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  • Ottawa : Geological Survey of Canada  (348)
  • Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory  (183)
  • Basel, Beijing, Wuhan : MDPI  (64)
  • English  (595)
  • Chinese
  • 2015-2019  (64)
  • 1985-1989  (206)
  • 1980-1984  (325)
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  • 1
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Stratigraphy and conodonts of Upper Silurian and Lower Devonian rocks in the environs of the Boothia Uplift, Canadian Arctic Archipelago (1980)
    Ottawa : Geological Survey of Canada
    Associated volumes
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    Call number: SR 90.0007(292)
    In: Bulletin
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 74 S.
    ISBN: 0660107066
    Series Statement: Bulletin / Geological Survey of Canada 292
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 2
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    Series available for loan
    Radar profiling of buried reflectors and the groundwater table (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/11
    In: CRREL Report, 83-11
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations of ground radar performance over thawed and seasonally frozen silts, and sands and gravels containing artificial and natural reflectors were carried out in Alaska. The radar emitted 5-10 ns pulses, the center frequency of which was approximately 150 MHz. The artificial reflectors were metal sheets and discs and the natural reflectors were the groundwater table and interfaces between frozen and thawed material. The water table was profiled at three sites where the subsurface material was coarse-grained alluvium. Dielectric constants of 16 to 18 were measured for the thawed silts, 6 to 7 for the frozen silts and 3 to 9 for the sands and gravels. Signal penetration in the thawed high moisture content silts may be achieved only by use of a lower frequency radar, whereas in the sands and gravels greater depths may be detected with more sophisticated signal processing.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-11
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA130225
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9337
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    A comparison of sea ice model results using three different wind forcing fields (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Details Availability
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/17
    In: CRREL Report, 83-17
    Description / Table of Contents: A sea ice model was applied to the East Greenland Sea to examine a 60-day ice advance period beginning 1 October 1979. This investigation compares model results using driving geostrophic wind fields derived from three sources. Winds calculated from sea-level pressures obtained from the National Weather Service's operational analysis system resulted in strong velocities concentrated in a narrow band adjacent to the Greenland coast, with moderate velocities elsewhere. The model showed excessive ice transport and thickness build-ups in the coastal region. The extreme pressure gradient parallel to the coast resulted partially from a pressure reduction procedure that was applied to the terrain-following sigma coordinate system to obtain sea-level pressures. Additional sea-level pressure fields were obtained from an independent optimal interpolation analysis that merged FGGE buoys drifting in the Arctic basin with high latitude land stations and from manual digitization of the NWS hand-analyzed Northern Hemisphere Surface Charts. Modeling results using winds from both of these fields agreed favorably.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-17
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA134462
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9339
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Description of study Model results The problem Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 4
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    Transport of water in frozen soil : I. Experimental determination of soil-water diffusivity under isothermal conditions (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Details Availability
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/22
    In: CRREL Report, 83-22
    Description / Table of Contents: A new experimental method for measuring the soil-water diffusivity of frozen soil under isothermal conditions is introduced. The theoretical justification of the method is presented and the feasibility of the method is demonstrated by experiments conducted using marine-deposited clay. The measured values of the soil-water diffusivity are found comparable to reported experimental data.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-22
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA135419
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9297
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Series available for loan
    Stress measurements in ice (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Details Availability
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/23
    In: CRREL Report, 83-23
    Description / Table of Contents: The problems associated with measuring stresses in ice are reviewed. Theory and laboratory test results are then presented for a stiff cylindrical sensor made of steel that is designed to measure ice stresses in a biaxial stress field. Loading tests on freshwater and saline ice blocks containing the biaxial ice stress sensor indicate that the sensor has a resolution of 20 kPa and an accuracy of better than 15% under a variety of uniaxial and biaxial loading conditions. Principal stress directions can also be determined within 5 degrees. The biaxial ice stress sensor is not significantly affected by variations in the ice elastic modulus, ice creep or differential thermal expansion between the ice and gauge. The sensor also has a low temperature sensitivity (5 kPa/deg C).
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 38 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-23
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA133906
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9296
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Previous work Stress measurements Design considerations Stress sensors Biaxial ice stress sensor Biaxial stress sensor theory Gauge deformation Stresses associated with cylindrical sensors Determination of ice stresses Gauge calibration Evaluation of the biaxial ice stress sensor Temperature sensitivity Biaxial loading test equipment Biaxial loading test results Differential thermal expansion Long-term drift Discussion of test results Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 6
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    Series available for loan
    Ice action on pairs of cylindrical and conical structures (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/25
    In: CRREL Report, 83-25
    Description / Table of Contents: Ice action on two cylindrical and conical structures, located side by side, was investigated in a small-scale experimental study to determine the interference on the ice forces generated during ice-structure interaction. The proximity of the two structures changes the mode of ice failure, the magnitude and direction of ice forces on the individual structure, and the dominant frequency of ice force variations. Interference effects were determined by comparing the experimental results of tests at different structure spacings.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 42 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-25
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA134595
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9298
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Experimental setup and procedure Results and discussion Cylindrical structures Conical structures Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Relationship between flexural strength and in-situ unconfined compressive strength Appendix B: Test data
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  • 7
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    Series available for loan
    Subsea permafrost in Harrison Bay, Alaska : an interpretation from seismic data (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/24
    In: CRREL Report, 82-24
    Description / Table of Contents: Velocity data derived from petroleum industry seismic records from Harrison Bay show that high-velocity material ( or = 2 km/s) interpreted to be ice-bonded permafrost is common. In the eastern part of the bay, the depth to high velocity material increases and velocity decreases in an orderly manner with increasing distance from shore until the layer is no longer apparent. The western part of the bay is less orderly, possibly reflecting a different geological and thermal history. This western part may be an inundated section of the low coastal plain characterized by the region north of Teshekpuk Lake, and could have contained deep thaw lakes, creating low velocity zones. Along some seismic lines, the high-velocity material extends approximately 25 km offshore. Two anomalies have been found which could be associated with rapidly degrading permafrost. One is strong attenuation, which was interpreted as an indication of gas in the shallow deposits. The other is the presence of considerable seismic noise, including identifiable small seismic events. The origin of this noise has not been positively established, and it is proposed that it may indicate that some movement is occurring in the sediments due to thaw.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 65 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-24
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA121020
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9361
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Methods Reading records Refractions Reflections Rayleigh waves Spatial resolution Anomalies Results and discussion Seismic velocity distribution Attenuation Low-level natural seismicity Summary Literature cited Appendix A: Error estimates Appendix B: Velocity profiles Appendix C: Seismic cross sections
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  • 8
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    Series available for loan
    Forecasting water temperature decline and freeze-up in rivers (1984)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Details Availability
    Call number: ZSP-201-84/19
    In: CRREL Report, 84-19
    Description / Table of Contents: In this study a method for making long-range forecasts of freeze-up dates in rivers is developed. The method requires the initial water temperature at an upstream station, the long-range air temperature forecast, the predicted mean flow velocity in the river reach, and water temperature response parameters. The water temperature response parameters can be either estimated from the surface heat exchange coefficient and the average flow depth or determined empirically from recorded air and water temperature data. The method is applied to the St. Lawrence River between Kingston, Ontario, and Massena, New York, and is shown to be capable of accurately forecasting freeze-up. Originator-supplied keywords include: Ice formation, and River ice.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 22 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-19
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA147068
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9544
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Problem formulation Analytical treatment Application to the upper St. Lawrence River Summary Literature cited Appendix A: Basic program for St. Lawrence River freeze-up forecast
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  • 9
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    Crystalline structure of urea ice sheets used in modeling experiments in the CRREL test basin (1984)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/24
    In: CRREL Report, 84-24
    Description / Table of Contents: This report describes the growth characteristics and crystalline textures of urea ice sheets which are now used extensively in the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab. (CRREL) test basin for modeling sea ice. The aims of the report are to describe the different kinds of crystalline texture encountered in urea ice sheets and to show that even small variations in texture can drastically influence the mechanical behavior of urea ice sheets. Standard petrographic techniques for studying microstructure in thin sections were used on 24 urea ice sheets. These investigations entailed observations of the crystalline texture of the ice (including details of the subgrain structure), grain size measurements, and studies of the nature and extent of urea entrapment and drainage patterns in the ice. Increased knowledge of the factors controlling the crystalline characteristics of urea ice sheets has progressed to the point where test basin researchers at CRREL are now able to fabricate ice sheets with prescribed structures leading to predictable mechanical properties. Originators supplied keywords include: Sea ice, and Mechanical properties.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 55 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-24
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA148434
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9553
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Abstract Preface Introduction Objectives Analytical techniques Procedures for growing urea ice sheets Analysis of the crystalline structure of urea ice Characteristics of urea ice Results and discussion Ice sheet no. 1 Ice sheet no. 2 Ice sheet no. 3 Ice sheet no. 4 Ice sheet no. 5 Ice sheet no. 6 Ice sheet no. 7 Ice sheet no. 8 Ice sheet no. 9 Ice sheet no. 10 Ice sheet no. 11 Ice sheet no. 12 Ice sheet no. 13 Ice sheet no. 14 Ice sheet no. 15 Ice sheet no. 16 Ice sheet no. 17 Ice sheet no. 18 Ice sheet no. 19 Ice sheet no. 20 Ice sheet no. 21 Ice sheet no. 22 Ice sheet no. 23 Ice sheet no. 24 Urea concentrations in test tank solution and ice Discussion and conclusions E/σf ratio Thickness of incubation layer Crystal properties Literature cited Appendix A: Thin sections of urea ice sheets
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  • 10
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    Pulse transmission through frozen silt (1984)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/17
    In: CRREL Report, 84-17
    Description / Table of Contents: VHF-band radiowave short pulses were transmitted within the permafrost tunnel at Fox, Alaska, over distances between 2.2 and 10.5 m. The propagation medium was a frozen silt containing both disseminated and massive ice with temperatures varying from -7°C near the transmitter to probably -2 C near the center of the tunnel overburden. The short pulses underwent practically no dispersion in the coldest zones but did disperse and refract through the warmer overburden, as suggested by calculations of the effective dielectric constant. Most significantly the measured frequency content decreased as the effective dielectric constant increased. The results indicate that deep, cross-borehole pulse transmissions over distances greater than 10 m might be possible, especially when the ground is no warmer than -4°C. The information thus pined could be used for identifying major subsurface variations, including ground ice features.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: ii, 14 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-17
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a147108.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9519
    Language: English
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  • 11
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    Frazil ice formation (1984)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/18
    In: CRREL Report, 84-18
    Description / Table of Contents: This report investigates the influences of turbulence and water temperature on frazil ice formation. The rate and thequantity of frazil ice formed in a specified volume of supercooled water increase with both increasing turbulence inten-sitv and decreasing water temperature. The influence of turbulence intensity on the rate of frazil ice formation, how-ever. is more pronounced for larger initial supercooling. The turbulence characteristics of a flow affect the rate offrazil ice formation by governing the temperature to which the flow can be supercooled, by influencing heat transferfrom the frazil ice to surrounding water, and by promoting collision nucleation, particle and floc rupture and increasingthe number of nucleation sites. larger frazil ice particles formed in water supercooled to lower temperatures. The par-ticles usually were disks, with diameters several orders greater than their thickness. Particle size generally decreased with increasing turbulence intensity. This report develops an analytical model, in which the rate of frazil ice formation isrelated to temperature rise of a turbulent volume of water from the release of latent heat of fusion of liquid water toice. Experiments conducted in a turbulence jar with a heated, vertically oscillating grid served both to guide and tocalibrate thanalytical'model as well as to afford insights into frazil ice formation. The formation of frazil ice wasstudied for Vemperatures of supercooled water ranging from -0.9° to -0.050°C.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 50 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-18
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a147425.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9547
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Background Scope of study Literature review Introduction Incipient formation of frazil ice Particle size and evolution of frazil ice Influences of turbulence and water temperature on the rate of frazil ice formation Conclusions Analytical model Introduction Elements of heat transfer Elements of turbulence Experimentation Experimental apparatus Experimental procedure Results Introduction Nucleation of frazil ice Influences of turbulence on frazil ice formation Water temperature Influences of water temperature and turbulence on the concentration of frazil ice Frazil ice particle shape and size Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Preliminary frazil ice experiments Flume experiments Couette-flow Appendix B: Listing of computer program for calculation of frazil ice formation Appendix C: Water temperature rise attributable to frazil ice formation as computed usingthe analytical model .
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  • 12
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    The effects of soluble salts on the unfrozen water contents of the Lanzhou, P.R.C., silt (1984)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/16
    In: CRREL Report, 84-16
    Description / Table of Contents: Phase composition curves are presented for a typical saline silt from Lanzhou, P.R.C., and compared to some silts from Alaska. The unfrozen water content of the Chinese silt is much higher than that of the Alaskan silts due to the large amount of soluble salts present in the silts from China, which are not present in silt from interior Alaska. When the salt is removed, the unfrozen water content is then similar for both the Chinese and Alaskan silt. Here we introduce a technique for correcting the unfrozen water content of partially frozen soils due to high salt concentrations. We calculate the equivalent molality of the salts in the unfrozen water at various temperatures from a measurement of the electrical conductivity of the extract from saturated paste.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 25 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-16
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a152825.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9520
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Background Materials Sample preparation Nuclear magnetic resonance Specific surface area Electrical conductivity Results and discussion Summary Literature cited Appendix A: Unfrozen water content vs temperature data for Lanzhou silt
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  • 13
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    Morphology and ecology of diatoms in the sea ice from the Weddell Sea (1984)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/5
    In: CRREL Report, 84-5
    Description / Table of Contents: Diatom species composition and relative abundances were determined for ice cores obtained from Weddell Sea pack ice during the October-November 1981 Weddell Polynya Expedition (WEPOLEX). Ice thickness and salinity indicate that the ice was less than one year old. The predominant ice type (70%) was frazil, which has the capacity to mechanically incorporate biological material through nucleation and scavenging. Diatoms were found throughout the length of the cores. Species showed down-core fluctuations in abundance that appeared to be correlated with changes in ice type. Pennate forms were more abundant than centrics, the average ratio being 16:1. Diatom frustules with intact organic material were more abundant (5 billion cells/liter). Differences in species abundances are attributed initially to incorporation of algal cells from a temporally changing water column and subsequently to diatom reproduction within the ice. Scanning electron micrographs illustrating the morphologic characteristics of the predominant species are included.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 46 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-5
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA141994
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9282
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Materials and methods Results Discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Taxonomic terms Appendix B: Differences in species composition and abundance in duplicate samples examined under optical and inverted light microscopes Appendix C: Morphologic descriptions and SEM micrographs
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  • 14
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    Mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice : testing techniques (1984)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/8
    In: CRREL Report, 84-8
    Description / Table of Contents: This report describes the equipment and procedures that were used for acquiring, preparing and testing samples of multi-year sea ice. Techniques and procedures are discussed for testing ice samples in compression and tension at constant strain rates and constant loads, as well as in a conventional triaxial cell. A detailed account is given of the application and measurement of forces and dispiacements on the ice test specimens under these different loading conditions.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 43 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-8
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a144431.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9278
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test material and test specimens Test material Required dimensions for test specimens Acquisition and preparation of specimens Field core sampling Specimen preparation in the laboratory Application of forces and displacements to uniaxial specimens Compression Tension Squareness imperfections Loading devices Universal testing machine Gas actuator for constant load Weight-and-pulley system for constant tension Equipment for triaxial tests Measurement of force and displacement Force Displacement Readouts and recorders Literature cited Appendix A: Phenolic-resin end caps Appendix B: Compliant platens Appendix C: Theoretical factor for converting overall strain to gauge-length strain indumbbell specimens Appci dix D: Items developed but not used in Phase I Appendix E: Use of the Brazil test
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  • 15
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    Computer modeling of time-dependent rime icing in the atmosphere (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/2
    In: CRREL Report, 83-2
    Description / Table of Contents: A numerical model of rime ice accretion on an arbitrary two-dimensional airfoil is presented. The physics of the model are described and results are presented that demonstrate, by comparison with other theoretical data and experimental data, that the model predictions are believable. Results are also presented that illustrate the capability of the model to handle time-dependent rime ice accretion, taking into account the feedback between the ice accretion and the airflow and droplet trajectory fields.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 81 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-2
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA126404
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9309
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Methodology Potential flow around an arbitrary airfoil Incompressible velocity field Droplet trajectory equation Computational procedure for trajectories Determining the point of impact Calculation of collision efficiencies Accreting an ice layer Determining the accuracy of the flow field Determining the accuracy of the trajectories Results and discussion Comparing results with and without the history term Collision efficiency of NACA 0015 airfoil at 8° attack angle Time-dependent accretion on NACA 0015 airfoil at 8° attack angle Time-dependent accretion on NACA 0015 airfoil at 0° attack angle Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A : Sample input Appendix B: Sample output Appendix C : Program listing
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  • 16
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    Analysis of roof snow load case studies : uniform loads (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/1
    In: CRREL Report, 83-1
    Description / Table of Contents: Roof snow load case studies gathered throughout the United States over a three-year period are analyzed. The objective of the analysis is to determine a relationship between the snow load on the ground and the corresponding uniform snow load on flat and sloped roofs. The main parameters considered are the thermal characteristics of the roof, the roof slope and the exposure of the structure. Exposure has the strongest effect on the ratio of ground to roof snow loads. Comparisons are made with existing and proposed building codes and standards.
