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  • GEOPHYSICS  (449)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1975-1979  (449)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1976  (449)
  • 1
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    Simultaneous equatorial observations of 1- to 30-Hz waves and pitch angle distributions of ring current ions (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Eighteen events of large-amplitude (0.4-6 gammas) waves which may be propagating in the ion cyclotron mode have een observed by Explorer 45. Comparison with simultaneously measured proton distributions has allowed the events to be divided into two categories. The first category consists of waves accompanied by enhanced ion fluxes apparently injected into the plasmasphere with anisotropic pitch-angle distributions. This simultaneity suggests that these waves may be generated by the observed ring-current ions. Waves in the second category were found near or outside the plasmapause and were not correlated with any identifiable changes in the observed proton distribution. The generation mechanism for these waves remains unknown.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Dec. 1
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  • 2
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    The NASA program on upper atmospheric research (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The purpose of the NASA Upper Atmospheric Research Program is to develop a better understanding of the physical and chemical processes that occur in the earth's upper atmosphere with emphasis on the stratosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-74608
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  • 3
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    Missile impact craters (White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico) and applications to lunar research: Contributions to astrogeology (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: USGS-PAPER-812-B , LC-75-619096
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  • 4
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    Atmospheric ozone measurements made from B-747 airliners - Spring 1975 (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Atmospheric ozone in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere north of the equator has been registered aboard two commercial B-747 airliners during the Spring of 1975. This monitoring is part of a much broader and continuing project developed by NASA and known as the Global Atmospheric Sampling Program (GASP). Additional flight and meteorological conditions have also been automatically recorded on board concurrent with the ozone measurements. Independently-derived tropopause pressure information was available from NMC data archives and was used to identify stratospheric and tropospheric flight. The composite ozone, flight and meteorological data are reported for selected dates in March, April, and May. Attention is drawn particularly to the vertical profiles of atmospheric ozone mixing ratio as a function of both distance from the tropopause and curvature of the streamlines. The GASP observations suggest that ozone levels typical of the lower stratosphere are often embedded in the upper troposphere, principally during occasions when cyclonic wind curvature was noted.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Joint Symposium on Atmospheric Ozone; Aug 09, 1976 - Aug 17, 1976; Dresden; Germany
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  • 5
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    Satellite observations of the global distribution of stratospheric ozone (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Observations of backscattered radiation from an Orbiting Geophysical Observatory (OGO) Satellite were used to determine the global distribution of ozone in different layers in the middle and upper stratosphere. The derived distributions show significant seasonal and geographic variations with important differences indicated between winter and summer hemisphere distributions. The OGO derived distributions are compared with other observations (rocket and satellite) and with photochemical calculations. It is suggested that the increased ozone mixing ratio in the high latitude winter hemisphere can be accounted for by transport processes up to about 40-45 km and by the effects of seasonal variations of NOX, HOX and temperature in the region above.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Observed and Theoretical Variations of Atmospheric Ozone; 19 p|Intern. Ozone Symp.; Aug 09, 1976 - Aug 17, 1976; Dresden
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  • 6
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    Observed and theoretical variations of atmospheric ozone (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Results are summarized from three areas of ozone research: (1) continued analysis of the global distribution of total ozone to extend the global ozone atlas to summarize 15 years (1957-72) of ground based observations; (2) analysis of balloon borne ozonesonde observations for Arosa, Switzerland, and Hohenpeissenberg, Germany (GFR); (3) contined processing of the (Orbiting Geophysical Observatory-4) satellite data to complete the analysis of the stratospheric ozone distribution from the available OGO-4 data. Results of the analysis of the total ozone observations indicated that the long term ozone variation have marked regional patterns and tend to alternate with season and hemisphere. It is becoming increasingly clear that these long period changes are associated with large scale variations in the general upper atmosphere circulation patterns.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-154595
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  • 7
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    F-region enhancements induced by solar flares (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: ATS-6 total electron content (NT) observations during solar flares exhibit four types of response: (1) a sudden increase in NT (SITEC) for about 2 min with several maxima in growth rate, then a maximum or a distinct slowing in growth, followed by a slow smooth increase to a flat peak, and finally a slow decay in NT; (2) a SITEC that occurs during ionospheric storms, where NT decays abruptly after the first maximum; (3) slow enhancements devoid of distinct impulsive structure in growth rate; and (4) no distinct response in NT, even for relatively large soft X-ray flares. Flare-induced increases in NT are dominated by low-loss F2 ionization produced by 90-911-A emission. The impulsive flare component is relatively intense in the 90-911-A range, but is short lived and weak for flares near the edge of the visible solar disk and for certain slow flares. The impulsive flare component produces the rapid rise, the sharp maxima in growth rate, and the first maximum in SITECs. The slow flare components are strong in the 1-90-A range but relatively weak in the 90-911-A range and accumulatively contribute to the second maximum in type 1 and 3 events, except during storms when F2 loss rates are abnormally high in type 2 events.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Symposium on The geophysical use of satellite beacon observations; Jun 01, 1976 - Jun 04, 1976; Boston, MA
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  • 8
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    Grad E x B effects on heavy ions in the magnetosphere (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Following a theory briefing on the currents in a plasma of mixed species caused by the motion of charged particles, the paper presents a report on the observations of regions of the magnetosphere in which significant values of grad E (E being the electric field) can be inferred from measurements of E made on board the IMP 6 satellite using two pairs of long (91.5 m and 45.7 m) unfurlable antenna sensors. Electric fields were measured by applying double floating probe techniques to the antenna sensors, and grad E values of up to 1.4/1000 emu were inferred from the fluctuations in E along the orbit. The critical values of grad E for various ions, in a range of magnetic fields are compared, and the difference in the behavior of Ba+ ions which cause Ba+ currents in the subcritical and supercritical regions is discussed. The results show that the electric currents flowing in the E x B direction may cause secondary polarization fields on the barium cloud. The possible significance of these effects to natural geophysical phenomena is also pointed out.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Open Meetings of Working Groups on Physical Sciences; May 29, 1975 - Jun 07, 1975; Varna; Bulgaria|Symposium and Workshop on Results from Coordinated Upper Atmosphere Measurement Programs; May 29, 1975 - May 31, 1975
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  • 9
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    The earth as a radio source (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Satellite measurements of the natural LF radio emission of the earth's magnetosphere are summarized, and the earth is compared as radio source to such familiar sources as Jupiter, Saturn and the sun. Two principal modes of radio emission from the earth's magnetosphere have been identified: auroral km-wavelength radiation and a continuum radiation. Characteristic spectra of the two modes are displayed. Other modes, not yet studied in much detail, are: dayside km-wavelength radiation, emission upstream of the bow shock, and narrow-bandwidth radio bursts. Emissions from the Jovian moon Io and from pulsars are also drawn upon for comparison. Current views on the sources of these terrestrial radio emissions are summarized.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Magnetospheric particles and fields Summer Advanced Study School; Aug 04, 1975 - Aug 15, 1975; Graz; Austria
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  • 10
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    A scenario on polarization in a planetary atmosphere (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A great deal of information can be obtained about aerosol and Rayleigh scattering by observing the polarization state for both reflected and transmitted radiation. Results of neutral point behavior are presented for (1) a Rayleigh or molecular scattering atmosphere; (2) a haze L distribution of aerosols typical of those found in the earth's atmosphere; and (3) two actual models of the earth's atmosphere which combine Rayleigh scattering with a normal aerosol content and with a one-third normal aerosol content.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Seminar on Polarized light: Instruments, devices, applications; Aug 24, 1976 - Aug 25, 1976; San Diego, CA
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  • 11
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    Image intensifier tube observations of the OH airglow during the Space Shuttle simulation (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The OH airglow studies discussed have evolved from a lead-sulfide-cell scanning photometer to photographic techniques to, currently, image-tube photography. During the Space Shuttle Simulation, photography (35-mm and 16-mm) and filter-wheel photometry of submicron OH airglow were performed aboard the NASA CV990 Airborne Laboratory. Examples of ground-based and airborne photographs are presented for comparison. Analysis of the aircraft data is described.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Southwest Regional Conference for Astronomy and Astrophysics; Jul 12, 1975; Lubbock, TX
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  • 12
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    On the interpretation of least squares collocation (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A demonstration is given of the strict mathematical equivalence between the least squares collocation and the classical minimum variance estimates. It is shown that the least squares collocation algorithms are a special case of the modified minimum variance estimates. The computational efficiency of several forms of the general minimum variance estimation algorithm is discussed. It is pointed out that for certain geodetic applications the least square collocation algorithm may provide a more efficient formulation of the results from the point of view of the computations required.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Long-time predictions in dynamics; Aug 03, 1975 - Aug 16, 1975; Cortina d''Ampezzo; Italy
