Call number:
MR 22.94935
Type of Medium:
Monograph available for loan
Pages:
XI, 239 Seiten
,
Illustrationen, graphische Darstellungen
ISBN:
0-216-91646-1
,
0-412-00601-4
URL:
http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/exlibris/aleph/a23_1/apache_media/25YHT8MHC3UHEFG6CMGPRI4RBXFJPM.pdf
Language:
English
Note:
1 The nature, occurrence and geological significance of fluid inclusions
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Occurrence and distribution
1.1.2 Abundance and distribution in single crystals
1.1.3 The manifestation of inclusions in minerals
1.1.4 Inclusion morphologies
1.2 Paragenetic classification
1.3 Sorby's early work on homogeneous and heterogeneous trapping
1.4 Variations in fluid inclusion contents
1.5 Fluid inclusions as representative portions of geological fluids
1.5.1 Bulk leakage
1.5.2 Leakage through diffusion
1.5.3' Representative trapping
1.6 Changes after trapping
1.6.1 Re-equilibration of the inclusion walls and necking-down
1.6.2 Migration of inclusions in a thermal gradient
1.7 Geological significance of fluid inclusions
1.7.1 Composition of fluids
1.7.2 Geothermometry and geobarometry
1.7.3 Patterns of fluid flow
1.7.4 Fluid inclusion studies in mineral exploration
1.7.5 Fluid inclusion studies in oil exploration
1.7.6 Other applications
1.8 Concluding remarks
2 Sample selection and preparation for microscope examination
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Choice of material for study
2.2.1 Hydrothermal veins
2.2.2 Igneous rocks
2.2.3 Medium- to high-grade metamorphic rocks
2.2.4 Sedimentary rocks
2.3 Grain mounts
2.3.1 Preparation
2.3.2 Immersion oils
2.3.3 Manipulation of grains
2.4 Cleavage fragments for optical study
2.5 Preparation of polished wafers for thermometric analysis
2.5.1 Stage 1: sawing and grinding
2.5.2 Stage 2: polishing
2.5.3 Stage 3: reverse mounting
2.5.4 Handling difficult samples
2.5.5 Storage of specimens
2.5.6 Summary of basic requirements for fluid inclusion wafer preparation
3 Optical examination
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Optical requirements
3.3 Recognition and location of fluid inclusions
3.4 Recognition of phases within inclusions
3.4.1 Daughter minerals
3.4.2 Compressed gases
3.4.3 Hydrocarbon liquids
3.4.4 Glass
3.5 Recognition of necking-down, leakage and natural decrepitation
3.5.1 Problems of heterogeneous trapping and metastability
3.6 Classification of inclusions following optical study
3.7 Phase proportions in individual fluid inclusions
3.7.1 Degree of fill (F) and calculation of overall density for two-phase aqueous (L + V) inclusions
3.7.2 Calculation of overall density and salinity for three-phase aqueous (L + V + S) inclusions
3.7.3 Estimation of phase proportions
3.8 Other microscope techniques
3.8.1 Opening inclusions under the microscope
3.8.2 Ultraviolet (UV) microscopy
3.8.3 Infrared (IR) microscopy
3.8.4 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
3.9 Summary of observations during optical examination
4 Basic principles of thermometric analysis
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Heating
4.2.1 Liquid-vapour homogenization in two-phase (L + V) aqueous inclusions
4.2.2 Dissolution of daughter minerals
4.2.3 Homogenization of immiscible H₂O-CO₂ liquids
4.3 Freezing
4.3.1 Aqueous H₂O-salt systems
4.3.2 Non-aqueous CO₂-CH₄ -N₂ systems
4.3.3 Mixed H₂O-salt-CO₂ systems
5 Heating-freezing stages
5.1 Availability
5.1.1 Introduction
5.1.2 Chaixmeca stage
5.1.3 Linkam TH 600 stage
5.1.4 Reynolds stage
5.1.5 Additional considerations
5.2 Installation and calibration
5.2.1 Heating
5.2.2 Freezing