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    Pages: iv, 47 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-1
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a126330.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9329
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Metric conversion table Introduction Data base Conversion factor Ground load effects Exposure effects Thermal effects Slope effects Expected value relationship Comparison with existing codes and standards Comparison with relationships proposed in new ANSI standard Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Roof snow load case history reports Appendix B. Roofs in the snow load case study data base Appendix C. Ground and roof snow load data Appendix D. Conversion factors from the 1982 ANSI standard
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  • 17
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    Mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice : phase II: test results (1985)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-85/16
    In: CRREL Report, 85-16
    Description / Table of Contents: This report presents the results of the second phase of a test program designed to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice from the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. In Phase 2, 62 constant-strain-rate uniaxial compression tests were performed on horizontal and vertical ice samples from multi-year pressure ridges to examine the effect of sample orientation on ice strength. Also conducted were 36 constant-strain-rate tension tests, 55 conventional triaxial tests and 35 constant-load compression tests on multi-year pressure ridge samples to provide data for developing ice yield criteria and constitutive laws. Data are presented on the strength, failure strain and modulus of multi-year sea ice under different loading conditions. The effects of ice temperature, porosity, structure, strain rate, confining pressure and sample orientation on the mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice are examined.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 89 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 85-16
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a166333.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9414
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Field sampling program Site selection and description Coring procedures Core logging procedures Shipping and storage of ice samples Ice description Salinity and density Structure Constant-strain-rate compression tests Test variables Uniaxial compressive strength Strength and structure Strength and porosity Residual compressive strength Failure strain Initial tangent modulus Constant-strain-rate uniaxial tension tests Test variables Uniaxial tensile strength Failure strains Initial tangent modulus Constant-strain-rate triaxial tests Equipment Test variables Synthane end caps Triaxial strength Failure strains Initial tangent modulus Effect of sinthane end caps on results Constant-load compression tests Test variables Test results Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Ice structure profile of ridge C core Appendix H: Test data Appendix C: Static determination of Young's modulus in sea ice
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  • 18
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    Effect of nonuniform size on internal stresses in a rapid, simple shear flow of granular materials : Part 2. Multiple grain sizes (1985)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-85/3
    In: CRREL Report, 85-3
    Description / Table of Contents: In the past all theoretical analyses for rapidly sheared granular flows assumed that the granular solids are either disks or spheres and are uniform in size. However, natural materials that create these granular flows are in general irregular in shape and have various spectra of sizes. The stress and rate of energy dissipation levels in granular flows are significantly influenced by the size distribution. In part 1 of this report series (AD-A154 045), the formulation of the constitutive equations considering a two-size granular mixture is presented, where the ratio of the two sizes is nearly one. In part 2, the constitutive equations for a two-size mixture are extended to include a general size ratio. In addition, a complete spectrum of size distribution is incorporated, which allows the quantification of the size distribution effect in the most general way. In analyzing the stresses, intergranular collision is assumed to be the major dynamic activity at the microscopic level. Because of the present limited knowledge of testing shape effects, the analysis is confined to the flow of either disks or spheres. The result of this work provides necessary information for a more realistic analysis of natural and industrial granular flow. Keywords: Granular flow, and Particle size distribution.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 29 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 85-3
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA154046
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9350
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Constitutive equations for a two-size mixture Limiting case of the two-size mixture Complete spectrum analysis for spheres and disks Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Derivation of collision frequency between neighboring spheres that follow the mean shear flow without fluctuations
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    Numerical modeling of sea ice dynamics and ice thickness characteristics : a final report (1985)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-85/5
    In: CRREL Report, 85-5
    Description / Table of Contents: A dynamic-thermodynamic sea ice model is extended to include a full thermodynamic code and a complete multilevel ice thickness distribution. The variable thickness formulation includes a more realistic parameterization of ice ridging than used in previous models. Seasonal simulations have been performed using this model and the results have been analyzed with particular emphasis on examination of the ridge buildup results off the Canadian Archipelago and off the North Slope. This report presents a complete description of this model and discusses progress made on examining and testing the variable thickness extensions.
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    Pages: vi, 60 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 85-5
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a154600.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9354
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Description of the model Ice thickness equations Heat budget and oceanic boundary layer Analytic examination of the ridge redistribution process Theoretical framework Some specific redistributors Comparison to ridge morphological data Ice strength for different redistributors Numerical simulation results Basin-wide ice thickness and velocity characteristics Ice edge evolution and sensitivity Ice thickness characteristics off the Canadian Archipelago Comparison of observed and simulated ice drift Mass balance characteristics Concluding remarks Literature cited Appendix A: Mechanical redistributor Appendix B: Heat budget code Appendix C: Thickness finite difference code
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  • 20
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    Review of methods for generating synthetic seismograms (1985)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-85/10
    In: CRREL Report, 85-10
    Description / Table of Contents: Various methods of generating synthetic seismograms are reviewed and examples of recent applicatiors of the methods are cited. Body waves, surface waves, and normal modes are considered. The analytical methods reviewed include geometric ray theory, generalized ray theory (Cagniard-de Hoop method), asymptotic ray theory, reflectivity method, fullwave theory, and hybrid methods combining ray theory and mode theory. Two numerical methods, those of finite differences and finite elements, and a hybrid method combining finite differences with asymptotic ray theory are described Limitations on the application or validity of the various methods are stated.
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    Pages: v, 48 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 85-10
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a159128.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9398
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Section 1. Introduction Section 2. Wave propagation in the earth Section 3. Body waves: ray theory and wave theory Geometric ray theory Wave theory Section 4. Surface waves Section 5. Normal modes Section 6. Finite-difference method Section 7. Finite-element method Section 8. Hybrid methods Section 9. Conclusion Literature cited
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  • 21
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    Thermal convection in snow (1985)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-85/9
    In: CRREL Report, 85-9
    Description / Table of Contents: Large temperature gradients applied to a snow cover drive water vapor upwards and result in rapid recrystallization of snow crystals. The same temperature gradients create gradients of air density that can cause flows of air through the snow cover. The formalism necessary to describe these flows I developed heroin an effort to include the convection of vapor in the understanding of snow metamorphism. The theory of convection through porous media is extended here to include the transport of water vapor, which is important because of its latent heat. Results are presented in terms of a Lewis number, defined as the ratio of thermal to mass diffusivities. For Lewis numbers greater than 1.0 phase change intensifies convection, and for Lewis numbers less than 1.0 phase change retards convection. Two boundary conditions of special interest in the study of snow, a constant heat flux bottom and a permeable top are investigated. Their influence on the transfer of heat is quantified, and it is found that heat transfer can be described as a linear function of the driving force for convection. Convection in sloped layers is quantified, and explained in a physically consistent manner. The effect of a permeable top on convection at low Rayleigh numbers is derived. Experiments are performed to measure the effects of convection on heat transfer through glass beads and snow. The model results using constant flux boundary conditions are confirmed by the experiments. Experiments show that convection can occur in snow, and that convection behaves in a manner consistent with our theoretical understanding of the phenomenon. Some uncertainty exists about the permeability and thermal conductivity of snow and hence it is uncertain if thermal convection would occur for a given temperature gradient, density and thickness. Also, for a given convective intensity, there is much uncertainty about how much the rate of snow metamorphism is increased.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 70 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 85-9
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a157577.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9395
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Snow metamorphism Mass transfer by diffusion in snow Heat transfer Background-porous media Structure of thermal convection Rayleigh number Onset problem Heat transfer attributable to thermal convection Layering and slope effects Studies of convection through snow Modeling Equation of motion Energy equation Finite difference methods Numerical solution Verification of the model Modeling results Effects of constant flux and permeable boundaries on convection in horizontal layers Effects of phase change on convection Convection in sloped layers Experiments Introduction Experimental apparatus Experimental results and discussion Glass beads Snow Applications and conclusions Onset of Benard convection in seasonal snow covers Applications to snow metamorphism Summary Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: Derivation of fmite difference formulae Appendix B: Computer programs Appendix C: Sample calculations
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  • 22
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    TNT, RDX and HMX explosives in soils and sediments : analysis techniques and drying losses (1985)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-85/15
    In: CRREL Report, 85-15
    Description / Table of Contents: A method for the analysis of TNT, RDX and HMX explosives in soils and sediments has been developed. It consists of methanol extraction followed by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography using 10% acetonitrile/40% methanol/50% water as the eluant. This method was used to study the effect of various drying techniques upon the recovery of TNT, RDX, and HMX from soil and sediment samples contaminated with high (%) and low (micron g/g) levels of these explosives. For highly contaminated samples, complete recovery of TNT and RDX was obtained using freeze drying while air drying at room temperature resulted in greater than 90% recovery for both explosives. Other techniques, such as oven drying at 105 C, oven drying at 45 C, microwave oven drying, and drying under infrared lamps, all resulted in greater losses, with TNT and RDX recoveries ranging from 76 to 90%. Drying losses were not due to simple volatilization containing low levels of TNT, RDX and HMX, recoveries of all three explosives were quantitative for all the above drying techniques.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 85-15
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA163278
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9417
    Language: English
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  • 23
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    On the differences in ablation seasons of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/33
    In: CRREL Report, 82-33
    Description / Table of Contents: Arctic sea ice is freckled with melt ponds during the ablation season; Antarctic sea ice has few, if any. On the basis of a simple surface heat budget, we investigate the meteorological conditions necessary for the onset of surface melting in an attempt to explain these observations. The low relative humidity associated with the relatively dry winds off the continent and an effective radiation parameter smaller than that characteristic of the Arctic are primarily responsible for the absence of melt features in the Antarctic. Together these require a surface-layer air temperature above 0 C before Antarctic sea ice can melt. A ratio of the bulk transfer coefficients C sub H/C sub E less than 1 also contributes to the dissimilarity in Arctic and Antarctic ablation seasons. The effects of wind speed and of the sea-ice roughness on the absolute values of C sub H and C sub E seem to moderate regional differences, but final assessment of this hypothesis awaits better data, especially from the Antarctic.
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    Pages: 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-33
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA122454
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9374
    Language: English
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  • 24
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    Shore ice ride-up and pile-up features : Part I: Alaska's Beaufort Sea Coast (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/9
    In: CRREL Report, 83-9
    Description / Table of Contents: Recent observations of shore ice pile-up and ride-up along the coast of the Alaska Beaufort Sea are presented. Information is given to show that sea ice movement on shore has overridden steep coastal bluffs and has thrust inland over 150 m, gouging into and pushing up mounds of beach sand, gravel, boulders and peat and, inland, the tundra material. The resulting ice scar morphology was found to remain for tens of years. Onshore ice movements up to 20 m are relatively common, but those over 100 m are very infrequent. Spring is a dangerous time, when sea ice melts away from the shore, allowing ice to move freely. Under this condition, driving stresses of less than 100 kPa can push thick sea ice onto the land.
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    Pages: v, 59 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-9
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA127198
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9316
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Winter 1979-80 observations Winter 1980-81 and summer 1981 observations Winter 1981-82 and summer 1982 observations Old ice ride-up features Discussion Literature cited Appendix A. The boulder rampart and rock littered shore west of Konganevik Pt. Appendix B. Site location maps
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  • 25
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    Chemical fractionation of brine in the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/6
    In: CRREL Report, 83-6
    Description / Table of Contents: During the austral summers of 1976-77 and 1978-79, several ice cores were taken from the McMurdo Ice Shelf brine zone to investigate its thermal, physical and chemical properties. This brine zone consists of a series of super-imposed brine layers (waves) that originate at the seaward edge of the ice shelf and migrate at various rates, depending upon their age and position in the ice shelf. The brine in these layers becomes increasingly concentrated as the waves migrate inland through the permeable ice shelf firn. Chemical analyses of brine samples from the youngest (uppermost) brine wave show that it contains sea salts in normal seawater proportions. Further inland, deeper and older brine layers, though highly saline (S 〉 200 ‰), are severely depleted in SO2-4 with the SO2-4/Na+ ratio being an order of magnitude less than that of normal seawater. Analyses of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO2-4 and CI-, together with solubility and temperature considerations, show that the sulfate depletion is due to selective precipitation of mirabilite, Na2SO4*10H2O. The location of the inland boundary of brine penetration is closely related to the depth at which the brine en-counters the firn/ice transition. However, a small but measurable migration of brine is still occurring in otherwise impermeable ice; this is attributed to eutectic dissolution of the ice by concentrated brine as it moves into deeper and warmer parts of the McMurdo Ice Shelf.
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    Pages: iii, 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-6
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a127821.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9312
    Language: English
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  • 26
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    Ice growth on Post Pond, 1973-1982 (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/4
    In: CRREL Report, 83-4
    Description / Table of Contents: Measurements and analysis of seasonal ice growth and decay on Post Pond, New Hampshire, for the period 1973-1982 are presented. Observations included ice thickness measurements, examination of the various ice types contributing to the ice cover, and measurements of meteorological parameters for correlation with and modeling of the ice growth process. The overall nature of ice growth and decay (ice loss) on the Post Pond has been ascertained, the seasonal variability in the timing of freeze-up and ice-out and the duration of the ice cover have been determined, and the relationship of ice growth to freezing-degree-day (deg C) records evaluated on the basis of a Stefan conduction equation modified to deal with ice sheets covered with or free of snow. Ice growth occurs predominantly by the direct freezing of lake water, but snow ice may compose as much as 50% of the ice cover in winters with higher than average snowfall. Freeze-up leading to the establishment of a stable ice cover occurs during the 4-week period from the end of November to the end of December. Maximum seasonal ice thicknesses were from 45 to 67 cm and are generally attained during the first two weeks of March; ice-out, marking the final disappearance of ice from Post Pond, usually occurs by the third week of April. The overall rate of the ice loss is three to four times that of ice growth, and is dominated initially by melting from the top. As much as 50% of the ice may be lost in this way before the onset of any bottom melting. Final dissipation of the ice cover is usually expedited by candling resulting from preferential melting and disintegration of the ice at crystal boundaries.
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    Pages: iv, 30 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-4
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA126334
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9277
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Location of study Study methods Ice thickness Ice-cover composition Surface air temperatures Freeze-up and ice-out characteristics Results and discussion Ice-growth record Freezing-degree-day records Ice-growth predictions Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Ice-growth records Appendix B: Measured and computed ice-growth curves
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    Approximate solutions of heat conduction in a medium with variable properties (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/19
    In: CRREL Report, 87-19
    Description / Table of Contents: The approximate heat balance integral method (HBIM) is extended to the case of a medium with variable properties such as snow. The case of linear variation of thermal conductivity was investigated. An alternative heat balance integral method (AHBIM) was developed. Both constant surface temperature and surface heat flux were considered. A comparison was made of the temperature distribution from the HBIM, AHBIM and an analytical method for the case of constant surface temperature. In general, results agree quite well with the analytical method for small values of dimensionless time τ, but the difference becomes more pronounced as τ increases. It was found that the AHBIM with a quadratic temperature profile gave a somewhat better result, especially when the value of the dimensionless distance η is small. For a specific property function of E(η) = eη, closed form solutions were obtained. The results, when compared with those from HBIM, AHBIM and the analytical method were found to agree exceptionally well with the analytical method, especially for large values of τ.
