ALBERT

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test sections Installing instruments and sampling Laboratory tests Asphalt concrete Base, subbase and subgrade soils Data analysis for base, subbase and subgrade soils Field tests Analysis of plate loading tests Analytical approach Results Discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Field data Appendix B: Ground temperatures, moisture tension, water table and freezing iso-therms prevailing during plate loading tests Appendix C: Measured surface deflections compared with deflections calculated by NELAPAV Appendix D: Resilient moduli and supporting data calculated by NELAPA V at radius 0.0, taxiways A and B.

Note: VOLUME III PART 2 : POSTER CONTRIBUTIONS (continued) M. Braune: SIMPLIFIED MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR BACKSCATTERING OF X-RAYS H.-W. Thümmel, G. Korner, J.W. Leonhardt: STATE AND PERFORMANCE OF ON-STREAM ASH CONTENT DETERMINATION IN LIGNITE AND BLACK COAL USING THE 2-ENERGY TRANSMISSION TECHNIQUE H.-W. Thümmel, G. Korner, Oh. Beutel, W. Riedel, U. Gräfenhain, J.W. Leonhardt: KRAS-2 - A GAUGE FOR THE ON-STREAM DETERMINATION OF THE ASH CONTENT IN RAW LIGNITE AT POWER STATIONS D. Fritzsche, H.-W. Thümmel: A SCATTER MODEL FOR CAlCULATION OF GAMMA RAY INTENSITIES IN SCATTER-TRANSMISSION GEOMETRY L. Meray, E. Hazi: DECONTAMINATION TEST WITH ISOTOPE INDUCED X-RAY FLUORESCENCE METHOD H. Silveira da Silva: CALCULATION OF THE DOSIMETER RESPONSE AS A FUNCTION OF THE GAMMA RADIATION ENERGY L. Wawrzonek, J. Parus: OPTIMIZATION OF RADIOMETRIC METHOD OF ASH CONTENT DETERMINATION IN BROWN COAL SAMPLES G. Körner, G. Fischer, D. Fritzsche, J.W. Leonhardt, K. Rosenbaum, H.-W. Thümmel: EXPERIENCE IN RADIOMETRIC ON-LINE DETERMINATION R. Göldner, E. Maul, D. Wagner: FAST NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF BROWN COAL SAMPLES FOR SILICON AND ASH B. Heinrich, K. Irmer, R. Pötschke: FAST ANALYSIS OF CARBON CONTENT BY INELASTIC SCATTERING OF NEUTRONS H.-W. Thümmel, M. Frenzel, D. Fritzsche, T. Cechak, J. Kluson: INFLUENCE OF SAMPLE INHOMOGENEITIES ON THE SIGNAL OF 60 keV SCATTER-TRANSMISSION ASH GAUGES W. Michel, U. Paul, D. Luther, H.-G. Könnecke, H.-C. Abendroth: STUDIES ON THE RESIDENCE TIME BEHAVIOUR OF TECHNICAL GRAIN SIZES IN FLUIDIZED BEDS Z. Kolar, J. Thýn, W. Martens, A. Korving: THE MEASUREMENT OF GAS RESIDENCE TIME DISTRIBUTION IN A PRESSURIZED FLUIDIZED-BED COMBUSTOR USING 41Ar AS RADIOTRACER E. Iller, B.J. Trznadel: OPERATION EFFICIENCY ASSESSMENT OF LOOP REACTOR FOR COAL LIQUEFACTION, ON THE GROUNDS OF RADIOTRACER INVESTIGATIONS K. Wagner, T. Grätsch, J. Schüttau: PROCESS ANALYSIS OF THE TECHNOLOGY FOR THE PRODUCTION OF GRAPHITE ELECTRODES BY THE AID OF RADIOISOTOPES G. Krüger, V. Kliem, M. Kreher, N. Boy: A COMPUTER-AIDED X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYZER WITH RADIONUCLIDE EXCITATION H. Firganek, A. Żak, J. Siewierski, S. Zielienski: RADIOISOTOPE INVESTIGATIONS OF WATER LEACHING OF VANADIUM COMPOUNDS FROM POLYMETALLIC ORE D. Degering, S. Unterricker: DETERMINATION OF SMALL YTTRIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN GEOLOGICAL SAMPLES BY CHARGED PARTICLE ACTIVATION ANALYSIS J. Parus: DETERMINATION OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS WITH RADIOISOTOPE EXCITED X-RAY FLUORESCENCE E. Kowalska, P. Urbański, D. Wagner, H. Bruchertseifer: DETERMINATION OF SILVER CONTENT IN SOME CARRIER MATERIALS BY X-RAY FLUORESCENCE TECHNIQUE L. Rowinska, L. Waliś, W. Dalecki, M. Kusowski: EFFICIENCY OF METAL PURIFICATION BY VACUUM DISTILLATION TECHNIQUE A. Salamon, Z. Demendy: AN EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDY FOR THE MOTION AND TRAPPING OF INCLUSIONS DURING CONTINUOUS CASTING OF STEEL L. Petryka, Z. Stegowski, L. Furman: COMPLEX INVESTIGATIONS OF COPPER ORE DRESSING PROCESS L. Petryka, Z. Stegowski, L. Furman: MODELLING OF COPPER ORE CONCENTRATION PROCESS J. Palige: RADIOTRACER INVESTIGATION OF THE COPPER PRODUCTION FLASH PROCESS R. Rachlitz, J. Holzhey, W. Böhme, H. Bohmeier, H. Gärtner: SULPHUR DISTRIBUTION, PRINCIPLE OF SOLIDIFICATION AND THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE LIQUID-SOLID INTERFACE IN CONTINOUS COPPER CASTING H. Jaskolska., L. Waliś, C. Janusz: INVESTIGATIONS OF CALCIUM DISTRIBUTION IN GGG MONOCRYSTALS BY MEANS OF LABELLED ATOMS METHOD M. Harasimowicz, J. Palige: RADIOTRACER INVESTIGATIONS OF THE GLASS MELTING PROCESS IN TANK FURNACES G. Philipp, H. Hippius, K. Köpping, H. Ulrich: SUITABILITY OF DIFFERENT RADIOTRACERS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF HOMOGENIZING PROCESSES IN GLASS MELTING FURNACES H. Kupsch, W. Heller: AN ACCELERATOR PRODUCED SHORT-LIVED RADIONUCLIDE FOR THE TRACERTECHNIQUE OF GYPSUM IN A LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION PLANT OF GAS CONCRETE W. Stuchlik, A. Knobloch, B. Kupsch, H.-W. Thümmel, S. Volker: RADIOMETRIC RESIDUAL VOLUME MONITORING IN LARGE BINS USING A MICROCOMPUTER D. Eckstein, H.-G. Jäckel, H. Stechemesser, D. Espig: RADIAL DISTRIBUTION OF MATERIAL IN A BOND MILL DETERMINED BY RADIOTRACER TECHNIQUE A. Zeuner, K. Henning, M. Kiessling: INVESTIGATION OF THE MATERIAL TRANSPORT BEHAVIOUR OF TUBE- AND TROUGH- VIBRATION MILLS BY RADIOACTIVE INDICATORS H. Kupsch, W. Heller: A METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF A WET MIXER K.-D. Weißenborn, H.-P. Chowanetz, H. Ulrich, K. Köpping: RADIOTRACER INVESTIGATIONS IN LARGE HOMOGENIZATION SILOS TO DETERMINE THE MOTION OF PARTICLES OF DIFFERENT SIZES G.-J. Beyer, M. Böttger, K. Eichhorn, H. Guratzsch, H. Kupsch, K. Regel, G. Winter: USING OF THE ROSSENDORF CYCLOTRON U-120 IN SCIENCE, MEDICINE AND TECHNOLOGY M. Waiblinger, T. Kuhrt, H. Bergmann, K. Hertwig, K. Köpping, H. Ulrich: RADIOTRACER INVESTIGATIONS IN ELECTROLYSE CELLS - SPECIAL PROBLEMS AND USE FOR PROCESS CONTROL K.-D. Rauchstein, H. Leder, W. Walter, K. Köpping, H. Ulrich: RADIOTRACER INVESTIGATIONS IN TECHNICAL MULTIPHASE SYSTEMS AND PRACTICAL USE FOR THE VALUATION OF HYDRODYNAMIC CONDITIONS IN CHEMICAL MULTISTAGE COLUMNES E. Iller, T. Klimkiewicz: OPERATION ANALYSIS OF DIGESTER IN THE CONTINUOUS COOKING PROCESS OF PINEWOOD CHIPS, ON THE GROUNDS OF RADIOTRACER INVESTIGATIONS H. Vocke: DETERMINATION OF RESIDENCE TIME DISPERSION OF POLYMER MELTS IN SPINNING MACHINES BY TRACER APPLICATION J. Flachowsky, H.-H. Deicke: A SIMPLE MONITORING TECHNIQUE TO MEASURE THE RADIOACTIVITY LEVEL OF MEMBRANE FILTERS J. Flachowsky: DETERMINATION OF THE KINETICS OF TRACE ELEMENT ADSORPTION ON SEMICONDUCTOR SURFACES USING RADIOANALYTICAL AND AUTORADIOGRAPHIC METHODS