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  • 13
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    Atmospheric ozone measurements made from B-747 AIRLINERS: Spring 1975 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Atmospheric ozone in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere north of the equator has been registered aboard two commercial B-747 airliners. The composite ozone, flight and meteorological data are reported. Attention is drawn particularly to the vertical profiles of atmospheric ozone mixing ratio as a function of both distance from the tropopause and curvature of the streamlines. The GASP observations suggest that ozone levels typical of the lower stratosphere are often embedded in the upper troposphere, principally during occassions when cyclonic wind curvature was noted.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-73675 , Joint Symp. on Atmospheric Ozone; Aug 09, 1976 - Aug 17, 1976; Dresden
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  • 14
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    Research of Magnetospheric Physics Phenomena Using Sounding Rockets (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A bibliography of approximately 25 papers is presented on the Electron Echo Experiments. The data analysis included an extensive study of the electron accelerator beam, detector data correlations with the electron beam injections, and the study of about 30 onboard detected echoes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-152503
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  • 15
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    Reduction and analysis of ATS-6 data (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The reduction of data obtained by the experiment on ATS-6 is presented and a scientific analysis of the data is included. During the period covered significant progress was made in both reduction and analysis of ATS-6 data. The relationship between the direction of the interplanetary magnetic field and the fluxes of energetic electrons at the synchronous altitude was clarified, and a simple model of the energetic electron environment as observed by ATS-6 was developed and a simple empirical relationship was extended, which predicts the maximum energetic electron flux to be expected at the synchronous orbit.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-149460 , ATR-76(7580)-1
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  • 16
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    Atmospheric aerosols: Their Optical Properties and Effects (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Measured properties of atmospheric aerosol particles are presented. These include aerosol size frequency distribution and complex retractive index. The optical properties of aerosols are computed based on the presuppositions of thermodynamic equilibrium and of Mie-theory.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CP-2004 , Dec 13, 1976 - Dec 15, 1976; Williamsburg, VA; United States
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  • 17
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    Atmospheric aerosols: Their Optical Properties and Effects (supplement) (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A digest of technical papers is presented. Topics include aerosol size distribution from spectral attenuation with scattering measurements; comparison of extinction and backscattering coefficients for measured and analytic stratospheric aerosol size distributions; using hybrid methods to solve problems in radiative transfer and in multiple scattering; blue moon phenomena; absorption refractive index of aerosols in the Denver pollution cloud; a two dimensional stratospheric model of the dispersion of aerosols from the Fuego volcanic eruption; the variation of the aerosol volume to light scattering coefficient; spectrophone in situ measurements of the absorption of visible light by aerosols; a reassessment of the Krakatoa volcanic turbidity, and multiple scattering in the sky radiance.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CP-2004-SUPPL , Dec 13, 1976 - Dec 15, 1976; Williamsburg, VA; United States
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  • 18
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    Diurnal measurements with prototype CMOS Omega receivers (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Diurnal signals from eight omega channels have been monitored at 10.2 KHz for selected station pairs. All eight Omega stations have been received at least 50 percent of the time over a 24 hour period during the month of October 1976. The data presented confirm the expected performance of the CMOS omega sensor processor in being able to digsignals out of a noisy environment. Of particular interest are possibilities for use of antipodal reception phenomena and a need for some ways of correcting for multi-modal propagation effects.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-149160 , TM-42
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  • 19
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    Global measurements of gaseous and aerosol trace species in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere from daily flights of 747 airliners (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Extensive measurements include ozone, carbon monoxide, water vapor, and aerosol and condensation nuclei number density. Less extensive measurements include chlorofluoromethanes, sulfates and nitrates. Certain meteorological and flight information are also recorded at the time of these measurements. World routes range in latitude from about 60 deg N near North America to about 40 deg S over Australia and 23 deg S over South America. Typical data show significant changes in ozone, carbon monoxide, and water vapor when crossing the tropopause either during changes in altitude or at cruise altitude. These gases as well as light scattering particles and condensation nuclei exhibit considerable variability along a flight route.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-73544 , E-8945 , Joint Symp. of the Am. Geophys. Union; Nov 10, 1976 - Nov 12, 1976; Miami, FL; United States
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  • 20
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    Evaluation of upwelling infrared radiance from the earth's troposphere (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Basic equations for calculating the upwelling atmospheric radiance are presented. Theoretical formulation of the transmittance models (line-by-line and quasi-random band) and computational procedures for the evaluation of transmittance and radiance are discussed. This information is useful in the interpretation of the data obtained from measuring gaseous pollutants in the troposphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ASME PAPER 76-HT-5 , Heat Transfer Conference; Aug 09, 1976 - Aug 11, 1976; St. Louis, MO
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  • 21
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    The magnetosphere (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The terrestrial magnetic field shields the earth from the supersonic wind of the expanding solar atmosphere, forming a cavity called the magnetosphere. Since the velocity of the solar wind is supersonic, a detached shock wave stands in front of this cavity. The flow past the cavity is viscous, drawing the field lines back into a long tail. In this paper we review briefly the nature of the magnetosphere, the outstanding problem areas in this field, and what space missions are needed to attack these problems.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: IAF PAPER 76-068 , International Astronautical Congress; Oct 10, 1976 - Oct 16, 1976; Anaheim, CA
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  • 22
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    Day-to-day variability of the equatorial electrojet, as observed by rocket-borne magnetometers (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: COSPAR, Plenary Meeting; Jun 08, 1976 - Jun 19, 1976; Philadelphia, PA
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  • 23
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    The storm-time equatorial electrojet (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A Petrel rocket carrying a double cell rubidium magnetometer was launched from the Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station during the early main phase of a magnetic storm. No ionospheric currents associated with the storm were observed and the large field depression, at the flight time, must therefore be attributed to currents at higher altitudes. The equatorial enhancement of ionospheric magnetic storm currents, predicted on the basis of theory and earlier ground data, was not observed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: COSPAR, Plenary Meeting; Jun 08, 1976 - Jun 19, 1976; Philadelphia, PA
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  • 24
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    Detailed gravimetric geoid computations in North America (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A detailed gravimetric geoid has been computed for the Eastern United States and the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean by combining the Goddard Space Flight Center GEM-8 earth gravity model with the available 15 x 15 arcmin and 1 x 1 deg mean free air surface gravity observations. The short wavelength undulations were computed by applying Stokes' formula to the 15 x 15 arcmin and 1 x 1 deg surface data. The long wavelength undulations were provided by the GEM-8 model. The gravimetric geoid has been compared with Geoceiver derived and astrogeodetically determined geoid heights in the United States and the rms agreement is on the order of 1.5 meters. Excellent agreement in shape has been found between the detailed geoid and geoidal profiles derived from GEOS-III altimeter data in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: COSPAR, Plenary Meeting; Jun 08, 1976 - Jun 19, 1976; Philadelphia, PA
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  • 25
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    Polarization of the zodiacal light - First results from Skylab (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A brief description is given of the Skylab ten color photoelectric photometer and the programs of measurements made during Skylab missions SL-2 and SL-3. Results obtained on the polarized brightness of zodiacal light at five points on the antisolar hemisphere are discussed and compared with other published data for the north celestial pole, south ecliptic pole, at elongation 90 degrees on the ecliptic, and at two places near the north galactic pole.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Interplanetary dust and zodiacal light; Jun 10, 1975 - Jun 13, 1975; Heidelberg
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  • 26
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    The S sub 10 /V/ unit of surface brightness (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Some discrepancies in the use of the unit of zodiacal light measurements - S sub 10 (V), which is the equivalent number of tenth magnitude stars of solar spectral type per square degree - are discussed. It is suggested that: (1) the S sub 10 (V) unit be understood to represent 10th magnitude solar (G2V) stars per square degree at mean solar distance, (2) the V refers to the visual color in the UBV system defined by Johnson and Morgan (1953), (3) the apparent solar visual magnitude be taken as -26.73 and the B-V index as .63, (4) the solar spectral irradiance values of Labs and Neckel (1970) be used, and (5) when using Vega as a standard to obtain brightnesses in S sub 10 (V), +.04 be used as its magnitude at all wavelengths and the irradiance values of Hayes and Latham (1975) be used.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Interplanetary dust and zodiacal light; Jun 10, 1975 - Jun 13, 1975; Heidelberg