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    Pages: iv, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-19
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a186933.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9021
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Mathematical analysis Constant surface temperature Constant surface heat flux Comparison with exact solution Alternative method Conclusions and comments Literature cited Appendix A: Derivation of equation 25 Appendix B: Derivations of equations 37 and 40 Appendix C: Derivation of equations 37a and 40
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    Mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice : phase 1: ice structure analysis (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/3
    In: CRREL Report, 87-3
    Description / Table of Contents: This report describes the structural analysis of multi-year sea ice samples that were tested in the first phase of a program designed to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice from the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Each test specimen is classified into one of three major ice texture categories: granular, columnar, or a mixture of columnar and granular ice. The crystallographic orientation, percent columnar ice, and grain size are then evaluated for the granular and/or columnar ice in the sample. Test results are interpreted with respect to these parameters. The overall composition of multi-year ridges is also considered, based on the extensive field sampling that was done in the program
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    Pages: iii, 40 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-3
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a181205.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9044
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sample analysis Continuous multi-year ridge core Tested multi-year ridge ice samples Tested multi-year floe ice samples Ice description Uniaxial constant-strain-rate compression tests Uniaxial constant-load compression tests Uniaxial constant-strain-rate tension tests Triaxial constant-strain-rate compression test Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Multi-year ridge sample data Appendix B: Multi-year floe sample data
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  • 29
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    Resilient modulus of freeze-thaw affected granular soils for pavement design and evaluation; Part 3: Laboratory tests on soils from Albany County Airport (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/2
    In: CRREL Report, 87-2
    Description / Table of Contents: This is the third in a series of four reports on the laboratory and field testing of a number of road and airfield subgrades, covering the laboratory repeated-load triaxial testing of five soils in the frozen and thawed states and analysis of the resulting resilient modulus measurements. The laboratory testing procedures allow simulation of the gradual increase in stiffnessfound in frost-susceptible soils after thawing. The resilient modulus is expressed in a nonlinear model in terms of the applied stresses, the soil moisture tension level (for unfrozen soil), the unfrozen water content (for frozen soil) and the dry density. The resilient modulus is about 10 GPa for the frozen material at temperatures in the range of -5° to -8° C. The decrease in modulus with increasing temperature was well-modeled in terms of the unfrozen water content. Upon thaw, the modulus dropped to about 100 MPa and generally increased with increasing confining stress and decreased with increasing principal stress ratio. The modulus also increased with the soil moisture tension level. The resilient Poisson's ratio did not appear to be a systematic function of any of the test variables.
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    Pages: iii, 36 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-2
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a179253.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9037
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test sections and materials Specimen preparation Test soils Asphalt concrete Laboratory testing Soil testing Waveforms of applied stress Asphalt concrete Data reduction and analysis Soil Asphalt concrete Results and discussion General Resilient modulus Summary Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Soil moisture tension versus water content for several test soils Appendix B: Tabulated results for all tests on frozen and thawed soils
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  • 30
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    Creep and strength behavior of frozen silt in uniaxial compression (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/10
    In: CRREL Report, 87-10
    Description / Table of Contents: Uniaxial constant-stress and constant-strain-rate compression tests were conducted on more than 200 remolded, saturated, frozen specimens of Fairbanks silt under various conditions. A series of curves of stress vs strain rate for various temperatures of strain rates ranging from about 6x10-2 to 10-8s-1show a close strength correspondence between the constant-stress and-costant strain-rate tests. All of these "complete" stress vs strain rate curves could not be described by a single power law or exponential equation, indicating that different deformation mechanisms are dominant within different ranges of strainrate Two critical strain rates for distinguishing between the different deformation mechanisms were ob-served to be near 10- 3 and 10-6 s-1 for the medium-dense frozen Fairbanks silt. The former indicates the transition from ductile failure to moderate brittle fracture as strain rate increases, while the latter indicates the transition from dislocation creep to glide creep (by the authors' definition). Based on the change in flow law, two fundamental creeps were classified: short-term creep, which is governed by glide creep, and long-term creep, which is governed by dislocation creep. The failure criterion of frozen silt has a general form of em x tm = Ef, where m depends only on density, and tm is in minutes if m is not 1. The failure strain Ef was not sensitive to temperature and strain rate over a certain range of strain rates, but it was very sensitive to density. Assur's creep model (1980) for ice was used to fit the creep data in this study. It works well for short-term creep but does not fit as well for long-term creep. The rate process theory was applied to the creep data. A very high value of experimental activation energy was obtained for lower stresses, and a very high value of apparent activation energy was observed for higher temperatures. The peak compressive strength was very sensitive to temperature and strain rate but relatively insensitive to density. While the initial tangent modulus is not-sensitive to strain rate, it increases with decreasing temperature and density.
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    Pages: vi, 75 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-10
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a184816.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9029
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Review of previous work Specimen preparation Material Molding Testing procedure and apparatus Test results Definition of strain and stress Definition of creep failure Definition of failure in constant-strain-rate tests Definition of initial yield strength Determination of initial tangent modulus and 50% peak strength modulus Creep behavior General nature of the creep process and the failure mode Minimum creep rate Time to creep failure Relationship between t, and tm Creep failure strain and failure criterion Creep model and prediction of creep strain Strength behavior General stress-strain behavior and failure mode Peak compressive strength Initial yield strength Failure strain Initial yield strain Initial tangent modulus 50% peak strength modulus Correspondence between constant-stress tests and constant-strain-rate tests Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Unfrozen water content data Appendix B: Physical properties of samples tested
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    Sensible and latent heat fluxes and humidity profiles following a step change in surface moisture (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/12
    In: CRREL Report, 82-12
    Description / Table of Contents: From a high-quality set of velocity, temperature, and humidity profiles collected upwind and downwind of a step change in surface roughness, temperature, and moisture, we have calculated upwind and downwind values of the heat fluxes and friction velocity. The surface change is from smooth to rough; upwind, the sensible heat flux is upward and the latent heat flux is zero; downwind, the surface is well-watered so that the latent heat flux is upward while the sensible heat flux is downward. The downwind latent heat flux in this fetch-limited flow obeys NL=0.08 Rx 0.76 where NL is the latent heat Nusselt number and Rx is the fetch Reynolds number, a parameter for characterizing fetch-limited flows. Because this relation is virtually the same as one found to describe the sensible heat and condensate fluxes over arctic leads, we conclude that the Nusselt numbers nondimensionalizing scalar fluxes are the same for a given fetch Reynolds number when boundary conditions are similar.
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    Pages: vii, 18 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-12
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9346
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction Upwind: flux gradient method Downwind: integral method ResulIts Energy budget Latent heat flux Surface stress Downwind humidity profiles Discussion Conclusions Literature cited
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    Numerical solutions for a rigid-ice model of secondary frost heave (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/13
    In: CRREL Report, 82-13
    Description / Table of Contents: Frost heave is analyzed for the common case in which some ice penetrates the soil. In this situation, heave is due to the accumulation of soil-free ice just within the frozen zone, behind a frozen fringe of finite thickness. Heat and mass transport within and across that fringe are crucial processes in the dynamics of heave. This analysis concentrates on activity within the fringe, also connecting that activity to heat and mass flows in the more frozen and unfrozen zones. Each component in a set of governing differential equations is developed from rational physics and thermodynamics, using previous experimental work. It is assumed that the soil ice grows through interconnected interstices; hence it constitutes and can move as a rigid body. When the assumption is translated into mathematical terms, it completes the governing equations. The model resulting from these considerations is a one-dimensional finite element computer program that solves the equations for arbitrary initial and boundary conditions. The model is used to simulate the heave history of a hypothetical soil column frozen unidirectionally and subjected to a surcharge. The results are gratifying in that they predict qualitatively the characteristics of numerous laboratory observations. Some questions about the completeness of the theory remain, and strict verification of the model awaits further experimentation and better parameter identification.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 11 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-13
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9344
    Language: English
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    Application of a numerical sea ice model to the East Greenland area (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/16
    In: CRREL Report, 82-16
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: A dynamic-thermodynamic sea ice model which employs a viscous-plastic constitutive law has been applied to the East Greenland area. The model is run on a 40-km spatial scale at 1/4-day time steps for a 60-day period with forcing data beginning on 1 October 1979. Results tend to verify that the model predicts reasonable thicknesses and velocities within the ice margin. Thermodynamic ice growth produces excessive ice extent, however, probably due to inadequate parameterization of oceanic heat flux. Ice velocities near the free ice edge are also not well simulated, and preliminary investigations attribute this to an improper wind field in this area. A simulation which neglects ice strength, effectively damping ice interaction with itself and allowing no resistance to deformation, produces excessive ice drift toward the coast and results in unrealistic nearshore thicknesses. A dynamics-only simulation produced reasonable results, including a more realistic ice extent, but the need for proper thermodynamics is also apparent. Other simulations verify that ice import from the Arctic Basin, and ice transport due to winds and currents, were also important components in the model studies.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 40 Seiten , Illustrationen , 29 cm
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-16
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9356
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Model description and application Results and discussion Wind and current fields Standard simulation Thermodynamic simulation Zero ice strength Zero ice import Zero currents Modified currents Zero winds Dynamics simulation Summary and concluding remarks Literature cite
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    Shoreline conditions and bank recession along the U.S. shorelines of the St. Marys, St. Clair, Detroit and St. Lawrence Rivers (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/11
    In: CRREL Report, 82-11
    Description / Table of Contents: The purpose of this investigation was to provide data to be used in evaluating the effects of winter navigation on pro­cesses that cause bank erosion. The specific objectives were to document bank conditions and erosion sites along the rivers, to monitor and compare the amounts of winter and summer bank recession and change, and to estimate the amount of recession that occurred prior to winter navigation. Shoreline conditions and bank recession were documented during field surveys each spring and fall. Bank changes were evaluated by comparison to observations from a previous survey. Aerial photointerpretation was done to estimate the amount of bank recession that occurred prior to winter navigation. Three hundred forty-five miles of river shoreline were surveyed. Banks were eroding along 21.5 miles (6.2%). The common types of bank failures were soil falls (sloughing) and block sliding and slumping. The erosion along approxi­mately 15 miles (70%) of the 21.5 miles was occurring along reaches not bordering winter navigation channels.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 75 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-11
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9345
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Previous investigations Approach Shoreline conditions Bank changes Bank recession before winter navigation St. Marys River Bank changes Bank recession before winter navigation St. Clair River Bank changes Bank recession before winter navigation Detroit River Bank changes Bank recession before winter navigation St. Lawrence River Bank changes Historical bank recession Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: St. Marys River Appendix B: St. Clair River Appendix C: Detroit River Appendix D: St. Lawrence River
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    Evaluation of methods for calculating soil thermal conductivity (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/8
    In: CRREL Report, 82-8
    Description / Table of Contents: A detailed analysis of methods for calculating the thermal conductivity of soils is presented, and trends in the predic­tions of these methods are compared. The influence of changes in the moisture content on the calculated thermal con­ductivity of a soil (at constant dry density) is shown, as is the sensitivity of this calculated value to changes in dry den­sity or in the soil solids’ thermal conductivity. The methods are evaluated to determine the extent of agreement of their predictions with measured values obtained on soils of known composition and properties. The deviations of the predicted values are determined for soils that are unfrozen or frozen, coarse or fine, unsaturated, saturated or dry. The applicability of each of the methods under various conditions is determined and recommendations are made as to the best method for each condition.
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    Pages: vi, 90 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-8
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9452
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Analysis of methods for calculating thermal conductivity Introduction Influence of moisture content on thermal conductivity Influence of dry density on thermal conductivity Influence of soil solids’ thermal conductivity Comparison of the various methods Evaluation of methods for calculating thermal conductivity Soils data used for evaluation Computer program Applicability of the methods Discussion and conclusions Applicability to unfrozen soils Applicability to frozen soils Applicability to saturated soils Effect of soil mineral composition Applicability to dry soils Summary of applicability of methods Literature cited Appendix A: Properties of some test soils Appendix B: Comparison of thermal conductivity values computed by the various methods and of their deviations from the values measured
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  • 36
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    Charged dislocation in ice; II. Contribution of dielectric relaxation (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/7
    In: CRREL Report, 82-7
    In: Charged dislocation in ice, II.
    Description / Table of Contents: The contribution of electrically charged dislocation motion to dielectric relaxation was studied theoretically. Experimentally obtained data on charge density, dislocation density, and segment length and distribution described in Part I of this series were used to calculate dielectric relaxation spectra. The results indicate that the charged dislocation process can produce the observed audio frequency dielectric relaxation as well as the distribution of spectra.
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    Pages: iii, 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-7
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9454
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Theoretical development of dielectric relaxation due to charged dislocations Numerical calculations for distributed segment length Discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Mosotti type catastrophe by charged dislocation processes
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    Roof leaks in cold regions : school at Chevak, Alaska (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/11
    In: CRREL Report, 80-11
    Description / Table of Contents: Four types of roof leaks occurred at a new school building in Chevak, Alaska: 1) blowing snow entered the roof through eave vents and then melted, 2) slush and ice in roof valleys caused meltwater to overflow the valley flash­ing and run into the building, 3) water entered at a roof/wall intersection and 4) in many areas water entered through gaps in the sloping plywood deck. Sealing the eave vents made it impossible for blowing snow to enter the roof at the eaves. Electric heat tapes eliminated the valley icing problem. Missing flashing was responsible for the roof/wall intersection leaks. The absence of a vapor barrier in the roof was the cause of many leaks. We recom­mended that the roof be repaired from the exterior by removing component elements down to the plywood deck,installing an adhered continuous vapor barrier and reassembling the roof. An alternative roof cladding of compos­ition shingles was discussed as was conversion to a “cold roof.” The roof was repaired and modified following our recommendations, and problems appear to have been solved.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-11
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6434
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Introduction Description of school Roof problems Snow infiltration leaks Valley leaks Intersection leaks Condensation leaks Tests to verify the cause of condensation leaks Eliminating the condensation leaks Recommendations for eliminating condensation leaks Repairing existing roof An alternative roof cladding The "cold roof" alternative Repairs and modifications Summary and conclusions
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  • 38
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    Phase change around a circular pipe (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/27
    In: CRREL Report, 80-27
    Description / Table of Contents: No general, analytical solution exists for phase change around a cylinder, thus, approximate methods have been evaluated. The heat balance integral technique applied to the cylinder gave excellent results when compared to published numerical solutions. Graphical solutions are given for phase change about a cylinder for ranges of the Stefan number, superheat parameter, and property value ratios for typical soils. An approximate, general solution has been derived which is reasonably accurate and can be used for any values of the above-mentioned parameters. The effective thermal diffusivity method has been shown to be useful for practical problems of phase change.
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    Pages: v, 18 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-27
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA094600
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Zero superheat Constant phase change rate Zero sensible heat Finite sensible heat Finite superheat Quasi-steady solution Heat balance integral solution Approximate methods Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 39
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    Block motion from detonations of buried near-surface explosive arrays (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/26
    In: CRREL Report, 80-26
    Description / Table of Contents: A vital concern to the survivability of hardened underground structures in rock is the relative displacement induced along geologic discontinuities by nearby explosions. Such displacement, commonly termed block motion, can occur along faults, joints, bedding planes and other structural weaknesses in rock. This report documents all occurrences of block motion observed during the development of DIHEST, a series of shallow-buried high explosive experiments designed to simulate the direct induced ground motions from a nuclear surface burst. Instances of block motion are described, along with pertinent details of the explosive arrays, geology and ground motion fields. The influence of these and other factors on the direction and magnitude of block motion is discussed.
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    Pages: vi, 62 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-26
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6082
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Introduction STARMET Test description Test results PLANEWAVE II Test description Test results DATEX II Test description Test results HANDEC II Test description Test results ROCKTEST II Test description Test results Summary and discussion Literature cited
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  • 40
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    Modeling of anisotropic electromagnetic reflection from sea ice (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/23
    In: CRREL Report, 80-23
    Description / Table of Contents: The contribution of brine layers to observed reflective anisotropy of sea ice at 100 MHz is quantitatively assessed. The sea ice is considered to be a stratified, inhomogeneous, anisotropic dielectric consisting of pure ice containing ordered arrays of conducting inclusions (brine layers). Below the transition zone, the ice is assumed to have constant azimuthal c-axis orientation within the horizontal plane, so that the orientation of brine layers is uniform. The brine layers are also assumed to become increasingly well-defined with depth, since adjacent brine inclusions tend to fuse together with increasing temperature. A theoretical explanation for observed reflective anisotropy is proposed in terms of an isotropic electric flux penetration into the brine layers. Penetration anisotropy and brine layer geometry are linked to anisotropy in the complex dielectric constant of sea ice. In order to illustrate the above effects we present a numerical method of approximating the reflected power of a plane wave pulse incident on a slab of sea ice. Mixture dielectric constants are calculated for two polarizations of the incident wave: 1) the electric field parallel to the c-axis direction, and 2) the electric field perpendicular to the c-axis direction. These dielectric constants are then used to calculate power reflection coefficients for the two polarizations. Significant bottom reflection (R ~ 0.08) occurs when the polariza-tion is parallel to the c-axis. However, when the polarization is perpendicular to the c-axis, the return may be almost completely extinguished (R 〈 0.001). This extinction is due primarily to absorptive loss associated with the conduct-ing inclusions and secondarily to an impedance match at the ice/water interface that results in transmission of the wave to the water without reflection.
