroki Murata, Shuhei Sawayama, Masahiro Hamana, Minami Asada, Ryo Tsujimoto, Genki Terauchi and Tetsuo Yanagi 9 The English Channel: Becoming like the Seas Around Japan / Jean-Claude Dauvin, Jean-Philippe Pezy and Alexandrine Baffreau Part III Physical Oceanography 10 Recent Research Results and Future Project in the Antarctic Ocean by Umitaka-Maru Research Group for Physical Oceanography / Yujiro Kitade, Keishi Shimada, Shigeru Aoki and Kay I. Ohshima 11 Response of Near-Inertial Internal Waves to Various Typhoon-Tracks Around the Tango Peninsula, Japan / Keiichi Yamazaki, Yujiro Kitade, Yosuke Igeta, Yutaka Kumaki and Tatsuro Watanabe 12 A High-Resolution Unstructured Grid Finite Volume Model for Currents Around Narrow Straits of Matsushima Bay / Hidekazu Shirai, Ritsuki Kunisato, Shinya Magome, Teruhisa Hattori, Takamasa Takagi, Katsuaki Okabe, Kazufumi Takayanagi and Shigeho Kakehi 13 Observation of Near-Bottom Current on the Continental Shelf Off Sanriku / Daigo Yanagimoto, Kiyoshi Tanaka, Shinzou Fujio, Hajime Nishigaki and Miho Ishizu Part IV Innovative Research 14 Control of Pressure-Driven Microdroplet Formation and Optimum Encapsulation in Microfluidic System / Mathias Girault, Akihiro Hattori, Hyonchol Kim, Kenji Matsuura, Masao Odaka, Hideyuki Terazono and Kenji Yasuda 15 Development of a De-oiling System for Seabed Sediments / Yoshichika Ikeda, Motohiro Miki, Hisayuki Arakawa and Mitsuru Izumi 16 Development of an Optical Detection System of Fuel Oil on Seabed Sediments / Akira Matsumoto, Kazuki Toguchi, Yoshichika Ikeda and Hisayuki Arakawa 17 Retinomotor and Stress Responses of Marbled Sole Pseudopleuronectes Yokohamae Under the LEDs / Rena Shibata, Yasuyuki Uto, Kenichi Ishibashi and Takashi Yada 18 Metabolome Profiling of Growth Hormone Transgenic Coho Salmon by Capillary Electrophoresis Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry / Toshiki Nakano, Hitoshi Shirakawa, Giles Yeo, Robert H. Devlin and Tomoyoshi Soga 19 Estimating the Diets of Fish Using Stomach Contents Analysis and a Bayesian Stable Isotope Mixing Models in Sendai Bay / Hiroyuki Togashi, Yukinori Nakane, Yosuke Amano and Yutaka Kurita Part V Coastal Ecosystem and Management 20 Ecological Status of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar L.) in France: Need for an Ecosystemic Approach / Patrick Prouzet and Nicolas Michelet 21 Challenges to Harmonize Sustainable Fishery with Environmental Conservation in the Coastal Ecosystems Under Oligotrophication / Masakazu Hori, Masahito Hirota, Franck Lagarde, Sandrine Vaz, Masami Hamaguchi, Naoaki Tezuka, Mitsutaku Makino and Ryo Kimura 22 One-Year Colonization by Zoobenthic Species on an Eco-Friendly Artificial Reef in the English Channel Intertidal Zone / Jean-Claude Dauvin and Aurélie Foveau 23 New Installations of Artificial Reefs Along the Coast of the Landes (South–West Atlantic Coast of France) / Gérard Fourneau, Florence Dufour, Aurélie Penne, Nelly Ferrou, Thomas Scourzic, Aurore Laborde and Elodie Zaccari 24 Marine Ecosystem Services: Perception of Residents from Remote Islands, Taketomi Town / Kazumi Wakita, Keiyu Kohama, Takako Masuda, Katsumi Yoshida, Taro Oishi, Zhonghua Shen, Nobuyuki Yagi, Hisahi Kurokura, Ken Furuya and Yasuwo Fukuyo 25 Quantitative Mapping of Fish Habitat: From Knowledge to Spatialised Fishery Management / Sandrine Vaz and Olivier Le Pape 26 Do Our Ocean Policies Make Any Difference in the Wellbeing of Coastal Communities? / Yves Henocque Part VI Aquaculture 27 Heterogeneity of Japanese Oyster (Crassostrea Gigas) Spat Collection in a Shellfish Farmed Mediterranean Lagoon / Franck Lagarde, Martin Ubertini, Serge Mortreux, Adeline Perignon, Axel Leurion, Patrik Le Gall, Claude Chiantella, Slem Meddah, Jean-Louis Guillou, Gregory Messiaen, Béatrice Bec, Cécile Roques, Delphine Bonnet, Hélène Cochet, Ismaël Bernard, Erika Gervasoni, Marion Richard, Gilles Miron, Annie Fiandrino, Stephane Pouvreau and Emmanuelle Roque D’orbcastel 28 Suitable Oyster Culture Density in Oginohama Bay, Miyagi, Japan / Yutaka Okumura, Akatsuki Nawata, Hiroshi Ito, Akio Oshino and Motoyuki Hara 29 Population Dynamics of the Manila Clam Ruditapes Philippinarum and Implications of the 2011 Tsunami Impact in Two Shallow, Semi-enclosed Bays in Northeastern Japan / Hirokazu Abe, Masami Hamaguchi, Naoto Kajihara, Yuichi Taniai, Akio Oshino, Akihiro Moriyama and Takashi Kamiyama 30 Feed and Feeding in Certification Schemes of Sustainable Aquaculture / Catherine Mariojouls, Raphaëla Le Gouvello and François Simard Part VII Short and Preliminary Communications 31 French Bluefin Tuna Longline Fishery Bycatch Programme / François Poisson, Sophie Arnaud-Haond, Hervé Demarcq, Luisa Métral, Blandine Brisset, Delphine Cornella and Bertrand Wendling 32 137 Cs and Tritium Concentrations in Seawater off the Fukushima Prefecture: Results from the SOSO 5 Rivers Cruise (October 2014) / Michio Aoyama, Hervé Thébault, Y. Hamajima, Sabine Charmasson, Mireille Arnaud and Céline Duffa Correction to: Oceanography Challenges to Future Earth / Teruhisa Komatsu, Hubert-Jean Ceccaldi, Jiro Yoshida, Patrick Prouzet and Yves Henocque Author Index

Note: Contents Part I Climatology, General Circulation, Climate Variability and Stratosphere-Troposphere Coupling 1 Climatology and General Circulation 1.1 Climatology: SLP and SST 1.2 General Circulation 1.2.1 Meridional Circulation 1.2.2 Jet Formation: Thermal Wind Balance Relationship 1.2.3 Walker Circulation 2 Major Modes of Variability 2.1 Variability in the Troposphere 2.1.1 El Niño and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) 2.1.2 North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) 2.1.3 Arctic Oscillation (AO) and Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) 2.1.4 Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) 2.1.5 Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) 2.1.6 Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) 2.1.7 Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) 2.2 Variability in the Stratosphere 2.2.1 Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) 2.2.2 Stratospheric Sudden Warming (SSW) Referenes 3 Stratosphere-Troposphere Coupling 3.1 Background 3.2 Discussion with Schematic 3.3 Strength of Westerly: Solar Influence 3.4 Role of Zero Wind Line: QBO Influence 3.5 Sun, QBO and Polar Temperature in North Pole 3.6 Composites of Time Height Development of NAM 3.7 Annular Modes Pattern Similar 3.8 Solar Influence: Polar Vortex and Tropical Lower Stratosphere 3.9 Solar Influence: Tropical Lower Stratosphere to Troposphere References 4 Teleconnection Among Various Modes 4.1 Polar Vortex, QBO and ENSO 4.2 Polar Vortex and ENSO 4.3 ENSO and Polar Troposphere 4.4 ENSO, Polar Annular Modes and JET 4.5 ENSO Teleconnections 4.5.1 El Niño (Warm) and La Niña (Cold) Definition 4.5.2 El Niño or La Niña? 4.5.3 ENSO Seasonal Locking 4.5.4 Potential Problems with SST Data 4.5.5 Indian Summer Monsoon and Walker Circulation 4.5.6 Different Types of ENSO 4.5.7 Homogeneous Monsoon Region 4.5.8 ENSO ISM Correlation 4.5.9 SST Composites: EN vs. LN 4.5.10 ISM ENSO Teleconnection Compositing: EN vs. LN 4.5.11 Rainfall in South America ENSO (Different Types) Teleconnection 4.5.12 Summary: ENSO and Teleconnections References 5 Solar Influence Around Various Places: Robust Solar Signal on Climate 5.1 Signal on Sea Level Pressure (DJF) Using Multiple Linear Regression 5.1.1 Method of Multiple Regression Analysis 5.2 Solar Signal Around Aleutian Low (AL) and Pacific High (PH) 5.3 Solar Influence: Tropical Pacific SST 5.4 ENSO and Sun Phase Locking 5.5 Solar Signal in Tropical Pacific SST Using Compositing 5.5.1 Method of Solar Peak Year Compositing 5.6 Observation: Annual Mean Temperature References 6 Total Solar Irradiance (TSI): Measurements and Reconstructions References Part II Atmosphere-Ocean Coupling and Solar Variability 7 Ocean Coupling 7.1 Shallow Overturning Circulation 7.2 ENSO 7.2.1 ENSO, Thermocline and Upper Ocean Heat Content 7.2.2 ENSO and Delayed Oscillator Theory 7.2.3 ENSO and Shallow MOC in Tropical Pacific 7.2.4 Pycnocline Convergence vs. SST 7.2.5 Abrupt Rise in Temperature During 1977–1998 References 8 The Sun and ENSO Connection–Contradictions and Reconciliations 8.1 Solar Signal and ENSO 8.2 Contradiction (I): Solar Signal on Tropical Pacific SST-Active Solar Years and ENSO 8.3 Contradiction (II): Solar Signal on Tropical Pacific SST-El Niño or La Niña 8.4 Proposed Mechanism: Earlier Period 8.5 Proposed Mechanism: Later Period 8.6 Contradictions and Reconciliations References 9 A Debate: The Sun and the QBO 9.1 Data Analysis: Solar and QBO Separately 9.2 Polar Temperature During JF with Respect to QBO (40 hPa) and F10.7 9.3 Polar Temperature During JF for QBO (30 hPa) and F10.7 9.4 Time Series of QBO at Different Height and EOF Analysis 9.5 Combined Effects: Solar with QBO 9.6 Summary References 10 Solar Influence: ‘Top Down’ vs. ‘Bottom Up’ 10.1 Solar Influence: ‘Top Down’ 10.1.1 Solar Influence: ‘Top-Down’ – via Polar Vortex and Lower Stratosphere 10.1.2 Solar Influence: ‘Top-Down’ – via Lower Stratosphere to Troposphere 10.1.3 Solar Influence: ‘Top-Down’ – via Stratospheric Polar Vortex to Polar Troposphere 10.2 Solar Influence: ‘Bottom-Up’ References 11 An Overview of Solar Influence on Climate 11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 Methodology 11.2 Representative Results: Figure and Tables 11.3 Results Text 11.3.1 Atmosphere Only: Sun and QBO 11.3.2 Ocean (Only Pacific) and Atmosphere Coupling: Sun, QBO and ENSO 11.3.3 Atmosphere and Ocean (Only Pacific) Coupling: Sun, QBO, ENSO and Climate Change 11.4 Discussion References Part III Other Major Influences on Climate 12 Sun: Atmosphere-Ocean Coupling – Possible Limitations 12.1 Sun: Atmosphere-Ocean Coupling ‘Top-Down’ vs. ‘Bottom-Up’ Mechanism: a Case Study 12.2 Sun: Atmosphere-Ocean Coupling – Limitations of Peak Year Compositing 12.2.1 Solar Cycle Signals in Peak Year Compositing for SLP: a Case Study 12.2.2 Solar Cycle Signals in Peak Year Compositing for Indian Summer Monsoon: a Case Study 12.3 Difference in Winter Surface Climate Between Solar Minimum and Maximum 12.4 Sun (Using SSN) and NAO in Observation Using MLR Technique 12.4.1 Sun (Using SSN) and NAO in Two Different Time Periods (1856–1977) and (1878–1997) 12.4.2 Sun (SSN) and NAO Longer Period (1870–2010) 12.4.3 Sun (SSN) and NAO Lag Relationship 12.5 AMO and PDO Relationship References 13 The Arctic and Antarctic Sea Ice 13.1 Arctic Sea Ice: Last Few Years 13.2 Arctic Sea Ice: Change in 2014 13.3 Arctic Sea Ice and Solar Influence 13.4 Antarctic Sea Ice Reference 14 CMIP5 Project and Some Results 14.1 Global Climate Models (GCMs): Basic Equations 14.2 CMIP5 Project 14.3 Experiments: Historical and RCP (Representative Concentration Pathway) Scenarios 14.4 Some CMIP5 Models 14.5 Temperature in CMIP5 and Observation 14.6 Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) and ENSO in CMIP5 Models 14.6.1 CMIP5 Models for ISM Are Performing Well 14.6.2 CMIP5 Models for ISM Not Performing Well 14.6.3 Models: CMIP5, AMIP5 and High Top, Low Top 14.6.4 Precipitation Composites- El Niño: (CMIP5 vs. AMIP5) 14.6.5 Changes in ENSO Variability 2050–2100 in CMIP3 Experiments 14.6.6 Stratospheric Features in CMIP5: Low and High Top Models 14.6.7 Simulated and Observed Stratospheric Temperature References 15 Green House Gas Warming 15.1 Laws of Radiation 15.2 Solar Radiation vs. Terrestrial Radiation 15.3 Radiation Transmitted by the Atmosphere and Atmospheric Windows 15.4 Absorption: Water Vapour and CO2 15.5 CO 2 as a Greenhouse Gas 15.6 Temperature and CO 2: 400,000 Years 15.7 Earth’s Temperature Change in the Last 2000 Years 15.8 Radiative Forcing 15.9 Global Energy Balance References 16 Volcanic Influences 16.1 Volcano Cooling Effect 16.2 Influences of Volcanic Eruption 16.3 Effect of Large Eruptions on Weather and Climate 16.4 Polar Warming Associated with Large Eruptions 16.5 Sun, Volcano and ENSO References 17 Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere 17.1 Ozone Hole and Montreal Protocol 17.2 Ozone Hole Animation 17.3 Greenhouse Gases and Ozone in Model Reference 18 Influence of Various Other Solar Outputs 18.1 Mechanisms 18.2 Other Influences, e.g. Galactic Cosmic Rays 18.3 Sunspot vs. Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) References Few questions and Exercises for Students Further Reading Index

Note: Contents Pullback Attractor Crisis in a Delay Differential ENSO Model / Mickaël D. Chekroun, Michael Ghil, and J. David Neelin Shear-Wave Splitting Indicates Non-Linear Dynamic Deformation in the Crust and Upper Mantle / Stuart Crampin, Gulten Polat, Yuan Gao, David B. Taylor, and Nurcan Meral Ozel Stochastic Parameterization of Subgrid-Scale Processes: A Review of Recent Physically Based Approaches / Jonathan Demaeyer and Stéphane Vannitsem Large-Scale Atmospheric Phenomena Under the Lens of Ordinal Time-Series Analysis and Information Theory Measures / J.I. Deza, G. Tirabassi, M. Barreiro, and C. Masoller Supermodeling: Synchronization of Alternative Dynamical Models of a Single Objective Process / Gregory S. Duane, Wim Wiegerinck, Frank Selten, Mao-Lin Shen, and Noel Keenlyside Are We Measuring the Right Things for Climate? / Christopher Essex and Bjarne Andresen What Have Complex Network Approaches Learned Us About El Niño? / Qing Yi Feng and Henk A. Dijkstra Late Quaternary Climate Response at 100 kyr: A Noise-Induced Cycle Suppression Mechanism / Ivan L’Heureux Role of Nonlinear Eddy Forcing in the Dynamics of Multiple Zonal Jets / Igor Kamenkovich and Pavel Berloff Data-Adaptive Harmonic Decomposition and Stochastic Modeling of Arctic Sea Ice / Dmitri Kondrashov, Mickaël D. Chekroun, Xiaojun Yuan, and Michael Ghil Cautionary Remarks on the Auto-Correlation Analysis of Self-Similar Time Series / Sung Yong Kim Emergence of Coherent Clusters in the Ocean / A.D. Kirwan Jr., H.S. Huntley, and H. Chang The Rise and Fall of Thermodynamic Complexity and the Arrow of Time / A. D. Kirwan Jr. and William Seitz From Fractals to Stochastics: Seeking Theoretical Consistency in Analysis of Geophysical Data / Demetris Koutsoyiannis, Panayiotis Dimitriadis, Federico Lombardo, and Spencer Stevens Role of Nonlinear Dynamics in Accelerated Warming of Great Lakes / Sergey Kravtsov, Noriyuki Sugiyama, and Paul Roebber The Prediction of Nonlinear Polar Motion Based on Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) / Ramazan Alper Kuçak, Ra¸sit Ulu˘g, and Orhan Akyılmaz Harnessing Butterflies: Theory and Practice of the Stochastic Seasonal to Interannual Prediction System (StocSIPS) / S. Lovejoy, L. Del Rio Amador, and R. Hébert Regime Change Detection in Irregularly Sampled Time Series / Norbert Marwan, Deniz Eroglu, Ibrahim Ozken, Thomas Stemler, Karl-Heinz Wyrwoll, and Jürgen Kurths Topological Data Analysis: Developments and Applications / Francis C. Motta Nonlinear Dynamical Approach to Atmospheric Predictability / C. Nicolis Linked by Dynamics: Wavelet-Based Mutual Information Rate as a Connectivity Measure and Scale-Specific Networks / Milan Paluš Non-Extensive Statistical Mechanics: Overview of Theory and Applications in Seismogenesis, Climate, and Space Plasma / G.P. Pavlos, L.P. Karakatsanis, A.C. Iliopoulos, E.G. Pavlos, and A.A. Tsonis Spatial Patterns of Peak Flow Quantiles Based on Power-Law Scaling in the Mississippi River Basin / Gabriel Perez, Ricardo Mantilla, and Witold F. Krajewski Studying the Complexity of Rainfall Within California Via a Fractal Geometric Method / Carlos E. Puente, Mahesh L. Maskey, and Bellie Sivakumar Pandora Box of Multifractals: Barely Open? / Daniel Schertzer and Ioulia Tchiguirinskaia Complex Networks and Hydrologic Applications / Bellie Sivakumar, Carlos E. Puente, and Mahesh L. Maskey Convergent Cross Mapping: Theory and an Example / Anastasios A. Tsonis, Ethan R. Deyle, Hao Ye, and George Sugihara Randomnicity: Randomness as a Property of the Universe / Anastasios A. Tsonis Insights in Climate Dynamics from Climate Networks / Anastasios A. Tsonis On the Range of Frequencies of Intrinsic Climate Oscillations / Anastasios A. Tsonis and Michael D. Madsen The Prediction of Nonstationary Climate Series by Incorporating External Forces / Geli Wang, Peicai Yang, and Anastasios A. Tsonis The Impact of Nonlinearity on the Targeted Observations for Tropical Cyclone Prediction / Feifan Zhou and He Zhang Index

Note: Contents Part I Exploring the Connections: Sustainability and Social Science Research Interplays of Sustainability, Resilience, Adaptation and Transformation / Jennifer L. Johnson, Laura Zanotti, Zhao Ma, David J. Yu, David R. Johnson, Alison Kirkham and Courtney Carothers Using Meta-Analysis in the Social Sciences to Improve Environmental Policy / Alexander Maki, Mark A. Cohen and Michael P. Vandenbergh Integrating Social Science Research to Advance Sustainability Education / Christine Jie Li, Martha C. Monroe and Tracey Ritchie Inclusive Sustainability: Environmental Justice in Higher Education / Flora Lu, Rebecca Hernandez Rosser, Adriana Renteria, Nancy Kim, Elida Erickson, Anna Sher and Lisa O’Connor Connective Methodologies: Visual Communication Design and Sustainability in Higher Education / Denielle Emans and Kelly M. Murdoch-Kitt The Teaching Green Building: Five Theoretical Perspectives / Laura B. Cole Blockchain for Good? Digital Ledger Technology and Sustainable Development Goals / Richard Adams, Beth Kewell and Glenn Parry Part II Research and Behavioral Interventions Psychological Distance and Response to Human Versus Non-Human Victims of Climate Change / Christie Manning, Hannah Mangas, Elise Amel, Hongyi Tang, Laura Humes, Rowena Foo, Vera Sidlova and Kelly Cargos Bridging the Gap Between Policy and Action in Residential Graywater Recycling / L. Bell Organizational Characteristics in Residential Rental Buildings: Exploring the Role of Centralization in Energy Outcomes / Elizabeth Hewitt Re-shuffling the Deck on Environmental Sustainability: Using a Card Sort to Uncover Perceived Behavioral Categories, Effort, and Impact in a College Environment / Casey G. Franklin and Abram Alebiosu Wind Energy and Rural Community Sustainability / Sarah Mills Achieving a Climate-Neutral Campus: A Psychological Analysis of the Participation Process with the Stage Model of Participation / Stefan Zimmermann, Thomas Bäumer and Patrick Müller Sustainability and Civic Engagement: A Communications Engagement and Education Plan / Madhavi Venkatesan, Jordan Remy and Andrew Sukeforth A Sustainable Touristic Place in Times of Crisis? The Case of Empuriabrava—A Superdiverse Mediterranean Resort / Dawid Wladyka and Ricard Morén-Alegret Social Justice and Sustainability Efforts in the U.S.-Mexico Transborder Region / Sylvia Gonzalez-Gorman Envisioning and Implementing Sustainable Bioenergy Systems in the U.S. South / John Schelhas, Sarah Hitchner and J. Peter Brosius Living Well and Living Green: Participant Conceptualizations of Green Citizenship / Erin Miller Hamilton, Meaghan L. Guckian and Raymond De Young Part III Methods and Evaluation Strategies Cognitive Mapping as Participatory Engagement in Social Science Research on Sustainability / Meaghan L. Guckian, Erin Miller Hamilton and Raymond De Young The Impact of Status and Brainstorming in Participation in Small Group Deliberations / Sandra Rodegher Promoting Participation in a Culture of Sustainability Web Survey / Heather M. Schroeder, Andrew L. Hupp and Andrew D. Piskorowski Use of Email Paradata in a Survey of Sustainability Culture / Andrew L. Hupp, Heather M. Schroeder and Andrew D. Piskorowski Innovative Instructional Module Uses Evaluation to Enhance Quality / Martha C. Monroe, Annie Oxarart, Tracey Ritchie and Christine Jie Li From Sustainable Cities to Sustainable People—Changing Behavior Towards Sustainability with the Five A Planning Approach / Petra Stieninger Hurtado Sustainability Knowledge and Attitudes - Assessing Latent Constructs / Adam Zwickle and Keith Jones Sustainability Literacy and Cultural Assessments / John Callewaert A Conceptual Framework for Designing, Embedding and Monitoring a University Sustainability Culture / Richard Adams, Stephen Martin and Katy Boom Epilogue