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  • 27
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    Pioneer 10 observations of zodiacal light brightness near the ecliptic - Changes with heliocentric distance (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Sky maps made by the Pioneer 10 Imaging Photopolarimeter (IPP) at sun-spacecraft distances from 1 to 3 AU have been analyzed to derive the brightness of the zodiacal light near the ecliptic at elongations greater than 90 degrees. The change in zodiacal light brightness with heliocentric distance is compared with models of the spatial distribution of the dust. Use of background starlight brightnesses derived from IPP measurements beyond the asteroid belt, where the zodiacal light is not detected, and, especially, use of a corrected calibration lead to considerably lower values for zodiacal light than those reported by us previously.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Interplanetary dust and zodiacal light; Jun 10, 1975 - Jun 13, 1975; Heidelberg
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  • 28
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    Space observations of the zodiacal light (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: An annotated tabular listing of balloon, rocket, satellite and space probe observations of zodiacal light from 1962 to 1974 is presented. Some selected results concerning zodiacal light observations from Skylab and Pioneers 10 and 11 are discussed, and some remarks on wavelength and spatial coverage of zodiacal light observations are made, noting the paucity of space observations in the ultraviolet and near the sun.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Interplanetary dust and zodiacal light; Jun 10, 1975 - Jun 13, 1975; Heidelberg
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  • 29
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    Ionization by energetic electrons in the midlatitude nighttime E region (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Observations of the electron density profile and flux of energetic electrons obtained in two rocket flights at Wallops Island near midnight are presented. The ionization rates of the upper E region deduced from the electron density profiles are found to support the dependence on Kp established in previous observation. Calculations of the ionization rates using the observed electron fluxes show agreement with the values derived from the electron density profiles.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: COSPAR, Plenary Meeting; Jun 08, 1976 - Jun 19, 1976; Philadelphia, PA
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  • 30
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    EUV absorption analysis of thermospheric structure from AE-satellite observations of 1974-1976 (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Atmospheric absorption characteristics at various selected wavelengths of solar EUV emission have been observed by spectrophotometers on the Atmosphere Explorer satellites. Two levels of results are defined as (A) results independent of any cross section values and involving no specific atmospheric model assumptions, and (B) results expressed in terms of particle concentrations, mass density, and other aeronomical parameters. The present report will mostly deal with results of type B, with emphasis on molecular oxygen. Studies of EUV-derived results in correlation with results of other simultaneous experiments on the same satellite are expected soon to improve the assessment of technique-peculiar errors, possible errors in the various EUV cross sections or accommodation coefficients, and lead to the design of a 'correlative approach' based on the use of mixed inputs of the most reliable aspects of one and the other types of observations, respectively.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: COSPAR, Plenary Meeting; Jun 08, 1976 - Jun 19, 1976; Philadelphia, PA
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  • 31
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    Substorm observations of magnetic perturbations and ULF waves at synchronous orbit by ATS-1 and ATS-6 (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: In the empirical study of the geomagnetic cavity, the synchronous equatorial orbit has been shown to be a most advantageous site for scientific measurements. Satellites in this orbit are fixed in the earth's main magnetic field so that the records are not dominated by changes due to satellite motion through this field. Also, the satellites traverse the same geometric region of space daily, thus facilitating statistical studies of magnetospheric phenomena. Thirdly, the magnetic field lines leaving the earth's surface near the auroral zone cross the equatorial plane close to this orbit, thus subjecting the region to a number of such phenomena. Previous observations at synchronous orbit with the UCLA fluxgate magnetometers on ATS-1 and ATS-6 have revealed a variety of substorm-associated field variations. These effects may be divided tentatively into two classes, those resulting from instabilities (ULF waves) and those produced by changes in macroscopic current systems. The data and their interpretations will be reviewed in order to illustrate the potential importance of observations in the synchronous orbit during the International Magnetospheric Study.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: The scientific satellite programme during the International Magnetospheric Study; Jun 10, 1975 - Jun 13, 1975; Vienna; Austria
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    Substorm phenomena and the uniqueness of the geostationary orbit for observation of dynamic processes in the magnetosphere (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: During the Spring equinox, both ATS-6 and ATS-5 were in geosynchronous orbit with a separation of about 11 deg longitude. A ground-based campaign was undertaken by Eather, Mende, and Judge to observe aurora at the foot of the ATS field line with a variety of instruments. Initial results support the injection boundary hypothesis of Mauk and McIlwain. Also during this period, the Cs-ion thrusters on both spacecraft were exercized in a deliberate attempt to control the spacecraft potential. Some success was achieved, and the presence of a sheath with a potential minimum about ATS-5 has been demonstrated (the sheath about ATS-6 is observed directly).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: The scientific satellite programme during the International Magnetospheric Study; Jun 10, 1975 - Jun 13, 1975; Vienna; Austria
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    Magnetospheric dynamics and wave-particle interactions (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: It has been demonstrated that two general classes of wave-particle interactions are of great importance for magnetospheric dynamics. Electromagnetic and electrostatic plasma instabilities give rise to relatively narrow-banded spontaneous emissions (e.g., ELF hiss, chorus, three-halves noise, ion cyclotron and ion-plasma-frequency turbulence) that can scatter trapped particles into the loss cone, leading to modified pitch-angle distributions, stable trapping limits, diffuse aurora, proton precipitation events, etc. The current-driven plasma instabilities give rise to impulsive ion acoustic or Buneman mode turbulence that provides very effective energy transfer (via the anomalous conductivity mechanism) at the bow shock and in regions where strong field-aligned currents are observed. We review these interactions and identify significant open questions that must be investigated during the IMS.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: The scientific satellite programme during the International Magnetospheric Study; Jun 10, 1975 - Jun 13, 1975; Vienna; Austria
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    Trapped particles and waves, and what can be learned from multisatellite experiments (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Calculations concerning the pitch-angle diffusion resulting from resonant wave-particle interactions can lead to definitive predictions of equatorial pitch-angle distributions and rates of particle loss as a function of particle energy and L-value. Thus, given simultaneous high-altitude measurements of pitch-angle distributions and low-altitude measurements of precipitating fluxes as a function of energy and L, the importance of proposed wave-particle interactions can be verified or discarded. Since many wave-particle phenomena occur over large spatial and temporal scales, exact simultaneity in longitude and time is not necessary. Simultaneous low and high altitude (preferably nearly equatorial) particle measurements could thus greatly increase our understanding of trapped particles and their effects on the ionosphere. Furthermore, given a verified pitch-angle diffusion mechanism and simultaneous low- and high-altitude measurements, accurate lowto high-altitude mappings of field lines and magnetospheric boundaries (such as the plasmapause) could be obtained.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: The scientific satellite programme during the International Magnetospheric Study; Jun 10, 1975 - Jun 13, 1975; Vienna; Austria
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  • 35
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    The IMS satellite programme - Scientific objectives (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The International Magnetospheric Study (IMS) will make use of a number of satellites launched by the ESA, Japan, the USA, and the USSR. The instrumentation carried by these satellites is considered, taking into account GEOS, ISEE-A, ISEE-B, ISEE-C, EXOS-A, EXOS-B, and ISS. The morphology of the magnetosphere is examined and questions regarding the origin of substorms are investigated. IMS objectives are discussed, giving attention to the macroscopic behavior of the magnetosphere, microscopic processes, approaches to be used for monitoring the state of the magnetosphere, and magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: The scientific satellite programme during the International Magnetospheric Study; Jun 10, 1975 - Jun 13, 1975; Vienna; Austria
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  • 36
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    Low-energy-proton regime in the geomagnetic tail at lunar distance (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The reported investigation makes use of data obtained with the aid of the suprathermal ion detector experiment (SIDE) that is being conducted with instruments which were placed on the moon during the Apollo lunar landings. The moon traverses the geomagnetic tail once each month. Observations of a new low-energy plasma regime in the tail are presented. It is pointed out that the new regime lies within the magnetosphere, but outside the plasma sheet. According to the mass analyzer data of SIDE, the observed low-energy fluxes could consist entirely of protons. However, there might be an admixture of ions of greater mass.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: The scientific satellite programme during the International Magnetospheric Study; Jun 10, 1975 - Jun 13, 1975; Vienna; Austria
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  • 37
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    Variations including possible solar cycle variations of stratospheric ozone over central Switzerland (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The annual variation of the total amount of ozone over central Switzerland and the partial pressures in each of 7 layers from the surface to 7.8 m zeta shows the pattern representative of mid-latitude ozone: summer maximum in the troposphere, spring maximum in the lower stratosphere up to 30 mb and summer maximum in the middle stratosphere up to approx. mb. It was also shown that at the level of the ozone maximum the ozone partial pressure has a pronounced period of about 26 months. Total ozone and the ozone concentration in the different layers have marginally significant (at plus or minus sigma) correlations with relative sunspot number. The time lag for these correlations is long in the troposphere (about 36 months) but decreases with height to the level of ozone maximum (to about 2 months). A similar analysis of the data derived from the ozonesonde program at Hohenpeissenberg, Germany (GFR) gave completely consistent results with those discussed above.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Observed and Theoretical Variations of Atmospheric Ozone; 14 p|Intern. Ozone Symp.; Aug 09, 1976 - Aug 17, 1976; Dresden