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    Pages: vi, 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-23
    URL: https://erdc-library.erdc.dren.mil/jspui/bitstream/11681/9576/1/CR-80-23.pdf
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction Anisotropy and sea ice macrostructure Anisotropy and sea ice microstructure A theory of anisotropic radar return from sea ice Anisotropic electric flux penetration into brine layers Implications of normal exclusion, tangential penetration, and brine layer geometry for dielectric behavior of sea ice Modeling of electromagnetic reflection from a stratified, anisotropic, inhomogeneous lossy medium Calculation of mixture complex dielectric constants Calculation of interfacial power reflection coefficients Calculation of bulk power reflection coefficients Calculation of attenuated power reflection coefficients Beam spread Results Anisotropic bottom reflections Anisotropic complex dielectric constants Sensitivity of parameters Internal reflection: the bumps Discussion Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 41
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    VHF electrical properties of frozen ground near Point Barrow, Alaska (1981)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-81/13
    In: CRREL Report, 81-13
    Description / Table of Contents: Electrical properties of frozen ground were measured using radio frequency interferometry (RFI) in the very high frequency (VHF) radiowave band. Ice-rich organic silts and sands and gravels of variable ice content were investigated during early April of both 1979 and 1980. Frequencies between 10 and 150 MHz were used with best results obtained between 40 and 100 MHz. Surface impedance and magnetic induction techniques were also used to obtain an independent measure of low frequency resistivity and to obtain a separate control on vertical inhomogeneity. Soil samples were tested for organic and water content. The dielectric constants determined for the ice-rich organic silts ranged from 4.0 to 5.5 while those for the sands and gravels were about 5.1. Dielectric loss was due to d.c. conduction and was very low for the silts but significant for the sands and gravels. The higher values for the sands and gravels were most likely due to the higher concentrations of salt that are reported to exist in the old beach ridges in this region. All the RFI measurements are believed to be indicative of only the first few meters of the ground although the radiowaves could penetrate to tens of meters.
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    Pages: iv, 18 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-13
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9466
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Objectives and procedures Theory and instrumentation Radio frequency interferometry Case 1: Homogeneous ground model Case 2: Two-layer ground model RFI instrumentation Low frequency methods Point Barrow sites Results and discussion Site 1: Tundra Site 2: Beach ridge Site 3: Marsh Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Discussion of low-frequency geophysical methods
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  • 42
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    Subsea trenching in the Arctic (1981)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-81/17
    In: CRREL Report, 81-17
    Description / Table of Contents: Environmental conditions are described for the continental shelf of the western Arctic, and for the shelf of Labrador and Newfoundland. Special emphasis is given to the gouging of bottom sediments by ice pressure ridges and icebergs, and an approach to systematic risk analysis is outlined. Protection os subsea pipelines and cables by trenching and direct embedment is discussed, touching on burial depth, degree of protection, and environmental impact. Conventional land techniques can be adapted for trenching across the beach and through the shallows, but in deeper water special equipment is required. The devices discussed include hydraulic dredges, submarine dredges, plows, rippers, water jets, disc saws and wheel ditchers, ladder trenchers and chain saws, routers and slot millers, ladder dredges, vibratory and percussive machines, and blasting systems. Consideration is given to the relative merits of working with seabed vehicles, or alternatively with direct surface support from vessels or from the sea ice
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    Pages: 38 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-17
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9409
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction The western Arctic of North America The continental shelf of Newfoundland and Labrador Burial depth for pipes and cables Degree of protection offered by burial Environmental impact Trenching the beach and the shallows in the western Arctic Trenching beyond the shallows Suction, or hydraulic, dredging Bottom-t raveling cutterhead dredges Plows Rippers Water jets Subsea disc saws and wheel ditchers Subsea ladder trenchers and chain saws Subsea routers and slot millers Bucket ladder trenchers Vibratory and percussive devices Hard rock excavation under water Control and monitoring of subsea machines Vessels and vehicles Trenching from the sea ice Costs of subsea trenching Reference Appendix: Description of waters off Alaska and Newfoundland
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  • 43
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    Vibrations caused by ship traffic on an ice-covered waterway (1981)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-81/5
    In: CRREL Report, 81-5
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 27 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-5
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9477
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test setup Test results The USCGC Mackinaw The Roger Slough The Cason J. Callaway The imperial St. Clair Vibration levels Discussion Frequency content Magnitude Mode of transmission Opening the channel Flexural waves Duration and occurrence of maximum vibrations Effect of weather Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited
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  • 44
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    Acoustic emissions from polycrystalline ice (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/21
    In: CRREL Report, 82-21
    Description / Table of Contents: The acoustic emission response from fine-grained polycrystalline ice subjected to constant compressive loads was examined. A number of tests were conducted with the nominal stress ranging from 0.8 to 3.67 MPa at a temperature of -5 C. The acoustic emission response was recorded and the data are presented with respect to time and strain. The source of acoustic emissions in ice is considered in terms of the formation of both microfractures and visible fractures that develop without catastrophic failure of the ice. A model to describe the acoustic emission response is developed.
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    Pages: iv, 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-21
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9366
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Experimental procedures Ice specimens Mechanical test equipment Acoustic emission equipment Data recording Acoustic emission sources in ice Acoustic events and visible fracturing Source mechanisms Tests on ice single crystals General acoustic emission response Analysis of data Transient response Steady-state response Amplitude distribution Combined transient and steady-state response in the time domain Discussion Summary Literature cited
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  • 45
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    Near-infrared reflectance of snow-covered substrates (1981)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-81/21
    In: CRREL Report, 81-21
    Description / Table of Contents: The reflection of solar radiation by a snow cover in situ and the apparent influence of selected substrates were examined in wavelength bands centered at 0.81, 1.04, 1.10, 1.30, 1.50 and 1.80 micrometers. Substrates included winter wheat, timothy, corn, alfalfa, grass, concrete and subsurface layers of 'crusty' snow and ice. Reasonable qualitative agreement between measurements and theoretical predictions was demonstrated, with indications of quantitative agreement in the definition of a 'semi-infinite depth' of snow cover. It was concluded that ultimate quantitative agreement between theory and measurement will require that an 'optically effective grain size' be defined in terms of physically measuarable dimensions or meteorologically predictable characteristics of the ice crystals composing the snowpack.
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    Pages: iii, 17 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-21
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9419
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Experimental method Substrate preparation Experimental configuration Radiometric measurements Snow characterization Reflectance standards Data analysis Reflectance measurements Snow replica analysis Discussion of results Comparative reflectance of various substrates under snow Ablation of a snow cover Reflectance from a very light, fresh snow cover Measurements at angles other than vertical Reflectance from substrates Concluding observations Literature cited
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  • 46
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    The Alaska Good Friday Earthquake of 1964 (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/1
    In: CRREL Report, 82-1
    Description / Table of Contents: On 27 March 1964 a major earthquake struck Southern Alaska. The city of Anchorage, which contained a large part of Alaska's population, suffered loss of life and destruction of property. The time of the day, the season, and ground conditions were such that loss of life and property was minimized. The frozen ground and the ice on fresh waster bodies responded to the earthquake shocks in a seldom-observable pattern, which was noted and recorded. Changes of sea level and slides into the sea were responsible for waterfront destruction. It is concluded that the main factor that limited structural damage was the frozen state of the ground.
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    Pages: iv, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-1
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9445
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Abstract of events Earthquakes and frozen ground The response of freshwater ice sheets to earthquake shock The earthquake disturbance in glaciated mountains Disturbed wildlife Tidal waves Summary Literature cited
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  • 47
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    Maximum thickness and subsequent decay of lake, river and fast sea ice in Canada and Alaska (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/6
    In: CRREL Report, 80-6
    Description / Table of Contents: Weekly measurements of the thickness of lake, river and fast sea ice made over a period of 10 to 15 years at 66 locations in Canada and Alaska are analyzed, and the portion of the data relating to maximum ice thickness and decay (i.e. the decrease in ice thickness) is examined. Ice thickness curves revealed individual patterns of ice decay, and comparisons between locations disclosed major contrasts in the amount of ice accretion and the times of maximum ice and ice clearance. Although many factors affect the ice decay process, this study investigates in detail the effect of thawing temperatures. Concurrent measurements of the air temperature at each location made it possible to analyze the relationship between accumulated thawing degree-days (ATDD) and ice cover decay. Other factors affecting ice ablation and breakup, such as snow-ice formation, snow cover depth, solar radiation and wind are also discussed.
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    Pages: v, 160 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-6
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6395
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9526
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Data sources and literature review Canada Alaska Data tabulation Station selection Description of tabulated data Station location and ice measurement site descriptions Review of previous studies on maximum ice in North America Maximum ice thickness maps Date of maximum ice Plotting of the ice decay curves General procedures Categories of water bodies Ice decay at sea ice locations Envelope curves Average curves Snow-ice formation Ice decay at lake ice locations Average curves Regional variations and similarities Ice decay at river ice locations Variations in ice thickness Rapid ice clearance Comparison between Alaskan and Canadian river ice decay curves Incremental extraction of ice decay data for analysis purposes Selection of ice decay intervals Preliminary evaluation of the methodology Further considerations of the methodology Relationships between ice decay and thawing air temperatures Average daily vs maximum daily air temperature 10-day increments vs accumulated values Total years vs year-to-year analysis Evaluation of use of 0°C as a base Final format of the relationship between ice decay and ATDD Evaluation of the final form Possible causes for variations in slope values Decreasing sea ice thickness and thawing air temperatures Factors affecting sea ice decay Relationship between ATDD and sea ice decay Influence of solar radiation and wind on sea ice decay Literature cited Selected bibliography Appendix A. Ice thickness measurements and other related (or associated) observations for stations in Canada and Alaska Appendix B. Maps of least and greatest ice thickness observed at the time of maximum growth, and average date of occurrence Appendix C. Annual ice decay curves for stations in Canada and Alaska
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  • 48
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    Asphalt concrete for cold regions : a comparative laboratory study and analysis of mixtures containing soft and hard grades of asphalt cement (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/5
    In: CRREL Report, 80-5
    Description / Table of Contents: This research comprised laboratory testing to determine the properties of asphalt-aggregate mixtures containing three grades of asphalt cements, and analyses to project the performance of pavements containing each of the asphalts, in resisting thermally induced distress and traffic-associated distress. From the results it is concluded that only the softest asphalt cement tested (AC 2.5) would perform satisfactorily in a cold climatic zone. The moderately soft (AC 5) and moderately hard (AC 20) asphalt cements showed little susceptibility to thermal cracking in a moderate and a warm climatic zone, respectively. The AC 2.5 and AC 5 asphalts are not recommended for use in warm climates, however, owing to increased susceptibility to rutting under traffic.
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    Pages: vi, 55 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-5
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA082198
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9528
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Research setting Objectives Materials, mixture designs, and tests Materials Mixture design tests Brazil test Resilient modulus test Data analysis Marshall tests Asphalt grade Compactive effort Aggregate type Data analysis Brazil tests Indirect tensile strength Tensile strain Vertical deformation Summary of Brazil test results Data analysis-resilIient modulus. Comparison of mixture susceptibility to temperature cracking General asphalt concrete stiffness Thermal cracking. Influence of asphalt cement properties Summary Comparison of mixture susceptibility to traftic-load-associated distress Stress/strain analysis Fatigue damage analysis Rutting analysis Strength correlations Marshall stability and indirect tensile strength Indirect tensile strength and resilient modulus Summary Summary and conclusions Recapitulation of investigations Summary of results Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Asphalt adggregate mixture properties by Marshall method Appendix B: Equations for calculating specimen properties from Brazil tests Appendix C: Calculated displacements, strains and stresses
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  • 49
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    Revegetation at two construction sites in New Hampshire and Alaska (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/3
    In: (DE-B103)105551, CRREL Report
    Description / Table of Contents: Revegetation techniques were investigated for gravel soils in cold regions. Two gravel soil test sites were established in Hanover, New Hampshire, and Fairbanks, Alaska. During three growing seasons, we studied the applicability and cost effectiveness of various nutrient sources and mulch materials. The nutrient sources included sewage sludge (at 40, 60 and 80 tons/acre) and commercial fertilizer (at 200, 400 and 600 lb/acre). The mulching materials were wood fiber mulch with various types of tackifiers, peat moss, and sewage sludge. The effects of refertilization during the second growing season were also studied. At both sites the use of sewage sludge produced superior results in many respects to the use of fertilizer at the application rates studied. Grasses receiving sludge showed better establishment rates and greater plant cover and growth, and were able to withstand the hot drying conditions encountered during the summer months. Slightly quicker grass establishment was noted at the higher rates of application of each nutrient source in Fairbanks, while grass establishment at all sludge rates was good in Hanover. All fertilizer treatments performed poorly in Hanover. No evidence of winter injury to the grasses was noted in any of the treatments. Supplemental applications of nitrogen fertilizer in Hanover during spring of the second growing season proved highly beneficial. The fertilizer helped maintain grass growth even during dry summer conditions. The mulches were applied at the rate of 2,000 lb/acre. They were found to be important in providing a more nearly optimum environment for seedling establishment. Wood fiber mulch and the commercial Wood Fiber Mulch 2000, generally, were the best performers.
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    Pages: vi, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-3
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA082305
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9040
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Literature review Experimental design Climate Results and discussion Nutrient sources Mulches Soil fertility Cost analysis Summary and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 50
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    Environmental analysis of the Upper Susitna River Basin using Landsat imagery (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/4
    In: CRREL Report, 80-4
    Description / Table of Contents: The primary objectives of this study were to 1) prepare a map from Landsat imagery of the Upper Susitna River Basin drainage network, lakes, glaciers and snowfields, 2) identify possible faults and lineaments within the upper basin and within a 100-km radius of the proposed Devil Canyon and Watana dam sites as observed on Landsat imagery, and 3) prepare a Landsat-derived map showing the distribution of surficial geologic materials and poorly drained areas. The EROS Digital Image Enhancement System (EDIES) provided computer- enhanced images of Landsat-1 scene 5470-19560. The EDIES false color composite of this scene was used as the base for mapping drainage network, lakes, glaciers and snowfields, six surficial geologic materials units and poorly drained areas. We used some single-band and other color composites of Landsat images during interpretation. All the above maps were prepared by photointerpretation of Landsat images without using computer analysis, aerial photographs, field data, or published reports. These other data sources were used only after the mapping was completed to compare and verify the information interpreted and delineations mapped from the Landsat images. Four Landsat-1 MSS band 7 winter scenes were used in the photomosaic prepared for the lineament mapping. We mapped only those lineaments related to reported regional tectonics, although there were many more lineaments evident on the Landsat photomosaic.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 41 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-4
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a084900.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9039
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Objectives Conclusions Introduction Background Previous cooperative investigations Project rationale and coordination Approach Landsat imagery Interpretation techniques Part I. Use of Landsat imagery in mapping the drainage network, lakes, glaciers and snowfields (Lawrence W. Gatto) Objective Methods Results Conclusions Part II. Use of Landsat imagery in mapping and evaluating geologiclineaments and possible faults (Carolyn J. Merry) Objective Geologic structure Methods Results Conclusions Part Ill. Use of Landsat imagery in mapping surficial materials Section A. Landsat mapping (Harlan L. McKim) Objective Methods Results Section B. Field evaluation (Daniel E. Lawson) Objectives Methods Results Discussion Section C. Conclusions (Daniel E. Lawson and Harlan L. McKim) Literature cited Glossary
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  • 51
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    Window performance in extreme cold (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/38
    In: CRREL Report, 82-38
    Description / Table of Contents: Extreme cold causes heavy buildup of frost, ice and condensation on many windows. It also increases the incentive for improving the airtightness of windows against heat loss. Our study shows that tightening specifications for Alaskan windows to permit only 30% of the air leakage allowed by current American airtightness standards is economically attractive. We also recommend triple glazing in much of Alaska to avoid window icing in homes and barracks. We base our conclusions on a two-year field study of Alaskan military bases that included recording humidity and temperature data, observing moisture accumulation on windows and measuring airtightness with a fan pressurization device.