Note: Contents Part I Unraveling Microbial Diversity and Their Processes Phagotrophic Protists: Central Roles in Microbial Food Webs / Evelyn B. Sherr and Barry F. Sherr Overview Protists as Elemental Recyclers Protists as Consumers of Bacteria Protists as Consumers of Phytoplankton Protists in High Latitude Food Webs Looking to the Future References Drivers That Structure Biodiversity in the Plankton / Tatiana A. Rynearson and Susanne Menden-Deuer Plankton Biodiversity Alternate Hypotheses That Explain the Paradox of the Plankton An Organismal Perspective on the Paradox of the Plankton: A Biodiversity Explosion from Within? Linking Individual Level Behaviors with Plankton Ecology Pervasive Intra-specific Variability in the Genetic Diversity, Physiological Capacity, and Behavioral Repertoire of Plankton Evolution: Generating and Structuring Diversity over the Long Term Opportunities for Progress References The Elongated, the Squat and the Spherical: Selective Pressures for Phytoplankton Shape / Lee Karp-Boss and Emmanuel Boss Introduction Effects of Shape on Diffusion Other Selective Pressures References Crossing the Freshwater/Saline Barrier: A Phylogenetic Analysis of Bacteria Inhabiting Both Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems / Mina Bižić-Ionescu and Danny Ionescu Introduction Recent Data on Shared Taxa Synthesis of Published Sequence Data Future Perspectives References Approaches and Challenges for Linking Marine Biogeochemical Models with the “Omics” Revolution / Victoria J. Coles and Raleigh R. Hood Introduction Bridging the Cultural and Structural Divide Relating Existing Omics to Current Biogeochemical Models Near-Term Innovation Conclusions References Part II Viewing Growth and Trophodynamics Through a Stoichiometric Lens Out of Africa and into Stoichiometry / Susan S. Kilham and Peter Kilham References Exploring the Implications of the Stoichiometric Modulation of Planktonic Predation / Aditee Mitra and Kevin J. Flynn Introduction Characterising the Predator–Prey Stoichiometric Link Elemental Stoichiometry and Commercial Microalgal Production Effects of Temperature, Ocean Acidification and Nutrient Excess Avoiding Predation Stoichiometry and Mixotrophy Conclusions References . Part III Understanding the Mysteries of Light and Nitrogen On Saturating Response Curves from the Dual Perspectives of Photosynthesis and Nitrogen Metabolism / Todd M. Kana and Patricia M. Glibert Introduction Static vs. Dynamic Behavior Gradient Signals and Dynamics of Response Curves Overall Perspective on Dynamic Kinetics References Nitrate Reductase: A Nexus of Disciplines, Organisms, and Metabolism / Erica B. Young and John A. Berges Introduction Why Nitrate Reductase? Understanding That Has Emerged from Recent NR Measurements Recent Advances and Emerging Challenges Conclusion References The Ammonium Paradox of an Urban High- Nutrient Low-Growth Estuary / Frances Wilkerson and Richard Dugdale High-Nutrient Low-Growth Estuaries and Oligotrophication Observation of an Ammonium Paradox Ammonium: The Gatekeeper Controlling Access to Nitrate References Why Is Planktonic Nitrogen Fixation So Rare in Coastal Marine Ecosystems? Insights from a Cross-Systems Approach / Roxanne Marino and Robert W. Howarth References Where Light and Nutrients Collide: The Global Distribution and Activity of Subsurface Chlorophyll Maximum Layers / Greg M. Silsbe and Sairah Y. Malkin At the Confluence of Light and Nutrients Distribution of Marine SCMLs Phytoplankton Production in SCMLs Subsurface Chlorophyll Maximum Layers in Lakes References Part IV Looking in the Rear View Mirror: The Long View on Changing Ecosystems An Ecosystem in Transition: The Emergence of Mixotrophy in the Arabian Sea / Joaquim I. Goes and Helga do R. Gomes Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion References The Saint Lawrence Island Polynya: A 25-Year Evaluation of an Analogue for Climate Change in Polar Regions / Jacqueline M. Grebmeier and Lee W. Cooper Introduction Synthesis Results and Discussion The Northern Bering Sea: Interannual Variability and Change Benthivores Overall Summary References Ecological Processes and Nutrient Transfers from Land to Sea: A 25-Year Perspective on Research and Management of the Seine River System / Josette Garnier and Gilles Billen Introduction 1850–1990: Organic Pollution and Oxygen 1990–2000: Eutrophication and Algal Bloom 2000–2015: Agricultural Pollution and Nitrate Contamination Conclusion: From Microbial Ecology to Territorial Biogeochemistry References A Historical Perspective on Eutrophication in the Pensacola Bay Estuary, FL, USA / Jane M. Caffrey and Michael C. Murrell Introduction Pensacola Bay Physical Setting Human Colonization of Pensacola Bay River and Estuarine Water Quality Controls on Primary Production, Organic Matter, and Nutrient Cycling Summary References Unpublished Reports Websites Meeting in the Middle: On the Interactions Between Microalgae and Their Predators or Zooplankton and Their Food / Karen H. Wiltshire and Maarten Boersma Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References Lake Transparency: A Window into Decadal Variations in Dissolved Organic Carbon Concentrations in Lakes of Acadia National Park, Maine / Collin Roesler and Charles Culbertson Introduction Methods Results Discussion References Part V Focusing on Unique Systems, Processes and Dynamics Phytoplankton Biodiversity in the Oligotrophic Northwestern Sargasso Sea / James L. Pinckney and Tammi L. Richardson Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References Biological Oceanography of the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia: A Review / Peter C. Rothlisberg and Michele A. Burford Introduction Study Area Currents and Hydrography Phytoplankton and the Role of Nutrients Zooplankton Penaeid Prawn Larval Ecology Larval Dispersal Mechanisms Summary Points References Discerning the Causes of Toxic Cyanobacteria (Lyngbya majuscula) Blooms in Moreton Bay, Australia / Judith M. O’Neil and William C. Dennison Introduction Nutrient Interactions Light Interactions Conceptual Model Broader Significance References Copepod, Ctenophore, and Schyphomedusae Control in Structuring the Chesapeake Bay Summer Mesohaline Planktonic Food Web / Kevin G. Sellner and Stella G. Sellner Introduction Methods Results and Discussion References Microbiogeochemical Ecophysiology of Freshwater Hydrothermal Vents in Mary Bay Canyon, Yellowstone Lake, Yellowstone National Park WY / Carmen Aguilar and Russell Cuhel Introduction Methods Big Picture Outcomes Closing Remarks References Index

Note: Contents 1 Introduction and Overview 1.1 Geochemistry of Fe 1.1.1 Fe Redox 1.2 Stable Isotope Geochemistry 1.2.1 Nomenclature 1.2.2 Isotopic Fractionation 1.2.3 Processes that Produce Isotopic Variations 1.3 Overview of the Chapters References 2 Analytical Methods 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Iron Purification Methods 2.3 Mass Spectrometry 2.3.1 Beginnings of Fe Isotope Analysis 2.3.2 Multi Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) 2.3.3 Modern MC-ICP-MS Using Pseudo High Mass Resolution Methods 2.3.4 Matrix Effects and Instrumental Mass Fractionation Corrections 2.4 In Situ Techniques 2.5 Summary References 3 Fe Isotope Fractionation Factors 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Deriving Fe Isotope Fractionation Factors from First Principles 3.3 Experimental Methods for Measuring Fe Isotope Fractionation Factors 3.3.1 The Role of Sorption in Isotope Exchange 3.4 Equilibrium Fractionation of Fe Isotopes: Working Toward a Unified Set of Fractionation Factors 3.4.1 Aqueous Fe Species 3.4.2 Aqueous Fe Mineral Fractionation 3.5 Biological Experiments 3.5.1 Fe Oxidizing Experiments 3.5.2 Magnetotactic Bacteria 3.5.3 Fe Reducing Experiments 3.6 Preferred Set of b-Values 3.7 Summary References 4 High-Temperature Fe Isotope Geochemistry 4.1 Iron Isotope Variations in the Solar System 4.1.1 Chondrites and Chondritic Components 4.1.2 Differentiated Planetary Material 4.2 The Silicate Earth 4.2.1 The Mantle and Its Minerals 4.2.2 Basalts and Komatiites 4.2.3 Differentiated Crust 4.2.4 Magmatic Minerals 4.2.5 Hydrothermal Products and Ores 4.2.6 Metamorphic Rocks 4.3 Planetary Formation and Magmatic Processes 4.3.1 Planetary Accretion 4.3.2 Formation and Differentiation of Planetary Cores 4.3.3 Partial Melting on Earth and Other Planets 4.3.4 Mantle Metasomatism 4.3.5 Differentiation of Melts 4.3.6 The Mantle and Crust of the Earth as Compared to Other Planets 4.4 Summary References 5 The Modern Surficial World 5.1 Weathering 5.1.1 Mechanical Weathering 5.1.2 Chemical Weathering 5.1.3 Soils 5.2 Rivers and Groundwater 5.2.1 Rivers 5.2.2 Groundwater and Terrestrial Hydrothermal Systems 5.3 Redox-Stratified Water Bodies 5.3.1 Lake Water 5.3.2 Lake Sediments 5.3.3 The Black Sea 5.4 Marine Sediments 5.4.1 Reactive Fe Inventories 5.4.2 Pore Fluid-Sediment Interactions 5.4.3 Solid-Phase Fe Components 5.4.4 Benthic Fe Fluxes 5.5 The Fe Budget of the Modern Oceans 5.5.1 Seawater Fe 5.5.2 Riverine and Aeolian Sources 5.5.3 Benthic Sources 5.5.4 Hydrothermal Sources 5.6 Summary References 6 The Ancient Earth 6.1 The Cenozoic Marine System 6.1.1 Global Changes in the Cenozoic 6.1.2 Fe–Mn Crusts as Archives of Paleo-Seawater Compositions 6.1.3 Fe Isotope Variations in Cenozoic Seawater 6.2 Cretaceous Anoxic Events 6.2.1 Cenomanian-Turonian OAE-2 6.3 Precambrian Earth: An Introduction 6.3.1 Broad Changes in the Surface Earth in the Precambrian 6.3.2 Temporal Changes in Fe Abundance and Speciation 6.3.3 Differences in Marine Fe Pathways Between Modern and Ancient Earth 6.3.4 Authigenic Fe Isotope and Reactive Fe Trends 6.4 Precambrian Earth: The Neoproterozoic 6.4.1 Neoproterozoic Clastic Marine Sedimentary Rocks 6.4.2 Revisiting Reactive Fe Speciation and d56Fe 6.4.3 Neoproterozoic Iron Formations (IFs) 6.5 Precambrian Earth: The Paleoproterozoic and Neoarchean Transition Through the GOE 6.5.1 The Post-GOE Sedimentary Record 6.5.2 Changes in Weathering Across the GOE 6.5.3 Moving to a Low-Oxygen World: Key Issues of Fe Mass Balance, Fe Isotope Fractionation Factors, Fe 2+aq Oxidation, and the Age of Redox Proxies 6.5.4 Early Paleoproterozoic Iron Formations (IFs) 6.5.5 Early Paleoproterozoic Rise of Mn Redox 6.5.6 Paleoproterozoic and Neoarchean Continental Margins: Relations Between Shales, Carbonate Platforms, and IFs . 6.6 Precambrian Earth: The Early Archean Record 6.6.1 The Mesoarchean Witwatersrand and Pongola Basins 6.6.2 The Paleoarchean Barberton Greenstone Belt and Pilbara Craton 6.6.3 The High-Grade Metamorphic Terranes of the Eoarchean 6.7 Precambrian Earth: Synthesis of the Eoarchean Through Paleoproterozoic 6.8 Chapter Summary References

Note: Contents 1 Introduction to ‘Urban Disaster Resilience and Security—Addressing Risks in Societies’ / Alexander Fekete and Frank Fiedrich Part I Planning Urban Resilience 2 Nepal and the “Urban Resilience Utopia” / Johannes Anhorn 3 Exploring the Role of Planning in Urban Resilience Enhancement—An Irish Perspective / Aoife Doyle, William Hynes, Stephen M. Purcell and Maria Rochford 4 Toward Climate Resilience in the USA: From Federal to Local Level Initiatives and Practices Since the 2000s / Ebru A. Gencer and Wesley Rhodes 5 Enhancing Resilience Towards Summer Storms from a Spatial Planning Perspective—Lessons Learned from Summer Storm Ela / Hanna Christine Schmitt and Stefan Greiving 6 Measuring Urban Resilience to Natural Disasters for Iranian Cities: Challenges and Key Concepts / Solmaz Hosseinioon 7 Resilience History and Focus in the USA / Ronald Fisher, Michael Norman and James Peerenboom Part II Organizing Professionals and the People 8 Integrating Volunteers in Emergency Response: A Strategy for Increased Resilience Within German Civil Security Research / Jens Hälterlein, Linda Madsen, Agnetha Schuchardt, Roman Peperhove and Lars Gerhold 9 Contributions of Flood Insurance to Enhance Resilience–Findings from Germany / Annegret H. Thieken 10 Collaborative Emergency Supply Chains for Essential Goods and Services / Marcus Wiens, Frank Schätter, Christopher W. Zobel and Frank Schultmann Part III Urban Resilience Assessment: Methods and Challenges 11 Competence as Enabler of Urban Critical Infrastructure Resilience Assessment / Florian Brauner, Marie Claßen and Frank Fiedrich 12 Resilient Disaster Recovery: The Role of Health Impact Assessment / James K. Mitchell 13 DS3 Model Testing: Assessing Critical Infrastructure Network Flood Resilience at the Neighbourhood Scale / Damien Serre 14 Enhancing Flood Resilience Through Collaborative Modelling and Multi-criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) / Mariele Evers, Adrian Almoradie and Mariana Madruga de Brito Part IV Urban Critical Infrastructure and Security 15 An Approach for Quantifying the Multidimensional Nature of Disaster Resilience in the Context of Municipal Service Provision / Christopher W. Zobel, Milad Baghersad and Yang Zhang 16 A Future-Oriented Agent-Based Simulation to Improve Urban Critical Infrastructure Resilience / Thomas Münzberg, Tim Müller and Wolfgang Raskob 17 An Indicator-Based Approach to Assessing Resilience of Smart Critical Infrastructures / A. Jovanović, K. Øien and A. Choudhary 18 Certified Video Surveillance Systems for More Resilient Urban Societies / Simone Wurster, Irene Kamara, Thordis Sveinsdottir and Erik Krempel 19 Situational Resilience––A Network-Perspective on Resilience to Crime / Herbert Schubert and Tim Lukas Part V Resilience Trends, Paradigms and Reflections 20 Urban Riskscapes—Social and Spatial Dimensions of Risk in Urban Infrastructure Settings / Florian Neisser and Detlef Müller-Mahn 21 Researching Milieu-Specific Perceptions of Risk, (in)Security, and Vulnerability—A Conceptual Approach for Understanding the Inequality and Segregation Nexus in Urban Spaces / Kristina Seidelsohn, Martin Voss and Daniela Krüger 22 Resilience and Thriving in Spite of Disasters: A Stages of Change Approach / Norbert Mundorf, Colleen A. Redding, James O. Prochaska, Andrea L. Paiva and Pamela Rubinoff 23 Foresight in Sight: How to Improve Urban Resilience with Collaboration Among Public Authorities? / Riitta Molarius, Nina Wessberg, Jaana Keränen and Mervi Murtonen 24 How to Demarcate Resilience? A Reflection on Reviews in Disaster Resilience Research / Maike Vollmer and Gerald Walther 25 Challenges in Establishing Cross-Border Resilience / Anouck Adrot, Frank Fiedrich, Andreas Lotter, Thomas Münzberg, Eric Rigaud, Marcus Wiens, Wolfgang Raskob and Frank Schultmann Part VI Perspectives from the Science-Policy Nexus 26 Resilience—A Useful Approach for Climate Adaptation? / Thomas Abeling, Achim Daschkeit, Petra Mahrenholz and Inke Schauser 27 Urban Resilience and Crisis Management: Perspectives from France and Germany / Juergen Weichselgartner, Bernard Guézo, Irmtraud Beerlage, Christian Després, Alexander Fekete, Gabriele Hufschmidt, Orsola Lussignoli, Stefanie Mey-Richters, Jens Naumann and Ina Wienand 28 Considerations About Urban Disaster Resilience and Security—Two Concepts in Tandem? / Alexander Fekete and Janos J. Bogardi 29 Synthesis / Alexander Fekete and Frank Fiedrich

Note: Contents 1 Using Lake Sedimentary DNA to Reconstruct Biodiversity Changes / Eric Capo, Cécilia Barouillet, and John P. Smol 2 The Sources and Fates of Lake Sedimentary DNA / Charline Giguet-Covex, Stanislav Jelavić, Anthony Foucher, Marina A. Morlock, Susanna A. Wood, Femke Augustijns, Isabelle Domaizon, Ludovic Gielly, and Eric Capo 3 The Sedimentary Ancient DNA Workflow / Peter D. Heintzman, Kevin Nota, Alexandra Rouillard, Youri Lammers, Tyler J. Murchie, Linda Armbrecht, Sandra Garcés-Pastor, and Benjamin Vernot 4 Bacterial and Archaeal DNA from Lake Sediments / Aurèle Vuillemin, Marco J. L. Coolen, Jens Kallmeyer, Susanne Liebner, and Stefan Bertilsson 5 Cyanobacterial DNA from Lake Sediments / Marie-Eve Monchamp and Frances R. Pick 6 Protist DNA from Lake Sediments / Cécilia Barouillet, Isabelle Domaizon, and Eric Capo 7 Diatom DNA from Lake Sediments / Katharina Dulias, Laura S. Epp, and Kathleen R. Stoof-Leichsenring 8 Aquatic Vegetation DNA from Lake Sediments / Aloïs Revéret, Inger G. Alsos, and Peter D. Heintzman 9 Aquatic Animal DNA from Lake Sediments / Irene Gregory-Eaves, Marie-Eve Monchamp, and Zofia E. Taranu 10 Terrestrial Plant DNA from Lake Sediments / Sandra Garcés-Pastor, Kevin Nota, Dilli P. Rijal, Sisi Liu, Weihan Jia, Maria Leunda, Christoph Schwörer, Sarah E. Crump, Laura Parducci, and Inger G. Alsos 11 Terrestrial Fauna and Hominin DNA from Sedimentary Archives / Tyler J. Murchie, Charline Giguet-Covex, Peter D. Heintzman, Viviane Slon, and Yucheng Wang 12 An Overview of Biodiversity and Network Modeling Approaches: Applications to Sedimentary DNA Records / Zofia E. Taranu, Irene Gregory-Eaves, and Marie-Eve Monchamp 13 Perspectives and Future Developments Within Sedimentary DNA Research / Luke E. Holman, Yi Wang, Rikai Sawafuji, Laura S. Epp, Kristine Bohmann, and Mikkel Winther Pedersen Glossary, Acronyms and Abbreviations Index

Note: Contents Volume 2 Part V Social Drivers, Developments, and Perspectives of Increasing Ocean Uses 26 A Short History of the Use of Seas and Oceans / Sunhild Kleingärtner 27 Factors Behind Increasing Ocean Use: The IPAT Equation and the Marine Environment / Troels J. Hegland Part VI General Aspects of Management and Governance of Human Activities 28 Challenges and Foundations of Sustainable Ocean Governance / Till Markus 29 Institutional Framework for Marine Environmental Governance / Pradeep Singh 30 International Principles of Marine Environmental Protection / Gerd Winter 31 Overview of Management Strategies and Instruments / Carolin Kieß 32 Future Prospects of Marine Environmental Governance / Pradeep Singh and Aline Jaeckel Part VII Traditional Marine Management Topics 33 The International Legal Framework for Conservation and Management of Fisheries and Marine Mammals / Andrew Serdy 34 Aqua- and Mariculture Management: A Holistic Perspective on Best Practices / Marc H. Taylor and Lotta C. Kluger 35 Offshore Oil and Gas Exploitation / Henning Jessen 36 Sustainable Shipping / Ciarán McCarthy and Bénédicte Sage-Fuller 37 Management of Hazardous Substances in the Marine Environment / Mikael Karlsson and Michael Gilek 38 Origin and Management of Radioactive Substances in the Marine Environment / Hartmut Nies 39 Waste/Litter and Sewage Management / Aleke Stöfen-O’Brien and Stefanie Werner 40 Coastal and Ocean Tourism / Stefan Gössling, C. Michael Hall, and Daniel Scott Part VIII Emerging Management Topics 41 The Greening of Ports / Bénédicte Sage-Fuller 42 Offshore Windfarms / Greg Severinsen 43 Wave and Tidal Energy / Kate Johnson and Sandy Kerr 44 Deep-Seabed Mining / Philomene Verlaan 45 Marine Biodiversity: Opportunities for Global Governance and Management Coherence / Daniela Diz 46 Marine Protected Areas: Global Framework, Regional MPA Networks and a National Example / Henning von Nordheim 47 Marine Environmental Protection and Climate Change / Birgit Peters 48 Management of Non-indigenous Species and Invasive Alien Species / Wolfgang Köck and Bjørn-Oliver Magsig 49 Integrating Sectoral Ocean Policies / Markus Salomon and Miriam Dross 50 Marine Scientific Research / Anna-Maria Hubert 51 An Emerging Environmental Issue: Marine Discharge of Mine Tailings / Craig Vogt and Jens Skei 52 Managing and Regulating Underwater Noise Pollution / Till Markus and Pedro Pablo Silva Sánchez 53 Marine Geo-Engineering / Harald Ginzky 54 Marine Spatial Planning / Mathias Schubert