Note: 1 Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Neuschwabenland (West) 〈1 : 2.000.000〉, Bildflugroutenübersicht Antarktis-Expediton 1983/84 = Aerial Survey Route Map. - 2. Ausgabe. - Frankfurt am Main : Institut für Angewandte Geodäsie (IfAG), 1985. , 1 Beilage unter dem Titel: Supplement to National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR, No. 7 (July 1985) , Contents: Membership of the National Committee on Antarctic Research in the Federal Republic of Germany. - Members of Permanent Working Groups and Groups of Specialists of SCAR. - Introduction. - Stations. - I. Record of Activities (past and ongoing), April 84-October 85. - II. Planned Activities, October 1985 - October 1986. - References. - Addenda to Former Reports. - Index of Activities.

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Non-melting heat transfer relations for horizontal surfaces Heat transfer for melting horizontal ice sheets Instrument setup, data acquisition and test procedures General Instrumentation Data acquisition Computer software Test procedures Data output from computer Equations used for data analysis Control volume and melting surface Control of variables Error analysis Experimental results and discussion Wave formation Temperature and velocity profiles in open channel flow Correlation of data Summary Literature cited Appendix A: Conversion equations for data acquisition equipment Appendix B: Computer code for data acquisition and analysis Appendix C: Typical test output Appendix D: Thermal properties of water and ice Appendix E: Error analysis Appendix F: Summary of test conditions Appendix G: Experimental data and calculated quantities, with inlet length

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Aerodynamically rough surface Aerodynamically smooth surface Scalar transfer coefficients Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Basic finite-element formulas Description of problem Finite-element equation-fixed mesh Finite-element equation-deforming mesh Transfinite mapping technique Computations and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A : Point heat sources Appendix B: Evaluation of the integral including latent heat (fixed mesh) Appendix C: Specification of [K] -deforming mesh Appendix D: Specifying δΤ/δn and the direction of mj for method I Appendix E: Procedures of method 2 Appendix F: Explanation of programs

Note: CONTENTS VOLUME I PART 1: PLENARY AND DISCUSSION LECTURES R.J.B. Hadden: RADIONUCLIDES FOR PROCESS CONTROL AND INSPECTION J. Guizerix: TRENDS AND OPEN QUESTIONS IN INDUSTRIAL TRACER APPLICATIONS A. S. Shtan, V. A. Mashinin Zh.I. Matalygina: NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF GEOLOGICAL SAMPLES WITH THE APPLICATION OF RADIONUCLIDE NEUTRON SOURCES W. Michaelis: RADIONUCLIDES IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PROTECTION J.K. Miettinen: RADIONUCLIDES IN ENVIRONMENT J. W. Leonhardt: RADIOISOTOPES IN ENERGETICS K. Przewlocki: APPLICATION OF NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES IN MINING INDUSTRY K. Wetzel: TRACERS IN GEOCHEMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH A. K. Pikaev: ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATION OF RADIATION PROCESSING R. Otto: LABELLED COMPOUNDS FOR TRACER INVESTIGATIONS IN INDUSTRY R. Otto, H.-G. Könnecke, D. Luther, P. Hecht: RADIONUCLIDES FOR PROCESS ANALYSIS - PROBLEMS AND EXAMPLES Z. Málek: PRESENT STAGE OF CO-OPERATION OF THE CMEA MEMBER COUNTRIES IN THE FIELD OF ISOTOPE AND RADIATION TECHNOLOGY E.A. Abramyan: HIGH POWER ELECTRON ACCELERATORS IN RADIATION PROCESSING J. Sivinski: CURRENT AND FUTURE INITIATIVES OF THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY IRRADIATION PROGRAM ACTIVITIES J. Bös, J. Schmidt, U. Decker, H. Mai, L. Richter: ON THE APPLICATION OF SOME METHODS FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF RADIATION-INDUCED PROCESSES IN POLYETHYLENE H.-J. Heinrich, K. Posselt, W. Hädrich, L. Röhr, D. Flügge: ASPECTS OF IRRADIATION TECHNOLOGY CONCERNING THE CROSSLINKING OF CABLE AND WIRE INSULATIONS AND OF TUBES BY HIGH ENERGY ELECTRONS P. Popp, J.W. Leonhardt, G. Oppermann, H. Merten: THE HELIUM-DETECTOR: THEORY AND PRACTICE H.-H. Deicke: ASPECTS OF RADIATION PROTECTION IN THE APPLICATION OF RADIOTRACERS FOR RESEARCH IN INDUSTRIAL PLANTS