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    Pages: v, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-38
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA124528
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9333
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Previous work in cold weather window performance Investigation Data acquisition and analysis Modeling the window thermal regime Moisture and ice observations Airtightness testing and analysis Annual heat loss from air leakage Results and conclusions Moisture on windows Airtightness Airtightness economics Recommendations for windows in extreme cold Airtightness Multiple glazing Literature cited Appendix A: Moisture levels and airtightness Appendix B: Dewpoint data Appendix C: Sample observations of icing
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    Mechanical ice release processes : I. Self-shedding from high-speed rotors (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/26
    In: CRREL Report, 83-26
    Description / Table of Contents: Ice accreted on high-speed rotors operating in supercooled fog can be thrown off by centrifugal force, creating severe unbalance and dangerous projectiles. A simple force balance analysis indicates that the strength of accreted ice and its adhesive strength can be obtained by measuring the thickness of the accretion, the location of the separation, the rotor speed, and the density. Such an analysis was applied to field and laboratory observations of self-shedding events. The results agree reasonably well with other observations.
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    Pages: 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-26
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA135369
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9293
    Language: English
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  • 53
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    Sensitivity of plant communities and soil flora to seawater spills, Prudhoe Bay, Alaska (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/24
    In: CRREL Report, 83-24
    Description / Table of Contents: Secondary recovery of oil at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, will involve transporting large quantities of seawater in elevated pipelines across tundra for injection into oil-bearing rock strata. The possibility of a pipeline rupture raises questions concerning the effects of seawater on tundra vegetation and soils. To evaluate the relative sensitivities of different plant communities to seawater, eight sites representing the range of vegetation types along the pipeline route were treated with single, saturating applications of seawater during the summer of 1980. Within a month of the treatment 30 of 37 taxa of shrubs and forbs in the experimental plots developed clear symptoms of stress, while none of the 14 graminoid taxa showed apparent adverse affects. Live vascular plant cover was thus reduced by 89 and 91% in the two dry sites and by 54, 74 and 83% in the three moist sites, respectively. Live(green) bryophyte cover was markedly reduced in the moist experimental sites in 1981. Bryophytes in all but one of the wet-site experimental plots were apparently unaffected by the seawater treatment. Two species of foliose lichens treated with seawater showed marked deterioration in 1981. All other lichen taxa were apparently unaffected by the seawater treatment. The absorption and retention of salts by the soil is inversely related to the soil moisture regime. In the wet sites, conductivities approached prespill levels within about 30 days. In such sites, spills at the experimental volumes are quickly diluted and the salts flushed from the soil. In the dry sites, on the other hand, salts are retained in the soil, apparently concentrating at or near the seasonal thaw line.
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    Pages: 43 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-24
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA136619
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9299
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Methods Site selection and preparation Prespill assessment Seawater application Postspill assessment Enzyme assay and analysis of soil flora Results and discussion Soil-solution conductivities Vascular plant response Cryptogam response Site factors and plant response Soil flora and extracellular soil enzymes Limitations of this study Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix: Plant taxa included in this study
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    The effects of conductivity on high-resolution impulse radar sounding, Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/42
    In: CRREL Report, 82-42
    Description / Table of Contents: A high-resolution impulse radar profiling system was evaluated for 1) detecting the existence of sea ice which coring has revealed to exist on the bottom of the Ross Ice Shelf at Site J-9, 2) detecting the preferred horizontal c-axis azi-muthal direction of the sea ice crystals, using the voltage amplitude of the radar reflection from the sea ice bottom, and 3) determining the direction of the currents under an Antarctic ice shelf. A field program was conducted consisting of a surface radar survey on the Ross Ice Shelf at Site J-9 and surface and airborne radar profiling on the McMurdo Ice Shelf. The CRREL impulse radar system, operating at a center frequency of either 80 MHz or 20 MHz, was unable to detect the shelf bottom at Site J-9, which drilling revealed to be 416 m below the snow surface. The radar system was used to profile the McMurdo Ice Shelf both from the snow surface and from the air; a shelf thickness of about 275 m was easily detected. Theoretical considerations indicate that the bulk conductivity of the ice shelf at Site J1-9 was higher than originally anticipated, and this limited the radar sounding depth to about 405 m when operating at a frequency of 20 MHz.
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    Pages: iv, 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-42
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a124456.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9323
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Introduction Profiling system Theoretical considerations Field program Discussion Literature cited
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  • 55
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    Geochemistry of freezing brines : low-temperature properties of sodium chloride (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/13
    In: CRREL Report, 87-13
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermodynamic properties of electrolyte solutions change rapidly below 25C, but these properties are seldom measured over the low temperature range (below 0C), even though some salt solutions can remain unfrozen to -50C. The heat capacities of concentrated solutions (0.5-0.6 molal) of NaC-H2O were measured from 25C to -40C as part of a study to provide thermodynamic data of salt solutions for use in cold regions chemical and geophysical studies. A differential scanning calorimeter was used to measure specific heat capacity from cooling scans as a function of temperature and concentration. The heat capacity data were fit to the equations of Pitzer and coworkers to obtain activity and osmotic coefficients of NaC and H2O, respectively, below o C. Supercooling of the solutions was encouraged by using a fast scan rate (10d2/minute) so that specific heat could be measured to lower temperatures than would be possible if the solutions were allowed to equilibrate with the solid phases. The solubility of ice was calculated and compared to the experiment freezing point of NaC solutions.
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    Pages: ii, 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-13
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA185751
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9035
    Language: English
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  • 56
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    Evaluation of the magnetic induction conductivity method for detecting frazil ice deposits (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/17
    In: CRREL Report, 87-17
    Description / Table of Contents: The ability to map frazil ice deposits and water channels beneath an ice-covered river in central Alaska using the magnetic induction conductivity (MI) technique has been assessed. The study was performed during the first week of March of 1986 on the Tanana River near Fairbanks and employed a commercially available instrument operating at a fixed frequency with a fixed antenna (coil) spacing and orientation. Comparisons of the MI data with theoretical models based upon physical data measured along three cross sections of the river demonstrate the sensitivity of the MI technique to frazil ice deposits. The conductivity generally derived for the frazil ice deposits encountered is very low (approx. .00063 s/m) when compared with the measured value for water (approx. 0.011 S/m), and is similar to the calculated values for gravel and sandy gravel bed sediments. In all three cross sections, maxima in the apparent conductivity profiles correlated with frazil ice deposits. Difficulties, possibly due to adverse effects of cold weather upon instrument calibration, affected the quantitative performance of the instrument on one cross section, although the interpretation of the data (locations of open channels vs frazil deposits) was qualitatively unaffected.
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    Pages: iii, 17 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-17
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a186940.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9023
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Magnetic induction conductivity method Site description and survey methods Cross section field data and modeling results X6 X3A X4 Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: Discussion of errors Appendix B: Modeling data
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  • 57
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    Spectral measurements in a disturbed boundary layer over snow (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/21
    In: CRREL Report, 87-21
    Description / Table of Contents: The author measured time series of longitudinal (u) and vertical (w) velocity and temperature (t) and humidity (q) fluctuations with fast-responding sensors in the near-neutrally stable surface layer over a snow-covered field. These series yielded individual spectra and u-w, w-t, w-q and t-q cospectra, phase spectra and coherence spectra for nondimensional frequencies (fz/U) from roughly 0.001 to 10. With the exception of the u-w cospectra, all the spectra and cospectra displayed the expected dependence on frequency in an inertial or inertial-convective subrange. All, however, contained significantly more energy at low frequency than the Kansas neutral-stability spectra and cospectra. This excess low-frequency energy and the erratic behavior of the u-w cospectra imply that forested hills bordering the site on two sides were producing disturbances in the flow field at scales roughly equal to the height of the hills, 100 m. The phase and coherence spectra suggest that internal gravity waves were also frequently present, since the atmospheric boundary layer generally had slightly stable stratification. Consequently, at this complex site, turbulence alone determines the spectra and cospectra at high frequency; at low frequency the spectra and cospectra reflect a combination of topographically generated turbulence and internal waves. From the measured temperature and humidity spectra and the t-q cospectra, the author computed refractive index spectra for light of 0.55-micrometer and millimeter wavelengths. The refractive index spectra had shapes like the other scalar spectra: excess energy at low frequency and an inertial-convective subrange at high frequency.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 50 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-21
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a190217.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9027
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Measurements Spectra u and w velocity spectra Temperature and humidity spectra Inertial-dissipation estimates Cospectra u-w cospectra w-t and w-q cospectra t-q cospectra Refractive index spectra Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 58
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    Development of an airborne sea ice thickness measurement system and field test results (1989)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-89/19
    In: CRREL Report, 89-19
    Description / Table of Contents: Recent efforts to improve airborne electromagnetic induction- measurement technology and to downsize the related helicopter-towed antenna assembly from about 7.5 m long to about 3.5 m long for use in airborne measurement of sea ice thickness are discussed, as are the results from arctic field testing. Also outlined are the system noise and drift problems encountered during arctic field evaluation, problems that adversely affected the quality of the sounding data. The sea ice sounding results indicate that it should be possible to determine thickness to within 5% for ice floes with moderate relief but that, because of sounding footprint size and current model algorithm constraints, steepsided pressure ridge keels cannot be well defined. The findings also indicate that routine sea ice thickness profiling from an airborne platform is close at hand with further system improvement, as is the apparent capability to determine the conductivity of the sea ice, from which an assessment of sea ice strength can be made.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 54 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 89-19
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a224867.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9083
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Pre-field-deployment activities Software development System optimization Improvements of the calibration procedure Real-time processing Small bird design and implementation Other improvements Field activities Snow, ice and seawater data AEM surveys Calibration AEM data processing Post-survey results Processing problem Ground truth data Floe freeboard vs thickness analysis AEM sounding results Concluding remarks Literature cited Appendix A: Blowup of Figure 28
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  • 59
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    Airfields on Antarctic glacier ice (1989)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-89/21
    In: CRREL Report, 89-21
    Description / Table of Contents: The physical characteristics of blue ice ablation areas in Antarctica are described and some representative ablation rates are given. The possibilities for using blue-ice areas as airfields are outlined and exploratory surveys are mentioned. Site details are given for icefields at Mount Howe, Mill Glacier, Patriot Hills, Rosser Ridge, Mount Lechner, S1 near Casey station, and on the Ross Ice Shelf near McMurdo station. The surface roughness of blue ice is discussed, microrelief surveys are presented for Mount Howe and Patriot Hills, and spectral analyses are used to develop relations between bump height and wavelength. U.S. military specifications for the roughness limits of various types of runways are summarized and graphical comparisons are made with the roughness analyses for Mount Howe and Patriot Hills. Special machines for smoothing ice runways are discussed and design specifications are developed. Some notes on ground facilities and ground transport are included. Appendices give discussions of weather patterns in the Transantarctic Mountains and methodology for making spectral analyses of surface roughness. It is concluded that glacier-ice airfields for conventional transport aircraft can be developed at low cost in Antarctica. Recommendations for further work are offered.
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    Pages: v, 105 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 89-21
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a217638.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9085
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Blue-ice areas Blue-ice areas as airfield sites The formation of blue-ice areas Ablation rates at blue-ice areas Exploratory surveys at blue-ice areas Mount Howe Mill Glacier / Plunket Point Patriot Hills Rosser Ridge Mount Lechner The S-1 site near Casey station The McMurdo "Pegasus Site" Surface roughness of blue ice Analysis and characterization of surface roughness Surface preparation to reduce ice roughness Ground facilities Ground transport Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited and selected references Appendix A: Survey data for Patriot Hills, Mount Howe and Mill Glacier Appendix B: Analysis of surface roughness at blue-ice sites Appendix C: Meteorological conditions to be expected in summer in the Trans-antarctic Mountains
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  • 60
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    Resilient modulus of freeze-thaw affected granular soils for pavement design and evaluation; Part 4: Field validation tests at Albany County Airport (1986)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-86/13
    In: CRREL Report, 86-13
    Description / Table of Contents: Stress-deformation data for six granular soils ranging from sandy silt to dense-graded crushedstone were obtained from in-situ tests and laboratory tests. Surface deflections were measured in the in-situ tests, with repeated-load plate-bearing and falling-weight deflectometer equipment, when the six granular soils were frozen, thawed, and at various stages of recovery from thaw weakening. The measured deflections were used to judge the validity of procedures developed for laboratory triaxial tests to determine nonlinear resilient moduli of specimens in the frozen, thawed, and recovering states. The validity of the nonlinear resilient moduli, expressed as functions of externally applied stress and moisture tension, was confirmed by using the expressions tocalculate surface deflections that were found to compare well with deflections measured in the in-situ tests. The tests on specimens at various stages of recovery are especially significant because they show a strong dependence of the resilient modulus on moisture tension, leading to the conclusion that predictions or in-situ measurements of moisture tension can be used to evaluate expected seasonal variation in the resilient modulus of granular soils.
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    Pages: iv, 148 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 86-13
    URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11681/9463
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test sections Installing instruments and sampling Laboratory tests Asphalt concrete Base, subbase and subgrade soils Data analysis for base, subbase and subgrade soils Field tests Analysis of plate loading tests Analytical approach Results Discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Field data Appendix B: Ground temperatures, moisture tension, water table and freezing iso-therms prevailing during plate loading tests Appendix C: Measured surface deflections compared with deflections calculated by NELAPAV Appendix D: Resilient moduli and supporting data calculated by NELAPA V at radius 0.0, taxiways A and B.
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  • 61
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    Ice forces on rigid, vertical, cylindrical structures (1984)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/33
    In: CRREL Report, 84-33
    Description / Table of Contents: A small-scale experimental study was conducted to characterize the magnitude and nature of ice forces during continuous crushing of ice against a rigid, vertical, cylindrical structure. The diameter of the structure was varied from 50 to 500 mm, the relative velocity from 10 to 210 mm/s, and the ice thickness from 50 to 80 mm. The ice tended to fail repetitively, with the frequency of failure termed the characteristic frequency. The characteristic frequency varied linearly with velocity and to a small extent with structure diameter. The size of the damage zone was 10 to 50% of the ice thickness, with an average value of 30%. The maximum and mean normalized ice forces were strongly dependent on the aspect ratio (structure diameter/ice thickness). The forces increased significantly with decreasing aspect ratio, but were constant for large aspect ratios. The maximum normalized forces appeared to be independent of strain rate. The effect of velocity on the normalized ice forces depended on structure diameter. The mean effective pressure or specific energy of ice crushing depended on both aspect ratio and ice-structure relative velocity. The energy required to crush the ice for the one failure cycle was obtained from the ice force records for each test, and was compared to the energy calculated from an idealized sawtooth shape for the force record, the maximum force, velocity and characteristic frequency data. Originator - supplied keywords included: Cold regions, Cold regions construction, Cylindrical test structures, Ice, Ice crushing, Ice forces, and Test facilities.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 47 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-33
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9351
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Test objectives Experimental setup and procedures Facilities Test fixture Data acquisiton system Ice sheets Measurement of ice properties Daily test summary Experimental results and discussion Observations Ice force records Frequency of ice force variations Discussion Maximum crushing forces Mean effective pressure or specific energy of ice in crushing Failure energy of ice Ratio of maximum force to mean force Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Data for continuous crushing tests
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    Resilient modulus of freeze-thaw affected granular soils for pavement design and evaluation; Part 2: Field validation tests at Winchendon, Massachusetts, test sections (1986)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-86/12
    In: CRREL Report, 86-12
    Description / Table of Contents: Stress-deformation data for six granular soils ranging from sandy silt to dense-graded crushed stone were obtained from in-situ tests and laboratory tests. Surface deflections were measured in the in-situ tests, with repeated-load plate-bearing and falling-weight deflectometer equipment, when the six granular soils were frozen, thawed, and at various stages of recovery from thaw weakening. The measured deflections were used to judge the validity of procedures developed for laboratory triaxial tests to determine nonlinear resilient moduli of specimens in the frozen, thawed, and recovering states. The validity of the nonlinear resilient moduli, expressed as functions of externally applied stress and moisture tension, was confirmed by using the expressions to calculate surface deflections that were found to compare well with deflections measured in the in-situ tests. The tests on specimens at various stages of recovery are especially significant because they show a strong dependence of the resilient modulus on moisture tension, leading to the conclusion that predictions or in-situ measurements of moisture tension can be used to evaluate expected seasonal variation in the resilient modulus of granular soils.