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  • 38
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    Hot plasmas in the earth's magnetosphere (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Several recent findings from observational researches of various facets of magnetospheric plasmas are summarized. These new results encompass entry of solar wind plasmas into the dayside magnetosphere, the acceleration of plasmas both at great distances from the earth in the magnetotail and at low altitudes over auroral luminosities, and the substantial contributions of the upper ionosphere to the plasma compositions of the distant magnetosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics; Jun 07, 1976 - Jun 18, 1976; Boulder, CO
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  • 39
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    Convection (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: We review the status of theoretical work on magnetospheric convection in the lower auroral zone and at midlatitudes, and compare with various observed features, such as ionospheric electric fields and plasma flows, the form of the plasmasphere, and the distribution of plasma-sheet particles. We present preliminary results from a new series of computerized convection models, which follow the time evolution of the inner magnetosphere (L less than around 10), self-consistently including ionospheric currents and Birkeland currents, as well as the currents generated in a model plasma sheet with a realistic energy spectrum. We find that the model plasma sheet's inner edge quickly becomes rather sharp. Computed electric field distributions resemble those obtained earlier for a simple single-energy plasma sheet.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics; Jun 07, 1976 - Jun 18, 1976; Boulder, CO
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  • 40
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    A summary of observations of the earth's bow shock (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The earth's bow shock can be regarded as a fast steady-state collisionless magnetohydrodynamic shock exhibiting a wide range of plasma parameter values or as an example of superalfvenic flow of a MHD fluid past a blunt body. This paper summarizes our knowledge of the bow shock. Satellite crossings of the shock have given some empirical data on the position and shape of the bow shock. Theoretical calculations on position and shape show the critical nature of the Alfven number. The main physical process to be explained with regard to the bow shock is the mechanism of thermalization of the upstream solar wind. Some of the main classes of shocks observed are quasi-parallel shocks, low Mach number laminar shocks, and high beta shocks.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics; Jun 07, 1976 - Jun 18, 1976; Boulder, CO
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  • 41
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    Substorm effects observed in the auroral plasma (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The effects of substorm temporal development on high-latitude particle precipitation and ionospheric convection patterns near midnight were studied with the aid of data from Atmosphere Explorer C. During quiet periods generally Maxwellian electron precipitation is observed from the central plasma sheet, which is completely contained within the sunward flow region. As substorms grow and begin to recover, a strong sunward flow appears within the high latitude ionospheric electron trough, equatorward of the central plasma sheet electron precipitation. Intense inverted-V electron structures consistent with strong electrostatic acceleration appear near the Harang discontinuity and extend poleward to the polar cap boundary. Then the trough flow weakens, the Harang discontinuity becomes a gradual reversal, and the electron inverted-V precipitation becomes localized at the polar cap boundary.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics; Jun 07, 1976 - Jun 18, 1976; Boulder, CO
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  • 42
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    Electrostatic turbulence in the magnetosphere (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Plasma wave measurements from the IMP-6, IMP-8 and Hawkeye-1 satellites show that a broad region of intense low-frequency electric field turbulence occurs on the high latitude auroral field lines at altitudes ranging from a few thousand kilometers in the ionosphere to many earth radii in the distant magnetosphere. A qualitatively similar, but less intense, type of electric field turbulence is also observed at the plasmapause during magnetic storms. In the auroral regions the turbulence occurs in an essentially continuous band on the auroral L-shells at all local times around the earth and is most intense during periods of auroral activity. In this paper we summarize the basic characteristics of this electric field turbulence and consider the possible role this turbulence may play in the heating and acceleration of plasma in the magnetosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics; Jun 07, 1976 - Jun 18, 1976; Boulder, CO
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  • 43
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    Magnetopause and boundary layer (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A brief overview is given of our present knowledge, observational and theoretical, of the structure of the magnetopause and the adjoining plasma boundary layer. Particular attention is given to the relationship between these electromagnetic and plasma structures on the front lobe of the magnetosphere and the magnetic field reconnection process. Items discussed include: magnetopause thickness; behavior of magnetic field components parallel and perpendicular to the magnetopause; particle energization; structure of the boundary layer from reconnection theory.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics; Jun 07, 1976 - Jun 18, 1976; Boulder, CO
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  • 44
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    ISIS-2 satellite imagery and auroral morphology (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Auroral morphology is emphasized over auroral dynamics in a paper describing conspicuous auroral features picked up by the ISIS-2 scanning photometer. Results of improved programs designed to transform the data into a corrected geomagnetic coordinate frame and generate latitude profiles of auroral intensities at different magnetic local times are reported. The diffuse aurora and its relation to the morphology of discrete aurorae is given special attention.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Magnetospheric particles and fields Summer Advanced Study School; Aug 04, 1975 - Aug 15, 1975; Graz; Austria
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  • 45
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    Substorm generated fluxes of heavy ions at the geostationary orbit (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Measurements of heavy energetic heavy ions present in the vicinity of the geostationary orbit of the ATS-6 satellite, taken with the aid of a solid-state detector telescope, are reported and analyzed. Data extracted from a single fairly isolated injection event (June 18, 1974) are examined: ions of Z not below 6 and energy above 4.0 MeV; energization of these heavy ions in the magnetosphere during substorm events; comparison of the heavy ion intensity and proton intensity; ratio of intensity of carbon ions and oxygen ions. The heavy ions are identified with oxygen for the most part. The heavy-ion spectrometer is described.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Magnetospheric particles and fields Summer Advanced Study School; Aug 04, 1975 - Aug 15, 1975; Graz; Austria
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  • 46
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    Phenomenology of the earth's bow shock system - A summary description of experimental results (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Observational data on the earth's bow shock system are classified and characterized. Foreshock components, midshock components, and aftershock components are discussed separately. Schematic representations of the field and plasma particle parameters are elaborated, with attention given to quasi-perpendicular geometry and quasi-parallel geometry. Magnetic pulsation structure is delineated. Schematic profiles of field, particle, and wave behavior through a representative quasi-perpendicular shock crossing are displayed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Magnetospheric particles and fields Summer Advanced Study School; Aug 04, 1975 - Aug 15, 1975; Graz; Austria
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  • 47
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    Explorer 45 observations of the proton ring current (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Explorer 45 satellite data on the stormtime proton ring current are reported and analyzed. Storm-associated variations of equatorially mirroring protons, interactions between the ring current and the plasmapause, and storm recovery phase behavior are discussed. Pitch-angle distributions are plotted as a function of proton energy and radial distance, the structure implying domination of pitch-angle diffusion of ring-current protons in the plasmapause region by resonant interactions with ion cyclotron waves during storm recovery. The anisotropic precipitation in the plasmapause region and the more poleward isotropic precipitation observed at low altitudes outside the plasmapause are compared and distinguished.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Magnetospheric particles and fields Summer Advanced Study School; Aug 04, 1975 - Aug 15, 1975; Graz; Austria
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  • 48
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    Waves in the vicinity of the magnetopause (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: IMP 6 magnetic-field measurements demonstrate that the magnetopause is a complex variable boundary with few specific characteristics that persist from orbit to orbit. The appearance of the local magnetopause is determined largely by the boundary conditions imposed by the interplanetary field and the geomagnetic dipole. Magnitude changes across the magnetopause are frequently absent, and if concurrently the magnetosheath and magnetosphere fields also happen to be aligned, then the Chapman-Ferraro current sheet is absent. Ion-cyclotron waves are identified in the magnetosheath near the magnetopause. Similar waves near the proton gyrofrequency are frequently seen in the current sheet associated with a large-angle change at the boundary. Such waves may be important in the transfer of particles and momentum into the magnetosphere. Tailward propagating waves on the magnetopause boundary are found to be responsible for multiple crossings of the tail boundary at 32 earth radii. Monochromatic waves are occasionally seen in the magnetosphere at frequencies slightly below the proton gyrofrequency.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Magnetospheric particles and fields Summer Advanced Study School; Aug 04, 1975 - Aug 15, 1975; Graz; Austria
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  • 49
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    Analysis of satellite data on energetic particles of ionospheric origin (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The principal result of this program has been the completion of a detailed statistical study of the properties of precipitating O(+) and H(+) ions during two principal magnetic storms. The results of the analysis of selected data of ion mass spectrometer experiment on satellites are given with emphasis on the morphology of the O(+) ions of ionospheric origin with energies in the 0.7 les than or equal to E less than or equal to 12 keV range that were discovered with this experiment.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-149490 , LMSC-D501012