Note: VOLUME IV PART 2: POSTER CONTRIBUTIONS (continued) P. Rudolph, A. Lange, J. Flachowsky: THE DETERMINATION OF GOLD DEPTH DISTRIBUTION IN SEMICONDUCTOR SILICON - POTENTIAL INTERFERENCES INHERENT IN NAA BY RADIATION DAMAGES E. Hoentsch, J. Flachowsk: INVESTIGATION OF NICKEL-PLATING ON SEMICONDUCTOR SILICON WAFERS K. Mauersberger, J. Flachowsky: POSSIBLE LOSSES OF TRACE AND ULTRATRACE ELEMENTS DURING PRECONCENTRATION OF SEMICONDUCTOR-GRADE REAGENTS H. Wagler, J. Flachowsky: A SIMPLE CHEMICAL METHOD FOR THE SEPARATION OF PHOSPHORUS INTERFERING THE TRACE ELEMENT DETERMINATIONS BY NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS IN HIGH DOPED SILICON WAFERS H.-J. Große, J . Adler, H.-R. Döring, H. Nietzschmann: APPLICATION OF THE AEROSOLIONIZATION GAS ANALYZER AIG IN MICROELECTRONICS M. Kosinova, P. Tendera: WEAR INVESTIGATION OF MACHINE PARTS BY CHARGED PARTICLES SURFACE ACTIVATION J. Kras: DETERMINATION OF SLIDE BEARINGS WEAR IN DIESEL ENGINES K. Eichhorn, P. Hammer, S. Turuc, Ch. Eifrig: PRECISE ACTIVATION FOR WEAR STUDIES AT THE ROSSENDORF TANDEM ACCELERATOR P. Hammer, K. Eichhorn, Ch. Eifrig: A STUDY OF WEAR IN REFRIGERATING MACHINES USING THIN LAYER ACTIVATION A. Kalicki., L. Waliś: THE PRINCIPLE OF THE β-X INTERNAL EXCITATION APPLICATION FOR DETERMINATION OF ELEMENTS IN THIN METALLIC FILMS E. Kowalska, P. Urbański: DETERMINATION OF TIN AND LEAD IN GALVANIC BATH AND LEAD IN Sn-Pb PLATINGS WITH SIMULTANEOUS COATING THICKNESS MEASUREMENT K. Mauersberger, B. Bayerl: DETERMINATION OF Tc-99 BY FLAME AAS B. Machaj, F. Zrudelny, A. Sikora, J. Jaszczuk: MICROPROCESSOR ISOTOPE GAUGES FOR MEASUREMENT OF COATING THICKNESS AND OF AIR DUST POLLUTION Z. Joks, M. Krejci: APPLICATION OF RADIOISOTOPES FOR CORROSION TESTS OF INDUSTRIAL PLASTICS G. Hartmann, P. Kulicke, C. Jonas, A. Walter: INVESTIGATION ON CHLORIDE-INITIATED STRESS CORROSION OF STAINLESS STEEL BY USE OF CHLORINE-36 AND AUTORADIOGRAPHY J. Flachowsky, P. Kulicke, G. Hartmann, N. Schütze: LOCALIZATION OF THE ORIGIN OF DEFECTS IN HIGH-CLASS CASTINGS BY RADIOTRACER TECHNIQUES AND AUTORADIOGRAPHY H. Kupsch, H. Bruchertseifer, W. Heller: METHOD FOR THE RAPID DETECTION OF LEAKAGES IN OIL PIPES A.G. Chmielewski: RADIOTRACERS IN SOME INDUSTRIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS S. Szpilowski, A. Owczarczyk: INVESTIGATION OF TRANSPORT OF EFFLUENT IN NATURAL STREAMS USING RADIOISOTOPE AND DYE TRACERS A. Owczarczyk, s. Szpilowski: APPLICATION OF RADIOISOTOPE TRACERS FOR BEDLOAD SEDIMENT TRANSPORT STUDY IN RIVERS AND MARINE BREAKER ZONE I. Röske, H.-C. Abendroth, D. Luther, H.-G. Könnecke: TRACER STUDIES ON THE REMOVAL OF WATER ENDANGERING SUBSTANOES FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE WATERS A. Zeuner, F. Hartmann: RESIDENCE TIME INVESTIGATION AND MATERIAL BALANCE FOR FRESH AND WASTE WATER IN A RAYON BY RADIOISOTOPE APPLICATION A.G. Chmielewski, A. Dobrowolski: THE FALL OF EQUALIZATION MYTH-RADIOTRACER INVESTIGATIONS OF THE CASE J. Halova, J. Schön, J. Thýn: THE ANALYSIS OF DATA FROM TRACER EXPERIMENTS WITH THE FLOW APPARATUSES FOR RADWASTE MANAGEMENT S. Mothes, P. Popp, G. Oppermann, J. Baumbach: AIR POLLUTION MEASUREMENTS WITH ELECTRON CAPTURE DETECTORS (ECD) C. Ghounchev: ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF HEAVY METALS IN SOIL AND PLANTS IN SOME INDUSTRIAL REGIONS OF THE COUNTRY M. Borkowski, W. Smulek: RADIONUOLIDES IN STUDYING THE SORPTION OF METALS BY CHITIN AND CHITOSAN R. Bäuerlein: EVALUATION OF THE DEGREE OF CROSSLINKING OF HEAT SHRINKABLE PRODUCTS K. Posselt, W. Hädrich: CHARACTERIZATION OF THE DEGREE OF CROSS-LINKING IN RADIATION CROSS-LINKED LOW AND HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENES E. Takács: RADIATION CROSS-LINKING OF PLASTICIZED PVC WITH POLYFUNCTIONAL MONOMERS W. Hädrich, K. Posselt, C. Lippmann, H. Wagner, H.-J. Heinrich: DEPTH DOSE IN ELECTRON IRRADIATED POLYETHYLENE LAYERS IN DEPENDENCE ON THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE U. Decker, J. Bös, L. Richter, M. Remer: CHARGE ACCUMULATION AND STORAGE IN POLYETHYLENE IRRADIATED WITH PULSES OF FAST ELECTRONS E. Jaworska: THE INFLUENCE OF IRRADIATION TEMPERATURE ON STRESSES IN DEFORMED POLYETHYLENE W. Hädrich, T. Nestler, K. Posselt: THERMAL STRESS IN THE POLYETHYLENE INSULATION OFCABLES DURING IRRADIATION WITH HIGH ENERGY ELECTRONS W. Pekala, T. Achmatowicz: POST-RADIATION GRAFTING OF METHACRYLIC ACID ONTO POLYETHYLENE FILM J. Schmidt, H. Mai: ELECTRON BEAM CURING OF COATINGS E. Jaworska, S. Wawrzak, I. Kaluska: HEAT SHRINKABLE TAPES IN POLAND A. Robalewski et al.: POLISH HEAT SHRINKABLE TUBING TECHNOLOGY S. Galant, W. Pekala, J. Rosiak: USING OF THE RADIATION TECHNOLOGY TO THE PREPARATION OF POLYMERIC MATRIX CAPABLE TO THE CONTROLLED RELEASE OF DRUG TO EYE R. Krejzler et al.: NEW ROUTINE POLYETHYLENE DOSIMETER: DOSE RANGE 40-400 kGy Z. Zimek: THE USE OF ELECTRICAL SENSORS OF RADIATION FOR DIGITAL CONTROL IN RADIATION PROCESSING Z. Bulhak et al.: RADIATION STERILIZATION WITH THE ELECTRON LINEAR ACCLERATOR LAE 13/9 M. Remer, W. Bogus, W. Pekala: FIRST EVALUATION OF THE GAMMA IRRADIATION CHAMBER OF THE TU ŁODZ BY MEANS OF THE CODES DOSKMF2 AND ISORADL O. Brede, R. Hermann, R. Mehnert: ORGANIC COOLANTS FOR NUCLEAR REACTORS W. Wroński, J. Wisłowski: THE LABORATORY TESTING SYSTEM FOR RADIATION RESISTANCE INVESTIGATIONS OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS AUTHOR INDEX

Note: Contents 1 Executive summary 2 Introduction 3 The broad scientific problems 4 Specific scientific problems: a topical view 5 The resources issue 6 A strategy for planning and conducting research Transect Zone Number 1 (Weddell Transect Zone) Transect Zone Number 2 (Ross Transect Zone) Transect Zone Number 3 (Amery Transect Zone) Circum-Antarctic Studies 7 Broad scientific priorities 8 A methodology and chronology for proposed work 9 Special concerns References

Note: A. Introduction.- Obituary.- Purpose of this Book.- Synopsis.- B. General Framework of Hypersaline Environments with Special Reference to the Red Sea.- 1. Introduction and Definitions.- 2. The Northern Red Sea, a Historical Sketch.- 3. Gulf of Elat (Aqaba). Geological and Sedimentological Framework.- 4. Coastal Evaporite Systems.- 5. Hypersaline Sea-marginal Flats of the Gulfs of Elat and Suez.- 6. Anchialine Pools — Comparative Hydrobiology.- 7. Botanical Studies on Coastal Salinas and Sabkhas of the Sinai.- C. The Gavish Sabkha — A Case Study.- 8. Introduction.- 9. Geomorphology, Mineralogy and Groundwater Geochemistry as Factors of the Hydrodynamic System of the Gavish Sabkha.- 10. The Ras Muhammad Pool: Implications for the Gavish Sabkha.- 11 Salinity and Water Activity Related Zonation of Microbial Communities and Potential Stromatolites of the Gavish Sabkha.- 12. Structure and Physiology of Square-shaped and Other Halophilic Bacteria from the Gavish Sabkha.- 13. Photoactive Pigments in Halobacteria from the Gavish Sabkha.- 14. Photosynthetic Microorganisms of the Gavish Sabkha.- 15. The Fauna of the Gavish Sabkha and the Solar Lake — a Comparative Study.- 16. Trace Metal Concentrations in Sediments from the Gavish Sabkha.- 17. Biogeochemistry of Gavish Sabkha Sediments I. Studies on Neutral Reducing Sugars and Lipid Moieties by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.- 18. Biogeochemistry of Gavish Sabkha Sediments II. Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry of the Laminated Microbial Mat in the Permanently Water-Covered Zone Before and After the Desert Sheetflood of 1979.- 19. Carbon Isotope Geochemistry and 14C Ages of Microbial Mats from the Gavish Sabkha and the Solar Lake.- D. Applied Aspects and Paleoecology.- 20. Introduction.- 21. A Paleobiological Perspective on Sabkhas.- 22. Applied and Economic Aspects of Sabkha Systems — Genesis of Salt, Ore and Hydrocarbon Deposits, and Biotechnology.- Acknowledgements.- References.- Taxonomic Index.