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    Pages: v, 70 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 86-12
    URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11681/9326
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sampling of test section Laboratory tests Asphalt concrete Natural subgrade material Test soils Field tests Analysis of field-loading tests Discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Field data Appendix 8: Ground temperatures prevailing during plate-loading tests Appendix C: Measured surface deflections compared with deflections calculated by NELAPAV Appendix D: Resilient moduli and supporting data calculated by NELAPAV
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    Prototype drill for core sampling fine-grained perennially frozen ground (1985)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-85/1
    In: CRREL Report, 85-1
    Description / Table of Contents: An expensive drill has been modified to provide researchers with the ability to auger an open hole or to acquire continuous, undisturbed 76-mm-diam core samples of a variety of perennially frozen materials that are suitable for chemical and petrographic analysis. It was developed by field testing in support of research from 1980 to 1983. Operation of the drill is based mainly on using a minimum of power to cut through frozen ground with tungsten carbide cutters on a CRREL coring auger. The ice content, temperature and grain size of the frozen sediments are important variables determining the sampling depth. Perennially frozen sediments with temperatures in the range of -0.5 C to -8.5 C have been continuously cored with this drill. Drilling and sampling are most efficiently conducted when ambient air temperatures are below freezing and the active layer is frozen. The self-contained lightweight drill is readily transportable off-road by helicopter or tracked vehicle, or by towing over roads. It is locally self-mobile by use of a winch. Total cost of the drill and modifications is estimated at approximately $10,000.
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    Pages: v, 34 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 85-1
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA152388
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9352
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background on development Drill development and configuration Equipment Modifications Operations Assembly and disassembly Field transport and movement Typical operating procedures Effect of material properties, weather and water Depth and hole completion time Summary Literature cited
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  • 64
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    Field tests of the kinetic friction coefficient of sea ice (1985)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-85/17
    In: CRREL Report, 85-17
    Description / Table of Contents: This report presents the results of tests of the ice friction coefficient carried out during the May 1984 expedition of the F.S. Polarstern off the coast of Labrador. The test surfaces were Inerta-160-coated steel plates and bare steel plates, hand roughened and sandblasted. The main findings of the studies were: 1) columnar and granularpea ice showed no significant differences in friction coefficient; 2) for columnar ice was independent of ice crystal orientation with respect to test surface; 3) was Independent of normal pressure applied on ice sample; 4) initially decreased with increasing relative velocity between the Ice sample and the test surface and reached a steady value at higher speeds; 5) Uk increased with increasing surface roughness; 6) a wetting surface exhibited a higher friction coefficient than a non-wetting surface of the same or even higher roughness average.
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    Pages: iv, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 85-17
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a163170.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9413
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test procedure Test apparatus Test surfaces Ice samples Test program Results and discussion Effect of wear of ice sample Effect of normal pressure Effect of velocity, crystal orientation and surface conditions Results summary Comparison with laboratory study Recommendations on test apparatus Literature cited Appendix A : Test results
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  • 65
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    Sorption of military explosive contaminants on bentonite drilling muds (1985)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-85/18
    In: CRREL Report, 85-18
    Description / Table of Contents: Concern over the environmental fate of explosives has brought about the development of sensitive analytical methods for measuring them in groundwater. In turn this concern has been extended to validating the sampling procedures for groundwater. This report addresses the potential effects of residual drilling muds on the analysis for explosive contaminants (TNT, DNT, RDX, and HMX) in monitoring wells. The approach was to determine sorption isotherms for each contaminant. Sorption appeared to be independent of solids concentration. Linear isotherms were obtained for RDX and HMX over a range of analytic concentrations; therefore, a single constant can be used to estimate the amount sorbed when the solution concentration is known. Isotherms for TNT and DNT were not linear, however. Scatchard analysis suggested that the isotherms for these analytes could be resolved into two predominant components: a linear component above a certain sorbed quantity and a Langmuir-type component below this quantity. The experimental data were fitted by regression analysis using the appropriate model. The equations developed can be used to predict the sorbed fraction (analytical bias) for any combination of solids and analyte concentration. The amounts of bentonite found in some existing wells do not appear to be sufficient to cause significant bias in analyses for these explosive contaminants.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 40 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 85-18
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA163231
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9305
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Materials and methods Bentonite and water samples Sorbate solutions Sorption isotherms HPLC analysis Analyte standards Water solubilities Octanol-water partition coefficients Sorption isotherms Freundlich Langmuir BET Scatchard Gibbs Linear Polynomial Results and discussion TNT DNT RDX and HMX Effect of drilling muds on analysis SEM and EDXA analysis of bentonite wells Other studies Summary Literature cited Appendix A : Results for TNT Appendix B: Results for DNT Appendix C: Results for RDX Appendix D : Results for HMX Appendix E: Characteristics of Quik-Gel, Aqua-Gel and well water
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  • 66
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    Radar detection of ice wedges in Alaska (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/43
    In: CRREL Report, 82-43
    Description / Table of Contents: The radar signatures of ice wedges and wedge-like structures have been investigated for a variety of soil conditions. The radar used for this study emitted short sinusoidal pulses of about 10-ns duration with an approximate center frequency of 150 MHz. Most of the ice wedges existed at depths of about 1 m in a variety of silty and sandy soils with both frozen and thawed active layers. The position of the wedges was usually identified from corresponding surface features. An artificial ice wedge in coarse-grained alluvium was also profiled as well as wedge-like structures of fine silt in a coarse-grained glacial outwash. All wedges and wedge-like structures produced a hyperbolic reflection profile except when an active layer of thawed, saturated silt was present which eliminated returns from the wedges. The peaks of the hyper-bolas were sometimes masked by reflections from the permafrost table or other material interfaces, and multiple hyperbolas occurred at some sites. The dielectric constant of the host medium was often calculated from the linear portions of the hyperbolas and the results were verified by laboratory time domain reflectometry measurements per-formed on field samples. In some cases, hyperbolic profiles originated at several meters depth suggesting that deep ice wedges could be detected in areas of cold permafrost.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-43
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a124571.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9324
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Objectives and procedures Equipment used Radar TDR Definitions Massive ice Results Artificial wedge: Norwich, Vermont Ice wedges in sand: Fish Creek, Alaska Ice wedges: Prudhoe Bay, Alaska Ice wedges under thawed fine-grained soils: North Slope, Alaska Wedge-like soil structures: Ft. Greely, Alaska TDR measurements Summary and concluding remarks Literature cited Appendix A: Brief discussion of dispersion
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    Evaluation of procedures for determining selected aquifer parameters (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/41
    In: CRREL Report, 82-41
    Description / Table of Contents: Many of the important factors influencing the choice of appropriate aquifer test procedures are presented. The concepts of bias, accuracy and spatial variabil­ity are explained. The definitions of a number of aquifer parameters are devel­oped from basic principles demonstrating the underlying assumptions and limita­tions. The parameters considered are: piezometric head, hydraulic conductiv­ity/intrinsic permeability, flow direction, specific discharge magnitude, transmissivity, volumetric flow rate, total porosity, effective porosity, aver­age linear velocity, storage coefficient, specific yield, dispersion coefficient-aquifer dispersivity. For each parameter several techniques are described, evaluated and ranked in terms of perceived potential accuracy, simplicity and value to contaminant transport studies. It must be stressed, however, that the evaluations are based principally upon theoretical grounds, and not upon actual conduct of the described procedures.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 111 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-41
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/7365/rec/1
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9322
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstrac Preface Introduction Purpose Scope Concept of accuracy Test selection Definition of parameters Piezometric head Use of piezometers Hydraulic conductivity Flow direction Specific discharge magnitude Transmissivity Volumetric flow rate Porosity Average linear velocity Storage coefficient-specific yield Aquifer dispersivity Parameter estimation techniques Piezometric head Hydraulic conductivity Direction and magnitude of specific discharge vector Transmissivity Volumetric flow rate Total porosity Average linear velocity Storage coefficient Specific yield Effective porosity Aquifer dispersivity-dispersion coefficients Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 68
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    Breaking ice with explosives (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/40
    In: CRREL Report, 82-40
    Description / Table of Contents: The use of explosives to break floating ice sheets is described, and test data are used to develop design curves that predict explosives effects as ice thickness, charge size, and charge depth vary. Application of the curves to practical problems is illustrated by numerical examples. The general features of underwater explosions are reviewed and related to ice blasting. Quasi-static plate theory is considered, and is judged to be inapplicable to explosive cratering of ice plates. The specific energy for optimized ice blasting is found to compare quite favorably with the specific energy of icebreaking ships. All available field data for ice blasting are tabulated in appendices, together with details of the re­gression analyses from which the design curves are generated.
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    Pages: iv, 68 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-40
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6971/rec/1
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9320
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction General behavior of underwater explosions Regression analysis for ice-blasting data General features of the regression curves Use of the regression curves as design curves for ice blasting Row charges and pattern charges Response of floating ice sheets to underwater explosions Specific energy and “powder factor” Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Basic data on ice blasting Appendix B: Scaled input data Appendix C: Initial regression analysis using complete polynomial Appendix D: Regression analysis with two coefficients of the original poly­nomial deleted
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  • 69
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    The brine zone in the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/39
    In: CRREL Report, 82-39
    Description / Table of Contents: Observations of a 4.4-m-high brine step in the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica, show that it has migrated about 1.2 km in 4 years. The present brine wave is overriding an older brine-soaked layer. This migration is proof of the dynamic nature of the step, which is the leading edge of a brine wave that originated at the shelf edge after a major break-out of the McMurdo Ice Shelf. The inland boundary of brine penetration is characterized by a series of descending steps that are believed to represent terminal positions of separate intrusions of brine of similar origin. The inland boundary of brine percolation is probably controlled largely by the depth at which brine encounters the firn/ ice transition (43 m). However, this boundary is not fixed by permeability considerations alone, since measurable movement of brine is still occurring at the inland boundary. Freeze-fractionation of the seawater as it migrates throught the ice shelf preferentially precipitates virtually all sodium sulfate, and concomitant removal of water by freezing in the pore spaces of the infiltrated firm produces residual brines approximately six times more concentrated than the original seawater.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 35 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-39
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA124516
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9319
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Objectives Analytical techniques Radio echo profiling Core drilling Results and discussion Brine infiltration survey Brine layer steps Brine infiltration characteristics Brine infiltration mechanisms at inland boundary Confirmation of brine depths by drilling Density and temperature profiles Ice shelf freeboard Brine upwelling Brine chemistry Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 70
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    Microwave and structural properties of saline ice (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/20
    In: CRREL Report, 87-20
    Description / Table of Contents: The structure and salinity characteristics of saline ice slabs removed from ice sheets grown in an outdoor pool have been studied and related to the complex relative dielectric permittivity measured with free-space transmission techniques at 4.80 and 9.50 GHz. The saline ice closely simulated arctic sea ice in its structural and salinity characteristics, which were regularly monitored in a number of ice sheets grown during the winters of 1983-84 and 1984-85. In-situ transmission measurements at similar frequencies were also made on the ice sheets themselves using antennas located above and beneath the ice. The slab measurements were made during warming from -29° to -2°C on slabs grown during the winter of 1983-84 (4.75 GHz) and during a warming and cooling cycle over a slightly larger temperature range on slabs grown during the winter of 1984-85 (4.80 and 9.50 GHz).
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 41 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-20
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a189307.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9022
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Part I - Structural properties Introduction Experimental setup Analytical techniques Results and discussion 1983-84 experiments 1984-85 experiments Conclusions and recommendations Part Il - Microwave properties Introduction Measurement techniques Results 1983-84 experiments 1984-85 experiments 1984-85 in-situ experiments Discussion Comparison of data Analytical modeling Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Dielectric mixing model of sea ice
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    Seismic site characterization techniques applied to the NATO RSG-11 test site in Münster Nord, Federal Republic of Germany (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/17
    In: CRREL Report, 82-17
    Description / Table of Contents: Seismic P and SH wave refraction experiments at the NATO RSG-11 test site in Munster Nord, Federal Republic of Germany, reveal the presence of a nearly horizontal, three-layer velocity structure. The upper layer, composed of un­consolidated glacial till, is 1 m thick and has P (compressional) and SH (shear-horizontal) wave velocities of 240 and 165 m s-1. The second layer, made up of similar, more compacted material, is 9.5 m thick, with a P wave velocity of 470 m s-1 and an SH wave velocity of 275 m s-1. The third layer, interpreted as the groundwater table, is located at a depth of 10.5 m and has a P wave velocity of 1590 m s-1. The SH wave velocity of this layer is controlled by the matrix material and is the same as that of the second layer. A single, unreversed observation indicated a fourth layer at a depth of about 20 m, but the existence of this layer remains unconfirmed. The observed fundamental mode Love wave dispersion is in agreement with the theoretical dispersion predicted by the refraction velocities. Computed partial derivatives of phase velocity with respect to shear wave velocity show, for the frequencies observed, that the dispersion confirms the thicknesses and velocities of the two upper layers and is not affected by the deeper structure.
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    Pages: iv, 33 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-17
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9355
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Refraction experiments Procedure Equipment Results P waves Low velocity zone SH waves Surface wave experiments Summary and discussion Literature cited Appendix A: P wave refraction data Appendix B: SH wave refraction data. Appendix C: Surface wave dispersion calculations
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  • 72
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    Relationship between the ice and unfrozen water phases in frozen soil as determined by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance and physical desorption data (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/15
    In: CRREL Report, 82-15
    Description / Table of Contents: An experiment is described that demonstrates the balance between the ice and the unfrozen water in a frozen soil as water is removed. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is used to monitor the unfrozen water content as the soil is dehydrated by a molecular sieve material. Our results show that the unfrozen water content of a Morin clay soil remains constant until the total water content has been reduced to the point where no ice remains in the system. Once the ice is depleted, the unfrozen water content determined by NMR corresponds to the total water content of the soil determined by the weight of water removed by the molecular sieve material. Thus the validity of utilizing NMR in determining unfrozen water contents vs temperature is established.
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    Pages: 8 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-15
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9357
    Language: English
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    High-explosive cratering in frozen and unfrozen soils in Alaska (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/9
    In: CRREL Report, 80-9
    Description / Table of Contents: Explosive cratering tests were conducted in seasonally frozen and thawed gravel at Ft. Richardson near Anchorage, Alaska, and in seasonallly frozen and thawed silt overlying permafrost and in silt permafrost at Ft. Wainwright near Fairbanks, Alaska. Explosive charge weights ranged from 26 to 3120 lb and charge burial depths ranged from about 3 to 40 ft. The cube root of the charge weight scaling was used to determine maximum scaled crater dimensions and optimum scaled depth of burial of the charge. Test results for frozen and thawed gravel were essentially the same because of the low moisture content and the relatively shallow depth of freezing (5 to 6 ft). The optimum depth of burial of the charge for maximizing the apparent radius and depth and the true radius was about 1.8 times the cube root of the charge weight for both the frozen and thawed conditions. In seasonally frozen silt overlying a talik and silt permafrost the maximum scaled crater dimensions and optimum scaled burial depths of the charge were smaller than for the thawed condition except for the true crater dimensions. The channeling of energy in the talik produces maximum crater dimensions and an optimum burial depth for the true crater that is larger than for the thawed condition. The results for the homogeneous silt permafrost were very similar to the frozen gravel results with much smaller maximum crater dimensions and smaller optimum charge burial depths than for the thawed silt overlying permafrost.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-9
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA084702
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9543
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Metric conversion table Introduction Test sites Test procedures and materials Analysis of test data Mobility tests Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 74
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    Winter thermal structure, ice conditions and climate of Lake Champlain (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/2
    In: CRREL Report, 80-2
    Description / Table of Contents: Winter thermal structure and ice conditions in the land-fast ice cover of Lake Champlain were studied in detail for the winters of 1975-76 and 1976-77. The lake was instrumented to a depth of 8.5 m with a string of highly calibrated thermistors attached to an ice mooring system and connected to a data logger at Shelburne Point, Vermont, during the winter of 1975-76 and at Gordon Landing on Grand Isle, Vermont, during 1976-77. This data logger automatically recorded water temperatures from the surface of the lake though snow, ice and water vertical profiles to the bottom of the lake every four hours. Pertinent meteorological parameters are presented for the appropriate measurement sites during the two winter periods, November '75-April '76, and November '76-April '77. Computations were made of freezing degree days (C) for both winters and correlated with ice formation dates. Predictions of ice growth, using the Stefan equation with an empirical coefficient, were correlated with actual ice growth. Documentation was made of the Lake Champlain Transportation Company's first attempt at wintertime navigation by ferry from Gordon Landing, Vermont, to Cumberland Head, New York, in a land fast ice cover during one of the coldest winters of this century.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-2
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA082304
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9049
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Objectives Climate Site preparation and data collection Instrumentation, measurements and calibration Relocation of measurement site, Fall 1976 Visual observations, ice conditions, and pertinent photography Analysis Air temperature comparisons Degree days of freezing Prediction of ice growth Water and ice temperature Wind Solar radiation Grand Isle ferry operations 1976-77 Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. General observations of ice conditions on Lake Champlain
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  • 75
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    Clearing ice-clogged shipping channels (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/28
    In: CRREL Report, 80-28
    Description / Table of Contents: This report investigates the feasibility of clearing ice from the shipping channel of the St. Marys River. Four basic concepts are investigated: disposal under the ice, disposal on top of the ice, slurrying, and rafting. Each technique was found to have application in limited portions of the river with the exception of disposal on top of the adjacent ice sheet which is deemed feasible throughout the river system. Disposal onto the adjacent ice sheet will increase the free stream velocity less than 1.0 ft/s (30.5 cm/s) and raise the water level less than 1.0 ft (0.30 m). Further model and field tests are recommended to validate the findings of this report.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: ii, 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-28
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9565
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction The Environment Ice Growth and Accumulation Natural Ice Transport Accumulation Sites 1. Under-ice accumulation 2. Accumulation on top of the ice Evaluation of Ice Disposal Techniques 1. General 2. Disposal by displacement under the remaining ice sheet 3. Disposal by ejection on top of adjacent ice cover 4. Disposal by slurrying 5. Disposal by rafting Conclusions and Recommendations Literature Cited
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  • 76
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    Measurement of the shear stress on the underside of simulated ice covers (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/24
    In: CRREL Report, 80-24
    Description / Table of Contents: The fluid shear stress applied to the underside of a simulated floating ice cover was measured in a laboratory flume. The measured values were compared with values of the shear stress computed from the von Karman-Prandtl velocity distribution fitted to the velocity profiles measured beneath the cover. For the lower velocity runs (approx 0.079 m/s) the measured and computed values of the shear stress were in close agreement. At the high velocity flows (approx 0.137 m/s) the measured values were roughly one-half those calculated from the velocity distribution. As the underside of the cover became increasingly rougher, the position of maximum velocity moved closer to the bottom of the channel. It was shown that the Darcy friction coefficient is exponentially related to a normalized ice cover thickness, which suggests that it is measure of the roughness of a fragmented ice cover.