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    Magnetic anomaly map of North America south of 50 degrees north from Pogo data (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A magnetic anomaly map produced from Pogo data for North America and adjacent ocean areas is presented. At satellite elevations anomalies have wavelengths measured in hundreds of kilometers, and reflect regional structures on a large scale. Prominent features of the map are: (1) a large east-west high through the mid-continent, breached at the Mississippi Embayment; (2) a broad low over the Gulf of Mexico; (3) a strong gradient separating these features, which follows the Southern Appalachian-Ouachita curvature; and (4) a high over the Antilles-Bahamas Platform which extends to northern Florida. A possible relationship between the high of the mid-continent and the 38th parallel lineament is noted.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71229 , X-922-76-201 , Intern. Conf. on the New Basement Tectonics; Jul 01, 1976; Univ. of Delaware
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    Earth and ocean modeling (1976)
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    Description: A modular structured system of computer programs is presented utilizing earth and ocean dynamical data keyed to finitely defined parameters. The model is an assemblage of mathematical algorithms with an inherent capability of maturation with progressive improvements in observational data frequencies, accuracies and scopes. The Eom in its present state is a first-order approach to a geophysical model of the earth's dynamics.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-150055 , UAH-RR-192
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    Ionosphere research (1976)
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    Description: A report is presented on on-going research projects in ionospheric studies. The topics discussed are planetary atmospheres, E and F region, D region, mass spectrometer measurements, direct measurements and atmospheric reactions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-148200 , PSU-IRL-SAR-76/1 , SASR-1
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    Soil moisture ground truth: Steamboat Springs, Colorado, site and Walden, Colorado, site (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Ground-truth data taken at Steamboat Springs and Walden, Colorado in support of the NASA missions in these areas during the period March 8, 1976 through March 11, 1976 was presented. This includes the following information: snow course data for Steamboat Springs and Walden, snow pit and snow quality data for Steamboat Springs, and soil moisture report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-144757
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    Gravity anomaly detection: Apollo/Soyuz (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Goddard Apollo-Soyuz Geodynamics Experiment is described. It was performed to demonstrate the feasibility of tracking and recovering high frequency components of the earth's gravity field by utilizing a synchronous orbiting tracking station such as ATS-6. Gravity anomalies of 5 MGLS or larger having wavelengths of 300 to 1000 kilometers on the earth's surface are important for geologic studies of the upper layers of the earth's crust. Short wavelength Earth's gravity anomalies were detected from space. Two prime areas of data collection were selected for the experiment: (1) the center of the African continent and (2) the Indian Ocean Depression centered at 5% north latitude and 75% east longitude. Preliminary results show that the detectability objective of the experiment was met in both areas as well as at several additional anomalous areas around the globe. Gravity anomalies of the Karakoram and Himalayan mountain ranges, ocean trenches, as well as the Diamantina Depth, can be seen. Maps outlining the anomalies discovered are shown.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71069 , X-920-75-308 , Conf. of Am. Geophys. Union; Dec 01, 1975; San Francisco, CA; United States
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  • 55
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    Investigation of aerosol characteristics and their measurement (1976)
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    Description: Various techniques for the measurement of aerosol properties are described. Methods considered include: solar aureole photographic technique; densitometric techniques; and video electronic isodensity mapper. Other topics briefly discussed include: multiple scattering experiment; multiple scattering computer program; the generation of the Mie theory results; and the NASA/OAST technology workshop.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-146398 , PGSTR-AP76-23
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  • 56
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    Insolation data for solar energy conversion derived from satellite measurements of earth radiance (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Detailed knowledge of the irradiance of the sun at ground locations is essential for the design and evaluation of solar energy conversion systems. The primary source of such data is the global network of weather stations. Such stations are often too far apart and for most locations the data available are only daily total irradiance or monthly averages. Solar energy conversion programs require insolation data with considerably higher geographical and temporal resolution. Meteorological satellites gather routinely extensive data on the energy reflected and scattered into space by the earth-atmosphere system. A program has been initiated to use such data for deriving ground insolation for energy conversion. Some of the preliminary results of this program will be discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Joint Conference on Sharing the sun: Solar technology in the seventies; Aug 15, 1976 - Aug 20, 1976; Winnipeg; Canada
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  • 57
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    Vertical ion drifts, exospheric temperatures and neutral winds calculated from simple observations and numerical simulation of the ionosphere (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Symposium on The geophysical use of satellite beacon observations; Jun 01, 1976 - Jun 04, 1976; Boston, MA
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  • 58
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    Early results of the ionospheric experiment of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (1976)
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    Description: A description is presented of a spacecraft-to-spacecraft Doppler-tracking experiment which was performed by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory on the occasion of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP). The experiment involved the measurement of the relative velocity between the ASTP docking module and the Apollo command service module by a Doppler-tracking method. The objectives of the ionospheric experiment include the measurement of the time changes of the columnar electron content between the two spacecraft. The obtained data can provide a basis for the determination of the horizontal gradients of electron density at the height of 220 km.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Symposium on The geophysical use of satellite beacon observations; Jun 01, 1976 - Jun 04, 1976; Boston, MA
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  • 59
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    A simulation study of earth radiation budget data interpretation (1976)
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    Description: The paper describes a simulation of a filtering analysis which yields radiation distributions, measured by a wide-field-of-view radiometer on board an earth satellite, on a scale smaller than the field of view of the instrument. Mathematical models are developed to represent an orbiting wide-field-of-view radiometer to provide simulated measurement data. The simulated measurements are analyzed by a data inversion technique to obtain estimates of the radiation heat fluxes at the top of the atmosphere. By comparing the estimated field to a real radiation field, the effects of directional model errors and sampling strategies are revealed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Summer Computer Simulation Conference; Jul 12, 1976 - Jul 14, 1976; Washington, DC
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    The distribution of helium and molecular nitrogen in the lower thermosphere as measured by ESRO 4 (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Open Meetings of Working Groups on Physical Sciences; May 29, 1975 - Jun 07, 1975; Varna; Bulgaria|Symposium and Workshop on Results from Coordinated Upper Atmosphere Measurement Programs; May 29, 1975 - May 31, 1975
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    Microwave sensing of atmospheric temperature and humidity from satellites (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A 5-channel microwave spectrometer (NEMS) carried on the Nimbus 5 satellite has been taking scans near the 22.235 GHz water vapor resonance and 60 GHz oxygen absorption complex for over 2 years; spectral measurement techniques are described at length. NEMS determinations of atmospheric temperature profiles over 0 to 20 km, and of precipitable water vapor and liquid water over oceans, are compared to relevant radiosonde data and to data reported in analyses by the U.S.A. National Meteorological Center. Some discrepancies between theoretical prediction and empirical evidence are reconciled by examining effects of atmospheric fluctuations. The radiosonde data respond to local fluctuations and do not yield true averages over the large areas sensed remotely by the NEMS.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Open Meetings of Working Groups on Physical Sciences; May 29, 1975 - Jun 07, 1975; Varna; Bulgaria|Symposium and Workshop on Results from Coordinated Upper Atmosphere Measurement Programs; May 29, 1975 - May 31, 1975
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  • 62
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    Natural precedents to active magnetospheric experiments (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Some of the natural analogs of proposed seeding experiments in the magnetosphere are: electric charged particle injections during substorms; lightning-induced whistlers providing wave injections; 'detachment' of plasma from the plasmapause, which is equivalent to light-ion seeding in the outer magnetosphere. In the present paper, the characteristics of some natural precedents to active experiments are reviewed, and their relative advantages and drawbacks are examined. One of these precedents - wave generation in detached plasma regions - is then discussed in some detail; the discussion reveals the generation of ELF electromagnetic noise when the energetic electrons exceed the stably trapped limit, and also indicates that a critical dimension for the seeded volume exists transverse to the geomagnetic field.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Symposium and Workshop on Results from Coordinated Upper Atmosphere Measurement Programs; May 29, 1975 - May 31, 1975|Open Meetings of Working Groups on Physical Sciences; May 29, 1975 - Jun 07, 1975; Varna; Bulgaria
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  • 63