Note: CONTENTS List of Figures and Illustrations List of Tables Preface Acknowledgements Notation 1. On the Scientific Method of J. Ross Mackay / W.H. MATHEWS 2. Experimental Observations of Periglacial Processes in the Arctic / ALFRED JAHN 3. Extreme Rainfall and Rapid Snowmelt as Causes of Mass Movements in High Latitude Mountains / ANDERS RAPP 4. Estimation of Avalanche Runout Distances in New Zealand/ B.B. FITZHARRIS 5. The Ice Factor in Frozen Ground / L.W. GOLD 6. Models of Soil Freezing / M.W. SMITH 7. A Step Function Model of Ice Segregation / S.I. OUTCALT 8. Recent Observations on the Deformation of Ice and Ice-Rich Permafrost / N.R. MORGENSTERN 9. Distribution of Recently Active Ice and Soil Wedges in the U.S.S.R. / N.N. ROMANOVSKIJ 10.Periglacial Problems / A.L. WASHBURN Notes on Contributors Author Citation Index Index , Abstracts in englischer, französischer und russischer Sprache

Note: Abstract Preface Introduction Tests Test specimens Test methods Results Impact strength of beanms Ductility of beams Effect of notched bars Elastic deflection of beams Impact tests on rebars Conclusions and summary Literature cited Appendix A: Beam crack patterns Appendix B: Photomicrographs of failure surfaces of some steels

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Background Present research in perspective Explanations of the grain-size dependency Grain size effects on the ductile to brittle transition Nucleation mechanisms and modeling Characteristic size of nucleated crack Cracking in ice Detection of internal fracturing by acoustic emission techniques Test methods Specimen preparation Creep testing apparatus Crack length and crack density measurements Crack healing measurements Thin section photographs Grain size determination Acquisition of acoustic emission data Presentation of results Specimen characteristics Microcrack measurements Creep behavior Crack healing Slip plane length distribution Acoustic emission observations Grain orientation Analysis and discussion Thick section observations The grain size vs crack size relationship Crack nucleation condition Crack density and specimen strain Creep behavior Normalized crack length Location of cracks Acoustic emission activity Summary and conclusions Suggestions for future work Literature cited Appendix A: Crack length histograms Appendix B: Crystal orientations

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Site weather Site selection Equipment Rotor Data logger Rotoscope Laser profile camera Thin section preparation Run procedure Sample collection and shutdown Dry runs and static runs Results and discussion Wet-to-dry growth regime transition Stagnation line icing rate Icing rate on cylindrical and airfoil blades Liquid water content vs stagnation line icing rate Droplet capture efficiency index Temperature rise Morphological and crystallographic aspects Summary and conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Chronology of events .. Appendix B: Narrative description of icing runs Appendix C: Weather summary sheets for test days Appendix D: Signal conditioner circuit diagram and sample printout

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Materials and methods Bentonite and water samples Sorbate solutions Sorption isotherms HPLC analysis Analyte standards Water solubilities Octanol-water partition coefficients Sorption isotherms Freundlich Langmuir BET Scatchard Gibbs Linear Polynomial Results and discussion TNT DNT RDX and HMX Effect of drilling muds on analysis SEM and EDXA analysis of bentonite wells Other studies Summary Literature cited Appendix A : Results for TNT Appendix B: Results for DNT Appendix C: Results for RDX Appendix D : Results for HMX Appendix E: Characteristics of Quik-Gel, Aqua-Gel and well water

Note: Contents Preface 1. Gunnar Nygaard: A guiding influence on paleolimnological research / by J. Kristiansen 2. Diatoms as indicators of pH: An historical review / by R.W. Battarbee, J.P. Smol & J. Meriläinen Part one: Taxonomy 3. The genus Melosira from soft-water lakes with special reference to northern Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota / by K.E. Camburn & J.C. Kingston 4. A new diatom species, Fragilaria acidobiontica, from acidic lakes in northeastern North America / by D.F. Charles 5. Two forms of Tabellaria binalis (Ehr.) Grun. in two acid lakes in Galloway, Scotland / by R.J. Flower Part two: Extant floras 6. Phytoplankton in selected LaCloche (Ontario) lakes, pH 4.2-7.0, with special reference to algaeas indicators of chemical characteristics / by P.M. Stokes & Y.K. Yung 7. The representation of living diatom communities in deep-water sedimentary diatom assemblages in two Maine (U.S.A.) lakes / by D.M. DeNicola 8. Spatial and temporal variability in periphytic diatom communities: Palaeoecological significance in an acidified lake / by V.J. Jones & R.J. Flower Part three: Paleolimnological applications 9. Relationships between diatom assemblages in lake surface-sediments and limnological characteristics in southern Norway / by D.S. Anderson, R.B. Davis & F. Berge 10. Diatom evidence for neutralization in acid surface mine lakes / by R.B. Brugam & M. Lusk 11. The recent history of a naturally acidic lake (Cone Pond, N.H.) / by J. Ford 12. East african diatoms and water pH / by F. Gasse 13. Acidification of small lakes in Finland documented by sedimentary diatom and chrysophycean remains / by K. Tolonen, M. Liukkonen, R. Harjula & A. Patila 14. Applications of multivariate techniques to infer limnological conditions from diatom assemblages / by P. Huttunen & J. Meriläinen 15. A sedimentary diatom record of severe acidification in Lake Blamissusjon, N. Sweden, through natural soil processes / by I. Renberg 16. Diatom responses to acidification and lime treatment in a clear-water lake: Comparison of two methods of analysis of a diatom stratigraphy / by H. Simola 17. Acidification of four lakes in the Federal Republic of Germany as reflected by diatom assemblages, cladoceran remains and sediment chemistry / by K. Arzet, D. Krause-Dellin & C. Steinberg 18. Late-glacial and Holocene acidity changes in Adirondack (N.Y.) lakes / by D.R. Whitehead, D.F. Charles, S.J. Jackson, S.E. Reed & M.C. Sheehan 19. Chrysophycean microfossils as indicators of lakewater pH / by J.P. Smol Part four: Overview 20. The use of sedimentary remains of siliceous algae for inferring past chemistry of lake water-problems, potential and research needs / by R.B. Davis & J.P. Smol Indices Index of lakes Index of genera Subject index

Note: CONTENTS INTRODUCTION PROCESSES AND OTHER STRUCTURES ON THE DIATOM VALUE SHAPE, SYMMETRY AND SIZE SPECIES DESCRIPTIONS AND KEYS GROUP 1 - DISTINCTIVE GENERA GROUP 2 - DISCOID GENERA REFERENCES

Note: CONTENTS: 1. Introduction. - 1.1. Research at the NEA dumpsite: CRESP and the DORA project. - 1.2. Acknowledgments. - 1.3. Source term: the radionuclides of interest. - 2. Material and methods. - 2.1. Cruises to the dumpsite. - 2.2. Sampling scheme. - 3. Geochemistry. - 3.1. Introduction. - 3.2. Methods. - 3.3. Recent sedimentological history. - 3.4. Elemental and mineralogical composition of the sediment. - 3.4.1. Mineralogical composition. - 3.4.2. Major elements. - 3.4.3. Trace elements. - 3.5. Early diagenetic reactions in the sediment. - 3.5.1. Mineralization of organic matter. - 3.5.1.1. Sequence of electron acceptors and changes in redox conditions. - 3.5.1.2. Oxygen reduction. - 3.5.1.3. Nitrate, manganese and iron reduction. - 3.5.1.4. Sulfate reduction. - 3.5.2. Cation exchange. - 3.5.3. Dissolution of carbonates. - 3.6. Trace element diagenesis. - 3.6.1. Trace metals. - 3.6.2. Mn, Fe, Co. - 3.6.3. Cu, Ni, Cd, Zn. - 3.6.4. Rare earth elements. - 3.6.5. Trace element mobility; the concept of distribution coefficients. - 3.7. Diagenetic modeling. - 3.8. Measurements in the nepheloid layer. - 3.9. Conclusions on the behaviour of each of the radionuclides of major concern. - 4. Biology. - 4.1. Introduction. - 4.2. Methods. - 4.2.1. Meiofauna. - 4.2.2. Macrofauna and large meiofauna. - 4.2.3. Megafauna. - 4.2.4. Diversity of Nematoda. - 4.2.5. Trophic structure of Nematoda. - 4.3. Results and discussion. - 4.3.1. Meiofauna. - 4.3.1.1. Density. - 4.3.1.2. Biomass. - 4.3.1.3. Horizontal distribution. - 4.3.1.4. Vertical distribution. - 4.3.1.5. Composition and trophic structure of the Nematoda fauna. - 4.3.1.6. Diversity of Nematoda. - 4.3.2. Macrofauna. - 4.3.3. Large meiofauna. - 4.3.4. Comparison of meio- and macrofauna. - 4.3.5. Megafauna. - 4.3.6. Chemical analyses of bottom fishes. - 4.4. Foodweb. - 4.5. Primary production. - 4.6. Conclusions. - 5. Bioturbation. - 6. Summary and conclusions regarding the fate of radionuclides released at the seafloor. - 7. References.