Note: Contents: Introduction ; Horizontal Policies: General Aspects ; The Circulation of the Model of Sustainable Development: Tracing the Path in a Comparative Law Perspective ; 3-D Sustainability and Its Contribution to Governance Assessment in Legal Terms: Examples and Perspectives ; Sustainability—A Long, Hard Road ; Horizontal Policies: Human and Intellectual Property Rights ; Environmental Sustainability as a Human Right ; Ensuring Access to Safe Drinking Water as an Imperative of Sustainable Development ; Ensuring a Sustainable Future Through Recognizing and Protecting Indigenous Ecological Knowledge ; Horizontal policies: Communication and Social Enterprise Governance ; Framing New Environmental Cultures for Sustainability. Communication and Sensemaking in Three Intractable Multiparty Conflicts in the EbreBiosfera, Spain ; An Empirical Investigation of Supportive Legal Frameworks for Social Enterprises in Belgium: A Cross-Sectoral Comparison of Case Studies Concerning Social Enterprises in the Social Housing, Finance and Energy Sector ; Horizontal Policies: Public Participation ; Judicial Control Over Acts of Administrative Omission: Environmental Rule of Law and Recent Case Law in Japan ; Examining the Resilience of Public Participation Structures for Sustainable Mining in the Philippines ; Public Participation and Constitutional Impediments to Sustainable Development in Nigeria ; Horizontal Policies: Assessment Tools ; A Global Conceptual Framework for Categorizing Environmental Change Based on Property Rights and Compensation ; Prioritising the Environment in Sustainable Development: Lessons from Australian Environmental Impact Assessment ; Reframing Sustainability in Taiwan: Legal Challenges and Opportunities ; Sectorial Policies: Forest and Water Management ; A Legal Butterfly Effect: Unexpected Twists and Turns of the Law in Costa Rica’s Payment for Ecosystem Services Program ; From River Basins to Landscapes—Holistic Legal Constructs and Their Differentiation ; Coherence Issues Between Climate, Energy and Water in the Case of European Hydropower: Can We Have It All? ; Sectorial Policies: Renewable Energy ; Generating Renewable Energy for the Material Realization of Sustainable Development: What Do We Need from Multilateral Cooperation, the Climate Change and the International Trade Regimes? ; The Fair and Equitable Treatment Standard and the Revocation of Feed in Tariffs—Foreign Renewable Energy Investments in Crisis-Struck Spain ; Horizontal and Vertical Integration of Sustainability into Policymaking, Planning and Implementation of Renewable Energy Projects—The New Zealand Model ; Tackling Climate Change Through the Elimination of Trade Barriers for Low-Carbon Goods: Multilateral, Plurilateral and Regional Approaches ; Sectorial Policies: Cities, Waste and Material Management ; Environmental Integration in China’s Eco-city Development—From an Institutional Perspective ; Identifying the Interaction Between Landfill Taxes and NIMBY. A Simulation for Flanders (Belgium) Using a Dynamic Optimization Model ; Pressing Forward—Developments in the Transition Towards Sustainable Materials Management in EU Environmental Law ; Sectorial Policies: Biodiversity, Nature Conservation, Oceans and Spatial Planning ; Sustainable Development: New Thoughts, New Policy, New Law? ; Sustainable Development of the Oceans: Closing the Gaps in the International Legal Framework ; Knowledge in Sustainable Resource Management in Australia ; Sectorial Policies: Agriculture and Rural Policy ; The Sustainable Use of Biodiversity and Its Implications in Agriculture: The Agroforestry Case in the Brazilian Legal Framework ; Next Generation Rural Natural Resource Governance: A Careful Diagnosis ; Conclusions

Note: Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 What Is Permafrost and Where Does it Occur? 1.2 Research on Permafrost: A Shifting Focus from Ice to Carbon 1.3 The Permafrost Carbon Feedback 1.4 Setting the Stage 1.4.1 Climate in Permafrost Areas 1.4.2 Vegetation in Permafrost Areas 1.4.3 Peatlands and Wetlands 1.4.4 Soils 1.4.5 Ice Age Permafrost 1.4.6 Geomorphology 1.5 Recent and Future Climate Change 1.6 The Uncertain Future of Permafrost References 2 The Energy Balance of Permafrost Soils and Ecosystems 2.1 The Radiation Balance 2.2 Latent, Sensible and Conductive Heat Fluxes 2.2.1 Partitioning of the Radiative Flux into Turbulent and Conductive Fluxes 2.2.2 Measurement Uncertainty 2.3 Heat Balance of Vegetation Cover 2.4 Seasonality of the Surface Heat Balance Illustrated by Data 2.4.1 Summer 2.4.2 Winter Cooling 2.4.3 Changes in the Heat Balance and Climate Change 2.5 Ground Heat Flux 2.5.1 Soil Profile Scale 2.5.2 The Effect of Ground Surface Conditions on Soil Temperature and Heat Flux 2.5.3 Large Scale Approaches 2.6 Deeper Permafrost Temperature Profile and Lateral Heat Fluxes 2.7 Lakes and Other Water Bodies References 3 The Role of Ground Ice 3.1 Basic Soil Ice Characteristics 3.2 Ice Segregation and Frost Heave 3.2.1 Ice Segregation Process 3.2.2 Environmental Conditions for Ice Segregation 3.3 Cracking and Wedging 3.3.1 Processes of Ice Wedge Formation 3.3.2 Ice Wedges in the Landscape 3.4 Frost Mounds 3.4.1 Palsas and Similar Features 3.4.2 Pingos 3.5 Cryoturbation and Patterned Ground 3.6 Slope Process: Solifluction and Cryogenic Landslides 3.7 Contribution of Ice to Rock Weathering 3.8 Ice and Hydrology 3.8.1 Active Layer Hydrological Processes 3.8.2 Runoff and River Discharge 3.9 Thaw Lakes 3.9.1 Thaw Lake Formation and Geomorphology 3.9.2 Thaw Lake Disappearance 3.10 Mapping Ice Content References 4 Permafrost Carbon Quantities and Fluxes 4.1 The Ecosystem Carbon Balance 4.1.1 Terrestrial Environments 4.1.2 Lakes 4.1.3 The Greenhouse Gas Balance 4.2 Vegetation Primary Production 4.2.1 Photosynthesis and Carbon Allocation 4.2.2 Primary Production in a Cold Climate 4.3 Vegetation Composition: Effects on the Carbon Cycle 4.4 Carbon Quantity in Permafrost Soils and Frozen Deposits 4.4.1 Yedoma Deposits 4.4.2 Peat 4.4.3 Alluvial and Lake Sediments 4.4.4 Landscape-Scale Variation of the Soil Organic Carbon Stock 4.5 Soil Organic Matter Quality and Decomposition 4.5.1 Organic Matter Quality in Permafrost 4.5.2 Carbon Conservation in Permafrost 4.5.3 Decomposer Communities in Cold and Waterlogged Soils 4.5.4 Organic Matter Decomposition Reaction Rates and Their Dependence on Temperature 4.5.5 Nutrient Cycles and Nitrous Oxide 4.5.6 Ecosystem Methane Emission 4.6 Ecosystem Carbon Flux Data 4.6.1 Quantifying Ecosystem Carbon Fluxes of Permafrost Ecosystems by Surface Measurements 4.6.2 Temporal and Spatial Variability of Permafrost Ecosystem Carbon Fluxes References 5 Permafrost in Transition 5.1 Which Changes? 5.2 Diffuse Permafrost Thaw 5.2.1 Observations of Active Layer Thickness and Surface Subsidence 5.2.2 Relation of Active Layer Thickness with Climate Change 5.2.3 Carbon Cycle Effects of Active Layer and Soil Temperature Change 5.2.4 Self-Heating Effect 5.3 Permafrost Thaw and Geomorphological Change 5.3.1 Thaw Pond and Fen Development 5.3.2 Thaw Lake Expansion 5.3.3 Thaw Lake Carbon Cycle Change 5.3.4 Erosion 5.4 Hydrological Changes 5.4.1 Water Balance: Groundwater Hydrology and Permafrost Thaw 5.4.2 Water Balance: Precipitation and Evapotranspiration 5.4.3 River Discharge Changes and Flooding 5.4.4 Water Transport of Carbon and Nutrients 5.4.5 Soil Hydrology Changes – Wetting or Drying? 5.4.6 Soil Hydrology Changes – Carbon Cycle Effects References 6 Vegetation Change 6.1 Zonal Vegetation Shifts 6.1.1 Present Climate-Related Vegetation Change 6.1.2 Arctic Greening and Browning 6.1.3 Feedbacks on Climate and Soil Temperature 6.1.4 Carbon Balance Effects of Vegetation Change 6.1.5 Fire 6.2 Thawing Permafrost and Vegetation 6.2.1 Effects of Permafrost Thaw on Vegetation: Nutrient Release 6.2.2 Below-Ground Interaction of Root Systems with Nutrients and Soil Carbon 6.2.3 Abrupt Thaw and Vegetation 6.2.4 Resilience 6.3 Human Vegetation Disturbance: Industrialisation and Agriculture References 7 Methane 7.1 Deep CH4 Sources 7.2 Climate Change Related Release of Deep Permafrost CH4 7.3 Cryovolcanism: Gas Emission Craters 7.4 CH4 Emissions in Perspective: Ecosystem Emissons, CO2 and N2O References 8 Models: Forecasting the Present and Future of Permafrost 8.1 Land Surface Models 8.2 Permafrost Models 8.3 The Carbon Cycle in Models 8.4 Geomorphology: Lake Formation and Erosion in Models 8.5 Outlook References Glossary Index

Note: Contents 1 Dynamical Processes in the Arctic Atmosphere / Marius O. Jonassen, Dmitry Chechin, Alexey Karpechko,Christof Lüpkes, Thomas Spengler, Annick Tepstra, Timo Vihma,and Xiangdong Zhang 2 Thermodynamics of the Arctic Atmosphere / Claudio Tomasi, Boyan H. Petkov, Oxana Drofa, and Mauro Mazzola 3 Trace Gases in the Arctic Atmosphere / Kimberly Strong, William R. Simpson, Kristof Bognar,Rodica Lindenmaier, and Sébastien Roche 4 Arctic Aerosols / Roberto Udisti, Rita Traversi, Silvia Becagli, Claudio Tomasi,Mauro Mazzola, Angelo Lupi, and Patricia K. Quinn 5 A Climatological Overview of Arctic Clouds / Abhay Devasthale, Joseph Sedlar, Michael Tjernström,and Alexander Kokhanovsky 6 Arctic Ice Fog: Its Microphysics and Prediction / Ismail Gultepe, Andrew J. Heymsfield, and Martin Gallagher 7 Polar Stratospheric Clouds in the Arctic / Francesco Cairo and Tiziana Colavitto 8 Noctilucent Clouds: General Properties and Remote Sensing / Christian von Savigny, Gerd Baumgarten, and Franz-Josef Lübkenix 9 Remote Sensing of Arctic Atmospheric Aerosols / Alexander Kokhanovsky, Claudio Tomasi, Alexander Smirnov,Andreas Herber, Roland Neuber, André Ehrlich, Angelo Lupi, Boyan H. Petkov, Mauro Mazzola, Christoph Ritter, Carlos Toledano,Thomas Carlund, Vito Vitale, Brent Holben, Tymon Zielinski,Simon Bélanger, Pierre Larouche, Stefan Kinne, Vladimir Radionov,Manfred Wendisch, Jason L. Tackett, and David M. Winker 10 Radiation in the Arctic Atmosphere and Atmosphere –Cryosphere Feedbacks / Claudio Tomasi, Boyan H. Petkov, Angelo Lupi, Mauro Mazzola,Christian Lanconelli, and Ismail Gultepe 11 Climate Change in the Arctic / Torben Koenigk, Jeff Key, and Timo Vihma Index

Note: Contents 1 Slow Viscous Flow 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Coordinate Systems and the Material Derivative 1.2.1 Eulerian and Lagrangian Coordinates 1.2.2 The Material Derivative 1.3 Mass Conservation 1.4 The Stress Tensor and Momentum Conservation 1.4.1 The Stress Tensor 1.4.2 Momentum Conservation 1.4.3 Rheology 1.4.4 The Navier-Stokes Equations 1.4.5 Stokes Flow 1.5 Boundary Conditions 1.5.1 The No-Slip Condition and the Sliding Law 1.5.2 Dynamic Boundary Conditions 1.5.3 Kinematic Boundary Conditions 1.6 Temperature and Energy Conservation 1.7 Glacier and Ice Sheet Flow 1.8 Examples 1.8.1 Uniform Flow on a Slope 1.8.2 Spreading Flow at an Ice Divide 1.8.3 Small-Amplitude Perturbations 1.9 The Shallow Ice Approximation 1.10 Conclusions and Outlook 1.11 Appendix: Non-dimensionalisation Exercises 2 Thermal Structure 2.1 Temperature Profiles 2.2 Boundary Conditions 2.2.1 The Thermal Near-Surface Wave 2.3 Models: Simple to Complicated 2.4 Basal Conditions 2.4.1 Polythermal Ice 2.5 Modelling Issues 2.5.1 Non-dimensionalisation 2.5.2 Thermomechanical Coupling 2.5.3 Thermal Runaway Exercises 3 Sliding, Drainage and Subglacial Geomorphology 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Sliding Over Hard Beds 3.2.1 Weertman Sliding 3.2.2 Nye-Kamb Theory 3.2.3 Sub-temperate Sliding 3.2.4 Nonlinear Sliding Laws 3.2.5 Cavitation 3.2.6 Comparison with Experiment 3.3 Subglacial Drainage Theory 3.3.1 Weertman Films 3.3.2 Röthlisberger Channels (or ‘R-Channels’) 3.3.3 Jökulhlaups 3.3.4 Subglacial Lakes 3.3.5 Linked Cavities 3.3.6 Drainage Transitions and Glacier Surges 3.3.7 Ongoing Developments 3.4 Basal Processes and Geomorphology 3.4.1 Soft Glacier Beds 3.4.2 Drainage Over Till 3.4.3 Geomorphological Processes Exercises 4 Tidewater Glaciers 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Calving 4.3 Tidewater Glacier Dynamics 4.3.1 Tidewater Glacier Retreat and Instability 4.3.2 Tidewater Glacier Advance 4.3.3 Flow Variability of Tidewater Glaciers 4.4 The Link to Climate: Triggers for Retreat 4.4.1 Ice Shelf Collapse and Backstress 4.4.2 Grounded Calving Fronts 4.5 Outlook 5 Interaction of Ice Shelves with the Ocean 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Impact of Melting Ice on the Ocean 5.3 Processes at the Ice-Ocean Interface 5.4 Buoyancy-Driven Flow on Geophysical Scales 5.5 Sensitivity to Ocean Temperature 5.6 Impact of Meltwater Outflow at the Grounding Line 5.7 Fundamentals of the Three-Dimensional Ocean Circulation 5.8 Some Properties and Limitations of the Geostrophic Equations 5.9 Effects of Stratification 5.10 Three-Dimensional Circulation in Sub-Ice-Shelf Cavities Exercises 6 Polar Meteorology 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Shortwave and Longwave Radiation 6.3 Radiation Climate at the Top of the Atmosphere 6.4 Large Scale Circulation 6.5 Surface Energy Balance 6.5.1 Shortwave Radiation 6.5.2 Surface Albedo 6.5.3 Longwave Radiation 6.5.4 Turbulent Fluxes 6.6 Temperature Inversion and Katabatic Winds 6.6.1 Surface Temperature Inversion and Deficit 6.6.2 Katabatic Winds 6.7 Precipitation 6.8 Notes and References Exercises 7 Mass Balance 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Definitions 7.3 Methods 7.3.1 In Situ Observations 7.3.2 Satellite/Airborne Altimetry 7.3.3 Satellite Gravimetry 7.3.4 Mass Budget Method 7.4 Valley Glaciers and Ice Caps 7.4.1 In Situ Observations 7.4.2 Modelling 7.4.3 Dynamical Response 7.4.4 Remote Sensing 7.5 Antarctic Ice Sheet 7.5.1 Spatial SSMB Variability 7.5.2 Blue Ice Areas 7.5.3 Temporal SSMB Variability 7.6 Greenland Ice Sheet 7.6.1 Spatial SSMB Variability 7.6.2 Temporal SSMB Variability 7.6.3 Role of the Liquid Water Balance 8 Numerical Modelling of Ice Sheets, Streams, and Shelves 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Ice Flow Equations 8.2.1 The Shallow Ice Approximation 8.2.2 Analogy with the Heat Equation 8.3 Finite Difference Numerics 8.3.1 Explicit Scheme for the Heat Equation 8.3.2 A First Implemented Scheme 8.3.3 Stability Criteria and Adaptive Time Stepping 8.3.4 Implicit Schemes 8.3.5 Numerical Solution of Diffusion Equations 8.4 Numerically Solving the SIA 8.5 Exact Solutions and Verification 8.5.1 Exact Solution of the Heat Equation 8.5.2 Halfar’s Exact Similarity Solution to the SIA 8.5.3 Using Halfar’s Solution 8.5.4 A Test of Robustness 8.6 Applying Our Numerical Ice Sheet Model 8.7 Shelves and Streams 8.7.1 The Shallow Shelf Approximation (SSA) 8.7.2 Numerical Solution of the SSA 8.7.3 Numerics of the Linear Boundary Value Problem 8.7.4 Solving the Stress Balance for an Ice Shelf 8.7.5 Realistic Ice Shelf Modelling 8.8 A Summary of Numerical Ice Flow Modelling 8.9 Notes Exercises 9 Least-Squares Data Inversion in Glaciology 9.1 Preamble 9.2 Introduction 9.3 The Roots of GPS in Glaciology 9.4 Introduction to GPS 9.4.1 History 9.4.2 Coarse Acquisition (C/A) Code 9.5 The Equations of Pseudorange 9.6 Least-Squares Solution of an Overdetermined System of Linear Equations 9.7 Observational Techniques to Improve GPS Accuracy 9.7.1 The Ionosphere-Free Combination 9.7.2 Carrier-Phase Determined Range and Integer Wavelength Ambiguity 9.7.3 Resolving Range Ambiguity by Phase Tracking 9.7.4 Differential GPS Exercises 10 Analytical Models of Ice Sheets and Ice Shelves 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Perfectly-Plastic Ice Sheet Model 10.3 The Height–Mass Balance Feedback 10.4 Ice-Sheet Profile for Plane Shear with Glen’s Law 10.5 Ice Shelves Exercise 11 Firn 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Firn Densification 11.2.1 Mechanisms of Firn Densification 11.2.2 Firn Densification Models 11.2.3 Firn Layering and Microstructure 11.3 Applications of Firn Models 11.3.1 Ice Sheet Surface Mass Balance from Altimetry 11.3.2 Delta Age Calculations in Deep Ice Cores 11.4 Summary and Conclusions 12 Ice Cores: Archive of the Climate System 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Dating Ice Cores 12.3 Stable Water Isotopes 12.3.1 Basics and Nomenclature 12.3.2 The Isotope Proxy Thermometer 12.3.3 Examples of Isotope Records 12.3.4 Isotope Diffusion in Firn and Ice 12.3.5 Diffusion Thermometry 12.4 Aerosols in Ice 12.4.1 Introduction and Origin of Aerosols in Ice 12.4.2 Aerosol Sources and Transport 12.4.3 Post-depositional Modification 12.4.4 Seasonal Cycles in Aerosol and Particle Constituents in Ice 12.4.5 The Volcanic Signal in Ice and Its Use for Chronological Control 12.4.6 Marine Biogenic MSA and Sea Salt as Sea-Ice Proxies 12.4.7 The Record of Anthropogenic Pollution 12.4.8 Long Aerosol Records from Greenland and Antarctica 12.4.9 Electrical Properties of Ice and Their Relationship to Chemistry 12.5 Gases Enclosed in Ice 12.5.1 Firn Gas and Gas Occlusion 12.5.2 Trace Gases 12.6 Timing of Climate Events Exercises 13 Satellite Remote Sensing of Glaciers and Ice Sheets 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Optical Sensors and Applications 13.2.1 Sensors and Satellites 13.2.2 Applications 13.3 SAR Methods and Applications 13.3.1 Radar Signal Interaction with Snow and Ice 13.3.2 SAR Sensor and Image Characteristics 13.3.3 InSAR Measurement Principles and Applications 13.4 Satellite Altimetry 13.4.1 Altimetry Missions 13.4.2 Measuring Elevation Change 14 Geophysics 14.1 Geophysical Methods: Overview 14.2 Passive Methods 14.2.1 Gravimetry 14.2.2 Magnetics 14.2.3 Seismology 14.3 Active Methods: Basics 14.3.1 Propagation Properties and Reflection Origin 14.3.2 Seismic System Set-Up 14.3.3 Radar System Set-Up 14.4 Data Acquisition and Processing 14.5 Seismic Applications in Ice 14.5.1 Ice Thickness and Basal Topography 14.5.2 Subglacial Structure and Properties 14.5.3 Rheological and Other Englacial Properties 14.6 Radar Applications in Ice 14.6.1 Internal Layer Architecture and Ice Dynamics 14.6.2 Subglacial Conditions 14.6.3 Englacial Conditions 14.7 Notes and References 14.7.1 Further Reading 14.7.2 Gravimetry 14.7.3 General Wave Equation and Solution 14.7.4 Seismic Waves 14.7.5 Electromagnetic Waves Exercises 15 Glacial Isostatic Adjustment 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Earth Response to Loading 15.2.1 Rheology of the Earth 15.2.2 Building an Earth Model 15.2.3 Earth Models Used in Glaciology and Glacial Isostatic Adjustment 15.3 The Cryosphere and Sea Level 15.3.1 Factors Affecting Sea-Level Change 15.3.2 Eu