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    Examples of synoptic changes in ozone and circulation in the stratosphere (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Backscatter Ultraviolet (BUV) experiment on board the Nimbus 4 polar orbiting satellite has been measuring the total ozone content and high-level atmospheric ozone profiles since early 1970. Synoptic type analyses of these data are now being accomplished and compared with appropriate constant-pressure analyses of stratospheric circulation. Ozone changes during a stratospheric warming of early 1971 are investigated by comparison with circulation changes in the layer between 30 mb (24 km) and 2 mb (42 km). A general increase in ozone concentrations, more pronounced in the higher latitudes, is noted during the warming period. Plans for future investigation are discussed, including analysis of ozone observations beginning from 1970 on every two-day basis for comparison with constant-pressure height, temperature, and wind charts analyzed with the aid of radiosonde, rocketsonde, and satellite data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Open Meetings of Working Groups on Physical Sciences; May 29, 1975 - Jun 07, 1975; Varna; Bulgaria|Symposium and Workshop on Results from Coordinated Upper Atmosphere Measurement Programs; May 29, 1975 - May 31, 1975
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  • 64
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    Impulsive ion injection into the polar cusp (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Impulsive bursts of positive ions were observed in the polar cusp during the rocket flights. Dispersion of arrival time with energy implies a modulation or acceleration region at a distance of 11 to 13 earth radii, presumably in the magnetosheath. The ion energy spectra closely match typical magnetosheath spectra. The bursts had a duration of about 20 s and repetition period on the order of 100 s. These results suggest that ions have intermittent rather than continuous entry at the polar cusps. At times, the ion and electron precipitations were anticorrelated in a manner consistent with a parallel electric field.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Magnetospheric particles and fields Summer Advanced Study School; Aug 04, 1975 - Aug 15, 1975; Graz; Austria
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  • 65
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    Examples of plasma flows within the earth's magnetosphere (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Examples of observed plasma flows in the dayside magnetosphere near the magnetopause, within the ring current in the local evening sector, and at two positions simultaneously in the plasma sheet are presented. These measurements were gained with plasma instruments on the IMP 6 and 7 satellites. Flow velocities inside the magnetopause in the dayside magnetosphere are typically 25 to 75 km/s and are directed generally parallel to the tangent to the nearby magnetopause with a small component directed into this boundary. Bulk flow speeds within the ring current ranged from the instrument threshold of about 20 km/s to speeds of 50 km/s. Strong tailward 'jetting' of plasma, in the range of 200 to 300 km/s, at geocentric radial distances of about 35 earth radii in the plasma sheet is found to be often associated with the occurrence of magnetic substorms.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: AD-A079392 , Magnetospheric particles and fields Summer Advanced Study School; Aug 04, 1975 - Aug 15, 1975; Graz; Austria
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  • 66
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    Ring current loss mechanisms and composition as inferred from equatorial pitch angle distributions observed during a storm recovery phase (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Explorer 45 measurements of pitch angle distributions (PAD's) of ring current ions were examined for evidence of charge exchange or pitch-angle diffusion as loss mechanisms for the ring current during a storm recovery phase. The observed rounding of the PAD's above a minimum parallel energy is seen as resulting from pitch angle diffusion driven by resonant interactions with ion cyclotron waves. Calculations of growth rates using observed ion fluxes and PAD's have shown that ion cyclotron waves can be significantly amplified by the ring current plasma. However, wave growth off the equator must be taken into account in order to understand the time evolution of the observed PAD's. Isotropic distributions at lower energies remain isotropic at L-values between 3 and 4 despite the presence of charge exchange losses. An explanation for this apparent inconsistency may be that ring current is dominated by some ion species other than protons during recovery phase.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics; Jun 07, 1976 - Jun 18, 1976; Boulder, CO
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  • 67
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    Line-of-sight electron density gradients as deduced from an empirical ionospheric model (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A topside ionospheric model (Bent Ionospheric Model) was developed for an accurate prediction of integrated total electron content (TEC), from a global data acquired for the years 1962 to 1969. In this paper the effects of line-of-sight electron density gradients on ground to satellite measurements are discussed. The results of analyses show that in the presence of increasing density gradients, deduced values of vertical electron content or slab thicknesses will be too large, while for decreasing gradients these values will be smaller than they should be.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Symposium on The geophysical use of satellite beacon observations; Jun 01, 1976 - Jun 04, 1976; Boston, MA
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  • 68
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    Investigations with satellite data temperature retrievals (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A method is presented for using satellite measurements to interpolate vertical temperature soundings between radiosonde stations. The method finds a set of coefficients, which when multiplied by corresponding measured radiance quantities, yield zero temperature error at a radiosonde station. This derived set of coefficients is then applied to satellite radiance measurements at places between radiosonde stations. The computations show, for example, that the average absolute error in the layer 1000-800 mbs is only 0.3K when the corresponding 'minimum-information' method error was 2.9K. The method may be most applicable to measurements from geostationary satellites, but should also be applicable to measurements from polar orbiting satellites under certain conditions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-148811 , PUBL-76-158
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  • 69
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    Radiation measurements from polar and geosynchronous satellites (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Towards understanding the role of radiation in the dynamics of climate, a climatology of radiation budget data has been compiled and several aspects of the problem are under study: (1) minimum albedoes; (2) diurnal variation in cloudiness and the radiation budget; (3) the partitioning of energy loss to space between land, ice, ocean and atmosphere; and (4) the effects of clouds on the radiation budget. Oceanic precipitation using Nimbus 5 microwave data, and a new study of mesoscale applications of satellite infrared temperature and moisture soundings are also described.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-148777
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  • 70
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    Equatorial X-rays and their effect on the lower mesosphere (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: On the night of May 23/24, 1975, a sequence of rocket and balloon experiments was launched from Chilca Base, Peru (12.5 deg S, 76.8 deg W, magnetic dip = - 0.7 deg). Detailed analysis and comparisons of the data yielded the first direct measurement of lower mesospheric response to a galactic X-ray source. This result could only have been determined at the equator, where cosmic ray background effects are minimal. The objective of the experiments was to seek out the equatorial energetic electron belt, sporadically reported to contain fluxes near auroral levels, measure the bremsstrahlung radiation produced by this particle belt, and determine the influence of this radiation on the middle atmosphere. High altitude rocket payloads (Nike Tomahawk 18.170 and 18.171) were launched to probe the thermosphere during and following the anticipated downward drift period. Each carried an on-axis X-ray scintillation detector and Geiger Mueller energetic electron detectors. Magnetometers and lunar sensors were used to determine payload aspect.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71170 , X-912-76-166 , Intern. Symp. on Equatorial Aeronomy (ISEA); Aug 01, 1976; Townsville; Australia
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  • 71
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    Measurement of ozone transmissivity at low temperatures (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Low temperature medium resolution measurements of the transmissivity of the ozone band have been made in the laboratory. The range of conditions under which the measurements were made are: -48 to -22 C, .0029 U .71 atmo.cm., 680 P 742 mmHg. The apparatus used is described briefly, measurement conditions are summarized and the resulting spectra are shown.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-148161 , UMICH-012627-1-F
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  • 72
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    Three-dimensional dynamical and chemical modelling of the upper atmosphere (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Progress in coding a 3-D upper atmospheric model and in modeling the ozone perturbation resulting from the shuttle booster exhaust is reported. A time-dependent version of a 2-D model was studied and the sulfur cycle in the stratosphere was investigated. The role of meteorology in influencing stratospheric composition measurements was also studied.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-147102
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  • 73
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    Coordinated analysis of various auroral measurements made during NASA's 1968 and 1969 airborne auroral expeditions (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Auroral optical measurements made aboard NASA's CV 990 were analyzed. The measurements analyzed form a small part of extensive spectroscopic, photometric and photographic data gathered during the 1968 and 1969 Airborne Auroral Expeditions. Simultaneous particle measurements from ESRO IA satellite were used in the analysis. Information about magnetospheric boundaries, interaction between magnetosheath particles and the terrestrial ionosphere, the polar bulge in helium abundance and excitation mechanisms of the triplet state of atmospheric N2 in auroras was obtained. Further analysis of the data is required to elucidate the relation between 3466 and 5200 A emissions of NI and the excitation of 3726-3729 A emissions from atomic oxygen ions in auroras.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-146857
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  • 74
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    Theoretical and experimental studies of atmospheric structure and dynamics, using high altitude chemical release, Radio meteor, and meteorological rocket network and other data (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Data collected by the Georgia Tech Radio Meteor Wind Facility during the fall and winter of 1975 are analyzed indicating a relationship between lower thermospheric circulation at mid latitudes and polar stratospheric dynamics. Techniques of measurement of mixing processes in the upper atmosphere and the interpretation of those measurements are described along with a diffusion simulation program based on the Global Reference Atmosphere program.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-146433 , SASR-27
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  • 75