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Study objectives and field locale Study site Equipment Vehicles Drilling equipment Sampling equipment Geophysical equipment Shelter and icing control Surveying equipment Miscellaneous equipment Field techniques and methodology Logistics Drilling procedures Data collection Geophysical analyses Experiences summary Morphology, transport and hydraulic data Mid-winter physical characteristics Hydraulic characteristics Sediment transport Late winter physical characteristics Seasonal morphology Geophysical data interpretation Spatial morphology Frazil ice characteristics Discussion and conclusions Recommendations Equipment Research Literature cited

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Field test sites Frost-susceptibility index testing Index tests selected Laboratory test results Conclusions Soil column and dual gamma system Design features Test results Mathematical model of frost heave and thaw settlement Model development Numerical approach Probabilistic concepts Model verification Discussion Seasonal variation in the resilient modulus of granular soils Characterization by laboratory testing Field verification Summary of predictive approach Simulating frost heave and pavement deflection Method of evaluation Results and discussion Summary of findings Frost-susceptibility index tests Soil column and dual gamma system Mathematical model of frost heave and thaw settlement Seasonal variation in resilient modulus of granular soils Implementation of research findings Corps of engineers frost design soil classification system New laboratory freeze-thaw test Frost-heave model Repeated-load triaxial test on frozen and thawed soil Evaluation of seasonal variation of resilient modulus Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Snow metamorphism Mass transfer by diffusion in snow Heat transfer Background-porous media Structure of thermal convection Rayleigh number Onset problem Heat transfer attributable to thermal convection Layering and slope effects Studies of convection through snow Modeling Equation of motion Energy equation Finite difference methods Numerical solution Verification of the model Modeling results Effects of constant flux and permeable boundaries on convection in horizontal layers Effects of phase change on convection Convection in sloped layers Experiments Introduction Experimental apparatus Experimental results and discussion Glass beads Snow Applications and conclusions Onset of Benard convection in seasonal snow covers Applications to snow metamorphism Summary Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: Derivation of fmite difference formulae Appendix B: Computer programs Appendix C: Sample calculations

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Section 1. Introduction Section 2. Wave propagation in the earth Section 3. Body waves: ray theory and wave theory Geometric ray theory Wave theory Section 4. Surface waves Section 5. Normal modes Section 6. Finite-difference method Section 7. Finite-element method Section 8. Hybrid methods Section 9. Conclusion Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test procedure Test apparatus Test surfaces Ice samples Test program Results and discussion Effect of wear of ice sample Effect of normal pressure Effect of velocity, crystal orientation and surface conditions Results summary Comparison with laboratory study Recommendations on test apparatus Literature cited Appendix A : Test results

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Experimental set-up and conditions Results of wedge resistance measurements Results of floe size measurements Statistical analysis of data Comparison between model and full-scale data Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: Wedge tests-floe size measurements Appendix B: Wedge tests-histograms of floe length and floe area Appendix C: Cumulative frequency distributions for floe length and floe area

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Background Types of accretions Problems caused by icing Prevention and shedding methods Results The survey Data presentation Discussion Survey response distribution Effect of icing protection on parameter averages Effect of tower type on parameter averages Moderate and more severe icing locations Relationship of climate, geography and topography to icing severity Total annual costs Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Tower icing survey Appendix B: Station summaries

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Description of the selected sites Corps of engineers frost design soil classification system Moisture-tension/hydraulic-conductivity tests Freezing test Validation Description of test sites and materials Sample preparation Results and analysis of laboratory tests Corps of engineers frost design soil classification system Moisture-tension/hydraulic-conductivity test Freezing test Discussion Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: Summary of frost-susceptibility tests on natural soil

Note: Foreword Experimental investigations of blueschist-greenschist transition equilibria: Pressure dependence ofAl₂O₃ contents in sodic amphiboles - A new geobarometer (Shigenori Maruyama, Moonsup Cho, and J. G. Liou) Metamorphic temperatures and pressures of Group B and C eclogites (Robert C. Newton) Phase relationships of ellenbergerite, a new high-pressure Mg-Al-Ti silicate in pyrope-coesite-quartzite from the Western Alps (Christian Chopin) Petrology and tectonic implications of the blueschist-bearing Puerto Nuevo melange complex, Vizcaino Peninsula, Baja California Sur, Mexico (Thomas E. Moore) Petrologic and geochemical comparison of the blueschist and greenschist units of the Catalina Schist terrane, southern California (Sorena Svea Sorensen) Blueschists in the Franciscan Complex of California: Petrotectonic constraints on uplift mechanisms (Mark CIoos) Geochronology of high-pressure-low-temperature Franciscan metabasites: A new approach using the U-Pb system (James M. Mattinson) Blueschist metamorphism of the Eastern Franciscan belt, northern California (A. S. Jayko, M. C. Blake, Jr., and R. N. Brothers) Deformation and high PIT metamorphism in the central part of the Condrey Mountain window, north-central Klamath Mountains, California and Oregon (Mark A. Helper) Geology of the Shuksan Suite, North Cascades, Washington, U.S.A (Edwin H. Brown) Phase petrology of eclogitic rocks in the Fairbanks district, Alaska (Edwin H. Brown and Robert B. Forbes) Field relations and metamorphism of the Raspberry Schist, Kodiak Islands, Alaska (Sarah M. Roeske) Rb-Sr and K-Ar study of metamorphic rocks of the Seward Peninsula and Southern Brooks Range, Alaska (Richard L. Armstrong, Joseph E. Harakal, Robert B. Forbes) Bernard W. Evans, and Stephen Pollock Thurston Caledonian high-pressure metamorphism in central western Spitsbergen (Yoshihide Ohta, Takao Hirajima, and Yoshikuni Hiroi) A greenschist protolithfor blueschist in Anglesey, U.K. (Wes Gibbons and Mark Gyopari) Rb-Sr and U-Pb dating of the blueschists of the Ile de Groix (France) (Jean-Jacques Peucat) Blue amphiboles in metamorphosed Mesozoic mafic rocks from the Central Alps (R. Oberhänsli) Early Alpine eclogite metamorphism in the Penninic Monte Rosa-Gran Paradiso basement nappes of the northwestern Alps (Giorgio V. Dal Piaz and Bruno Lombardo) Blueschist-facies metamorphism of manganiferous cherts: A review of the alpine occurrences (Annibale Mottana) The blueschist fades schistes lustrés of Alpine Corsica: A review (Wes Gibbons, Colin Waters, and John Warburton) The ophiolite-bearing Schistes lustrés nappe in Alpine Corsica: A model for the emplacement ofophiolites that have suffered HP/LT metamorphism (John Warburton) High-pressure/low-temperature metamorphic rocks of Turkey (A. I. Okay) Eclogues from various types of metamorphic complexes in the USSR and the problems of their origin (N. V. Sobolev, N. L. Dobretsov, A. B. Bakirov, and V. S. Shatsky) The high-pressure metamorphic belts of Japan: A review (Shohei Banno) The origin and metamorphic history of the ultramafic and metagabbro bodies in the Sanbagawa metamorphic belt (K. Kunugiza, A. Takasu, and S. Banno) Strain patterns in the Sanbagawa and Ryoke paired metamorphic belts, Japan (Mitsuhiro Toriumi and Megumi Masui) A low PIT metamorphic episode in the Biei area, Kamuikotan blueschist terrane, Japan (Hirokazu Maekawa) Regional eclogite fades in the high-pressure metamorphic belt of New Caledonia (K. Yokoyama, R. N. Brothers, and P. M. Black)