Note: Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Why Numerical Ecology? 1.2 Why R? 1.3 Readership and Structure of the Book 1.4 How to Use This Book 1.5 The Data Sets 1.5.1 The Doubs Fish Data 1.5.2 The Oribatid Mite Data 1.6 A Quick Reminder About Help Sources 1.7 Now It Is Time 2 Exploratory Data Analysis 2.1 Objectives 2.2 Data Exploration 2.2.1 Data Extraction 2.2.2 Species Data: First Contact 2.2.3 Species Data: A Closer Look 2.2.4 Ecological Data Transformation 2.2.5 Environmental Data 2.3 Conclusion 3 Association Measures and Matrices 3.1 Objectives 3.2 The Main Categories of Association Measures (Short Overview) 3.2.1 Q Mode and R Mode 3.2.2 Symmetrical or Asymmetrical Coefficients in Q Mode: The Double-Zero Problem 3.2.3 Association Measures for Qualitative or Quantitative Data 3.2.4 To Summarize 3.3 Q Mode: Computing Dissimilarity Matrices Among Objects 3.3.1 Q Mode: Quantitative Species Data 3.3.2 Q Mode: Binary (Presence-Absence) Species Data 3.3.3 Q Mode: Quantitative Data (Excluding Species Abundances) 3.3.4 Q Mode: Binary Data (Excluding Species Presence-Absence Data) 3.3.5 Q Mode: Mixed Types Including Categorical (Qualitative Multiclass) Variables 3.4 R Mode: Computing Dependence Matrices Among Variables 3.4.1 R Mode: Species Abundance Data 3.4.2 R Mode: Species Presence-Absence Data 3.4.3 R Mode: Quantitative and Ordinal Data (Other than Species Abundances) 3.4.4 R Mode: Binary Data (Other than Species Abundance Data) 3.5 Pre-transformations for Species Data 3.6 Conclusion 4 Cluster Analysis 4.1 Objectives 4.2 Clustering Overview 4.3 Hierarchical Clustering Based on Links 4.3.1 Single Linkage Agglomerative Clustering 4.3.2 Complete Linkage Agglomerative Clustering 4.4 Average Agglomerative Clustering 4.5 Ward's Minimum Variance Clustering 4.6 Flexible Clustering 4.7 Interpreting and Comparing Hierarchical Clustering Results 4.7.1 Introduction 4.7.2 Cophenetic Correlation 4.7.3 Looking for Inteipretable Clusters 4.8 Non-hierarchical Clustering 4.8.1 k-means Partitioning 4.8.2 Partitioning Around Medoids (PAM) 4.9 Comparison with Environmental Data 4.9.1 Comparing a Typology with External Data (ANOVA Approach) 4.9.2 Comparing Two Typologies (Contingency Table Approach) 4.10 Species Assemblages 4.10.1 Simple Statistics on Group Contents 4.10.2 Kendall's W Coefficient of Concordance 4.10.3 Species Assemblages in Presence-Absence Data 4.10.4 Species Co-occurrence Network 4.11 Indicator Species 4.11.1 Introduction 4.11.2 IndVal: Species Indicator Values 4.11.3 Correlation-Type Indices 4.12 Multivariate Regression Trees (MRT): Constrained Clustering 4.12.1 Introduction 4.12.2 Computation (Principle) 4.12.3 Application Using Packages mvpart and MVPARTwrap 4.12.4 Combining MRT and IndVal 4.13 MRT as a Monothetic Clustering Method 4.14 Sequential Clustering 4.15 A Very Different Approach: Fuzzy Clustering 4.15.1 Fuzzy c-means Using Package cluster's Function fanny () 4.15.2 Noise Clustering Using the vegclust () Function 4.16 Conclusion 5 Unconstrained Ordination 5.1 Objectives 5.2 Ordination Overview 5.2.1 Multidimensional Space 5.2.2 Ordination in Reduced Space 5.3 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 5.3.1 Overview 5.3.2 PCA of the Environmental Variables of the Doubs River Data Using rda () 5.3.3 PCA on Transformed Species Data 5.3.4 Domain of Application of PCA 5.3.5 PCA Using Function PCA. newr () 5.3.6 Imputation of Missing Values in PCA 5.4 Correspondence Analysis (CA) 5.4.1 Introduction 5.4.2 CA Using Function cca () of Package vegan 5.4.3 CA Using Function CA. newr () 5.4.4 Arch Effect and Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) 5.4.5 Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) 5.5 Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) 5.5.1 Introduction 5.5.2 Application of PCoA to the Doubs Data Set Using cmdscaleO and vegan 5.5.3 Application of PCoA to the Doubs Data Set Using pcoa () 5.6 Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) 5.6.1 Introduction 5.6.2 Application to the Doubs Fish Data 5.6.3 PCoA or NMDS? 5.7 Hand-Written PCA Ordination Function 6 Canonical Ordination 6.1 Objectives 6.2 Canonical Ordination Overview 6.3 Redundancy Analysis (RDA) 6.3.1 Introduction 6.3.2 RDA of the Doubs River Data 6.3.3 Distance-Based Redundancy Analysis (db-RDA) 6.3.4 A Hand-Written RDA Function 6.4 Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) 6.4.1 Introduction 6.4.2 CCA of the Doubs River Data 6.5 Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) 6.5.1 Introduction 6.5.2 Discriminant Analysis Using Ida () 6.6 Other Asymmetric Analyses 6.6.1 Principal Response Curves (PRC) 6.6.2 Co-correspondence Analysis (CoCA) 6.7 Symmetric Analysis of Two (or More) Data Sets 6.8 Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCorA) 6.8.1 Introduction 6.8.2 Canonical Correlation Analysis Using CCorA () 6.9 Co-inertia Analysis (CoIA) 6.9.1 Introduction 6.9.2 Co-inertia Analysis Using Function coinertia () of ade4 6.10 Multiple Factor Analysis (MFA) 6.10.1 Introduction 6.10.2 Multiple Factor Analysis Using FactoMineR 6.11 Relating Species Traits and Environment 6.11.1 The Fourth-Corner Method 6.11.2 RLQ Analysis 6.11.3 Application in R 6.12 Conclusion 7 Spatial Analysis of Ecological Data 7.1 Objectives 7.2 Spatial Structures and Spatial Analysis: A Short Overview 7.2.1 Introduction 7.2.2 Induced Spatial Dependence and Spatial Autocorrelation 7.2.3 Spatial Scale 7.2.4 Spatial Heterogeneity 7.2.5 Spatial Correlation or Autocorrelation Functions and Spatial Correlograms 7.2.6 Testing for the Presence of Spatial Correlation: Conditions 7.2.7 Modelling Spatial Structures 7.3 Multivariate Trend-Surface Analysis 7.3.1 Introduction 7.3.2 Trend-Surface Analysis in Practice 7.4 Eigenvector-Based Spatial Variables and Spatial Modelling 7.4.1 Introduction 7.4.2 Distance-Based Moran's Eigenvector Maps (dbMEM) and Principal Coordinates of Neighbour Matrices (PCNM) 7.4.3 MEM in a Wider Context: Weights Other than Geographic Distances 7.4.4 MEM with Positive or Negative Spatial Correlation: Which Ones should Be Used? 7.4.5 Asymmetric Eigenvector Maps (AEM): When Directionality Matters 7.5 Another Way to Look at Spatial Structures: Multiscale Ordination (MSO) 7.5.1 Principle 7.5.2 Application to the Mite Data - Exploratory Approach 7.5.3 Application to the Detrended Mite and Environmental Data 7.6 Space-Time Interaction Test in Multivariate ANOVA, Without Replicates 7.6.1 Introduction 7.6.2 Testing the Space-Time Interaction with the sti Functions 7.7 Conclusion 8 Community Diversity 8.1 Objectives 8.2 The Multiple Facets of Diversity 8.2.1 Introduction 8.2.2 Species Diversity Measured by a Single Number 8.2.3 Taxonomic Diversity Indices in Practice 8.3 When Space Matters: Alpha, Beta and Gamma Diversities 8.4 Beta Diversity 8.4.1 Beta Diversity Measured by a Single Number 8.4.2 Beta Diversity as the Variance of the Community Composition Table: SCBD and LCBD Indices 8.4.3 Partitioning Beta Diversity into Replacement, Richness Difference and Nestedness Components 8.5 Functional Diversity, Functional Composition and Phylogenetic Diversity of Communities 8.5.1 Alpha Functional Diversity 8.5.2 Beta Taxonomic, Phylogenetic and Functional Diversities 8.6 Conclusion Bibliography Index

Note: Contents Artificial Intelligence for Sustainability An Intelligent Chatbot Using NLP and TF-IDF Algorithm for Text Understanding Applied to the Medical Field / Ayanouz Soufyane, Boudhir Anouar Abdelhakim, and Mohamed Ben Ahmed Artificial Intelligence in Predicting the Spread of Coronavirus to Ensure Healthy Living for All Age Groups / Stitini Oumaima, Kaloun Soulaimane, and Bencharef Omar Sustainability of Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning Algorithms for Medical Image Classification: Case of Cancer Pathology / Dahdouh Yousra, Anouar Boudhir Abdelhakim, and Ben Ahmed Mohamed An Intelligent Strategy for Developing Scientific Learning Skills / Okacha Diyer, Naceur Achtaich, and Khalid Najib Interactivity for Artificial Intelligence Systems: NL2SQL / Karam Ahkouk, Mustapha Machkour, Rachid Mama, and Khadija Majhadi Toward an Intelligent Hybrid System Based on Data Analysis and Preprocessing Method / Sara Belattar, Otman Abdoun, and Haimoudi El khatir Proposed Precautions for Newborn Malware Family Inspired from the COVID19 Epidemic Outbreak / Ikram Ben Abdel Ouahab, Mohammed Bouhorma, Lotfi ElAachak,and Anouar Abdelhakim Boudhir Using Deep Features Extraction and Ensemble Classifiers to Detect Glaucoma from Fundus Images / Stephane Cedric Tekouabou Koumetio, El Arbi Abdellaoui Alaoui, Imane Chabbar, Walid Cherif, and Hassan Silkan The Role of Applications Deep Learning in Achieving Sustainable Development Goals / Redouane Lhiadi, Abdelali Kaaouachi, and Abdessamad Jaddar Self-Attention Mechanism for Diabetic Retinopathy Detection / Othmane Daanouni, Bouchaib Cherradi, and Amal Tmiri Comparative Study of Supervised Machine Learning Color-Based Segmentation for Object Detection in X-Ray Baggage Images for Intelligent Transportation Systems / Mohamed Chouai, Mostefa Merah, José-Luis Sancho-GÓmez, and Malika MIMI A Survey of Artificial Intelligence-Based E-Commerce Recommendation System / Mohamed Khoali, Abdelhak Tali, and Yassin Laaziz Green Networks and Intelligent Transportation Systems Customer-Oriented Dial-A-Ride Problems: A Survey on Relevant Variants, Solution Approaches and Applications / Sonia Nasri, Hend Bouziri, and Wassila Aggoune-Mtalaa Big Data Accident Prediction System in Green Networks and Intelligent Transportation Systems / Mouad Tantaoui, My Driss Laanaoui, and Mustapha Kabil A Survey of Optimization Techniques for Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks / Younes Ben Chigra, Abderrahim Ghadi, and Mohamed Bouhorma Modeling and Performance Analysis for Transportation Systems of ULA and UCA Massive-MIMO Basing on Spherical Wave / Abdelhamid Riadi, Mohamed Boulouird, and Moha M’Rabet Hassani Enhancing Wireless Transmission Efficiency for Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks Based on Transposing of Sensors / Rahat Ali Khan, Shahzad Memon, and Qin Xin New Method to Detect the Congestion for Green Networking in MANET / Abdellah Nabou, My Driss Laanaoui, Mohammed Ouzzif, and Mohammed-Alamine El Houssaini Benchmarking Study of Machine Learning Algorithms Case Study: VANET Network / Sara Ftaimi and Tomader Mazri A Comparative Study of Detection Algorithm in VANET Network / Manale Boughanja and Tomader Mazri An Enhanced Energy-Efficient Hierarchical LEACH Protocol to Extend the Lifespan for Wireless Sensor Networks / Fatima Es-sabery and Abdellatif Hair A Survey of Security and Privacy for 5G Networks / Ahmed Ziani and Abdellatif Medouri An Adaptive Video Streaming Framework for Peer-To-Peer 5G Networks: Paving the Road to 5G-IMS / Adnane Ghani, El Hassan Ibn El Haj, Ahmed Hammouch, and Abdelaali Chaoub Recognition and Reconstruction of Road Marking with Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) / Samir Allach, Mohamed Ben Ahmed, and Anouar Abdelhakim Boudhir Environmental Informatics & Sustainable Environment A Smart Agricultural System to Classify Agricultural Plants and Fungus Diseases Using Deep Learning / Oussama Bakkali Yedri, Mohamed Ben Ahmed, Mohammed Bouhorma, and Lotfi El Achaak Secure Data Collection for Wireless Sensor Network / Samir Ifzarne, Imad Hafidi, and Nadia Idrissi Computing Technologies to Construct an Islamic Geometric Patterns Respecting the “Hasba” Method / Yassine Ait Lahcen, Abdelaziz Jali, Ahmed El Oirrak, and Youssef Aboufadil Technology for Sustainable Development: Solar Adsorption Cooling System Cold Room Modelization Using Python / Hanane Abakouy, Hanae El Kalkha, and Adel Bouajaj Satellite Big Data Ingestion for Environmentally Sustainable Development / Badr-Eddine Boudriki Semlali and Chaker El Amrani A New Approach for Estimating Monthly Global Solar Irradiation Based on Empirical and Artificial Neural Networks Models: A Case Study of Al-Hoceima Province, in Morocco North Region / Badr Benamrou, Mustapha Ouardouz, Imane Allaouzi, and Mohamed Ben ahmed Computing Technologies for Sustainable Development Efficient Congestion Management for Sustainable Wireless Mesh Networks / Kaoutar Bazi and Bouchaib Nassereddine Classifying Security Attacks in IoT Using CTM Method / Hind Meziane, Noura Ouerdi, Mohammed Amine Kasmi, and Sanae Mazouz Exploring the Power of Computation Technologies for Entity Matching / Youssef Aassem, Imad Hafidi, and Noureddine Aboutabit Smart Sustainable Cities: A Chatbot Based on Question Answering System Passing by a Grammatical Correction for Serving Citizens / Bghiel Afrae, Ben Ahmed Mohamed, and Boudhir Anouar Abdelhakim Enhancing Wireless Transmission Efficiency for Sensors in Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks / Rahat Ali Khan, Shahzad Memon, and Qin Xin Study of Websocket Parent-Teachers/Qualified Teachers in Rural Areas: Case of Central African Republic / Ghislain Mervyl Saint-Juste Kossingou, Nadege Gladys Ndassimba, Edgard Ndassimba, Kéba Gueye, and Samuel Ouya A Comparison of QoS-Based Architecture Solutions for IoT/Edge Computing Environment / Nogaye Lo and Ibrahima Niang Towards Sustainable e-Learning Systems Using an Adaptive Learning Approach / El Miloud Smaili, Soukaina Sraidi, Salma Azzouzi, and My El Hassan Charaf Toward a Mobile Remote Controlled Robot for Early Childhood in Algeria / Ehlem Zigh, Ayoub Elhoucine, Abderrahmane Mallek, and Belcacem Kouninef Multi-Directional Total Variation and Wavelet Transform Based Methods: Application for Correlation Fringe Patterns Denoising and Demodulation / Mustapha Bahich and Mohammed Bailich A Multi-Agent System for Color Video Decomposition / Insaf Bellamine Serious Games for Sustainable Education in Emerging Countries: An Open-Source Pipeline and Methodology / Younes Alaoui, Lotfi El Achaak, Amine Belahbib, and Mohammed Bouhorma

Note: Contents 1 History and Description of Ice Ages 1.1 Discovery of Ice Ages 1.2 Description of Ice Sheets 1.3 Vegetation During LGM 1.3.1 LGM Climate 1.3.2 Global Flora 1.3.3 Ice Age Forests 1.4 Vegetation and Dust Generation During the LGM 1.4.1 Introduction: Effect of Low CO2 on Plants 1.4.2 C3 and C4 Flora Differences 1.4.3 Effects of Low CO2 on Tree Lines 1.4.4 Source of the LGM Dust 2 Variability of the Earth’s Climate 2.1 Factors that Influence Global Climate 2.2 Stable Extremes of the Earth’s Climate 2.3 Ice Ages in the Recent Geological Past 3 Ice Core Methodology 3.1 History of Ice Core Research 3.2 Dating Ice Core Data 3.2.1 Introduction 3.2.2 Age Markers 3.2.3 Counting Layers Visually 3.2.4 Layers Determined by Measurement 3.2.5 Ice Flow Modeling 3.2.6 Other Dating Methods 3.2.7 Synchronization of Dating of Ice Cores from Greenland and Antarctica 3.2.8 GISP2 Experience 3.2.9 Tuning 3.2.10 Flimsy Logic 3.3 Processing Ice Core Data 3.3.1 Temperature Estimates from Ice Cores 3.3.2 Temperature Estimates from Borehole Models 3.3.3 Climate Variations 3.3.4 Trapped Gases 4 Ice Core Data 4.1 Greenland Ice Core Historical Temperatures 4.2 Antarctica Ice Core Historical Temperatures 4.2.1 Vostok and EPICA Data 4.2.2 Homogeneity of Antarctic Ice Cores 4.3 North-South Synchrony 4.3.1 Direct Comparison of Greenland and Antarctica Ice Core Records 4.3.2 Sudden Changes 4.3.3 Interpretation of Sudden Change in Terms of Ocean Circulation 4.3.4 Seasonal Variability of Precipitation 4.4 Data from High-Elevation Ice Cores 4.5 Carbon Dioxide 4.5.1 Measurements 4.5.2 Explanations 4.6 Dust in Ice Cores 5 Ocean Sediment Data 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Chronology 5.3 Universality of Ocean Sediment Data 5.4 Summary of Ocean Sediment Ice Volume Data 5.5 Comparison of Ocean Sediment Data with Polar Ice Core Data 5.6 Historical Sea Surface Temperatures 5.7 Ice-Rafted Debris 6 Other Data Sources 6.1 Devil’s Hole 6.1.1 Devil’s Hole Data 6.1.2 Comparison of Devil’s Hole Data with Ocean Sediment Data 6.1.3 Devil’s Hole: Global or Regional Data? 6.1.4 Comparison of Devil’s Hole Data with Vostok Data 6.1.5 The Continuing Controversy 6.2 Speleothems in Caves 6.3 Magnetism in Rocks and Loess 6.3.1 Magnetism in Loess 6.3.2 Rock Magnetism in Lake Sediments 6.4 Pollen Records 6.5 Physical Indicators 6.5.1 Ice Sheet Moraines 6.5.2 Coral Terraces 6.5.3 Mountain Glaciers 6.6 Red Sea Sediments 7 Overview of the Various Models for Ice Ages 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Variability of the Sun 7.3 Astronomical Theory 7.4 Volcanism 7.5 Greenhouse Gases 7.6 Role of the Oceans 7.6.1 Glacial-Interglacial Cycles: The Consensus View 7.6.2 Sudden Climate Change - The Consensus View 7.6.3 Wunsch’s Objections 7.7 Models Based on Clouds 7.7.1 Extraterrestrial Dust Accretion 7.7.2 Clouds Induced by Cosmic Rays 7.7.3 Ocean–Atmosphere Model 7.8 Models Based on the Southern Hemisphere 8 Variability of the Earth’s Orbit: Astronomical Theory 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Variability of the Earth’s Orbit 8.2.1 Variability Within the Orbital Plane 8.2.2 Variability of the Orbital Plane 8.3 Calculation of Solar Intensities 8.4 Importance of Each Orbital Parameter 8.5 Historical Solar Irradiance at Higher Latitudes 8.6 Connection Between Solar Variability and Glaciation/Deglaciation Cycles According to Astronomical Theory 8.6.1 Models for Ice Volume 8.6.2 Review of the Imbries’ Model 8.6.3 Memory Model 8.6.4 Modification of Paillard Model 8.7 Models Based on Eccentricity or Obliquity 8.7.1 A Model Based on Eccentricity 8.7.2 The Middle-Pleistocene Transition (MPT) 9 Comparison of Astronomical Theory with Data 9.1 Ice Volume Versus Solar Input 9.2 Spectral Analysis 9.2.1 Introduction 9.2.2 Spectral Analysis of Solar and Paleoclimate Data 10 Interglacials 11 Terminations of Ice Ages 11.1 Abstract 11.2 Background 11.3 Terminations 11.4 North or South (or Both)? 11.5 Models Based on CO 2 and the Southern Hemisphere 11.6 Climate Models for Terminations of Ice Ages 11.7 Model Based on Solar Amplitudes 11.8 Dust as the Driver for Terminations 11.8.1 Introduction 11.8.2 Antarctic Dust Data 11.8.3 Correlation of Ice Core Dust Data with Terminations 11.8.4 Dust Levels on the Ice Sheets 11.8.5 Optical Properties of Surface Deposited Dust 11.8.6 Source of the Dust 11.8.7 Ice Sheet Margins 11.9 Model Based on Solar Thresholds 11.10 The Milankovitch Model Versus the Most Likely Model 11.10.1 Criteria for a Theory 11.10.2 The “Milankovitch” Model 11.10.3 The Most Likely Model 11.10.4 Unanswered Questions 12 Status of Our Understanding References Index

Note: Data Analysis in the Earth Sciences.- Introduction to Python.- Univariate Statistics.- Bivariate Statistics.- Time Series Analysis.- Signal Processing.- Spatial Data.- Image Processing.- Multivariate Statistics.- Directional Data.