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    Pages: iv, 11 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-24
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA094621
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction Experimental apparatus Experimental procedures Analysis of forces Experimental results Analysis of data Conclusions Literature cited
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    Investigations of sea ice anisotropy, electromagnetic properties, strength, and under-ice current orientation (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/20
    In: CRREL Report, 80-20
    Description / Table of Contents: Results of impulse radar studies of sea ice give support to the concept of a sea ice model in which the ice bottom is composed of an array of lossy parallel plate waveguides. The fundametal relation between the average bulk brine volume of sea ice and its electrical and strength properties is discussed as is the remote detection of under-ice current alignment. It was found that 1) the average effective bulk dielectric constant is dependent upon the average bulk brine volume of the sea ice; 2) sea ice anisotropy, arising from a bottom structure of crystal platelets with a preferred c-axis horizontal alignment, can be detected by radio echo sounding measurements made not only on the ice surface but also from an airborne platform; 3) the effective coefficient of reflection from the seaiIce bottom decreases with increasing average effective bulk dielectric constant of the ice, decreases with increasing bulk brine volume, and is typically one to two orders of magnitude lower dhan the coefficient of reflection from the ice surface; and 4) the losses In sea ice increase with increasing average bulk brine volume.
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    Pages: v, 18 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-24
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a092089.pdf
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Field program Results and discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix: Data analysis procedures
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  • 78
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    Heat and mass transfer from freely falling drops at low temperatures (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/18
    In: CRREL Report, 80-18
    Description / Table of Contents: The use of ice as a structural material is common practice for certain applications in cold regions. Techniques such as surface flooding or water spraying are used to accelerate ice growth rates, thereby lengthening the winter construction season. This report examines the heat and mass transfer rates from freely falling water drops in cold air. Design equations which predict the amount of supercooling of the drops as a function of outdoor ambient temperature, drop size and distance of fall are given
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    Pages: v, 14 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-18
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA090522
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Velocity problem Heat and mass transfer problem - A single drop Heat and mass transfer - A system of drops Literature cited Appendix A: FORTRAN IV program to calculate final drop temperature, air temperatureand humidity
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  • 79
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    Analysis of ice jams and their meteorological indicators for three winters on the Ottauquechee River, Vermont (1981)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-81/1
    In: CRREL Report, 81-01
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: The formation of ice jams and their meteorological indicators were studied in detail for the winters of 1975-76, 1976-77 and 1977-78 on the Ottauquechee River at and east of Woodstock, Vermont. Meteorological data are presented for nearby National Weather Service Co-Operative Stations as well as for CRREL sites on the Ottauquechee River. The severity of each winter is discussed, as are the effects of a heavy rainfall on a high water equivalent snow cover. The resultant runoff and subsequent ice jamming that occurs is discussed. Continuous monitoring of water temperature before, during and immediately after an ice cover formed on the river during the winter of 1977-78 is included. The report includes a section on warm sewer outfall effects on the ice at and below a municipal treatment plant. Retrieved data will assist in future modeling studies to help predict ice formation, growth, decay and jamming of river ice covers.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-01
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9569
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Meteorological data retrieval and measurements Meteorological effects on river ice cover Winter 1975-76 Winter 1976-77 Winter 1977-78 Analysis of ice formation and decay Mechanism of ice formation Ice growth and decay on the Ottauquechee River, 1975-76, 1976-77, 1977-78 Influence of warm sewage effluent on river water temperatures and ice conditions Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Climatological observations Appendix B: Ice conditions, field remarks and pertinent photography
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  • 80
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    Hydraulic model study of a water intake under frazil ice conditions (1981)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-81/3
    In: CRREL Report, 81- 3
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: A 1:24 scale hydraulic model study of water intake under frazil ice conditions is presented. The intake, located 9 m below the surface of the St. Lawrence River in Massena, New York,has a through flow of 0.14 m^3/s. The model study, conducted in the refrigerated flume facility of the U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, investigated methods of minimizing the frazil ice blockage on the intake. Two protective structures were modeled and the relative benefits of each are presented. The additional cross-sectional area provided by the protective structures lowered the vertical velocity component of the intake water to 0.0027 m/s. At this velocity the buoyant force acting on the frazil ice particle is larger than the downward drag force, causing the particle to rise. The results demonstrate that under certain low flow conditions a protective structure can minimize frazil ice blockage problems.
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    Pages: 11 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-03
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9573
    Language: English
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  • 81
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    Movement study of the trans-Alaska pipeline at selected sites (1981)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-81/4
    In: CRREL Report, 81-04
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: Eight sites along the trans-Alaska pipeline from the Denali Fault to Fairbanks were selected for pipeline and pipeline support movement studies. Four measurement surveys were conducted, starting before oil pumping operations began up to September 1978, to determine the lateral and longitudinal pipe movement due to the thermal expansion of elevated sections of the pipeline, the tilt of the vertical support members (VSM's), and the changes in relative elevation of the support crossbeams. A maximum lateral and longitudinal motion of the pipe of 13 3/8 in. and 2 13/16 in. respectively were measured up to September 1978. Tilt data for 180 VSM's showed little change over a one-year period, with only S VSM's tilting more than 0.5 °. Relative elevation measurements showed insignificant changes for two sites compared over a one-year period. Comparisons of our data with as-built elevations at 8 sites show a few large differences that cannot be readily explained. In general the pipeline and its supports, at least at the sites studied, show minimal movement and activity.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 32 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81- 4
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9484
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Measurement technique Pipeline movement Vertical support member tilt Relative elevations of pipe support crossbeams Results and discussion Pipeline movement Vertical support member tilt Relative elevations Summary Literature cited Appendix A. Lateral, longitudinal and horizontal pipe movement Appendix Β. Tabulation of movement measurements
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  • 82
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    Prediction of explosively driven relative displacements in rocks (1981)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-81/11
    In: CRREL Report, 81-11
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: Relative displacement data from high explosive, shallow-buried bursts in rock are combined with relative displacement data from the contained nuclear explosion MIGHTY EPIC. Analysis of these data yields a preliminary, semi-empirical technique for predicting the location, direction and magnitude of relative displacements in rock from contained explosions. This technique is used to make relative displacement predictions for the DIABLO HAWK nuclear blast.
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    Pages: iv, 23 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-11
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9468
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction DIHEST analysis MIGHTY EPIC analysis Geological setting and relative displacement documentation Shear stress analysis 8 Displacement analysis DIABLO HAWK predictions Literature cited
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  • 83
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    Ground-truth observations of ice-covered North Slope lakes imaged by radar (1981)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-81/19
    In: CRREL Report, 81-19
    Description / Table of Contents: Field observations support the interpretation that differences in the strength of radar returns from the ice covers of lakes on the North Slope of Alaska can be used to determine where the lake is frozen completely to the bottom. An ice/frozen soil interface is indicated by a weak return and an ice/ water interface by a strong return. The immediate value of this result is that SLAR (side-looking airborne radar) imagery can now be used to prepare maps of large areas of the North Slope showing where the lakes are shallower or deeper than 1.7m (the approximate draft of the lake ice at the time of the SLAR flights). The bathymetry of these shallow lakes is largely unknown and is not obvious from their sizes or outlines. Such information could be very useful, for example in finding suitable year-round water supplies.
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    Pages: iii, 17 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-19
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9424
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction The experiment Results Maps of completely frozen North Slope lakes Literature cited
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  • 84
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    Ice distribution and winter surface circulation patterns, Kachemak Bay, Alaska (1981)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-81/22
    In: CRREL Report, 81-22
    Description / Table of Contents: Development of the hydropower potential of Bradley Lake, Alaska, would greatly increase winter freshwater discharge from the Bradley River into Kachemak Bay, which may result in increased ice formation and related ice-induced problems. The objectives of this investigation were to describe winter surface circulation in the bay and document ice distribution patterns for predicting where additional ice might be transported if it forms. Landsat MSS bands 5 and 7 and RBV imagery with 70% cloud cover or less, taken between 1 November and 30 April each year from 1972 to 1980, were analyzed. Surface circulation patterns inferred from suspended sediment patterns and ice distribution and movement were observed and mapped from the Landsat imagery. The generalized circulation patterns indicate that any additional ice formed due to future increased winter discharge from Bradley River would be likely to accumulate along Homer Spit and to be blown into the outer bay by the dominant northerly winter winds.
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    Pages: vi, 43 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-22
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9428
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Metric conversion factors Introduction Physical setting Hydrology Climate Bathymetry PhysIcal oceanography Wind effects on circulatIon Previous investigations Approach Imagery analyzed Wind and tidal data Results Suspended sediment patterns Ice distribution Generaltzed surface circulation Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Keys to Figures 2, 3 and 4 Appendix B. Observations made from usable Landsat Imagery Appendix C. Selected landsat images used to make observations and interpretations of surface water patterns and ice distribution
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  • 85
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    Mechanics of cutting and boring; Part 7: dynamics and energetics of axial rotation machines (1981)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-81/26
    In: CRREL Report, 81-26
    In: Mechanics of cutting and boring, Part 7
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: This report deals with force, torque, energy and power in machines such as drills and boring devices, where the cutting head rotates about a central axis while penetrating parallel to that axis. Starting from a cosideration of the forces developed on individual cutting tools, or segments of cutters, the thrust and torque on a complete cutting head is assessed, and simple relationships between thrust and torque are derived. Similarly, the energy and power needed to drive the cutting head arc estimated and related to tool characteristics. Design characteristics of existing machines are compiled and analyzed to give indications of thrust, torque, power, effective tool forces, nominal thrust pressure, power density, and specific energy.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 38 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-26
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9342
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Foreword Introduction Terminology Tool forces Parallel motion tools Indentation tools Head thrust, thrust per unit width, and nominal head pressure Power and power density Torque Specific energy Efficiency and performance index Power requirements for clearance of cuttings Minimum power requirements for lifting cuttings in a vertical hole Power consumption and efficiency in continuous-flight augers Air circulation Mud circulation Literature cited Appendix A: Vertical conveyance by continuous-fiight augers Appendix B: Surface areas on a helical flight and its stem
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  • 86
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    On the temperature distribution in an air-ventilated snow layer (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/5
    In: CRREL Report, 82-5
    Description / Table of Contents: The problem of simultaneous heat and mass transfer in a homogeneous snow layer, with one side kept at its initial temperature and the other side with a step temperature increase, was solved for the case of constant through-flow conditions. An experimentally determined effective thermal conductivity function, i.e. Ke = 0.0014 + 0.58 G (where G is dry mass flow rate of air in g/sq cm-s), was employed in the solution. The computed nondimensional temperature distribution agreed quite well with experimental data taken under pseudo-steady state conditions with the exception of the temperature for the lowest flow rate used in the experiment. The pronounced nonlinearity of the temperature distribution was found to be a strong function of the flow rate. For sinusoidal variation of atmospheric pressure, the responding flow in the snow medium was also found to be sinusoidal. In conjunction with the diurnal temperature change, this variation facilitated the process of repeated sublimation and condensation in alternate directions and thereby produced a surface layer of approximately constant snow density.
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    Pages: v, 10 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-5
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9450
    Language: English
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  • 87
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    Sea ice drag laws and simple boundary layer concepts, including application to rapid melting (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/4
    In: CRREL Report, 82-4
    Description / Table of Contents: Several proposed methods for treating the momentum flux between drifting sea ice and the underlying ocean are interpreted in terms of simple planetary-boundary-layer (PBL) turbulence theory. The classical two-layer approach, in which the solution for a thin surface layer is matched to an Ekman solution for the outer layer, is used to derive several forms of the drag law. These forms range from linear (where stress is proportional to relative speed), through quadratic (where stress is proportional to relative speed squared), to a Rossby-similarity law like that used to express frictional drag on geostrophic wind in the atmosphere. Only formulations which conform with Rossby-similarity scaling are consistent with free-drift data from the 1975 AIDJEX drift station experiment.
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    Pages: iv, 17 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-4
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9447
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Background Hierarchy of drag laws and simple models The momentum equation for the planetary boundary layer Linear eddy viscosity - the constant stress layer Two-layer eddy viscosity PBL scaling A dimensionless two-layer system A dimensionless two-layer system with modified stress Evaluating the drag laws Rossby similarity parameters and buoyancy effects Discussion Literature cited
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  • 88
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    The fate and effects of crude oil spilled on subarctic permafrost terrain in interior Alaska (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/29
    In: CRREL Report, 80-29
    Description / Table of Contents: This study was conducted to determine the short- and long-term physical, chemical and biological effects of spills of hot Prudhoe Bay crude oil on permafrost terrain near Fairbanks, Alaska. Two experimental oil spills, one in winter and one in summer, of 7570 liters (2000 gallons) were made at a forest site. The winter-spill oil moved within the surface moss layer beneath the snow. The summer-spill oil moved primarily below the moss in the organic soil. The oil moved faster and further downslope in the summer spill. Oil in the winter spill stopped during the first day but remobilized and flowed further downslope in the spring. The total area affected by the summer spill was nearly one and one-half times as large as that affected by the winter spill. The initial heat of the spilled oil had little measurable thermal effect on the soil. However, thaw depth significantly increased following two full thaw seasons. The greatest increases occurred beneath oil blackened surfaces. Evaporation of volatile components is the most significant weathering process in the first two years. Volatiles evaporated faster from surface oil than from oil carried deeper into the soil profile. Microbial degradation has not been observed. The indigenous soil microbial populations responded differently to winter and summer oil applications, ranging from inhibition to stimulation, with stimulation appearing to predominate. Vegetation showed both immediate and long-term damage. Damage was greatest near the top of the slope and in areas with surface oil. Deciduous species showed damage faster than evergreen species.