Note: VOLUME II PART 1: PLENARY AND DISCUSSION LECTURES (continued) H. Baumbach: RADIOISOTOPE APPLICATIONS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING P. Urbański, S. Karamuz, D. Wagner: SOME ASPECTS OF THE INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION OF RADIOMETRIC METHODS ILLUSTRATED BY THE EXAMPLE OF THE DETERMINATION OF ASH, CAlCIUM AND IRON IN BROWN COAL USING XRF-TECHNIQUE AND THE LOW ENERGY X-RAY SCATTERING METHOD B.E. Fischer, R. Spohr: POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF THE NUCLEAR TRACK TECHNIQUE D. Molzahn, G. Feige, M. Ganz, L. Schmidt, H. Danigel, G. Noll, G. Dersch, R. Brandt: DEVELOPMENT OF A FAST METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION AND ANALYSIS OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF NEPTUNIUM AND PLUTONIUM IN URANIUM SOLUTIONS AFTER NUCLEAR FUEL REPROCESSING H. Koch, J. Flachowsky: RADIOISOTOPES IN SEMICONDUCTOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY H. Kupsch: APPLICATION OF ACCELERATOR-PRODUCED SHORT-LIVED RADIONUCLIDES IN INDUSTRY M. Schiekel, P. Jugelt: STATE AND TRENDS IN ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY ANALYSIS M. Geisler: PRECISION AND ACCURACY IN ACTIVATION ANALYSIS K. Freyer, H.-C. Treutler, S. Weiße: AUTORADIOGRAPHIC METHODS FOR ELEMENT MAPPING IN SOLIDS L. Jankowski: COST-BENEFIT ASPECTS OF RADIOISOTOPE METHODS PART 2: POSTER CONTRIBUTIONS L. Baranyai: SURFACE LABELLING OF GRAINED MATERIALS IN NON-AQUEOUS PRASE R. Link, W. Nuding, K. Sauerwein: THE INDIUM-113m GENERATOR AS A VERSATILE DEVICE IN INDUSTRIAL TRACER TECHNIQUE R. Otto: PREPARATION OF 113m IN LABELLED COMPOUNDS-EXTRACTION METHODS G. Zschornack, G. Musiol, A. Reichmann, D. Kreiseler, W. Schulze, W. Tänzer, W. Wagner: A COMPUTER-AIDED BRAGG CRYSTAL DIFFRACTION SPECTROMETER FOR X-RAY ANALYSIS P. Morgenstern, D. Müller, V. V. Berdikov, O.I. Grigoriev: A SEALED PROPORTIONAL SCINTILLATION COUNTER AS DETECTION INSTRUMENT IN A X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYZER V.P. Varvaritsa, Yu.D. Lavrent'ev, K. I. Shchekin: AUTOMATIC RADIOISOTOPE X-RAY EQUIPMENT FOR INDUSTRIAL ANALYSIS S. M. Brodsky, V.P. Varvaritsa, V.I. Filatov: MULTIELEMENTAL X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS WITH ALPHA-PARTICLE EXCITATION H. Bruchertsei!er, K.-u. Eife, B. Eckert, G. Kiesig, J. W. Leonhardt, P. Morgenstern, D. Müller, W. Riedel, B. Süß: AN X-RAY ANALYZER FOR THE DETERMINATION OF HEAVY METAL TRACES IN LIQUIDS M. Vutchkov, T. Dragnev, J. Karamanova, L. Tomov, K. Janakiev, E. Nikolova: COMPUTER TECHNIQUES AND SOFTWARE FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS J. Huszti: DESIGN METHOD FOR LEVEL MEASURING GAUGES WITH POINT SOURCES J. Jaszczuk, F. Zrudelny: MICROPROCESSOR-BASED MULTICHANNEL SPECTRUM ANALYSER FOR USE IN INDUSTRIAL RADIOISOTOPE MEASUREMENTS E. Hazi, G. Faludi: NUCLEAR LEVEL TRANSMITTER FOR PROCESS CONTROL E. Hazi, G. Faludi: NUCLEAR DENSITY TRANSMITTER AND DATA PROOESSING UNIT FOR CONTINUOUS PROCESS CONTROL G. Faludi, E. Hazi: NUCLEAR TRANSMITTER USED IN PROOESS CONTROL FOR CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT OF MOISTURE OF ALUMlNA HYDRATE H.-W. Thümmel, M. Gläser, G. Körner: SOIL CONTENT MEASUREMENT IN CROP MATERIALS USING THE 2-ENERGY TRANSMISSION TECHNIQUE KRAS-2 P. Tábor: MULTIBEAD NUCLEONIC INSTRUMENT FOR SAND-PAPER PRODUCING LINE E. Panezyk, A. Kalicki: MEASUREMENT OF THE ACTIVITY OF 35S LABELLED OILS USING LIQUID SCINTILLATION TECHNIQUE M. Richter: A GENERAL CONCEPTION OF MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF HYDRODYNAMICS FOR CHEMICAL APPARATUSES ON BASE OF RADIOTRACER EXPERIMENTS J. Komosinski, K. Mackowiak-Łybacka, M. Radwan: RADIOISOTOPE METHOD OF MATTER MAPPING M. Frenzel, H.-W. Thümmel: PRINCIPLES OF COMPENSATING FOR SURFACE DENSITY FLUCTUATIONS IN ON-LINE ASH CONTENT GAUGING H.-W. Thümmel, D. Fritzsche, J.W. Leonhardt: EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL SENSITIVITIES OF THE 60 keV-SCATTER-TRANSMISSION METHOD TO SAMPLE COMPOSITION AND DENSITY M. Frenzel: A NEW METHOD TO EXCLUDE THE INFLUENCE OF SAMPLE INHOMOGENEITIES ON THE SIGNAL OF RADIOMETRIC TRANSMISSION MEASUREMENTS

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Materials and methods Sites and site preparation Results and discussion Lake Morey Post Pond Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background and theory Trickling filters Introduction Design procedure Design example Winter operations Pond systems Introduction Design procedure Design example Winter operations Rotating biological contactors Introduction Design procedure Design example Winter operations Activated sludge systems Introduction Design procedure Design example Winter operations Comparison of alternatives Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sampling of test section Laboratory tests Asphalt concrete Natural subgrade material Test soils Field tests Analysis of field-loading tests Discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Field data Appendix 8: Ground temperatures prevailing during plate-loading tests Appendix C: Measured surface deflections compared with deflections calculated by NELAPAV Appendix D: Resilient moduli and supporting data calculated by NELAPAV

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background on development Drill development and configuration Equipment Modifications Operations Assembly and disassembly Field transport and movement Typical operating procedures Effect of material properties, weather and water Depth and hole completion time Summary Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Constitutive equations for a two-size mixture Limiting case of the two-size mixture Complete spectrum analysis for spheres and disks Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Derivation of collision frequency between neighboring spheres that follow the mean shear flow without fluctuations

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Description of the model Ice thickness equations Heat budget and oceanic boundary layer Analytic examination of the ridge redistribution process Theoretical framework Some specific redistributors Comparison to ridge morphological data Ice strength for different redistributors Numerical simulation results Basin-wide ice thickness and velocity characteristics Ice edge evolution and sensitivity Ice thickness characteristics off the Canadian Archipelago Comparison of observed and simulated ice drift Mass balance characteristics Concluding remarks Literature cited Appendix A: Mechanical redistributor Appendix B: Heat budget code Appendix C: Thickness finite difference code

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Field sampling program Site selection and description Coring procedures Core logging procedures Shipping and storage of ice samples Ice description Salinity and density Structure Constant-strain-rate compression tests Test variables Uniaxial compressive strength Strength and structure Strength and porosity Residual compressive strength Failure strain Initial tangent modulus Constant-strain-rate uniaxial tension tests Test variables Uniaxial tensile strength Failure strains Initial tangent modulus Constant-strain-rate triaxial tests Equipment Test variables Synthane end caps Triaxial strength Failure strains Initial tangent modulus Effect of sinthane end caps on results Constant-load compression tests Test variables Test results Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Ice structure profile of ridge C core Appendix H: Test data Appendix C: Static determination of Young's modulus in sea ice

Note: Contents Report from the Director Research overviews Sea ice studies Glacier geophysics Remote sensing Library and information service Gifts Bowers appeal Teaching and lecturing International activities Research and visiting scholars Friends of the Polar Institute Gino Watkins Memorial Fund Research Abstracts Publications Staff Finance

Note: N.F. entfällt ab 57.2000. - Volltext auch als Teil einer Datenbank verfügbar , Ersch. ab 2000 in engl. Sprache mit dt. Hauptsacht.