Note: Contents Part I Introduction to Our Coastal Atmosphere 1 Scope, Uniqueness, and Importance of Our Coastal Atmosphere 2 Atmospheric Composition, Structure, and Evolution Part II Thermodynamics in Our Coastal Atmosphere 3 Energy Transfer and Electromagnetic Radiation 4 Temperature 5 Application of the Gas Laws in Meteorology 6 The Hydrostatic Equation and Adiabatic Processes 7 Atmospheric Moisture 8 Atmospheric Stability and Potential Temperature 9 Measuring and Estimating Atmospheric Stability 10 Using Thermodynamic Diagrams in Meteorology 11 Clouds 12 Precipitation Processes and Types Part III Dynamic Processes in Our Coastal Atmosphere 13 Pressure and Winds 14 Coriolis Effect 15 Effect of Friction 16 Centripetal Acceleration and the Gradient Wind 17 Gravitation 18 The Seven Basic Equations in Weather Forecasting Models 19 Comparison of Weather Forecasting Models and General Circulation Models 20 General Circulation of the Atmosphere Part IV Weather Systems in the Coastal Zone 21 Air Masses 22 Atmospheric Lifting Mechanisms 23 Fronts and the Mid-Latitude Wave Cyclone 24 Thunderstorms 25 Lightning 26 Tornadoes and Waterspouts 27 Advising the Public About the Severe Weather Risk 28 Tropical Cyclones 29 Coastal Flooding 30 Coastal Drought 31 Winter Storms 32 Sea Ice and Weather Systems 33 Summary of Energy Transfer by Atmospheric and Oceanic Motion Part V Atmospheric Boundary Layers and Air-Sea Interaction 34 Introduction to Near-Surface Atmospheric Dynamics 35 The Logarithmic Wind Profile in Neutral Stability Conditions 36 Non-neutral or Diabatic Wind Profile 37 Introduction to the Transition (or Ekman) Layer 38 The Classical Solution to the Atmospheric Ekman Spiral 39 Fundamentals of Air-Sea Interactions 40 Weather Effects on the Coastal Ocean 41 Wind Stress and Turbulent Flux Drag Coefficients Over Water Part VI Air-Sea-Land Interaction 42 Surface Fluxes of Energy, Moisture, and Momentum 43 Sea and Land Breezes 44 Coastal Fog 45 Coastal Upwelling and Weather 46 Atmospheric Impacts on Lake Processes 47 Coastal Jets 48 Atmospheric Optical Effects in the Coastal Zone 49 Solar Radiation in Aquatic Systems Part VII Dispersion and Engineering Applications 50 Meteorology and Climatology of Coastal Cities 51 Atmospheric Dispersion in the Coastal Zone 52 Engineering Aspects of the Wind Profile Appendices References Index

Note: Contents Part I Fundamentals 1 Overview: Antecedents, Motivation and Necessity / Gabriel Cristóbal, Saúl Blanco, and Gloria Bueno 2 Diatom Classifications: What Purpose Do They Serve? / David M. Williams 3 Diatom Taxonomy and Identification Keys / Saúl Blanco 4 Naturally and Environmentally Driven Variations in Diatom Morphology: Implications for Diatom-Based Assessment of Water Quality / Adriana Olenici, C ̆alin Baciu, Saúl Blanco, and Soizic Morin Part II Sensing 5 Microscopic Modalities and Illumination Techniques / J. Piper and T. Piper 6 Light Filtering in Microscopy / J. Piper 7 Automatization Techniques. Slide Scanning / Carlos Sánchez, Jesús Ruiz-Santaquiteria Alegre, José Luis Espinosa Aranda, and Jesús Salido Part III Analysis 8 Segmentation Techniques / Gloria Bueno, Manuel G. Forero, Carlos A. Jacanamejoy, J. Alejandro Libreros, M. Milagro Fernandez-Carrobles, and Oscar Deniz 9 Diatom Feature Extraction and Classification / Noelia Vallez, Anibal Pedraza, Carlos Sánchez, Jesus Salido, Oscar Deniz, and Gloria Bueno 10 Multifocus and Multiexposure Techniques / Harbinder Singh, Gabriel Cristóbal, and Vinay Kumar 11 Stereoscopic Imaging of Diatoms in Light and Electron Microscopy / Robert Sturm 12 Geometric Morphometrics and the Shape of Microscopic Organisms / Ecaterina Fodor and Ovidiu Ioan Hâruta Part IV Applications 13 Water Quality Assessment / A. Goldenberg-Vilar, R. Álvarez-Troncoso, V. Roldán, and Saúl Blanco 14 Diatoms in Forensic Analysis / Eloy Girela-Lopez, Cristina M. Beltran-Aroca, and Herminia García-Mozo 15 Benthic Foraminifera and Diatoms as Ecological Indicators / Xavier Benito Glossary Index

Note: Contents 1 Introduction / Jørgen Berge, Geir Johnsen, and Jonathan H. Cohen 2 The Marine Physical Environment During the Polar Night / Finlo Cottier and Marie Porter 3 Light in the Polar Night / Jonathan H. Cohen, Jørgen Berge, Mark A. Moline, Geir Johnsen, and Artur P. Zolich 4 Marine Micro- and Macroalgae in the Polar Night / Geir Johnsen, Eva Leu, and Rolf Gradinger 5 Zooplankton in the Polar Night / Jørgen Berge, Malin Daase, Laura Hobbs, Stig Falk-Petersen, Gerald Darnis, and Janne E. Søreide 6 Benthic Communities in the Polar Night / Paul E. Renaud, William G. Ambrose Jr., and Jan Marcin Węsławski 7 Fish Ecology During the Polar Night / Maxime Geoffroy and Pierre Priou 8 Biological Clocks and Rhythms in Polar Organisms / Kim S. Last, N. Sören Häfker, Vicki J. Hendrick, Bettina Meyer, Damien Tran, and Fabio Piccolin 9 Sensor-Carrying Platforms / Asgeir J. Sørensen, Martin Ludvigsen, Petter Norgren, Øyvind Ødegård, and Finlo Cottier 10 Operative Habitat Mapping and Monitoring in the Polar Night / Geir Johnsen, Aksel A. Mogstad, Jørgen Berge, and Jonathan H. Cohen 11 Life and Light at the Dead of Night / Jørgen Berge and Geir Johnsen Index

Note: Contents Introduction 1 An Introduction to the Research on Mediterranean Cold-Water Corals / Covadonga Orejas and Carlos Jiménez Part I Past 2 Paleoecology of Mediterranean Cold-Water Corals / Marco Taviani, Agostina Vertino, Lorenzo Angeletti, Paolo Montagna, and Alessandro Remia 3 Cold-Water Corals in the Mediterranean: A History of Discovery / Julian Evans, Leyla Knittweis, Joseph A. Borg, and Patrick J. Schembri 4 A Turbulent Story: Mediterranean Contourites and Cold-Water Corals / Michele Rebesco and Marco Taviani 5 Messinian Salinity Crisis: What Happened to Cold-Water Corals? / André Freiwald 6 Did Quaternary Climate Fluctuations Affect Mediterranean Deep-Sea Coral Communities? / Agostina Vertino and Cesare Corselli 7 A Deglacial Cold-Water Coral Boom in the Alborán Sea: From Coral Mounds and Species Dominance / Claudia Wienberg 8 Highly Variable Submarine Landscapes in the Alborán Sea Created by Cold-Water Corals / Dierk Hebbeln 9 Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Mediterranean Cold-Water Corals / Agostina Vertino, Marco Taviani, and Cesare Corselli 10 Bathyal Corals Within the Aegean Sea and the Adjacent Hellenic Trench / Jürgen Titschack 11 Mediterranean Cold-Water Corals as Paleoclimate Archives / Paolo Montagna and Marco Taviani 12 Tomography of Cold-Water Corals-Bearing Cores / Lorenzo Angeletti, Matteo Bettuzzi, and Maria Pia Morigi 13 Changing Views About Mediterranean Cold-Water Corals / Marco Taviani Part II Present 14 Taxonomy, Genetics and Biodiversity of Mediterranean Deep-Sea Corals and Cold-Water Corals / Alvaro Altuna and Angelo Poliseno 15 Habitat Mapping of Cold-Water Corals in the Mediterranean Sea / Claudio Lo Iacono, Alessandra Savini, Veerle A. I. Huvenne, and Eulàlia Gràcia 16 Cold-Water Coral Habitat Mapping in the Mediterranean Sea: Methodologies and Perspectives / Lorenzo Angeletti, Annaëlle Bargain, Elisabetta Campiani, Federica Foglini, Valentina Grande, Elisa Leidi, Alessandra Mercorella, Mariacristina Prampolini, and Marco Taviani 17 Working with Visual Methods, Comparison Among the French Deep-Sea Canyons / Maïa Fourt, Adrien Goujard, and Pierre Chevaldonné 18 Review of the Circulation and Characteristics of Intermediate Water Masses of the Mediterranean: Implications for Cold-Water Coral Habitats / Daniel R. Hayes, Katrin Schroeder, Pierre-Marie Poulain, Pierre Testor, Laurent Mortier, Anthony Bosse, and Xavier du Madron 19 Occurrence and Biogeography of Mediterranean Cold-Water Corals / Giovanni Chimienti, Marzia Bo, Marco Taviani, and Francesco Mastrototaro 20 Gorgonian and Black Coral Assemblages in Deep Coastal Bottoms and Continental Shelves of the Mediterranean Sea / Andrea Gori, Jordi Grinyó, Carlos Dominguez-Carrió, Stefano Ambroso, Pablo J. López-González, Josep-Maria Gili, Giorgio Bavestrello, and Marzia Bo 21 Mediterranean Black Coral Communities / Marzia Bo and Giorgio Bavestrello 22 Recent Discoveries of Extensive Cold-Water Coral Assemblages in Maltese Waters / Leyla Knittweis, Julian Evans, Ricardo Aguilar, Helena Álvarez, Joseph A. Borg, Silvia García, and Patrick J. Schembri 23 Corals of Aphrodite: Dendrophyllia ramea Populations of Cyprus / Covadonga Orejas, Carlos Jiménez, Andrea Gori, Jesús Rivera, Claudio Lo Iacono, Didier Aurelle, Louis Hadjioannou, Antonis Petrou, and Katerina Achilleos 24 Cold-Water Corals in Fluid Venting Submarine Structures / Desirée Palomino, José Luis Rueda, Juan Tomás Vázquez, Javier Urra, Olga Sánchez-Guillamón, Emilio González-García, Nieves López-González, and Luis Miguel Fernández-Salas 25 Cold-Water Corals and Mud Volcanoes: Life on a Dynamic Substrate / Andres Rüggeberg and Anneleen Foubert 26 Occurrence of Living Cold-Water Corals at Large Depths Within Submarine Canyons of the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea / Anna Aymà, Jacopo Aguzzi, Miquel Canals, Joan Batista Company, Galderic Lastras, Ariadna Mecho, and Claudio Lo Iacono 27 Submarine Canyons in the Mediterranean: A Shelter for Cold-Water Corals / Pere Puig and Josep-Maria Gili 28 A Cold-Water Coral Habitat in La Fonera Submarine Canyon, Northwestern Mediterranean Sea / Galderic Lastras, Anna Sanchez-Vidal, and Miquel Canals 29 Cold-Water Coral Associated Fauna in the Mediterranean Sea and Adjacent Areas / José L. Rueda, Javier Urra, Ricardo Aguilar, Lorenzo Angeletti, Marzia Bo, Cristina García-Ruiz, Manuel M. González-Duarte, Eduardo López, Teresa Madurell, Manuel Maldonado, Ángel Mateo-Ramírez, César Megina, Juan Moreira, Francina Moya, Lais V. Ramalho, Antonietta Rosso, Cèlia Sitjà, and Marco Taviani 30 Cold-Water Corals as Shelter, Feeding and Life-History Critical Habitats for Fish Species: Ecological Interactions and Fishing Impact / Gianfranco D’Onghia 31 Past, Present and Future Connectivity of Mediterranean Cold-Water Corals: Patterns, Drivers and Fate in a Technically and Environmentally Changing World / Joana Boavida, Ronan Becheler, Anna Maria Addamo, Florent Sylvestre, and Sophie Arnaud-Haond 32 Desmophyllum dianthus Genetics and More / Anna Maria Addamo 33 Diversity of Bacteria Associated with the Cold Water Corals Lophelia pertusa and Madrepora oculata / Markus G. Weinbauer, Davide Oregioni, Anne Großkurth, Marie-Emanuelle Kerros, Tilmann Harder, Michael DuBow, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, and Cornelia Maier 34 Lophelia pertusa and Madrepora oculata: An Archaea Riddle? / Markus G. Weinbauer, Davide Oregioni, and Cornelia Maier 35 Biology and Ecophysiology of Mediterranean Cold–Water Corals / Stéphanie Reynaud and Christine Ferrier-Pagès 36 Growth Patterns of Mediterranean Calcifying Cold-Water Corals / Franck Lartaud, Vincent Mouchi, Leïla Chapron, Anne-Leïla Meistertzheim, and Nadine Le Bris 37 Demography and Conservation of Deep Corals: The Study of Population Structure and Dynamics / Lorenzo Bramanti, Giovanni Santangelo, Maria Carla Benedetti, Mimmo Iannelli, and Katell Guizien 38 Cold-Water Coral in Aquaria: Advances and Challenges. A Focus on the Mediterranean / Covadonga Orejas, Marco Taviani, Stefano Ambroso, Vasilis Andreou, Meri Bilan, Marzia Bo, Sandra Brooke, Paal Buhl-Mortensen, Erik Cordes, Carlos Dominguez-Carrió, Christine Ferrier-Pagès, Antonio Godinho, Andrea Gori, Jordi Grinyó, Cristina Gutiérrez-Zárate, Sebastian Hennige, Carlos Jiménez, Ann I. Larsson, Franck Lartaud, Jay Lunden, Cornelia Maier, Sandra R. Maier, Juancho Movilla, Fiona Murray, Erwan Peru, Autun Purser, Maria Rakka, Stéphanie Reynaud, J. Murray Roberts, Pedro Siles, Susanna M. Strömberg, Laurenz Thomsen, Dick van Oevelen, Alfredo Veiga, and Marina Carreiro-Silva 39 Approaching Cold-Water Corals to the Society: Novel Ways to Transfer Knowledge / Sergio Rossi and Covadonga Orejas Part III Future 40 Perspectives of Biophysical Modelling with Implications on Biological Connectivity of Mediterranean Cold-Water Corals / Matthew W. Johnston and Ann I. Larsson 41 The Interface Between Tectonic Evolution and Cold-Water Coral Dynamics in the Mediterranean / Rinus Wortel and Paul Meijer 42 The Mediterranean Is Getting Saltier: From the Past to the Future / Nikolaos Skliris 43 The Spread of Non-indigenous Species in the Mediterranean – A Threat to Cold-Water Corals? / Bella S. Galil 44 Fate of Mediterranean Scleractinian Cold-Water Corals as a Result of Global Climate Change. A Synthesis / Cornelia Maier, Markus G. Weinbauer, and Jean-Pierre Gattuso 45 A Case Study: Variability in the Calcification Response of Mediterranean Cold-Water Corals to Ocean Acidification / Juancho Movilla 46 Conservation of Cold-Water Corals in the Mediterranean: Current Status and Future Prospects for Improvement / Maria del Mar Otero and Pilar Marin Species Index Subject Index

Note: Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Brief History of Natural Extreme Events 1.3 Motivation and Goals 1.4 Chapter Outline 2 Basic Notions of Probability and Statistics for Natural Extreme Events Frequency Analyses 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Chapter Objectives 2.3 Basic Notions of Theory of Probability 2.3.1 Definition of Probability 2.3.2 Random Variables 2.3.3 Probability Distribution Functions 2.3.4 Probability Density Functions 2.3.5 Non-exceedance and Exceedance Probabilities 2.3.6 Return Period 2.4 Basic Notions of Statistics 2.4.1 Moments of a Distribution 2.4.2 Measures of Central Tendency 2.4.3 Measures of Dispersion 2.4.4 Measures of Symmetry 2.4.5 Measures of Peakedness 2.4.6 Descriptive Statistics 2.5 Methods for the Estimation of Parameters of Probability Distribution Functions 2.5.1 The Method of Moments (MOM) 2.5.2 The Method of Maximum Likelihood (ML) 2.5.3 The Method of Probability Weighted Moments (PWM) 2.6 Quantile Estimation and Frequency Factor 2.7 Plotting Position Formulas 2.8 Confidence Limits 2.9 Standard Errors of Estimates 2.9.1 MOM Method 2.9.2 ML Method 2.9.3 PWM Method 2.10 Plotting the Extreme Value Data and Models 2.10.1 Normal Probability Paper 2.10.2 Gumbel’s Probability Paper 2.11 Goodness of Fit Tests 2.11.1 The Standard Error of Fit 2.11.2 The Mean Absolute Relative Deviation 2.11.3 The Akaike’s Information Criterion 2.12 Outliers Tests 2.12.1 The Grubbs and Beck Test 2.13 Test for Independence and Stationarity 2.14 Test for Homogeneity and Stationarity 3 Normal Distribution 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Chapter Objectives 3.3 Probability Distribution and Density Functions 3.4 Estimation of Parameters 3.4.1 MOM Method 3.4.2 ML Method 3.5 Estimation of Quantiles for the NOR Distribution 3.5.1 Examples of Estimation of MOM and ML Quantiles for the NOR Distribution 3.6 Goodness of Fit Test 3.6.1 Examples of Application of the SEF and MARD to the MOM-ML Estimators of the Parameters of the NOR Distribution 3.7 Estimation of the Confidence Limits for the NOR Distribution 3.8 Estimation of the Standard Errors for the NOR Distribution 3.8.1 MOM Method 3.8.2 ML Method 3.9 Examples of Application for the NOR Distribution Using Excel® Spreadsheets 3.9.1 Flood Frequency Analysis 3.9.2 Rainfall Frequency Analysis 3.9.3 Wave Height Frequency Analysis 3.9.4 Maximum Annual Wind Speed Frequency Analysis 4 Two-Parameters Log-Normal Distribution 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Chapter Objectives 4.3 Probability Distribution and Density Functions 4.4 Estimation of the Parameters 4.4.1 MOM Method 4.4.2 ML Method 4.5 Estimation of Quantiles for the LN2 Distribution 4.5.1 Examples of Estimation of MOM and ML Quantiles for the LN2 Distribution 4.6 Goodness of Fit Test 4.6.1 Examples of Application of the SEF and MARD to the MOM and ML Estimators of the Parameters of the LN2 Distribution 4.7 Estimation of the Confidence Limits for the LN2 Distribution 4.8 Estimation of the Standard Errors for the LN2 Distribution 4.8.1 MOM Method 4.8.2 ML Method 4.9 Examples of Application for the LN2 Distribution Using Excel® Spreadsheets 4.9.1 Flood Frequency Analysis 4.9.2 Rainfall Frequency Analysis 4.9.3 Maximum Significant Wave Height Frequency Analysis 4.9.4 Annual Maximum Wind Speed Frequency Analysis 5 Three-Parameters Log-Normal Distribution 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Chapter Objectives 5.3 Probability Distribution and Density Functions 5.4 Estimation of the Parameters 5.4.1 MOM Method 5.4.2 ML Method 5.5 Estimation of Quantiles for the LN3 Distribution 5.5.1 Examples of Estimation of MOM Quantiles for the LN3 Distribution 5.6 Goodness of Fit Test 5.6.1 Examples of Application of the SEF and MARD to the MOM and ML Estimators of the Parameters of the LN3 Distribution 5.7 Estimation of the Confidence Limits for the LN3 Distribution 5.8 Estimation of the Standard Errors for the LN3 Distribution 5.8.1 MOM Method 5.8.2 ML Method 5.9 Examples of Application for the LN3 Distribution Using Excel® Spreadsheets 5.9.1 Flood Frequency Analysis 5.9.2 Rainfall Frequency Analysis 5.9.3 Maximum Significant Wave Height Frequency Analysis 5.9.4 Annual Maximum Wind Speed Frequency Analysis 6 Gamma Distribution 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Chapter Objectives 6.3 Probability Distribution and Density Functions 6.4 Estimation of the Parameters 6.4.1 MOM Method 6.4.2 ML Method 6.5 Estimation of Quantiles for the GAM Distribution 6.5.1 Examples of Estimation of MOM and ML Quantiles for the GAM Distribution 6.6 Goodness of Fit Test 6.6.1 Examples of Application of the SEF and MARD to the MOM and ML Estimators of the Parameters of the GAM Distribution 6.7 Estimation of Confidence Limits for the GAM Distribution 6.8 Estimation of Standard Errors for the GAM Distribution 6.8.1 MOM Method 6.8.2 ML Method 6.9 Examples of Application for the GAM Distribution Using Excel ® Spreadsheets 6.9.1 Flood Frequency Analysis 6.9.2 Rainfall Frequency Analysis 6.9.3 Maximum Significant Wave Height Frequency Analysis 6.9.4 Annual Maximum Wind Speed Frequency Analysis 7 Pearson Type III Distribution 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Chapter Objectives 7.3 Probability Distribution and Density Functions 7.4 Estimation of the Parameters 7.4.1 MOM Method 7.4.2 ML Method 7.5 Estimation of Quantiles for the PIII Distribution 7.5.1 Examples of Estimation of MOM and ML Quantiles for the PIII Distribution 7.6 Goodness of Fit Test 7.6.1 Examples of Application of the SEF and MARD to the MOM and ML Estimators of the Parameters of the PIII Distribution 7.7 Estimation of Confidence Limits for the PIII Distribution 7.8 Estimation of Standard Errors for the PIII Distribution 7.8.1 MOM Method 7.8.2 ML Method 7.9 Examples of Application for the PIII Distribution Using Excel® Spreadsheets 7.9.1 Flood Frequency Analysis 7.9.2 Rainfall Frequency Analysis 7.9.3 Maximum Significant Wave Height Frequency Analysis 7.9.4 Annual Maximum Wind Speed Frequency Analysis 8 Log-Pearson Type III Distribution 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Chapter Objectives 8.3 Probability Distribution and Density Functions 8.4 Estimation of the Parameters 8.4.1 MOM Method 8.4.2 ML Method 8.5 Estimation of Quantiles for the LPIII Distribution 8.5.1 Estimation of MOM1, MOM2 and ML Quantiles for the LPIII Distribution 8.5.2 Estimation of WRC Quantiles for the LPIII Distribution 8.5.3 Examples of Estimation of MOM1, MOM2, WRC and ML Quantiles for the LPIII Distribution 8.6 Goodness of Fit Test 8.6.1 Examples of Application of the SEF and MARD to the MOM1, WRC and ML Estimators of the Parameters of the LPIII Distribution 8.7 Estimation of Confidence Limits for the LPIII Distribution 8.7.1 Estimation of Confidence Limits for the LPIII Distribution for MOM1, MOM2, and ML Methods 8.7.2 Estimation of Confidence Limits for the LPIII Distribution for WRC Method 8.8 Estimation of Standard Errors for the LPIII Distribution 8.8.1 MOM Method 8.8.2 ML Method 8.9 Examples of Application for the LPIII Distribution Using Excel® Spreadsheets 8.9.1 Flood Frequency Analysis 8.9.2 Rainfall Frequency Analysis 8.9.3 Maximum Significant Wave Height Frequency Analysis 8.9.4 Annual Maximum Wind Speed Frequency Analysis 9 Extreme Value Type I Distribution 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Chapter Objectives 9.3 Probability Distribution and Density Functions 9.4 Estimation of the Parameters 9.4.1 MOM Method 9.4.2 ML Method 9.4.3 PWM Method 9.5 Estimation of Quantiles for the EVI Distribution 9.5.1 Examples of Estimation of MOM, ML and PWM Quantiles for the EVI Distribution 9.6 Goodness of Fit Test 9.6.1 Examples of Application of the SEF and MARD to the MOM, ML and PWM Estimators of the Parameters of the EVI Distribution 9.7 Estimation of Confidence Limits for the EVI Distribution 9.8 Estimation of Standard Errors for the EVI Distribution 9.8.1 MOM Method 9.8.2 ML Method 9.8.3 PWM Method 9.9 Examples of Application for the EVI Distribution Using Excel® Spreadsheets 9.9.1 Flood Frequency Analysis 9.9.2 Rainfall Frequency Analysis 9.9.3 Maximum Significant Wave Height Frequency Analysis 9.9.4 Annual Maximum Wind Speed Frequency Analy