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    Electrostatic shocks as nonlinear ion acoustic waves (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A cold fluid approach is presented which yields exact double-layer solutions that can be used to model electrostatic S-type shocks. Solutions derived from the two-temperature electron model are presented in order to show the range of amplitudes and scale lengths possible for this plasma model and to examine how shock properties depend on orientation of the shock. The dependence of various double-layer quantities on plasma composition is then considered for the cold electron beam model. Double-layer solutions pertinent to describing electrostatic shocks are pointed out.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 11217-11
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  • 76
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    Geomagnetic field mapping from a satellite: Spatial power spectra of the geomagnetic field at various satellite altitudes relative to natural noise sources and instrument noise (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The spectra for the field are presented together with power spectra of the natural magnetospheric and ionosheric noise and a power spectrum of instrumental noise for a typical fluxgate magnetometer. The source of these data is described. The implications of these data relative to desirable instrument frequency resonse, stability and resolution specification as well as the implications relative to desirable spacecraft position and orientation accuracy specifications and desirable environmental (temperature, magnetic noise) specifications are discussed. Implications of these power spectra relative to choice of a suitable magnetometer and relative to desirable methods of data processing are considered. Finally, implications for desirable orbit and mission duration are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: PUBL-1810 , Alabama Univ. UAH/NASA Workshop on the Use of a Tethered Satellite System 5-32 (SEE N81-29479 20-42)
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  • 77
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    Midlatitude sporadic-E layers (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The partially transparent echo from midlatitude sporadic E layers was recorded by ionosondes between the blanketing frequency and the maximum frequency. The theory that the midlatitude sporadic E layers are not uniform in the horizontal plane but contain localized regions of high electron density was evaluated using data obtained by incoherent scatter radar and found to provide a satisfactory explanation. The main features of midlatitude sporadic E layers are consistent with the convergence of metallic ions as described by the wind shear theory applied to gravity waves and tides. The interference of gravity waves with other gravity waves and tides can be recognized in the altitudes of occurrence and the structure of the layers. Small scale horizontal irregularities are attributed in some cases to critical level effects and in others to fluid instabilities. The convergence of a meteor trail can, under some circumstances, account for localized enhancement of the electron density in the layer.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-153057 , REPT-76 , IULU-ENG-76-2507 , (ISSN 0568-0581)
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  • 78
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    Aeronomy report no. 74: The Urbana meteor-radar system; design, development, and first observations (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The design, development, and first observations of a high power meteor-radar system located near Urbana, Illinois are described. The roughly five-fold increase in usable echo rate compared to other facilities, along with automated digital data processing and interferometry measurement of echo arrival angles, permits unsurpassed observations of tidal structure and shorter period waves. Such observations are discussed. The technique of using echo decay rates to infer density and scale height and the method of inferring wind shear from radial acceleration are examined. An original experiment to test a theory of the Delta-region winter anomaly is presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-149386 , UILU-ENG-76-2505 , (ISSN 0568-0581)
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  • 79
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    Aeronomy report no. 73: Analysis of sounding rocket data from Punta Chilca, Peru (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A technique is described for measuring electron concentrations in the lower portion of the ionosphere above Punta Chilca. A radio-propagation experiment for measuring Faraday rotation is combined with a dc/Langmuir probe experiment for measuring electron current. The results obtained from the analysis of radio and probe data from Nike Apache 14.532, which was launched at 20:26 UT on May 28, 1975, at a solar zenith angle of 60 deg are presented. A comparison of the profiles of electron concentration indicates that the value of the maximum ionization in the D region under quiet conditions is proportional to the square of the cosine of the solar zenith angle.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-149385 , UILU-ENG-76-2504 , (ISSN 0568-0581)
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  • 80
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    Zonal average earth radiation budget measurements from satellites for climate studies (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Data from 29 months of satellite radiation budget measurements, taken intermittently over the period 1964 through 1971, are composited into mean month, season and annual zonally averaged meridional profiles. Individual months, which comprise the 29 month set, were selected as representing the best available total flux data for compositing into large scale statistics for climate studies. A discussion of spatial resolution of the measurements along with an error analysis, including both the uncertainty and standard error of the mean, are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-149319 , ATMOSPHERIC-SCIENCE-PAPER-240 , US-ISSN-0067-0340 , (ISSN 0067-0340)
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  • 81
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    Ionospheric Refraction Corrections in the GTDS for Satellite-To-Satellite Tracking Data (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: In satellite-to-satellite tracking (SST) geographic as well as diurnal ionospheric effects must be contended with, for the line of sight between satellites can cross a day-night interface or lie within the equatorial ionosphere. These various effects were examined and a method of computing ionospheric refraction corrections to range and range rate measurements with sufficient accuracy were devised to be used in orbit determinations. The Bent Ionospheric Model is used for SST refraction corrections. Making use of this model a method of computing corrections through large ionospheric gradients was devised and implemented into the Goddard Trajectory Determination System. The various considerations taken in designing and implementing this SST refraction correction algorithm are reported.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-156834 , REPT-76-W-117-F
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  • 82
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    Short period oscillations in total electron content (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The paper describes measurements of fluctuations in the total electron content along the propagation path of the radio beam between the ATS-6 geostationary satellite and the ground station. Short-period oscillations of the total electron content of about plus or minus 8 time 10 to the 13th electrons per sq m with a period of about 30 to 50 seconds were detected. These oscillations appear to be well correlated with the appearance of Type PC 4 micropulsations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 83
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    Effects of tidal oscillations in the neutral atmosphere on electron densities in the E-region (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 38; May 1976
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  • 84
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    Comparison of simultaneous magnetotail and polar ionospheric electric fields and energetic particles (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: DC electric fields and solar electrons were simultaneously measured by the Apollo 15 subsatellite in the earth's magnetotail at lunar orbital distance and by rocket and balloon experiments in the polar ionosphere. The magnetotail and polar ionosphere transverse electric fields are found generally to agree in magnitude and direction. The electron spectra from 0.5 to 200 keV are essentially identical, indicating that the potential difference due to parallel electric fields between the magnetotail and the rocket located in the polar ionosphere did not exceed approximately 500 V during the time of the measurements.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; May 1
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  • 85
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    Ion cyclotron wave growth calculated from satellite observations of the proton ring current during storm recovery (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; May 1
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  • 86
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    Magnetosheath lion roars (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The characteristics of lion roars, which are intense packets of electromagnetic waves characteristically found in the magnetosheath, are studied. The average frequency of the emissions is 120 Hz, with over 90% occurring between 90 and 160 Hz (which is near one-half the local electron gyrofrequency); over 70% of all emissions last a mere 2 sec or less; the maximum amplitude of lion roars has an average value of 85 milligamma, over 80% being between 40 and 160 milligamma. Occurrence of lion roars is related to the level of geomagnetic activity, measured by Kp. The probability of occurrence ranges from 10% during magnetically quiet intervals to 75% during disturbed periods. Polarization and wave normal direction of lion roars, determined by variance analysis of triaxial wave forms, are righ-handed circularly polarized, with propagation essentially along the ambient magnetic field.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; May 1
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  • 87
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    Characteristics of auroral electron acceleration regions observed by Atmosphere Explorer C (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Satellite measurements of electron precipitation and ion drift velocities showed that electron acceleration regions (or inverted V's) in the 1200 to 1800 MLT quadrant exhibit the following systematic behavior: electron distribution functions in the accelerated region can be well described by Maxwellian primary electron beams accelerated through an electrostatic potential; the typical inverted V latitudinal structure is always observed in the accelerated regions, the electrostatic potential reaching a maximum and consequently decreasing to near zero over distances of 100 to 250 km; the Maxwellian temperature of the primary electron beam increases systematically with increasing electrostatic potential; rather weak acceleration regions, characterized by values of the electrostatic potential below 1 keV and values of the Maxwellian temperature between 100 and 350 eV, occur in the cusp and in the highest-latitude portion of the dusk side electron precipitation zone.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; May 1
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  • 88