5.2.3 Alternative cryogenic baths
5.2.4 Calibration of the stage
6 Practical aspects of thermometric analysis
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Freezing
6.2.1 Aqueous H₂O-salt inclusions
6.2.2 Non-aqueous CO₂-CH₄-N₂ inclusions
6.2.3 Mixed H₂O-NaCl-CO₂ inclusions
6.3 Heating
6.3.1 Liquid-vapour homogenization
6.3.2 Dissolution of daughter minerals
6.3.3 Homogenization of H₂O-CO₂ inclusions
7 Presentation and interpretation of thermometric data
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Assessment of results for individual inclusions
7.2.1 Accuracy and precision
7.2.2 Data and presentation
7.3 Measurements and more measurements
7.4 Presentation of data
7.5 Interpretation of data
7.5.1 Recognition of discrete populations
7.5.2 Continuous variation
7.5.3 Further considerations of boiling, liquid immiscibility and halite-bearing inclusions
7.6 Estimation of pressure and trapping conditions
7.6.1 Methods for calculating fluid pressures from fluid inclusion data
7.6.2 Estimation of depth of trapping
8 The chemical analysis of fluid inclusions—theoretical considerations
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The crush-leach method
8.2.1 Introduction
8.2.2 Cation analysis
8.2.3 Anion analysis
8.2.4 Other considerations
8.3 Volatiles—bulk analysis
8.4 The ICP-linked decrepitation technique
8.5 Identification of solid phases by X-ray methods
8.5.1 Introduction
8.5.2 X-ray diffraction
8.5.3 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
8.5.4 Other solid phases
8.6 The microanalysis of individual inclusions
8.6.1 Introduction
8.6.2 Laser excited Raman spectroscopy
8.6.3 Laser beam ablation
8.6.4 Other techniques
8.7 Neutron activation analysis (NAA)
8.8 Isotopic analysis
9 The chemical analysis of fluid inclusions—practical considerations
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Crush-leach analysis for non-volatile components
9.2.1 Sample selection
9.2.2 Sample preparation
9.2.3 Analysis
9.2.4 Results
9.3 Decrepitation and the analysis of non-volatile constituents
9.3.1 Introduction
9.3.2 Sample selection
9.3.3 Sample preparation
9.3.4 Analysis
9.3.5 Results
9.4 The analysis of volatile constituents
9.4.1 Sample selection
9.4.2 Sample preparation
9.4.3 Analysis
9.4.4 Data obtained
9.5 Stable isotopic analysis
9.5.1 Sample selection
9.5.2 Sample preparation
9.5.3 Analysis
9.5.4 Results
9.6 Scanning electron microscopy and the analysis of solid phases
9.6.1 Preparation of sample
9.6.2 Instrument operation
9.6.3 Interpretation
10 Future trends in fluid inclusion studies
10.1 Importance of fluid processes in the Earth's crust
10.2 Developments in methodology
10.2.1 Analysis of individual inclusions
10.2.2 Bulk analysis of several inclusion populations
10.3 Theoretical considerations on the PVTX properties of fluids
10.4 Future applications
10.4.1 Deep crustal processes
10.4.2 Diagenesis and fluids in sedimentary basins
10.4.3 Hydrocarbon and mineral exploration
10.4.4 Tectonics
10.5 Summary
Appendix I Some UK suppliers of equipment and consumables for
the preparation of fluid inclusion polished wafers
Appendix II Examples of standard charts for visually estimating the
degree of fill (F) in two-phase inclusions
Appendix III Main manufacturers/suppliers of optical equipment and
heating-freezing stages
Appendix IV Some suppliers of substances recommended for the
temperature calibration of heating-freezing stages
Appendix V Materials and equipment for routine crush-leach analysis
References
Index
Location:
Upper compact magazine
Branch Library:
GFZ Library
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