Note: Contents Part I Energy 1 From Aristotle to Nuclear Fusion: The Long Road to Understanding What Energy Actually Is 1.1 In the Beginning Was the Force 1.2 The Impulse and the Ars Viva 1.3 The Great Energy Confusion 1.4 Steam Engines as a Driver for Basic Research 1.5 The Limits of Energy Conversion 1.6 Maximum Energy in the Smallest Space 1.7 Energy and Life 1.8 How We Measure Energy 1.9 Energy on a Global Scale Annex 1: Energy in Various Guises References 2 The Foundation of Civilisation 2.1 Energy Cycle on Our Own Behalf 2.2 Fire, Wind, and Water 2.3 The Demand for Energy Keeps Growing 2.4 No Oil from the Socket 2.5 The Biggest Lever 2.6 The Future of Energy, the Energy of the Future 2.7 Moving Away from Fossil Fuels 3 The Comeback of Sustainable Energy: Why Fossil Energy Sources Are Only a Footnote in Human History 3.1 In the Beginning There Was Fire 3.2 The Material of the First Industrialisation 3.3 Entry into the Fossil Age 3.4 Electricity for All 3.5 The Black Gold 3.6 The End of the Golden Age of Oil 3.7 Rise and Fall of Nuclear Energy 3.8 Sustainable Energy Sources Are Returning 4 Electricity Wars and Smart Grids: The Key Role of Electricity Storage and Transport 4.1 The Issue with the Current 4.2 The Saliva of Mr. Volta 4.3 The Search for the Best Combination 4.4 An Old War Technology in a New Guise 4.5 The Coal of the Future 4.6 The Electricity War Between Edison and Westinghouse 4.7 The Return of the Direct Current 4.8 Juggling in Smart Grids References Part II Climate 5 A Brief History of the Climate: What Makes Current Global Warming so Special 5.1 Hot Plates and Black Stones 5.2 The Earth in Balance 5.3 The Natural and the Unnatural Greenhouse Effect 5.4 The Changing Fever of the Earth 5.5 Temporary Malfunctions 5.6 A Steamroller that Picks Up Speed 6 The Beat of the butterfly’s Wings: How Climate Research and Climate Models Work 6.1 Falling Leaves in Autumn 6.2 Tamed Chaos 6.3 Caught Red-Handed Reference 7 Risk Ethics and Integrity: Why the Competence of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Forces Us to Act 7.1 Global Issues, Global Research 7.2 Future Scenarios for the Climate and Our Society 7.3 The Influence of Politics 7.4 What We Know … 7.5 Too Careful or Not Careful Enough? 7.6 Unpredictable Risks 7.7 Integrity References 8 Climate Deniers, Climate Hysterics, and Nimbys: In the Self-service Shop of Arguments 8.1 1st Group: The Experts—Controversies Lead to Insight 8.2 2nd Group: Conservative Believers—The Belief in Higher Powers Than Science 8.3 3rd Group: Ideologists—The Fatal Stubbornness of Populists 8.4 4th Group: Lobbyists—The Great Fear of Reorientation 8.5 5th Group: Nimbys—Let Others Lead the Figh 8.6 Argumentation Aids for the Righteous Part III Power 9 The Path of Renewable Electricity: From Niche Products to the High-Tech Innovations of the Future 9.1 Solar Power—Treadmills for Electrons 9.2 Photovoltaics—By No Means at the End of Its Possibilities 9.3 Wind Power—Electricity from the Air 9.4 Hydropower—Old Wine in New Wineskins 9.5 Geothermal Energy—From Deep Down in the Earth 9.6 Biomass—Carved from New Wood 10 The Jokers in the Game: How Game Changers Could Change Everything 10.1 A Joker for Energy Production: The Long Hope for Nuclear Fusion 10.2 A Joker for Energy Storage: Perfect Batteries Thanks to Spider Blood and Nano Capacitors 10.3 A Joker for Energy Consumption: Decentralised Production via 3D Printing 10.4 The Meta-Joker: Artificial Intelligence as a Solution for Complex Tasks References 11 Yes, We Can! The Marketability of Renewable Energies 11.1 Follow the Money! 11.2 Subsidies Become Investments 11.3 The Fairy Tale of the Unaffordability of Renewable Energies 11.4 Solar Energy 11.5 Wind Energy 11.6 Hydropower 11.7 Geothermal Energy 11.8 Biomass 11.9 The Cost Gap Is Widening Reference 12 A Strange Expression, But Comprehensible: The Second Half in the Match Between a Carbon-Based and a Carbon-Free Power Supply 12.1 The Third Construction Site 12.2 An Unembellished Cost Accounting 12.3 Change Through Trade 12.4 The Last Hole in the Belt Reference Part IV Society 13 The Economy of the Future: From the Struggle for Resources to an Economy of Sharing 13.1 A Cynical Priest and the Club of Rome 13.2 The Old Growth Model of Capitalism 13.3 When the Balance Sheet is Overstretched 13.4 The New Consumption Model of Decentralisation 13.5 When Greed No Longer Pays 13.6 Cradle to Cradle: From Economy to Ecology References 14 The Unfortunate Primacy of Business: Why Politics Must Set Limits to Markets 14.1 Sand in the Gears 14.2 The Soul Sellers of Doubt 14.3 The Wave Spills Over into Europe 14.4 The Taming of Black Sheep 14.5 The Wind is Turning on the Oil Market References 15 In the Interests of All Mankind: The Long Road from National Energy Concepts to Global Policy 15.1 European Energy Policy—Between Insight and Constraints 15.2 Chinese Energy Policy—In China’s Own Interest 15.3 US Energy Policy—Long Dominated by Irrationality and Special Interests 15.4 Developing Countries—Pioneers Against Their Will 15.5 A Brief History of Global Climate Policy Reference 16 A Construction Site for All: The Victory of Climate Ethics 16.1 Who can Help Shaping the Energy Transformation 16.2 Consumption with a Pampering Factor 16.3 Changes in our Everyday Life Reference What is Needed Concretely Epilogue

Note: Contents Introduction / Justyna Sycz and Lars Ribbe Water Security Assessment for the Red River Basin, Vietnam / Nguyen Mai Dang, Vu Thanh Tu, Mukand Babel, Victor Shinde, and Devesh Sharma Contextualizing Farmers’ Perceptions of Agricultural Wastewater Reuse in Areas of Water Shortage and Contamination: An In-Depth Case Study of Wadi Al-Far’a Watershed—Palestine / Suha Al-Madbouh, Thomas Claßen, and Claudia Hornberg On the Importance of Modeling, Optimization, and Control of Anaerobic Degradation Processes for the Treatment of Agricultural Wastewaters: Toward a Biorefinery Challenge / Victor Alcaraz-Gonzalez and Victor Gonzalez-Alvarez Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment-via-Dilution for Tala Drain, Nile Delta, Egypt / A. A. Hassan, A. Nada, M. Elshemy, and B. A. Zeidan Upcoming Challenges of Water Reclamation from Unconventional Sources / Frank Rögener How Membrane Bioreactor Technology Can Help to Solve Both, German and Russian Wastewater Problems / Frank Rögener, Sven Theus, Alexander Chusov, and Julia Lednova Experiences on Wastewater Treatment and Reuse for Different Types of Industries in Turkey / Eyüp Debik Responses to Water Scarcity Considering Social Determinants: Groundnut Farmers in the Lawra and Nandom Districts, Ghana / Abdul Rauf Zanya Salifu, Elaine T. Lawson, and Charlotte Wrigley-Asante Temporal Climate Variability and Staple Cereals in Southern Burkina Faso / Mwenda Borona, Cheikh Mbow, and Issa Ouedraogo Multivariate Standardized Drought Indices to Identify Drought Events: Application in the Maipo River Basin / Melanie Oertel, Francisco Javier Meza, and Jorge Gironás Monitoring Small Reservoir Volume by Satellite-Based Data for Drought Management in the Central Region of Vietnam / Trung Tuan Luong, Lam Xuan Nguyen, and Trinh Duc Tran Farmers Perception and Salinity Driven Fresh Water Scarcity in Coastal Bangladesh / Md. Arman Habib, M. Tauhid Ur Rahman, Jannatul Ferdous, Md. Maruful Hoque, and Md. Rasheduzzaman Remote Sensing for Monitoring Suspended Sediment Concentration in the Lower Ganges (Padma) River / Mashrekur Rahman, G. M. Tarekul Islam, and Md. Munsur Rahman Conclusion / Justyna Sycz

Note: Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 What is Deep Learning? 1.2 Pros and Cons of Deep Learning 1.3 Recent Applications of Deep Learning in Hydrometeorological and Environmental Studies 1.4 Organization of Chapters 1.5 Summary and Conclusion References 2 Mathematical Background 2.1 Linear Regression Model 2.1.1 Simple Linear Regression 2.1.2 Multiple Linear Regression 2.2 Time Series Model 2.2.1 Autoregressive Model (AR) 2.3 Probability Distributions 2.3.1 Normal Distributions 2.3.2 Gamma Distribution 2.4 Exercises References 3 Data Preprocessing 3.1 Normalization 3.2 Data Splitting for Training and Testing 3.3 Exercises 4 Neural Network 4.1 Terminology in Neural Network 4.1.1 Components of Neural Network 4.1.2 Activation Functions 4.1.3 Error and Loss Function 4.1.4 Softmax and One-Hot Encoding 4.2 Artificial Neural Network 4.2.1 Simplest Network 4.2.2 Feedforward and Backward Propagation 4.2.3 Network with Multiple Input and Output Variables 4.2.4 Python Coding of the Simple Network 4.3 Exercises 5 Training a Neural Network 5.1 Initialization 5.2 Gradient Descent 5.3 Backpropagation 5.3.1 Simple Network 5.3.2 Full Neural Network 5.3.3 Python Coding of Network 5.4 Exercises Reference 6 Updating Weights 6.1 Momentum 6.2 Adagrad 6.3 RMSprop 6.4 Adam 6.5 Nadam 6.6 Python Coding of Updating Weights 6.7 Exercises References 7 Improving Model Performance 7.1 Batching and Minibatch 7.2 Validation 7.2.1 Python Coding of K-Fold Cross-Validation 7.3 Regularization 7.3.1 L-Norm Regularization 7.3.2 Dropout 7.3.3 Python Coding of Regularization 7.4 Exercises Reference 8 Advanced Neural Network Algorithms 8.1 Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) 8.1.1 Basic ELM 8.1.2 Generalized ELM 8.1.3 Python Coding 8.2 Autoencoder 8.2.1 Vanilla Autoencoder 8.2.2 Regularized Autoencoder 8.2.3 Python Coding of Regularized AE 8.3 Exercises Reference 9 Deep Learning for Time Series 9.1 Recurrent Neural Network 9.1.1 Backpropagation 9.1.2 Backpropagation Through Time (BPTT) 9.2 Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) 9.2.1 Basics of LSTM 9.2.2 Example of LSTM 9.2.3 Backpropagation of a Simple LSTM 9.2.4 Backpropagation Through Time (BPTT) 9.3 Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) 9.3.1 Basics of GRU 9.3.2 Example of GRU 9.3.3 Backpropagation of a Simple GRU Model 9.4 Exercises References 10 Deep Learning for Spatial Datasets 10.1 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) 10.1.1 Definition of Convolution 10.1.2 Elements of CNN 10.2 Backpropagation of CNN 10.3 Exercises 11 Tensorflow and Keras Programming for Deep Learning 11.1 Basic Keras Modeling 11.2 Temporal Deep Learning (LSTM and GRU) 11.3 Spatial Deep Learning (CNN) 11.4 Exercises References 12 Hydrometeorological Applications of Deep Learning 12.1 Stochastic Simulation with LSTM 12.1.1 Mathematical Description for Stochastic Simulation with LSTM 12.1.2 Colorado Monthly Streamflow 12.1.3 Results of Colorado River 12.1.4 Python Coding 12.1.5 Matlab Coding 12.2 Forecasting Daily Temperature with LSTM 12.2.1 Preparing the Data 12.2.2 Methodology 12.2.3 Results 12.2.4 Python Coding 12.3 Exercises References 13 Environmental Applications of Deep Learning 13.1 Remote Sensing of Water Quality Using CNN 13.1.1 Introduction 13.1.2 Study Area and Monitoring 13.1.3 Field Data Collection 13.1.4 Point-Centered Regression CNN (PRCNN) 13.1.5 Results and Discussion 13.1.6 Conclusion 13.1.7 Python Coding References

Note: Contents Part I Introduction Introduction to Limnogeology: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities: A Tribute to Elizabeth Gierlowski-Kordesch / Michael R. Rosen, Lisa Park Boush, David B. Finkelstein, and Sila Pla-Pueyo Part II African Lake Modern and Ancient Animal Traces in the Extreme Environments of Lake Magadi and Nasikie Engida, Kenya Rift Valley / Jennifer J. Scott, Robin W. Renaut, Luis A. Buatois, R. Bernhart Owen, Emma P. McNulty, Mona Stockhecke, Kennie Leet, Tim K. Lowenstein, and M. Gabriela Mángano Part III European Lakes Lake-Level Fluctuations and Allochthonous Lignite Deposition in the Eocene Pull-Apart Basin “Prinz von Hessen” (Hesse, Germany) – A Palynological Study / Maryam Moshayedi, Olaf K. Lenz, Volker Wilde, and Matthias Hinderer How Changes of Past Vegetation and Human Impact Are Documented in Lake Sediments: Paleoenvironmental Research in Southwestern Germany, a Review / Manfred Rösch, Karl-Heinz Feger, Elske Fischer, Matthias Hinderer, Lucas Kämpf, Angelika Kleinmann, Jutta Lechterbeck, Elena Marinova, Antje Schwalb, Gegeensuvd Tserendorj, and Lucia Wick Large-Scale Slumps and Associated Resedimented Deposits in Miocene Lake Basins from SE Spain / José P. Calvo, David Gómez-Gras, and Miguel A. Rodríguez-Pascua Lacustrine and Fluvial Carbonate Microbialites in the Neogene of the Ebro Basin, Spain: A Summary of Up-to-Date Knowledge / Concha Arenas-Abad, Leticia Martin-Bello, F. Javier Pérez-Rivarés, Nerea Santos-Bueno, and Marta Vázquez-Urbez Part IV North America Ecological Response of Ostracodes (Arthropoda, Crustacea) to Lake-Level Fluctuations in the Eocene Green River Formation, Fossil Basin, Wyoming, USA /Lisa E. Park Boush, Christine M. S. Hall, Lucas S. Antonietto, and Andrew J. McFarland History of Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA: since the Termination of Lake Bonneville / Charles G. Oviatt, Genevieve Atwood, and Robert S. Thompson What’s New About the Old Bonneville Basin? Fresh Insights About the Modern Limnogeology of Great Salt Lake / Kathleen Nicoll Middle Holocene Hydrologic Changes Catalyzed by River Avulsion in Big Soda Lake, Nevada, USA / Michael R. Rosen, Liam Reidy, Scott Starratt, and Susan R. H. Zimmerman Diatom Record of Holocene Moisture Variability in the San Bernardino Mountains, California, USA / Scott W. Starratt, Matthew E. Kirby, and Katherine Glover A 12,000 Year Diatom-Based Paleoenvironmental Record from Lago De Zirahuén, Mexico / Isabel Israde-Alcántara, C. G. Vázquez, Sarah Davies, Ben Aston, and Margarita Caballero Miranda Sedimentary Record of the Zacapu Basin, Michoacán, México, and Implications for P’urhépecha Culture During the Preclassic and Postclassic Periods / Diana C. Soria-Caballero, Víctor Hugo Garduño-Monroy, Isabel Israde-Alcántara, Ángel G. Figueroa-Soto, M. Gabriela Gómez-Vasconcelos, and Nathalie Fagel Stratigraphy and Sedimentology of the Upper Pleistocene to Holocene Lake Chalco Drill Cores (Mexico Basin) / Blas Valero-Garcés, Mona Stockhecke, Socorro Lozano-García, Beatriz Ortega, Margarita Caballero, Peter Fawcett, Josef P. Werne, Erik Brown, Susana Sosa Najera, Kristin Pearthree, David McGee, Alastair G. E. Hodgetts, and Rodrigo Martínez Submarine Groundwater Discharge as a Catalyst for Eodiagenetic Carbonate Cements Within Marine Sedimentary Basins / Elizabeth H. Gierlowski-Kordesch, Gar W. Rothwell, Ruth A. Stockey, and David B. Finkelstein Part V South America Reconstructing Paleoenvironmental Conditions Through Integration of Paleogeography, Stratigraphy, Sedimentology, Mineralogy and Stable Isotope Data of Lacustrine Carbonates: An Example from Early Middle Triassic Strata of Southwest Gondwana, Cuyana Rift, Argentina / C. A. Benavente, A. C. Mancuso, and K. M. Bohacs Part VI Asia Modern Sedimentary Systems of Qinghai Lake / Jiang Zaixing and Liu Chao Freshwater Microbialites in Early Jurassic Fluvial Strata of the Pranhita-Godavari Gondwana Basin, India / Suparna Goswami and Parthasarathi Ghosh Index

Note: Contents Volume 1 Part I Natural Science Basics 1 Introduction into Physical Oceanography / Rebecca Hummels 2 Ecological Organization of the Sea / Birte Matthiessen, Franziska Julie Werner, and Matthias Paulsen 3 Marine Ecosystem Services / Markus Salomon and Henriette Dahms Part II Impacts of Sectoral Marine Activities 4 Impact of Fishing Activities on Marine Life / Gerd Kraus and Rabea Diekmann 5 Mariculture / Thomas A. Wilding, Kenneth D. Black, Steven Benjamins, and Iona Campbell 6 Shipping / Alan Simcock 7 Impacts of Coastal Developments on Ecosystems / Christian Winter 8 Offshore Oil and Gas Production and Transportation / Stanislav Patin 9 Exploitation of Offshore Wind Energy / Jens Lüdeke 10 Dredging for Navigation, for Environmental Cleanup, and for Sand/Aggregates / Craig Vogt, Eugene Peck, and Gregory Hartman 11 Environmental Risks of Deep-sea Mining / Philip P. E. Weaver, David S. M. Billett, and Cindy L. Van Dover 12 Dumped Chemical Weapons / Jacek Bełdowski 13 Marine Climate Engineering / David P. Keller Part III Impacts of Land-Based Activities 14 Agriculture / Oene Oenema, Qian Liu, and Jingmeng Wang 15 Land-Based Industries / Elisabeth Schmid 16 Land-Based Wastewater Management / Stephan Koester 17 Tourism / Alan Simcock Part IV Pollution from Diffuse Sources 18 Climate Change: Warming Impacts on Marine Biodiversity / Helmut Hillebrand, Thomas Brey, Julian Gutt, Wilhelm Hagen, Katja Metfies, Bettina Meyer, and Aleksandra Lewandowska 19 Ocean Acidification / Peter Thor and Sam Dupont 20 Pollution with Hazardous Substances / Katja Broeg and Norbert Theobald 21 Pollution with Radioactive Substances / Hartmut Nies 22 Eutrophication / Justus E. E. van Beusekom 23 Marine Litter / Stefanie Werner and Aleke Stöfen O’Brien 24 Input of Energy/Underwater Sound / Olaf Boebel, Elke Burkhardt, and Ilse van Opzeeland 25 Introduction of Non-indigenous Species / Ralph Kuhlenkamp and Britta Kind Volume 2 Part V Social Drivers, Developments, and Perspectives of Increasing Ocean Uses 26 A Short History of the Use of Seas and Oceans / Sunhild Kleingärtner 27 Factors Behind Increasing Ocean Use: The IPAT Equation and the Marine Environment / Troels J. Hegland Part VI General Aspects of Management and Governance of Human Activities 28 Challenges and Foundations of Sustainable Ocean Governance / Till Markus 29 Institutional Framework for Marine Environmental Governance / Pradeep Singh 30 International Principles of Marine Environmental Protection / Gerd Winter 31 Overview of Management Strategies and Instruments / Carolin Kieß 32 Future Prospects of Marine Environmental Governance / Pradeep Singh and Aline Jaeckel Part VII Traditional Marine Management Topics 33 The International Legal Framework for Conservation and Management of Fisheries and Marine Mammals / Andrew Serdy 34 Aqua- and Mariculture Management: A Holistic Perspective on Best Practices / Marc H. Taylor and Lotta C. Kluger 35 Offshore Oil and Gas Exploitation / Henning Jessen 36 Sustainable Shipping / Ciarán McCarthy and Bénédicte Sage-Fuller 37 Management of Hazardous Substances in the Marine Environment / Mikael Karlsson and Michael Gilek 38 Origin and Management of Radioactive Substances in the Marine Environment / Hartmut Nies 39 Waste/Litter and Sewage Management / Aleke Stöfen-O’Brien and Stefanie Werner 40 Coastal and Ocean Tourism / Stefan Gössling, C. Michael Hall, and Daniel Scott Part VIII Emerging Management Topics 41 The Greening of Ports / Bénédicte Sage-Fuller 42 Offshore Windfarms / Greg Severinsen 43 Wave and Tidal Energy / Kate Johnson and Sandy Kerr 44 Deep-Seabed Mining / Philomene Verlaan 45 Marine Biodiversity: Opportunities for Global Governance and Management Coherence / Daniela Diz 46 Marine Protected Areas: Global Framework, Regional MPA Networks and a National Example / Henning von Nordheim 47 Marine Environmental Protection and Climate Change / Birgit Peters 48 Management of Non-indigenous Species and Invasive Alien Species / Wolfgang Köck and Bjørn-Oliver Magsig 49 Integrating Sectoral Ocean Policies / Markus Salomon and Miriam Dross 50 Marine Scientific Research / Anna-Maria Hubert 51 An Emerging Environmental Issue: Marine Discharge of Mine Tailings / Craig Vogt and Jens Skei 52 Managing and Regulating Underwater Noise Pollution / Till Markus and Pedro Pablo Silva Sánchez 53 Marine Geo-Engineering / Harald Ginzky 54 Marine Spatial Planning / Mathias Schubert