Note: 1 Introduction J.R. Ashworth 1.1 Scope of the book 1.2 Definitions 1.3 Migmatites and granites 1.4 Melt-absent migmatization 1.5 Compositions of anatectic leucosomes 1.6 Textures and structures as possible indicators of melt presence 1.7 Estimation of P-T-aₕ₂ₒ conditions 1.8 The Granulite Facies 1.9 Mineral compositions in leucosome and melanosome: the plagioclase problem 1.10 Open and closed systems 1.11 Conclusions References 2 The significance of experimental studies for the formation of migmatites W. Johannes 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Experimental studies in the haplogranite system Qz-Or-Ab-H₂O 2.3 Experimental studies in the tonalite system Qz-Ab-An-H₂O 2.4 Experimental studies in the granite system Qz-Or-Ab-An-H₂O 2.5 Plagioclase compositions: observations in nature, experimental findings and conclusions 2.6 Suggestions for future research References 3 Phase equilibria in partial melting of pelitic rocks James A. Grant 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Subsolidus phase equilibria and experimental data 3.3 Partial melting 3.4 Melting at Pₕ₂ₒ = Pₜₒₜₐₗ 3.5 Melting at Pₕ₂ₒ 〈 Pₜₒₜₐₗ 3.6 Vapour-absent melting 3.7 Internal and external control of intensive variables 3.8 Paths through time and space 3.9 Separation of solid, liquid and vapour 3.10 Summary liquidus relations 3.11 Conclusions References 4 Mass balance in migmatites Sakiko N. Olsen 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Baltimore Gneiss and Front Range migmatites 4.3 Mass-balance calculations: methods and assumptions 4.4 Mass-balance calculations: results 4.5 Littleton Formation migmatites 4.6 Discussion References 5 Textures J.R. Ashworth and E.L. McLellan 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Grain size 5.3 Textures attributed to crystallization from a melt 5.4 Grain shape 5.5 Grain orientation (petrofabric) 5.6 Grain contact relations 5.7 Conclusions References 6 Migmatite occurrences in New England Robert J. Tracy 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Tectonic evolution of New England 6.3 Grenville massifs of western New England 6.4 Ordovician migmatites in the western high grade belt 6.5 Migmatites of the eastern Acadian metamorphic high 6.6 Avalonian terrains overprinted in the Alleghenian 6.7 Summary References 7 Migmatites in the Moines David Barr 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Early migmatites 7.3 Late migmatites 7.4 Sutherland migmatites 7.5 Conclusions References 8 Fluid inclusions in migmatites J. Touret and Sakiko N. Olsen 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Fluid inclusions in migmatites of Bamble, Norway 8.3 Fluid inclusions in the Front Range migmatites

Note: 1 The nature, occurrence and geological significance of fluid inclusions 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Occurrence and distribution 1.1.2 Abundance and distribution in single crystals 1.1.3 The manifestation of inclusions in minerals 1.1.4 Inclusion morphologies 1.2 Paragenetic classification 1.3 Sorby's early work on homogeneous and heterogeneous trapping 1.4 Variations in fluid inclusion contents 1.5 Fluid inclusions as representative portions of geological fluids 1.5.1 Bulk leakage 1.5.2 Leakage through diffusion 1.5.3' Representative trapping 1.6 Changes after trapping 1.6.1 Re-equilibration of the inclusion walls and necking-down 1.6.2 Migration of inclusions in a thermal gradient 1.7 Geological significance of fluid inclusions 1.7.1 Composition of fluids 1.7.2 Geothermometry and geobarometry 1.7.3 Patterns of fluid flow 1.7.4 Fluid inclusion studies in mineral exploration 1.7.5 Fluid inclusion studies in oil exploration 1.7.6 Other applications 1.8 Concluding remarks 2 Sample selection and preparation for microscope examination 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Choice of material for study 2.2.1 Hydrothermal veins 2.2.2 Igneous rocks 2.2.3 Medium- to high-grade metamorphic rocks 2.2.4 Sedimentary rocks 2.3 Grain mounts 2.3.1 Preparation 2.3.2 Immersion oils 2.3.3 Manipulation of grains 2.4 Cleavage fragments for optical study 2.5 Preparation of polished wafers for thermometric analysis 2.5.1 Stage 1: sawing and grinding 2.5.2 Stage 2: polishing 2.5.3 Stage 3: reverse mounting 2.5.4 Handling difficult samples 2.5.5 Storage of specimens 2.5.6 Summary of basic requirements for fluid inclusion wafer preparation 3 Optical examination 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Optical requirements 3.3 Recognition and location of fluid inclusions 3.4 Recognition of phases within inclusions 3.4.1 Daughter minerals 3.4.2 Compressed gases 3.4.3 Hydrocarbon liquids 3.4.4 Glass 3.5 Recognition of necking-down, leakage and natural decrepitation 3.5.1 Problems of heterogeneous trapping and metastability 3.6 Classification of inclusions following optical study 3.7 Phase proportions in individual fluid inclusions 3.7.1 Degree of fill (F) and calculation of overall density for two-phase aqueous (L + V) inclusions 3.7.2 Calculation of overall density and salinity for three-phase aqueous (L + V + S) inclusions 3.7.3 Estimation of phase proportions 3.8 Other microscope techniques 3.8.1 Opening inclusions under the microscope 3.8.2 Ultraviolet (UV) microscopy 3.8.3 Infrared (IR) microscopy 3.8.4 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 3.9 Summary of observations during optical examination 4 Basic principles of thermometric analysis 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Heating 4.2.1 Liquid-vapour homogenization in two-phase (L + V) aqueous inclusions 4.2.2 Dissolution of daughter minerals 4.2.3 Homogenization of immiscible H₂O-CO₂ liquids 4.3 Freezing 4.3.1 Aqueous H₂O-salt systems 4.3.2 Non-aqueous CO₂-CH₄ -N₂ systems 4.3.3 Mixed H₂O-salt-CO₂ systems 5 Heating-freezing stages 5.1 Availability 5.1.1 Introduction 5.1.2 Chaixmeca stage 5.1.3 Linkam TH 600 stage 5.1.4 Reynolds stage 5.1.5 Additional considerations 5.2 Installation and calibration 5.2.1 Heating 5.2.2 Freezing 5.2.3 Alternative cryogenic baths 5.2.4 Calibration of the stage 6 Practical aspects of thermometric analysis 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Freezing 6.2.1 Aqueous H₂O-salt inclusions 6.2.2 Non-aqueous CO₂-CH₄-N₂ inclusions 6.2.3 Mixed H₂O-NaCl-CO₂ inclusions 6.3 Heating 6.3.1 Liquid-vapour homogenization 6.3.2 Dissolution of daughter minerals 6.3.3 Homogenization of H₂O-CO₂ inclusions 7 Presentation and interpretation of thermometric data 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Assessment of results for individual inclusions 7.2.1 Accuracy and precision 7.2.2 Data and presentation 7.3 Measurements and more measurements 7.4 Presentation of data 7.5 Interpretation of data 7.5.1 Recognition of discrete populations 7.5.2 Continuous variation 7.5.3 Further considerations of boiling, liquid immiscibility and halite-bearing inclusions 7.6 Estimation of pressure and trapping conditions 7.6.1 Methods for calculating fluid pressures from fluid inclusion data 7.6.2 Estimation of depth of trapping 8 The chemical analysis of fluid inclusions—theoretical considerations 8.1 Introduction 8.2 The crush-leach method 8.2.1 Introduction 8.2.2 Cation analysis 8.2.3 Anion analysis 8.2.4 Other considerations 8.3 Volatiles—bulk analysis 8.4 The ICP-linked decrepitation technique 8.5 Identification of solid phases by X-ray methods 8.5.1 Introduction 8.5.2 X-ray diffraction 8.5.3 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 8.5.4 Other solid phases 8.6 The microanalysis of individual inclusions 8.6.1 Introduction 8.6.2 Laser excited Raman spectroscopy 8.6.3 Laser beam ablation 8.6.4 Other techniques 8.7 Neutron activation analysis (NAA) 8.8 Isotopic analysis 9 The chemical analysis of fluid inclusions—practical considerations 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Crush-leach analysis for non-volatile components 9.2.1 Sample selection 9.2.2 Sample preparation 9.2.3 Analysis 9.2.4 Results 9.3 Decrepitation and the analysis of non-volatile constituents 9.3.1 Introduction 9.3.2 Sample selection 9.3.3 Sample preparation 9.3.4 Analysis 9.3.5 Results 9.4 The analysis of volatile constituents 9.4.1 Sample selection 9.4.2 Sample preparation 9.4.3 Analysis 9.4.4 Data obtained 9.5 Stable isotopic analysis 9.5.1 Sample selection 9.5.2 Sample preparation 9.5.3 Analysis 9.5.4 Results 9.6 Scanning electron microscopy and the analysis of solid phases 9.6.1 Preparation of sample 9.6.2 Instrument operation 9.6.3 Interpretation 10 Future trends in fluid inclusion studies 10.1 Importance of fluid processes in the Earth's crust 10.2 Developments in methodology 10.2.1 Analysis of individual inclusions 10.2.2 Bulk analysis of several inclusion populations 10.3 Theoretical considerations on the PVTX properties of fluids 10.4 Future applications 10.4.1 Deep crustal processes 10.4.2 Diagenesis and fluids in sedimentary basins 10.4.3 Hydrocarbon and mineral exploration 10.4.4 Tectonics 10.5 Summary Appendix I Some UK suppliers of equipment and consumables for the preparation of fluid inclusion polished wafers Appendix II Examples of standard charts for visually estimating the degree of fill (F) in two-phase inclusions Appendix III Main manufacturers/suppliers of optical equipment and heating-freezing stages Appendix IV Some suppliers of substances recommended for the temperature calibration of heating-freezing stages Appendix V Materials and equipment for routine crush-leach analysis References Index