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    Pages: vii, 67 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-29
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9307
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Methods Site description Oil application Physical characterization Thermal characterization Oil and oily soil characterization Soil microbiological methodology Vegetation Results and discussion Oil movement Effects on permafrost Compositional changes Microbiological responses Oil effects on vegetation Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A Physical and thermal information Appendix B Chemical information Appendix C Microbiological information
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  • 89
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    Revegetation and selected terrain disturbances along the trans-Alaska pipeline, 1975-1978 (1981)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-81/12
    In: CRREL Report, 81-12
    Description / Table of Contents: Revegetation techniques along the trans-Alaska pipeline as employed by Alyeska Pipeline Service Company during the 1975-1978 summers were observed. Objectives included determining the success of treatments, identifying problem areas, and noticing long-term implications. Observations and photographs at 60 sites located along the trans-Alaska pipeline indicated frequent occurrence of successful revegetation as well as frequent problems, such as erosion, slope instability, poor scheduling of seed application, occurrence of weed species, failure to optimally reuse topsoil and fine-grained soil, and low rates of native species reinvation. Alyeska's visual impact engineering was observed to be very successful, as shown by high first-season survival. However, a related program for establishing willow cuttings was unsuccessful in 1977 but appeared very promising in 1978 largely due to improved management and more favorable growing conditions. Terrain disturbances due to the construction of the fuel gas line, snowpads, and oil spills were examined to identify and describe related environmental impacts on natural vegetation. Proper construction and use of snowpads minimized the extent and severity of disturbance. Crude oil spills, although damaging to vegetation did not cause total kill of vegetation, and certain types of spills may have only short-term effects. Results of restoration research by CRREL along the trans-Alaska pipeline are discussed.
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    Pages: 115 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-12
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9467
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Revegetation procedures 1975-1978 construction seasons Willow cutting program Visual impact engineering program Selected terrain disturbances Fuel gas line and snowpads Island Lake and oil line snowpads Oil spills and revegetation CRREL restoration sites Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: List of sites observed during 1975 Appendix B: Annotated photographs of permanent revegetation observation sites-1975-1978 Appendix C: Photographic record of fuel gas line observation sites
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  • 90
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    Statistical aspects of ice gouging on the Alaskan Shelf of the Beaufort Sea (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/21
    In: CRREL Report, 83-21
    Description / Table of Contents: The probability density function of the gouge depths into the sediment is represented by a simple negative exponential over four decades of gouge frequency. The exceedance probability function is, therefore, e to the -lambda d, where d is the gouge depth in meters and lambda is a constant. The value of lambda shows a general decrease with increasing water depth, from 9/m in shallow water to less than 3/m in water 30 to 35 m deep. The deepest gouge observed was 3.6 m, from a sample of 20,354 gouges that have depths greater than or equal to 0.2 m. The dominant gouge orientations are usually unimodal and reasonably clustered, with the most frequent alignments roughly parallel to the general trend to the coastline. The value of N(bar) sub 1, the mean number of gouges (deeper than 0.2 m) per kilometer measured normal to the trend of the gouges, varies from 0.2 for protected lagoons to 80 in water between 20 and 38 m deep in unprotected offshore regions. The distribution of the spacings between gouges as measured along a sampling track is a negative exponential. The form of the frequency distribution of N sub 1 varies with water depth and is exponential for lagoons and shallow offshore areas, previously skewed for 10 to 20 m depths off the barrier islands, and near-normal for deeper water. As a Poisson distribution gives a reasonable fit to the N sub 1 distributions for all water depths, it is suggested that gouging can be taken as approximating a Poisson process in both space and time. The distributions of the largest values per kilometer of gouge depths, gouge widths, and the heights of the lateral embankment of sediments plowed from the gouges are also investigated.
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    Pages: 40 Seiten , Illustrationen, 1 Karte
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-21
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA134428
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9302
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background and environmental setting Data collection and terminology Data analysis Gouge depths Gouge orientation Gouge frequency Extreme value analysis Applications to offshore design Gouge depth Extreme value statistics Burial depths Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Detailed bathymetric map of the Alaskan portion of the Beaufort Sea
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  • 91
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    Ice forces on model bridge piers (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/19
    In: CRREL Report, 83-19
    Description / Table of Contents: Small-scale laboratory experiments were conducted on model bridge piers in the CRREL test basin. The experiments were performed by pushing model ice sheets against structures and monitoring the ice forces during the ice/structure interaction. The parameters, varied during the test program, were the geometry of the bridge piers and the velocity, thickness, and flexural strength of the ice. The results are presented in the form of ice forces on sloping and vertical structures with different geometries. During ice action on sloping structures, a phenomenon of transition of failure mode from bending to crushing was observed as the ice velocity was steadily increased.
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    Pages: 17 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-19
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA133082
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9300
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Tests Results Ice forces on inclined structures Transition of ice action due to velocity increase Aspect ratio Bridge pier nose geometry Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 92
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    Detection of cavities under concrete pavement (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/18
    In: CRREL Report, 83-18
    Description / Table of Contents: An evaluation of an impulse radar system for detecting cavities under concrete pavement is discussed, and field results are presented. It was found that a dual antenna mode of surveying was ideal for void detection. In this mode one antenna operated in a transceive mode and a second, offset from the first, operated in a receive-only mode. This arrangement allowed a refraction-type profile survey to be performed, which enabled subpavement voids to be easily detected. Field trails were held at Plattsburgh Air Force Base, where 28 cavities were detected and mapped. Drilling of holes verified that a cavity existed and allowed cavity depth to be measured. The cavities varied from 1.5 in. to 23 in, depth and were up to 20 ft. long.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 49 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-18
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/7120/rec/1
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9301
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA131851
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Plattsburgh Air Force Base Radar sounding system Survey procedure Cavity inspection Radar cavity detection test Radar profile results Falling-weight deflectometer tests Discussion and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 93
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    Review of the propagation of inelastic pressure waves in snow (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/13
    In: CRREL Report, 83-13
    Description / Table of Contents: A review on past experimental and theoretical work indicates a need for additional experimentation to characterize the response of snow to inelastic pressure waves. Pressure data from previously conducted explosion tests are analyzed to estimate the elastic limit of snow of 400 -kg/cu m density to be about 36 kPa. This pressure corresponds to a scaled distance of 1.6 m/cu.rt.kg for charges fired beneath the surface of the snow, and to a scaled distance of 1.2 m/cu.rt.kg for charges fired in the air. The effects of a snow cover on the method of clearing a minefield by using an explosive charge fired in the air above the snow surface are also discussed and recommendations are given for further work in this area. Explosive pressure data are used to estimate the maximum effective scaled radius for detonating buried mines at shallow depth to be 0.8 m/cu.rt.kg. Fuel-air explosive will increase this effective radius significantly because of the increase in the size of the source region.
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    Pages: 33 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-13
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA128714
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9335
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction Objectives Background Problems in describing the response of snow to an applied stress Methods of determining the dynamic behavior of materials Review of previous studies on snow Experimental measurements on snow Summary of snow experiments Theoretical studies Confirmation of the theory Discussion Applications Recommendations Summary Literature cited Appendix A. Selected data from Wisotski and Snyder (1966) Appendix B. Pressure data from Livingston (1964)
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  • 94
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    Computer models for two-dimensional transient heat conduction (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/12
    In: CRREL Report, 83-12
    Description / Table of Contents: This paper documents the development and verification of two finite difference models that solve the general two-dimensional form of the heat conduction equation, using the alternative-direction implicit method. Both can handle convective, constant flux, specified temperature and semi-infinite boundaries. The conducting medium may be composed of many materials. The first program, ADI, solves for the case where no change of state occurs. ADIPC solves for case where a freeze/thaw change of phase may occur, using the apparent heat capacity method. Both models are verified by comparison to analytical results.
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    Pages: 74 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-12
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA134893
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9334
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Finite differences applied to heat transfer Heat conduction equation Boundary conditions Phase change Computer program ADDATA, the data subroutine TRIDIG, the matrix solver ISOTHM, the isotherm finider ADI, main program ADEPC, main program Verification of ADI Comparison of ADI with analytical results Comparison of ADI with experimental results Verification of ADIPC Comparison of ADIPC with analytical results-the Neumann solution Comparison of ADIPC with analytical results-two-dimensional phase change verification User instruction for ADI User instruction for ADIPC Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Program INFSUM and sample input and output for program ADI Appendix B. Program ADIPC and sample input and output
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  • 95
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    A study on the tensile strength of ice as a function of grain size (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/14
    In: CRREL Report, 83-14
    Description / Table of Contents: An analysis of ice fracture that incorporates dislocation mechanics and linear elastic fracture mechanics is discussed. The derived relationships predict a brittle to ductile transition in polycrystalline ice under tension with a Hall-Petch type dependence of brittle fracture strength on grain size. A uniaxial tensile testing technique, including specimen preparation and loading system design was developed and employed to verify the model. The tensile strength of ice in purely brittle fracture was found to vary with the square root of the reciprocal of grain size, supporting the relationship that the theory suggests. The inherent strength of the ice lattice and the Hall-Petch slope are evaluated and findings discussed in relation to previous results. Monitoring of acoustic emissions was incorporated in the tests, providing insights into the process of microfracture during ice deformation.
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    Pages: 43 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-14
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA134889
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9340
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Development of testing technique Test specimens Tensile testing Compression testing Experimental results Tensile tests Compression tests Discussion Conclusions Suggestions for further work Literature cited Appendix A: Additional information on seed grains Appendix B: Thin-sectioning procedure Appendix C: Displacement transducer calibration
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  • 96
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    Developing a model for predicting snowpack parameters affecting vehicle mobility (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/16
    In: CRREL Report, 83-16
    Description / Table of Contents: The presence of snow on the ground can impose limitations on the mobility of wheeled and tracked vehicles. Snow depth and density are the two most easily measured snow properties that can be related to mobility over snow. Existing models of snowpack accumulation and ablation processes and models of internal snowpack structure were examined to determine if a model of the snowpack can be developed for use in predicting the snow parameters that affect mobility. Simple models, such as temperature index models, do not provide sufficient snowpack details, and the more detailed models require too many measured inputs. Components of the various models were selected from a basis of a snowpack model for predicting snow properties related to mobility over snow. Methods of obtaining the input data from some components are suggested, and areas where more development is needed are described.
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    Pages: 34 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-16
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA134878
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9338
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Conversion of metric units Introduction Review of existing models Accumulation models Ablation models Using existing models for studying mobility Proposed snowpack model for mobility studies Model components Implementation of the model Developing input data Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 97
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    Hydrology and climatology of the Caribou-Poker Creeks research Watershed, Alaska (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/26
    In: CRREL Report, 82-26
    Description / Table of Contents: The Caribou-Poker Creeks Research Watershed is a small (101.5-sq km) drainage basin located 48 km northwest of Fairbanks, Alaska. Elevations within the watershed range from 210 to 826 m, and approximately 28% of its area is underlain by permafrost. Climatic differences between the watershed and Fairbanks are primarily due to the higher elevation of the watershed. Generally the watershed climatic sites are warmer in winter and cooler in summer than Fairbanks. Within the watershed the greatest temperature contrasts exist in winter, when the valley-bottom sites are beneath the regional air temperature inversion, and the higher sites are above it. From May through September the total precipitation averages 270 mm, 1.47 times that received at Fairbanks. The annual precipitation is about 1.7 times that of Fairbanks. The historical precipitation record at Fairbanks indicates that summer precipitation was below the long-term normal in eight of the eleven years of watershed measurements (1969-1980); no climatic extremes occurred during this period. An analysis of annual streamflow data showed an inconsistency of baseflow recessions from year to year. The runoff-rainfall ratio for individual summer storms averaged 0.35 for Caribou Creek. Comparisons of spot discharge measurements of predominantly permafrost and non-permafrost subwatersheds showed that permafrost-dominated watersheds have a much flashier response to precipitation than non-permafrost watersheds. A comparison of the annual flow distribution of the watershed indicated that Caribou Creek has lower summer and higher winter discharges per unit area than the Chena or Salcha Rivers.
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    Pages: 42 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-26
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA122402
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9369
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Setting Geology and soils Vegetation Climate Air temperature Precipitation Hydrology Annual and monthly runoff Individual storms Baseflow recessions Spatial flow variability Temporal flow variability Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Station histories
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  • 98
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    Growth of faceted crystals in a snow cover (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/29
    In: CRREL Report, 82-29
    Description / Table of Contents: Ice grains in a snow cover with a low temperature gradient assume a well-rounded equilibrium form. However, at temperature gradients of 0.1 to 0.2 C/cm (depending somewhat on temperature and snow density), the rounded grains recrystallize into a faceted kinetic growth form. The large temperature gradient must play a decisive role in moving the vapor fast enough to sustain the rapid growth rate associated with the kinetic growth form. Once the large temperature gradient is removed, the grains recrystallize back to the equilibrium form. the recrystallization occurs in either direction without a change in bulk density. The growth of faceted crystals begins at the warmer base of the snow cover where the excess vapor pressure is largest. A transition between the overlying rounded grains moves upward in time. Faceted crystals also grow just below crusts of reduced permeability, where the increased vapor accumulation can sustain the excess vapor pressure neded for kinetic growth. The heat and vapor flows are described using a model based on thermodynamic equilibrium. The temperature distribution is shown to be quasi-linear at steady state in homogeneous snow. The recrystallization of the snow is modeled using the rounded grains as sources and the faceted grains as sinks. In the future this model should be extended to account for different temperatures among the sources and sinks.
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    Pages: 27 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-29
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA122792
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9373
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Abstract Preface Introduction Vapor flow Temperature profile Crystal growth rates Equilibirum versus kinetic growth forms of snow crystals Discussion Summary Literature cited
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  • 99
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    Hydraulic model study of Port Huron ice control structure (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/34
    In: CRREL Report, 82-34
    Description / Table of Contents: The ice discharge through an opening in an ice control structure was documented to be a function of the floe size, ice type, ice floe conditions and vessel direction. The model data for the average ice discharge per vessel transit scaled to prototype values compared favorably with data taken at the St. Marys River ice control structure (ICS). The model results of the force measurements were also consistent with data taken at the St. Marys ICS. The dynamic loading conditions were independent of vessel direction. The dynamic loading to the structure using 3 types of ice (plastic, natural and urea-doped) showed a considerable difference in their means and standard deviations. The urea-doped ice was evaluated for dynamic loading conditions, and reasonable peak values of 3 to 5 times the mean load at each measuring position were recorded, independent of vessel direction. It appears that synthetic random ice floes may be used in model studies where ice discharge through an opening in a structure needs to be documented. This study shows the synthetic random ice floe discharge to fall reasonably within the values obtained for natural ice discharge for both rafted and non-rafted ice fields above the ICS. However, the question of whether synthetic ice can be used for analyzing force distributions and dynamic force loading criteria cannot be fully answered at this time because the load distributions of the synthetic and natural floes appear to differ.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 68 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-34
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA123715
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9331
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Scope of work Ice discharge from Lake Huron into St. Clair River Water velocity profiles at Port Huron Ice conditions Physical model Basis for selection Description Instrumentation Model ice control structure Open water calibration Open water tests Experimental procedures and techniques Ice cover calibration Ice control structure orientation Analysis of ice discharge due to ship transits Natural ice Synthetic ice Forces on the ice control structure Static measurements Dynamic force measurements Potential additional shear stresses Anticipated ice conditions with ICS Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Application of model results Appendix B. Suggested additional studies Appendix C. Derivation of ice discharge
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  • 100
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    Properties of urea-doped ice in the CRREL test basin (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/8
    In: CRREL Report, 83-8
    Description / Table of Contents: In the course of model tests with urea-doped ice in the CRREL Ice Engineering Facility test basin, the growth process and the physical and mechanical properties of the model ice were investigated. The parameters which were varied were: urea concentration in the tank water, air temperature during growth, growth duration, and tempering time. Uniformity of ice thickness and ice mechanical properties over the whole tank area were found to be satisfactory. The structure of the urea-doped ice was found to be similar to that of the ice except for a relatively thick incubation layer over a dendritic bottom layer. Empirical relationships were established between: ice thickness and negative degree-hours; mechanical properties and growth temperature, urea concentration, and ice thickness; and reduction in mechanical properties and tempting time. The results of the study are presented in charts which permit reliable scheduling of model tests with required ice thickness and ice flexural strength.
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    Pages: vii, 53 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-8
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA128219
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9315
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Experimental facility and procedures Ice test basin Ice growth procedure Measurements Ice growth and structure Ice thickness distribution Ice growth during freeze-up Ice growth during warm-up Structure of urea-doped ice Mechanical properties of urea-doped ice Introductory remarks Model of a two-layer elastic material Properties of urea-doped ice during freeze-up Properties of urea-doped ice during warm-up Applications to test program scheduling Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Results of ice thickness measurements for various growth conditions Appendix B: Properties of untempered ice Appendix C: Properties of tempered ice
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