Note: Contents Introduction / Aaron Micallef, Sebastian Krastel and Alessandra Savini Part I Data and Methods in Submarine Geomorphology Sidescan Sonar / Ingo Klaucke Multibeam Echosounders / John E. Hughes Clarke Reflection and Refraction Seismic Methods / Gareth J. Crutchley and Heidrun Kopp Quantitative Analyses of Morphological Data / Philippe Blondel Seafloor Sediment and Rock Sampling / Aggeliki Georgiopoulou ROVs and AUVs / Veerle A.I. Huvenne, Katleen Robert, Leigh Marsh, Claudio Lo Iacono, Tim Le Bas and Russell B. Wynn Part II Submarine Landforms and Processes Origin and Geomorphic Characteristics of Ocean Basins / Peter T. Harris and Miles Macmillan-Lawler Drivers of Seafloor Geomorphic Change / Angelo Camerlenghi Shallow Coastal Landforms / Fantina Madricardo and Federica Rizzetto Continental Shelf Landforms / Ruth Durán and Jorge Guillén Submarine Glacial Landforms / Christine L. Batchelor, Julian A. Dowdeswell and Dag Ottesen Submarine Landslides / Joshu Mountjoy and Aaron Micallef Submarine Canyons and Gullies / David Amblas, Silvia Ceramicola, Thomas P. Gerber, Miquel Canals, Francesco L. Chiocci, Julian A. Dowdeswell, Peter T. Harris, Veerle A.I. Huvenne, Steven Y.J. Lai, Galderic Lastras, Claudio Lo Iacono, Aaron Micallef, Joshu J. Mountjoy, Charles K. Paull, Pere Puig and Anna Sanchez-Vidal Submarine Fans and Their Channels, Levees, and Lobes / Mark E. Deptuck and Zoltán Sylvester Contourite Drifts and Associated Bedforms / Ibimina Esentia, Dorrik Stow and Zeinab Smillie Volcanic Islands and Seamounts / Daniele Casalbore Mid-ocean Ridges / Neil C. Mitchell Cold Seep Systems / Silvia Ceramicola, Stéphanie Dupré, Luis Somoza and John Woodside Abyssal Hills and Abyssal Plains / Marie-Helene Cormier and Heather Sloan Oceanic Trenches / Jacob Geersen, David Voelker and Jan H. Behrmann Cold-Water Carbonate Bioconstructions / Claudio Lo Iacono, Alessandra Savini and Daniela Basso Part III Applied Submarine Geomorphology Applied Geomorphology and Geohazard Assessment for Deepwater Development / Roger Moore, Geoff Davis and Oliver Dabson Seabed Mining / Anne Peukert, Sven Petersen, Jens Greinert and François Charlot Fishing Activities / Ferdinand K.J. Oberle, Pere Puig and Jacobo Martín National Programmes: Geomorphological Mapping at Multiple Scales for Multiple Purposes / Terje Thorsnes, Lilja R. Bjarnadóttir, Alexandra Jarna, Nicole Baeten, Gill Scott, Janine Guinan, Xavier Monteys, Dayton Dove, Sophie Green, Joana Gafeira and Alan Stevenson Part IV Conclusion Conclusion / Aaron Micallef, Sebastian Krastel and Alessandra Savini Erratum to: Submarine Geomorphology / Aaron Micallef, Sebastian Krastel and Alessandra Savini

Note: Contents 1 Introducing Sustainability in the Maritime Domain / Angela Carpenter, Tafsir M. Johansson, and Jon A. Skinner References Part I Moving to the Green-Blue Economy 2 Greening the Blue Economy: A Transdisciplinary Analysis / Mark J. Spalding, Angelica E. Braestrup, and Alexandra Refosco 1 Introduction 2 Sustainability Actions 2.1 Sustainability Action 1: Standardize Inspection and Enforcement 2.2 Sustainability Action 2: Promote Solutions to Reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) and Other Atmospheric Pollutant Emissions Generated by the Maritime Transportation Sector 2.3 Sustainability Action 3: Design and Build Greener Ships 2.4 Sustainability Action 4: Treating Ballast Water with Low (or No) Impact Technology 2.5 Sustainability Action 5: Making Onboard Water Treatment Systems Safer for People and the Ocean 2.6 Sustainability Action 6: Greening Port Facilities 2.7 Sustainability Action 7: Improve Ship Safety and Emergency Response to Shipping Accidents 2.8 Sustainability Action 8: Make the Ocean Quieter 2.9 Sustainability Action 9: Operate to Avoid Whale Strikes 2.10 Sustainability Action 10: Expand Maritime Transportation Sector Engagement in Oceanic Data Collection and Monitoring . 3 Looking Ahead: Establish a Framework for Maritime Transportation Governance That Supports All Life on Earth 4 Concluding Remarks References 3 Regional Marine Spatial Planning: A Tool for Greening Blue Economy in the Bay of Bengal / Asraful Alam 1 Introduction 2 Blue Economy 3 Marine Spatial Planning 4 Blue Economy and Marine Spatial Planning 5 The Current Management Framework for the Bay of Bengal 5.1 Bay of Bengal Program Inter-governmental Organization Agreement 2003 5.2 Action Plan for the Protection and Management of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the South Asian Region 1995 5.3 SAARC Charter, Environment Action Plan and Convention on Cooperation on Environment 5.4 Declaration on the Establishment of the Bangladesh- India-Myanmar-Sri Lanka-Thailand for Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) 1997 6 The Management Framework, Blue Economy and Marine Spatial Planning in the Bay of Bengal 7 Conclusion References 4 Green Ports and Sustainable Shipping in the European Context / Ziaul Haque Munim and Rana Saha 1 Introduction 1.1 The North Sea and Baltic Sea Region 1.2 The Mediterranean Sea Region 1.3 The Black Sea Region 2 Maritime Regulation in the European Regions 2.1 MARPOL in European Regions 2.2 European Pollution Prevention Regulations 3 Green Port Management Practices 4 Green Shipping Practices 5 A Conceptual Framework for Maritime Sustainability 6 Conclusions and Future Research Directions References Part II Moving to a More Secure and Safe Maritime Regulatory Regime 5 Maritime Transport and Sustainable Fisheries: Breaking the Silos / Natalia Martini and Sandra Rita Allnutt 1 Overview of the Global Efforts for Sustainable Fisheries and Maritime Transport 1.1 The Global Effort for Sustainable Fisheries and Port State Control 1.2 Interagency Cooperation: A Global Approach to Deter IUU Fishing and Increase Maritime Safety 2 The Way Forward: How to Break the Silos 2.1 Fighting IUU Fishing: Enhanced Global Cooperation, Strengthened Ocean Governance, and Improved Regional Compliance 2.2 Enhancing Sustainable Maritime Transport and SDG 14’s Implementation: Environmental Issues Related to Fisheries and Sea-Based Marine Plastic Litter 3 Conclusions References 6 Maritime Security: Adapting for Mid-century Challenges / Jon A. Skinner 1 Introduction 2 Collaborative Maritime Security 2.1 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals for 2030 2.2 Maritime Security and the International Regulatory Governance 2.3 Collaborative Hard Security 3 Benchmarking Maritime Security Strategies 3.1 IMO 3.2 European Union 4 Embracing Multi-causality 5 Identifying the Main Drivers and Threats 6 Geopolitics and Breaking the Rules 7 Energy Markets and Maritime Security 7.1 The Geopolitics of Oil and Gas 7.2 Scenarios and Back-Casting 8 The Covid-19 Pandemics Impact on 2050 CO2 Emission Goals 9 Security Flashpoints 2050 10 Conclusion References 7 ISPS Code Implementation: Overkill and Off-Target / Johnny Dalgaard 1 Introduction 2 ISPS Code Implementation in EU and Danish Legislation 2.1 Danish Implementation 2.2 Tactical Danish Method 3 Development of Plans 3.1 Ports and Port Facilities 3.2 Ship Security Assessment (SSA) 4 Nature of Security 4.1 Acceptance of Risk, Example Iraq Vs. USA 4.2 Consequence and Risk of Exposal 4.3 Red Teaming 4.4 Barriers and Capacity 4.5 A Thesis of How to Assess Potential Terrorists 5 Combining Consequence and Risk of Exposal with Barriers and Capacity 5.1 Evaluation of the Efficiency in Perspective on “Return on Investment” 6 Security as Part of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 7 Towards a Better Security to Support SDGs and Beyond 7.1 Appropriate Security Measures 7.2 Sustainable Development Goal 14 Combined with Goal 17 8 Conclusion References 8 Port and Maritime Security and Sustainability / Michael Edgerton 1 Introduction 2 Defining Sustainability and Resilience 3 Sustainable Development, Disruption, and the Maritime Domain 3.1 Threats to Maritime Security 3.2 Protection of Marine Resources 3.3 Enhancing the Focus on Cargo Security 3.4 Limitations of the ISPS Code 3.5 Expansion of Global Trade 3.6 “Just-in-Time” Delivery and the Sensitivity of Global Trade 3.7 The Convergence of Operational, Physical, and Digital Security 3.8 A Challenge of Governance 3.9 Maritime Security and Resilience 3.10 Protecting the Sea Lines of Communication 4 How Maritime and Port Security Can Support Sustainable Development References 9 Governance of International Sea Borders: Regional Approaches and Sustainable Solutions for Maritime Surveillance in the Mediterranean Sea / Marco Fantinato 1 Introduction 2 Traditional Maritime Surveillance Operations and Conventional Techniques Within Maritime Spaces Defined by the UNCLOS 3 The Interplay Between EU Maritime Security Policies and Surveillance Activities in the Mediterranean Sea 4 The Management of the External Sea Borders in the EU and the Concept of Integrated Maritime Surveillance 5 EU InterAgency Cooperation and the Development of Sustainable Technologies to Detect Unlawful Activities in the Mediterranean Sea 5.1 Copernicus Maritime Surveillance Service 5.2 Unmanned Aircraft Systems 5.3 Maritime Autonomous Vehicles 6 Exploring the Nexus Between Maritime Surveillance Activities in the Mediterranean and Sustainable Approaches 6.1 Flexibility 6.2 Interoperability 6.3 Complementarity 7 Concluding Remarks References Part III Improvements in Management/Technology of Best Practices for Sustainable Shipping 10 The Applicability of the International and Regional Efforts to Prevent Oil Pollution: Comparative Analysis Between the Arabian Gulf Region and the North Sea / Khalid R. Aldosari 1 Introduction 2 International Efforts to Curb Marine Oil Pollution 2.1 Importance of UNCLOS in Marine Pollution Prevention 2.2 Summary of International Conventions 2.3 Section Summary and Critical Analysis 3 Arabian Gulf Regional Marine Pollution Prevention Efforts 3.1 Summary of Regional Conventions to Curb Oil Marine Pollution 3.2 Section Summary and Critical Analysis 4 North Sea Regional Marine Pollution Prevention Efforts 4.1 Regional Efforts Towards Marine Pollution Prevention 4.2 Sources of Oil Pollution in the North Sea 4.3 Section Summary and Critical Analysis 5 Comparative Analysis Between the Arabian Gulf and North Sea Marine Pollution Prevention Activities 6 The Relation Between Oil Pollution Conventions, the SDGs, and Marine Transportation 6.1 SDGs and Maritime Transportation 6.2 Overview of the SDGs Role in Maritime Transportation 6.3 Linkages Between SDG 14, 17, and Transboundary Pollution 6.4 Transboundary Pollution in Accidental and Non-Accidental Oil Pollution 7 Conclusion References 11 Implications of Automation and Digitalization for Maritime Education and Training / Amit Sharma, Tae-Eun Kim, and Salman Nazir 1 Introduction 2 Maritime Auto

Note: Contents Part I Personal Reminiscences Honorary Note. Evgeny Georgievich Morozov: A Life at Sea as a Devoted Ocean Observer / Manuel G. Velarde, Roman Yu. Tarakanov and Alexey V. Marchenko Gallery: An Ocean Scientist and His Life at Sea / Manuel G. Velarde, Roman Yu. Tarakanov and Alexey V. Marchenko New Steps of the Modern Oceanography: Reminiscences of My Work with Evgeny Georgievich Morozov / Victor G. Neiman Fifty Years of Collaboration with Evgeny Georgievich Morozov / Boris N. Filyushkin Part II Scientific Contributions: Internal and Surface Waves Internal Undular Bores in the Coastal Ocean / Roger Grimshaw and Chunxin Yuan Calculating FRAM’s Dead Water / John Grue Internal Solitary Waves in a Layered Weakly Stratified Flow / Nikolay Makarenko, Janna Maltseva, Roman Tarakanov and Kseniya Ivanova Surface Manifestations of Internal Waves Induced by a Subsurface Buoyant Jet (Experiment and Theory) / Valerii G. Bondur, Yuliya I. Troitskaya, Ekaterina V. Ezhova, Vasiliy I. Kazakov, Alexandr A. Kandaurov, Daniil A. Sergeev and Irina A. Soustova Large Internal Solitary Waves in Shallow Waters / Valery Liapidevskii and Nikolay Gavrilov Internal Gravity Waves in Horizontally Inhomogeneous Ocean / Vitaly V. Bulatov and Yury V. Vladimirov High-Resolution Observations of Internal Wave Turbulence in the Deep Ocean / Hans van Haren Deep-Ocean Tides in the South-West Indian Ocean: Comparing Deep-Sea Pressure to Satellite Data / Leo R. M. Maas, Borja Aguiar-González and Leandro Ponsoni Internal Tides West of the Iberian Peninsula / Eugene G. Morozov and Manuel G. Velarde Asymmetric Baroclinic Response to Tidal Forcing Along the Main Sill of the Strait of Gibraltar Inferred from Mooring Observations / Jesús García-Lafuente, Simone Sammartino, José C. Sánchez-Garrido and Cristina Naranjo Mode 2 Internal Waves in the Ocean: Evidences from Observations / Andrey N. Serebryany Abyssal Mixing in the Laboratory / T. Dauxois, E. Ermanyuk, C. Brouzet, S. Joubaud and I. Sibgatullin Rogue Waves in the Ocean, the Role of Modulational Instability, and Abrupt Changes of Environmental Conditions that Can Provoke Non Equilibrium Wave Dynamics / Karsten Trulsen Simulation of Standing and Propagating Sea Waves with Three-Dimensional ARMA Model / Ivan Gankevich and Alexander Degtyarev Perturbation Theory for the Compound Soliton of the Gardner’s Equation; Their Interaction and Evolution in a Media with Variable Parameters / Irina A. Soustova, Konstantin A. Gorshkov, Alexey V. Ermoshkin, Lev A. Ostrovsky and Yuliya I. Troitskaya Part III Scientific Contributions: Ocean Circulation Geostrophic Adjustment Beyond the Traditional Approximation / Gregory M. Reznik Evolution of an Intrathermocline Lens over the Lofoten Basin / Boris N. Filyushkin, Mikhail A. Sokolovskiy and Konstantin V. Lebedev The Global Atmosphere Oscillations in the Context of the Recent Climate Change / Victor G. Neiman, Vladimir I. Byshev, Yury A. Romanov and Ilya V. Serykh Influence of the Current Field Non-stationarity and the Non-simultaneity of Hydrographic Measurements on ADCP-based Transport Estimates / R. Yu. Tarakanov Satellite Remote Sensing of Submesoscale Eddies in the Russian Seas / Andrey G. Kostianoy, Anna I. Ginzburg, Olga Yu. Lavrova and Marina I. Mityagina Ship-Based Monitoring of the Northern North Atlantic Ocean by the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology. The Main Results / Artem Sarafanov, Anastasia Falina, Alexey Sokov, Vyacheslav Zapotylko and Sergey Gladyshev Thermohaline Structure and Salt Fingering in the Lomonosov Equatorial Undercurrent as Observed in April 2017 / Tatiana A. Demidova Numerical Realization of Hybrid Data Assimilation Algorithm in Ensemble Experiments with the MPIESM Coupled Model / Konstantin P. Belyaev, Ingo Kirchner, Andrey A. Kuleshov and Natalia P. Tuchkova Sea of Azov Waters in the Black Sea: Do They Enhance Wind-Driven Flows on the Shelf? / Peter O. Zavialov, Alexander S. Izhitskiy and Roman O. Sedakov Bottom Water Flows in the Vema Channel and over the Santos Plateau Based on the Field and Numerical Experiments / 475 Dmitry I. Frey, Vladimir V. Fomin, Roman Yu. Tarakanov, Nikolay A. Diansky and Nikolay I. Makarenko Modeling Study of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current Variability Based on Argo Data / Konstantin V. Lebedev Tareev Equatorial Undercurrent in the Indian Ocean / Albert K. Ambrosimov, Dmitry I. Frey and Sergey M. Shapovalov The Bering Sea Regional Data Assimilation System: From Climate Variability to Short Term Hindcasting / Gleb G. Panteleev, Max Yaremchuk, Vladimir Luchin and Oceana Francis Monitoring Strong Tidal Currents in Straits and Nearshore Regions / Alexei Sentchev, Max Yaremchuk and Maxime Thiébaut Part IV Scientific Contributions: Arctic Oceanography Analytical Solutions Describing Zonal and Circular Wind Drift of Sea Ice with Elastic-Plastic Rheology / Aleksey Marchenko Arctic Ocean Modeling: The Consistent Physics on the Path to the High Spatial Resolution / Nikolay G. Iakovlev Numerical Modeling of Internal Wave Generation at High Latitudes / Oxana E. Kurkina, Tatiana G. Talipova, Efim N. Pelinovsky and Andrey A. Kurkin Internal Wave Frequency Spectrum in the Amundsen Basin of the Arctic Ocean Inferred from Ice Tethered CTD Instruments / Sergey V. Pisarev Experimental Studies of Sea and Model Ice Fracture Mechanics / Marina Karulina, Alexey Marchenko, Alexandr Sakharov, Evgeny Karulin and Peter Chistyakov Seasonal Freezing of a Subwater Ground Layer at the Laptev Sea Shelf / Peter V. Bogorodskii, Andrey V. Pnyushkov and Vasilii Yu. Kustov