Note: Contents: OVERVIEW. - 1. WORKSHOP ON THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM: OVERVIEW / James H. Zumberge and Lee A. Kimball. - Trends in the Debate at the Workshop. - Ideas and Suggestions Put Forward. - The Antarctic Setting. - INTRODUCTION. - 2. ANTARCTICA PRIOR TO THE ANTARCTIC TREATY - A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE / Trevor Hatherton. - Early Notions. - The Routes Open. - Reduction to Size. - Exploitation - The Seals. - Science and National Interests. - Because It Is There. - Exploitation - The Whales. - The Modern Era. - The International Geophysical Year, 1957-1958. - 3. JURIDICAL NATURE OF THE 1959 TREATY SYSTEM / Yuri M. Rybakov. - Peaceful Use. - Scientific Investigation. - Inspection. - Consultative Meetings. - Recommendations. - Additional Conventions. - LEGAL AND POLITICAL BACKGROUND. - 4. ANTARCTICA PRIOR TO THE ANTARCTIC TREATY: A POLITICAL AND LEGAL PERSPECTIVE / Cristian Maquieira. - 5. ANTARCTIC CONFLICT AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION / Francisco Orrego Vicuna. - The Early Trends Toward Antarctic Conflict. - Localized Territorial Disputes. - Generalized Territorial Disputes and International Implications. - Strategic Uses and Disputes in Antarctica. - Major-Power Rivalry in Antarctica. - The Antarctic Treaty: Cooperation as a Factor of Stabilization. - 6. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY AS A CONFLICT RESOLUTION MECHANISM / Arthur D. Watts. - 7. PANEL DISCUSSION ON THE LEGAL AND POLITICAL BACKGROUND OF THE ANTARCTIC TREATY. - ANTARCTIC SCIENCE. - 8. SUMMARY OF SCIENCE IN ANTARCTICA PRIOR TO AND INCLUDING THE INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR / Robert H. Rutford. - 9. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY AS A SCIENTIFIC MECHANISM (POST-IGY) - CONTRIBUTIONS OF ANTARCTIC SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH / William F. Budd. - Introduction. - The Post-IGY International Antarctica Quarter Century. - The Profitable Nonrenewable Resources Fallacy. - Antarctica as a Global Environmental Science Resource. - Antarctic Publications and the Knowledge Explosion. - Highlights of Antarctic Discoveries and Research. - The Treaty Nations as the United Nations "Antarctic Rangers". - 10. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY AS A SCIENTIFIC MECHANISM - THE SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON ANTARCTIC RESEARCH AND THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM / James H. Zumberge. - Introduction. - The Origin and Growth of SCAR. - SCAR Structure and Procedures. - The Interaction of SCAR with the Antarctic Treaty System. - A Look at SCAR's Future. - 11. THE ROLE OF SCIENCE IN THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM / E. Fred Roots. - Background. - The Political Role of Science in Antarctica. - Different Approaches to Science in Antarctica. - What Results Can Antarctic Science Deliver?. - The Setting of Scientific Priorities in Antarctica. - The Future. - 12. PANEL DISCUSSION ON ANTARCTIC SCIENCE. - THE ANTARCTIC ENVIRONMENT: MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION OF RESOURCES A. CONSERVATION AND ENVIRONMENT 13. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL MECHANISM - AN APPROACH TO ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES / John A. Heap and Martin W. Holdgate. - Introduction. - Characteristics of the Antarctic Environment. - Human Impacts on the Environment of Antarctica. - The Evaluation of Environmental Goals. - Environmental Conservation Within the Antarctic Treaty System. - The Antarctic Treaty System as a Mechanism for Environmental Conservation. - 14. PANEL DISCUSSION ON CONSERVATION AND ENVIRONMENT. - B. LIVING RESOURCES. - 15. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM AS A RESOURCE MANAGEMENT MECHANISM - LIVING RESOURCES / John A. Gulland. - Introduction. - Marine Resources. - International Whaling Commission. - The Role of the Antarctic Treaty. - Terrestrial Activities. - The Role of SCAR. - 16. PANEL DISCUSSION ON LIVING RESOURCES. - Biomass. - Experimental Fishery. - Inspection and Other CCAMLR Measures. - C. NONLIVING RESOURCES. - 17. ARCTIC OFFSHORE TECHNOLOGY AND ITS RELEVANCE TO THE ANTARCTIC / K. R. Croasdale. - Introduction. - Geography and Oil and Gas Resources. - The Arctic Offshore Environment. - Technology for Arctic Offshore Petroleum Operations. - Conclusions. - 18. DISCUSSION ON TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMICS OF MINERALS DEVELOPMENT IN POLAR AREAS. - 19. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM AS A RESOURCE MANAGEMENT MECHANISM - NONLIVING RESOURCES / Christopher D. Beeby. - 20. PANEL DISCUSSION ON NONLIVING RESOURCES. - Participation. - Common Heritage of Mankind. - Participation in the Minerals Regime Negotiations. - Participation in the Adoption of the Minerals Regime. - Participation in Implementation of the Minerals Regime. - Participation in Activities and Benefits. - Urgency and Timing of Minerals Activities. - The Regime. - Enforcement and Reporting Requirements. - INSTITUTIONS. - 21. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF A STATE NOT PARTY TO THE SYSTEM / Zain Azraai. - The Response of the Nontreaty Parties (NTPs). - 22. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF A NON-CONSULTATIVE PARTY TO THE ANTARCTIC TREATY / Peter Bruckner. - Introduction. - Motives for Accession. - Functioning of the Treaty System. - Rights and Obligations of the NCPs Under the Treaty. - The Observer Issue. - Antarctica and the U.N. General Assembly. - Concluding Remarks. - Appendix. - 23. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF A NEW CONSULTATIVE PARTY / L. F. Macedo de Soares Guimaraes. - 24. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF A NEW MEMBER / S. Z. Qasim and H. P. Rajan. - Introduction. - Background of the Antarctic Treaty. - The Antarctic Treaty System. - India's Scientific Expeditions. - Political Issues. - Conclusions. - 25. THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM AND THE UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM / Richard A. Woolcott. - Promotion of Principles and Purposes of United Nations Charter. - Links with the United Nations Specialized Agencies. - The Future. - Relationship to the United Nations System in the Future. - 26. THE EVOLUTION OF THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM - THE INSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVE / R. Tucker Scully. - Introduction. - The Antarctic Treaty. - The Antarctic Treaty System - Substantive Content. - The Antarctic Treaty System - Institutional Response. - Operation of the Antarctic Treaty System. - Conclusion. - 27. PANEL DISCUSSION ON INSTITUTIONS OF THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM. - Legitimacy. - Evolution of the Antarctic Treaty System. - Concluding Remarks.

Note: Contents: SUMMARY. - 1. INTRODUCTION. - 1.1 Geographic setting and ecosystems of the Antarctic. - 1.2 Man's activities in the Antarctic. - 2. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT. - 2.1 Environmental impact philosophy and terms. - 2.2 Definitions. - 2.3 Criteria for identifying significant impact. - 2.4 Temporal and spatial considerations of environmental impact. - 2.5 Consequential, synergistic and combined effects. - 2.6 Identification of sensitive indicators of change. - 3. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE. - 3.1 Suggested format. - 3.2 When is an Environmental Impact Assessment necessary?. - 3.3 Environmental impact assessments of current operations and stations. - 3.4 Monitoring. - 4. SURVEY OF THE IMP ACTS OF MAN'S ACTIVITIES IN THE ANTARCTIC. - 4.1 Terrestrial impacts (including inland waters). - 4.2 Marine impacts. - 4.3 Atmospheric impacts. - 4.4 Distribution of impacts. - 5. THE FUTURE. - APPENDIX A. Relevant excerpts from Recommendation XII -3 (Man's Impact on the Antarctic Environment) of the Twelfth Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Canberra, 1983 and Paragraphs 17-19 of its Report. - APPENDIX B. ACRONYMS. - BIBLIOGRAPHY.