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    Electron angular distributions above the day side auroral oval (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An electrostatic analyzer, a Lepedea, was employed on the low-altitude satellite Ariel 4 in order to gain pitch angle distributions of electron intensities with good temporal resolution within the energy range 205 eV to 12.5 keV over the day side auroral oval. Two major precipitation zones were encountered: an equatorward zone of broad spectra with intensities of about 10 to the 4th el/sq cm/s/sr/eV and a poleward zone, the polar cusp, with intensities typical of those of the magnetosheath. Angular distributions within the equatorward zone are generally isotropic outside of the atmospheric backscatter cone. The precipitation mechanism would appear to be pitch angle scattering near the distant magnetic equator. In contrast, pitch angle distributions within the polar cusp are often found to be strongly field aligned with intensities within the atmospheric loss cone greater by factors of about 10 than the mirroring intensities.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Apr. 1
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  • 89
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    Correlated observations of several auroral substorms on February 17, 1971 (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The purpose of this study is to correlate in detail auroral activity with the corresponding disturbances in the magnetotail. The auroral data were recorded by optical instruments aboard an airplane flying over the Arctic Ocean along the Alaska meridian and by the Alaska meridian chain of all-sky cameras. The corresponding magnetotail observations were made by various instruments on Vela 6A and Imp 5; the interplanetary magnetic field was monitored concurrently by Explorer 35. Three successive substorms were observed on February 17, 1971. Each substorm was readily identified by the classical auroral and magnetic signatures which accompanied its onset. The observed variations of plasma and magnetic field in the magnetotail were consistent with the idea that a neutral line formed in the range X sub SM between -12 and -18 R sub E at the onset of each substorm expansive phase and then moved tailward past X sub SM = -18 R sub E some tens of minutes afterward. The Z component of the tail magnetic field decreased rather steadily for a period of 1-2 1/2 hours after each substorm and until the onset of the next expansive phase, reaching a minimum value just before each onset.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Apr. 1
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  • 90
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    Volcanic explosions and climatic change - A theoretical assessment (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A theoretical assessment is presented of the influence of volcanic activity on the climate. The methodology of radiative transfer calculations is described and the sources of the adopted parameters are considered. The dependence of various quantities of interest is plotted as a function of the change in the optical depth of the stratosphere at a reference wavelength. An investigation is conducted concerning the increase in optical depth produced by volcanic explosions. An estimate is obtained regarding the magnitude of the mean surface temperature change resulting from the added aerosols.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Feb. 20
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  • 91
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    A rocket measurement of the extreme ultraviolet dayglow (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Extreme ultraviolet spectra of the mid-latitude dayglow in the wavelength range of 550 to 1250A have been obtained with a rocket borne grating spectrometer at a resolution of 20A. Spectra were obtained in the altitude range of 140 to 280 km. The spectra are dominated by emissions from atomic multiplets and no molecular bands have been identified with certainty. The strongest emissions other than H Lyman-alpha are OI (989) and OII (834). Other prominent emissions include He I(584), N II(916) and N II(1085). An unexpected feature near 612A has an intensity comparable to He I(584).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 3; Apr. 197
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  • 92
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    Recombination of NO/+/ in the ionosphere (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Simultaneous nighttime measurements of ion and neutral concentrations and temperatures made by the Atmosphere Explorer-C satellite were used to determine the recombination rate coefficient of NO(+) as a function of electron temperature. The results agree in shape and absolute magnitude to within one standard deviation with those of Walls and Dunn (1974), indicating that NO(+) ions in the ionosphere may be in the ground vibrational state.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 3; Apr. 197
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  • 93
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    Determination of atomic oxygen density from rocket borne measurement of hydroxyl airglow (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 24; Apr. 197
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  • 94
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    Global atomic hydrogen density derived from OGO-6 Lyman-alpha measurements (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The paper analyzes a one-year set of Lyman-alpha airglow data measured in the local zenith at altitudes from 400 to 1100 km by a UV photometer aboard OGO-6. The zenith-intensity data are fitted to theoretical airglow calculations in four spherically symmetric models of the hydrogen geocorona to determine both the Ly-alpha solar flux at line center and the average atomic hydrogen column density. After correcting for a loss of instrument sensitivity, the Ly-alpha flux is found to be linearly correlated with daily Zurich sunspot number. It is also found that the hydrogen density is inversely correlated with Jacchia exospheric temperature, but the dependence is not that predicted by steady-state models with Jeans evaporative escape as the only loss mechanism. It is suggested that charge-exchange production of fast hydrogen atoms from 'hot' ionospheric protons might provide the additional loss this result requires.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 24; Apr. 197
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  • 95
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    Global atomic oxygen density derived from OGO-6 1304 A airglow measurements (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Results are presented for analysis of data on the atomic oxygen 1304-A triplet in the earth's dayglow between 400 and 1100 km which were obtained with the OGO-6 UV photometer during a 40-day period that included both quiet and disturbed conditions. Variations in the atomic oxygen column density are analyzed by obtaining best-fit models in which the 1304-A emission is produced by solar resonance scattering and photoelectron excitation. It is shown that the column density can be determined uniquely from the measured 1304-A intensity, provided the excitation processes can be described quantitatively. The values of the excitation parameters are determined directly from the data, and the deduced variations in column density over the daytime atmosphere are found to agree well with the Jacchia (1971) models. The latitudinal dependence of the column-density variations during a geomagnetic storm are discussed, the results are compared with recent measurements of the solar 1304-A fluxes as well as with calculations of the photoelectron excitation, and a method is suggested for determining the absolute atomic oxygen densities.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 24; Apr. 197
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  • 96
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    Correlation between microwave scattering and emission from land and sea at 13.9 GHz (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Correlations have been calculated between active and passive microwave responses received by the S-193 radiometer-scatterometer on Skylab. Over both land and sea, the correlations between polarizations are high, but the correlation between radiometer and scatterometer response at 30-deg incidence is negligible. This suggests that multipolarization instruments with this crude resolution (greater than 10 km in all cases) are redundant, but a combination of radiometer and scatterometer is useful. Correlations among the responses at different angles suggest that the five angles used in Skylab are more than would be useful between zero and 48 deg in future instruments, but that instruments with three angles of measurement would be useful. In small areas, conclusions based on these large-data-set averages may need to be modified.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 97
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    The absolute concentration of OH/X 2 Pi/ in the earth's stratosphere (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The letter reports two recent in-situ measurements of OH in the stratosphere between altitudes of 29 and 43 km using a resonance fluorescence technique that was previously employed for the measurement of ground-state atomic oxygen. The experimental technique is described in detail along with the photon detector and the absolute-calibration procedure. The results are found to indicate OH concentrations that approach the maximum predicted by current stratospheric photochemical theory.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 3; Mar. 197
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  • 98
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    Multiple scattered radiation emerging from Rayleigh and continental haze layers. II - Ellipticity and direction of polarization (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The ellipticity and the direction of polarization are calculated for radiation that has undergone multiple scattering from plane-parallel layers. Both the radiation emerging from the top of the layer and that transmitted through the bottom are considered. Two different phase functions are used for the scattering layer: Rayleigh and haze L. The direction of polarization of the reflected radiation shows little variation as the optical depth of the layer increases, but there is a much larger variation for the transmitted radiation. When the optical thickness is small, the direction of polarization for haze L varies rapidly with zenith angle near those angles at which the single-scattered polarization is zero. The ellipticity of the radiation from haze L layers increases at first in direct proportion to the optical thickness of the layer. In general, the ellipticity of the transmitted radiation is considerably greater than that of the reflected due to the greater average number of photon collisions in the former case. When the ellipticity is small, it is shown that the product of the polarization and the ellipticity is closely equal to -V/2I, where I and V are the first and fourth components of the Stokes vector.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics; 15; Apr. 197
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  • 99
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    Vertical ionization drifts in the lower equatorial ionosphere and the meridional current systems (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Mar. 1
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  • 100
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    Modulation of auroral electron fluxes in the frequency range 50 kHz to 10 MHz (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A sounding rocket-borne electron detector of high time resolution is used to search for modulation of auroral electron fluxes in the frequency range 50 kHz to 10 MHz and energy range 5-7 keV. Data were telemetered to ground via a 93-kHz subcarrier. A cross-correlation analysis of the data collected indicates low-level modulation near the detection threshold of the instrument. Two U-1 events are observed which are interpreted as indications of modulation. The two modulation events occur during a period of increasing flux for a region marking the boundary between two current sheets detected by the payload magnetometer. The strongest argument against interference contamination is the lack of any observable modulation at times other than those mentioned in the study.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Mar. 1
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