Note: Contents ISOLA Code for Multiple-Point Source Modeling—Review / Jiří Zahradník and Efthimios Sokos Seismic Moment Tensors in Anisotropic Media: A Review / Václav Vavryčuk The Frequency-Domain Moment-Tensor Inversion: Retrieving the Complete Source Moment-Tensor Spectra and Time Histories / Xiaoning Yang, Brian W. Stump and Mason D. Macphail Berkeley Seismic Moment Tensor Method, Uncertainty Analysis, and Study of Non-double-couple Seismic Events / Douglas S. Dreger Estimating Stability and Resolution of Waveform Inversion Focal Mechanisms / S. Scolaro, C. Totaro, D. Presti, Sebastiano D’Amico, G. Neri and B. Orecchio The Method of Cataclastic Analysis of Discontinuous Displacements / Yu. L. Rebetsky and A. Yu. Polets Challenges in Regional Moment Tensor Resolution and Interpretation / Simone Cesca and Sebastian Heimann The Role of Moment Tensors in the Characterization of Hydraulic Stimulations / Ismael Vera Rodriguez, James Rutledge and Sergey Stanchits Constrained Moment Tensors: Source Models and Case Studies / Jan Šílený Seismic Deformation Derived from Moment Tensor Summation: Application Along the Hellenic Trench / Anastasia Kiratzi, Christoforos Benetatos and Filippos Vallianatos Estimation of Empirical Green’s Tensor Spatial Derivative Elements: A Preliminary Study Using Strong Motion Records in Southern Fukui Prefecture, Japan / Michihiro Ohori Retrieval of the Seismic Moment Tensor from Joint Measurements of Translational and Rotational Ground Motions: Sparse Networks and Single Stations / Stefanie Donner, Heiner Igel, Céline Hadziioannou and the Romy group Overview of Moment Tensor Analysis in New Zealand / John Ristau Applications of Moment Tensor Solutions to the Assessment of Earthquake Hazard in Canada / J. F. Cassidy, H. Kao, John Ristau and A. Bent Intraplate Earthquakes in Europe—Source Parameters from Regional Moment Tensor Analysis / Jochen Braunmiller Source Characteristics of the January 8, 2013 (M W = 5.7) and May 24, 2014 (M W = 6.8) North Aegean Earthquakes Sequence / Doğan Kalafat, Kıvanç Kekovalı and Ali Pınar Investigating the Focal Mechanisms of the August 4th, 2003, Mw 7.6, South Orkney Islands Earthquake and its Aftershocks Sequence / M. P. Plasencia Linares, M. Guidarelli, M. Russi and G. F. Panza Waveform Modelling of 2009 Bhutan Earthquake of Magnitude 6.1 (Mw) Using Local Network Data of North East India / Santanu Baruah and Midusmita Boruah Resolving the Tectonic Stress by the Inversion of Earthquake Focal Mechanisms. Application in the Region of Greece. A Tutorial / Ioannis G. Kassaras and Vasilis Kapetanidis Relative Locations of Clustered Earthquakes in the Sea of Marmara and States of Local Stresses in the East of the Central Marmara Basin / Yasemin Korkusuz Öztürk and Nurcan Meral Özel Focal Mechanisms of Earthquakes and Stress Field of the Earth Crust in Azerbaijan / G. J. Yetirmishli and S. E. Kazimova Seismotectonic Crustal Strains of the Mongol-Baikal Seismic Belt from Seismological Data / Alena Seredkina and Valentina Melnikova The Stress State of Seismic Areas of the Central and East Asia / Yu. L. Rebetsky, A. Yu. Polets, O. A. Kuchay and N. A. Sycheva The Significance of Crustal Velocity Model in Moment Tensor Solutions: A Case Study of Yedisu Earthquakes / Fatih Turhan, Musavver Didem Cambaz and Jiří Zahradník An Overview of the Seismicity and Tectonics of the Black Sea / Doğan Kalafat Coulomb Stress Changes in the Area of December 2013–January 2014 Sannio-Matese Seismic Sequence (Southern Italy) / Santanu Baruah and Sebastiano D’Amico Active Faulting in the Earth’s Crust of the Baikal Rift System Based on the Earthquake Focal Mechanisms / Vladimir A. Sankov and Anna A. Dobrynina Quaternary Stress Field and Faulting in the Western Part of the Catanzaro Trough (Calabria, Southern Italy) / F. Brutto, F. Muto, M. F. Loreto, Sebastiano D’Amico, N. De Paola, V. Tripodi and S. Critelli A Seismogenic Zone Model for Seismic Hazard Studies in Northwestern Africa / J. A. Peláez, J. Henares, M. Hamdache and C. Sanz de Galdeano A Trial Modeling of Perturbed Repeating Earthquakes Combined by Mathematical Statics, Numerical Modeling and Seismological Observations / Keisuke Ariyoshi, Shunichi Nomura, Naoki Uchida and Toshihiro Igarashi Getting Started with GMT: An Introduction for Seismologists / Matthew R. Agius Devices for a Rotational Ground Motion Measurement / Leszek R. Jaroszewicz and Anna Kurzych

Note: Contents 1 Introduction to Spatial Ecology and Its Relevance for Conservation 1.1 What Is Spatial Ecology? 1.2 The Importance of Space in Ecology 1.3 The Importance of Space in Conservation 1.4 The Growth of Frameworks for Spatial Modeling 1.5 The Path Ahead References Part I Quantifying Spatial Pattern in Ecological Data 2 Scale 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Key Concepts and Approaches 2.2.1 Scale Defined and Clarified 2.2.2 Why Is Spatial Scale Important? 2.2.3 Multiscale and Multilevel Quantitative Problems 2.2.4 Spatial Scale and Study Design 2.3 Examples in R 2.3.1 Packages in R 2.3.2 The Data 2.3.3 A Simple Simulated Example 2.3.4 Multiscale Species Response to Land Cover 2.4 Next Steps and Advanced Issues 2.4.1 Identifying Characteristic Scales Beyond Species–Environment Relationships 2.4.2 Sampling and Scale 2.5 Conclusions References 3 Land-Cover Pattern and Change 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Key Concepts 3.2.1 Land Use Versus Land Cover 3.2.2 Conceptual Models for Land Cover and Habitat Change 3.2.3 Habitat Loss and Fragmentation 3.2.4 Quantifying Land-Cover Pattern 3.3 Examples in R 3.3.1 Packages in R 3.3.2 The Data 3.3.3 Quantifying Land-Cover Variation at Different Scales 3.3.4 Simulating Land Cover: Neutral Landscapes 3.4 Next Steps and Advanced Issues 3.4.1 Testing for Pattern Differences Between Landscapes 3.4.2 Land-Cover Quantification via Image Processing 3.4.3 Categorical Versus Continuous Metrics 3.5 Conclusions References 4 Spatial Dispersion and Point Data 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Key Concepts and Approaches 4.2.1 Characteristics of Point Patterns 4.2.2 Summary Statistics for Point Patterns 4.2.3 Common Statistical Models for Point Patterns 4.3 Examples in R 4.3.1 Packages in R 4.3.2 The Data 4.3.3 Creating Point Pattern Data and Visualizing It 4.3.4 Univariate Point Patterns 4.3.5 Marked Point Patterns 4.3.6 Inhomogeneous Point Processes and Point Process Models 4.3.7 Alternative Null Models 4.3.8 Simulating Point Processes 4.4 Next Steps and Advanced Issues 4.4.1 Space-Time Analysis 4.4.2 Replicated Point Patterns 4.5 Conclusions References 5 Spatial Dependence and Autocorrelation 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Key Concepts and Approaches 5.2.1 The Causes of Spatial Dependence 5.2.2 Why Spatial Dependence Matters 5.2.3 Quantifying Spatial Dependence 5.3 Examples in R 5.3.1 Packages in R 5.3.2 The Data 5.3.3 Correlograms 5.3.4 Variograms 5.3.5 Kriging 5.3.6 Simulating Spatially Autocorrelated Data 5.3.7 Multiscale Analysis 5.4 Next Steps and Advanced Issues 5.4.1 Local Spatial Dependence 5.4.2 Multivariate Spatial Dependence 5.5 Conclusions References 6 Accounting for Spatial Dependence in Ecological Data 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Key Concepts and Approaches 6.2.1 The Problem of Spatial Dependence in Ecology and Conservation 6.2.2 The Generalized Linear Model and Its Extensions 6.2.3 General Types of Spatial Models 6.2.4 Common Models that Account for Spatial Dependence 6.2.5 Inference Versus Prediction 6.3 Examples in R 6.3.1 Packages in R 6.3.2 The Data 6.3.3 Models that Ignore Spatial Dependence 6.3.4 Models that Account for Spatial Dependence 6.4 Next Steps and Advanced Issues 6.4.1 General Bayesian Models for Spatial Dependence 6.4.2 Detection Errors and Spatial Dependence 6.5 Conclusions References Part II Ecological Responses to Spatial Pattern and Conservation 7 Species Distributions 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Key Concepts and Approaches 7.2.1 The Niche Concept 7.2.2 Predicting Distributions or Niches? 7.2.3 Mechanistic Versus Correlative Distribution Models 7.2.4 Data for Correlative Distribution Models 7.2.5 Common Types of Distribution Modeling Techniques 7.2.6 Combining Models: Ensembles 7.2.7 Model Evaluation 7.3 Examples in R 7.3.1 Packages in R 7.3.2 The Data 7.3.3 Prepping the Data for Modeling 7.3.4 Contrasting Models 7.3.5 Interpreting Environmental Relationships 7.3.6 Model Evaluation 7.3.7 Combining Models: Ensembles 7.4 Next Steps and Advanced Issues 7.4.1 Incorporating Dispersal 7.4.2 Integrating Multiple Data Sources 7.4.3 Dynamic Models 7.4.4 Multi-species Models 7.4.5 Sampling Error and Distribution Models 7.5 Conclusions References 8 Space Use and Resource Selection 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Key Concepts and Approaches 8.2.1 Distinguishing Among the Diversity of Habitat-Related Concepts and Terms 8.2.2 Habitat Selection Theory 8.2.3 General Types of Habitat Use and Selection Data 8.2.4 Home Range and Space Use Approaches 8.2.5 Resource Selection Functions at Different Scales 8.3 Examples in R 8.3.1 Packages in R 8.3.2 The Data 8.3.3 Prepping the Data for Modeling 8.3.4 Home Range Analysis 8.3.5 Resource Selection Functions 8.4 Next Steps and Advanced Issues 8.4.1 Mechanistic Models and the Identification of Hidden States 8.4.2 Biotic Interactions 8.4.3 Sampling Error and Resource Selection Models 8.5 Conclusions References 9 Connectivity 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Key Concepts and Approaches 9.2.1 The Multiple Meanings of Connectivity 9.2.2 The Connectivity Concept 9.2.3 Factors Limiting Connectivity 9.2.4 Three Common Perspectives on Quantifying Connectivity 9.3 Examples in R 9.3.1 Packages in R 9.3.2 The Data 9.3.3 Functional Connectivity Among Protected Areas for Florida Panthers 9.3.4 Patch-Based Networks and Graph Theory 9.3.5 Combining Connectivity Mapping with Graph Theory 9.4 Next Steps and Advanced Issues 9.4.1 Connectivity in Space and Time 9.4.2 Individual-Based Models 9.4.3 Diffusion Models 9.4.4 Spatial Capture–Recapture 9.5 Conclusions References 10 Population Dynamics in Space 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Key Concepts and Approaches 10.2.1 Foundational Population Concepts 10.2.2 Spatial Population Concepts 10.2.3 Population Viability Analysis 10.2.4 Common Types of Spatial Population Models 10.3 Examples in R 10.3.1 Packages in R 10.3.2 The Data 10.3.3 Spatial Correlation and Synchrony 10.3.4 Metapopulation Metrics 10.3.5 Estimating Colonization–Extinction Dynamics 10.3.6 Projecting Dynamics 10.3.7 Metapopulation Viability and Environmental Change 10.4 Next Steps and Advanced Issues 10.4.1 Spatial Population Matrix Models 10.4.2 Diffusion and Spatial Dynamics 10.4.3 Agent-Based Models 10.4.4 Integrated Population Models 10.5 Conclusions References 11 Spatially Structured Communities 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Key Concepts and Approaches 11.2.1 Spatial Community Concepts 11.2.2 Common Approaches to Understanding Community–Environment Relationships 11.2.3 Spatial Models for Communities 11.3 Examples in R 11.3.1 Packages in R 11.3.2 The Data 11.3.3 Modeling Communities and Extrapolating in Space 11.3.4 Spatial Dependence in Communities 11.3.5 Community Models with Explicit Accounting for Space 11.4 Next Steps and Advanced Issues 11.4.1 Decomposition of Space–Environment Effects 11.4.2 Accounting for Dependence Among Species 11.4.3 Spatial Networks 11.5 Conclusions References 12 What Have We Learned? Looking Back and Pressing Forward 12.1 The Impact of Spatial Ecology and Conservation 12.2 Looking Forward: Frontiers for Spatial Ecology and Conservation 12.3 Where to Go from Here for Advanced Spatial Modeling? 12.4 Beyond R 12.5 Conclusions References Appendix A: An Introduction to R Index

Note: Contents 1 Research and Open Questions—A Modern Concept Behind Berlins T.rex Presentation of Tristan Otto / Uwe Moldrzyk and Linda Gallé 2 Scientific Methods of Geological and Paleontological Collections and Trends in Paleontological Investigation and Research / Cathrin Hühne 3 BAMBERG: The Paleontological Collection at the Museum of Natural History in Bamberg (NKMB) / Matthias Mäuser 4 BASEL: The Natural History Museum Basel (NMB) / Walter Etter, Michael Knappertsbusch, and Loïc Costeur 5 BERLIN: The Palaeontological Collections of the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin / Christian Neumann, Stephan Schultka, and Florian Witzmann 6 BERN: The Natural History Museum — An Institution of the Burgergemeinde of Bern / Ursula Menkveld-Gfeller 7 BIELEFELD: Not Worth Mentioning? Paleontological Collections of Small Museums: The Example of Bielefeld (North Rhine Westphalia, Germany) / Mark Keiter and Sven Sachs 8 BILZINGSLEBEN: The Bilzingsleben Collection / Clemens Pasda 9 The Paleontological Collection of the State Museum of Natural History (SNHM) in Braunschweig, Germany / Ralf Kosma 10 BREMEN: The Paleontological Research Collection of the Geosciences Collection of the University of Bremen / Jens Lehmann 11 CHEMNITZ: Back to the Roots of Palaeobotany—Chemnitz and its Palaeontological Collection / Ronny Rößler and Thorid Zierold 12 COBURG: Naturkunde-Museum Coburg—Paleontological Collections / Eckhard Mönnig 13 COTTBUS: Museum of Natural History and Environment in Cottbus / Rolf Striegler and Ursula Striegler 14 DARMSTADT: The Paleontological Collections of Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt / Gabriele Gruber, Oliver Sandrock, and Torsten Wappler 15 DESSAU-ROSSLAU: Museum of Natural History and Prehistory—Paleontological Collection / Angelika Hesse 16 DORTMUND: Museum für Naturkunde der Stadt Dortmund / Jan-Michael Ilger and Oliver Adrian 17 DOTTERNHAUSEN: The Jurassic World of the Swabian Alb Region (South Germany): The Fossil Collection of the Werkforum and Fossil Museum of Dotternhausen / Annette Schmid-Röhl 18 EICHSTÄTT: The Jura-Museum Eichstätt / Martina Kölbl-Ebert 19 ERLANGEN: The Erlangen Paleobiology Collections / Wolfgang Kiessling, Michael Heinze, and Cristina Krause 20 ESSEN: Ruhr Museum—Geological Collection / Ulrike Stottrop, Udo Scheer, and Esther Guderley 21 FRANKFURT/DRESDEN/GÖRLITZ: Palaeontological collections of the Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung / Dieter Uhl, Lutz Kunzmann, Christine Hertler, Ralf-Dietrich Kahlke, John-Albrecht Keiler, Peter Königshof, Ottmar Kullmer, Stephan Schaal, Krister Smith, Mónica M. Sólorzano Kraemer, Martina Stebich, Olaf Tietz, and Markus Wilmsen 22 FRICK: Late Triassic Basal Sauropodomorph and Theropod Dinosaurs at the Sauriermuseum Frick, Switzerland / Andrea B. Oettl-Rieser and Marion Zahner 23 GOTHA: Museum der Natur, Stiftung Schloss Friedenstein Gotha / Oliver Wings and Carsten Eckert 24 GÖTTINGEN: The Palaeontological Collections of the Geoscience Museum at the Georg-August University in Göttingen / Alexander Gehler, Mike Reich, and Joachim Reitner 25 HALLE: The Geiseltal Collection of Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg / Frank D. Steinheimer and Alexander K. Hastings 26 HALLE: The Palaeontological Collection of the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg in Halle (Saale) / Norbert Hauschke 27 HAMBURG: Palaeontological Collections of the Center of Natural History, Universität Hamburg / Ulrich Kotthoff and Jochen Schlüter 28 HANNOVER/BERLIN: The Geoscientific Collections of the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources and the State Authority for Mining, Energy and Geology in Hannover and Berlin / Angela Ehling and Carmen Heunisch 29 HANNOVER: Niedersächsisches Landesmuseum Hannover—Lower Saxony State Museum Hannover / Annette Richter and Annina Böhme 30 HILDESHEIM: Roemer- and Pelizaeus-Museum / Jürgen Vespermann 31 HOLZMADEN: Prehistoric Museum Hauff—A Fossil Museum Since 4 Generations—(Urweltmuseum Hauff) / Rolf Bernhard Hauff and Ulrich Joger 32 INGELFINGEN: Muschelkalkmuseum Hagdorn Stadt Ingelfingen / Hans Hagdorn 33 JENA: The Palaeontological Collections at the Phyletisches Museum in Jena / Dietrich von Knorre and Rolf G. Beutel 34 MAUER: The Locality of Mauer and its Virtual Collection of Middle Pleistocene Mammal Fossils / H. Dieter Schreiber, Kristina Eck, and Volker Liebig 35 KÖLN: Geological Collections of the University of Cologne (GCC) (Geological and Palaeontological Collections of the Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Cologne) / Michael R. W. Amler and Hans-Georg Herbig 36 KREFELD: Palaeobotanical and Palynological Collection at the Geological Survey North Rhine-Westphalia / Christoph Hartkopf-Fröder 37 LINZ: The Paleontological Collection of the Upper Austrian State Museum, Linz / Björn Berning 38 LÜBECK: Museum of Nature and Environment, Paleontological Collections / Susanne Füting 39 MAINZ: Paleontological Collections of the University of Mainz (Geoscientific Collections) / Kirsten I. Grimm and Bernd R. Schöne 40 MAINZ: Palaeontological Collections of the Landesamt für Geologie Und Bergbau Rheinland-Pfalz (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany) / Jürgen Gad, Winfried Kuhn, and Peter Schäfer 41 The Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen / Doris Döppes and Wilfried Rosendahl 42 MARBURG: GeoArchive Marburg (Geological and Palaeontological Collections of the Former Faculty of Geosciences, Philipps University of Marburg) / Michael R. W. Amler, Günter Kauffmann, and Dieter Uhl 43 MÜNCHEN: The Fossil Collections of the Bavarian State Collections at Munich / Mike Reich and Gert Wörheide 44 MÜNSTER: Geomuseum of the WWU / Markus Bertling 45 NIERSTEIN: Paläontologisches Museum Nierstein / Lutz Kaecke 46 SCHIFFWEILER (Landsweiler-Reden): Center for Biological Documentation (Zentrum für Biodokumention—ZfBS) / Edgar Müller 47 SCHLEUSINGEN: Naturhistorisches Museum Schloss Bertholdsburg Schleusingen (Thuringia, Germany)—Home of Permian and Triassic Fossils / Ralf Werneburg 48 SIEGSDORF: The Siegsdorf Natural History and Mammoth Museum / Robert Darga 49 ST. GALLEN: Naturmuseum St. Gallen / Toni Bürgin 50 Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart (SMNS) / Rainer Schoch and Johanna Kovar-Eder 51 THALLICHTENBERG: POLLICHIA Geoscience Collections at the Urweltmuseum GEOSKOP, Thallichtenberg (Germany) / Sebastian Voigt and Jan Fischer 52 TÜBINGEN: The Palaeontologial Collection of Tübingen / Ingmar Werneburg and Madelaine Böhme 53 WIEN: “To the Realm of Nature and its Exploration”: The Paleontological Collections of the Natural History Museum Vienna / Mathias Harzhauser and Andreas Kroh 54 WIESBADEN: Museum Wiesbaden, Natural History Collections / Fritz Geller-Grimm 55 ZURICH: The Geological-Palaeontological Collection at ETH Zurich / Andreas D. Mueller, Rodney Eastwood, and Stefan Ungricht 56 ZURICH: Palaeontological Museum of the University of Zurich / Christian Klug and Beat Scheffold 57 State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe: Institute of Life and Earth Sciences / Eberhard Frey and H. Dieter Schreiber Index

Note: Contents Part I Setting the Scene The Anthropocene—What Does It Entail for Science? / Gesche Krause The Role of Knowledge Exchange in Earth System Science—The Earth System Knowledge Platform (ESKP) / Gesche Krause, Ute Münch, Jana Kandarr, Oliver Jorzik and Pia Klinghammer The AWI Approach at the Science-Stakeholder Interface / Gesche Krause, Klaus Grosfeld and Wolfgang Hiller Part II Dialogue Approaches of ESKP Contributions to AWI Knowledge Transfer Regional Awareness on Sea Level Rise Effects—What Do We Know About the South-Eastern North Sea Coast? / Nina Eschweiler, Tobias Dolch and Christian Buschbaum Climate Change and Biodiversity—Implications for the Local Fisheries Sector / Christina Hörterer, Maximilian Schupp, Andreas Benkens and Bela H. Buck Linking Biodiversity Research Communities / Sonja Knapp, Alexandra Kraberg, Stephan Frickenhaus, Stefan Klotz, Oliver Schweiger and Gesche Krause Engaging Forecast Users During the Year of Polar Prediction / Winfried Hoke, Kirstin Werner, Helge Goessling and Thomas Jung Governance of Resources for Arctic Sustainable Policy and Practice (GRASP)—Stakeholder Mapping / Sebastian Knecht, Andreas Herber and Kathrin Stephen Building Bridges at the Arctic Science-Policy Interface / Volker Rachold Part III Data-Products of ESKP Contributions to AWI Knowledge Transfer The Web Portal ‘meereisportal.de’ in Context of ESKP / Klaus Grosfeld, Renate Treffeisen, Jölund Asseng and Georg Heygster Knowledge Transfer by the Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost (GTN-P) / Boris K. Biskaborn and Hugues Lantuit A Web-Based Information System for Macrobenthic Biodiversity in the German North Sea / Jan M. Holstein Tackling Marine Litter—LITTERBASE / Melanie Bergmann, Mine B. Tekman, Andreas Walter and Lars Gutow Part IV Modelling Approaches of ESKP Contributions to AWI Knowledge Transfer Arctic Sea Ice Change, Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation Patterns and Extreme Climate and Weather in Europe / Ralf Jaiser and Dörthe Handorf Extending and Visualizing the TsunAWI Simulation Database of the Indonesia Tsunami Early Warning System (InaTEWS) / Antonia Immerz, Sven Harig and Natalja Rakowsky Streamflow Forecasting and Biodiversity / Monica Ionita, Madlene Pfeiffer and Stephan Frickenhaus Part V Pathways to Formalizing Knowledge Transfer Accompanying ESKP Projects—Development of a Process Assessment Strategy Within ESKP@AWI / Gesche Krause and Maximilian Felix Schupp Science and Society—The Time to Interact / Gesche Krause, Klaus Grosfeld and Annette Breckwoldt Erratum to: A Web-Based Information System for Macrobenthic Biodiversity in the German North Sea / Jan M. Holstein