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  • 1
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    Characterization of the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment radiometers (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) scanning radiometers were used to measure the earth's radiation fields during the period November 1984 through February 1990. The ERBE radiometric packages were placed into orbit aboard the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS) and the NOAA-9 and NOAA-10 spacecraft platforms. In each radiometric package, thermistor bolometers were used as detection elements for the broadband total (0,2 - 50,0 microns), shortwave (0,2 - 5,0 microns), and longwave (5,0 - 50,0 microns) spectral regions. Flight calibration facilities were built into each of the spacecraft radiometric packages. The flight facilities consisted of black bodies, tungsten lamps, and silicon photodiodes. The black bodies and tungsten lamps were found to be reliable at precision levels approaching 0,5 percent over a five-year period. The photodiodes were found to degrade more than 2 percent during the first year in orbit. In this paper, the flight calibration systems for the ERBE scanning radiometers are described along with the resultant measurements.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Metrologia (ISSN 0026-1394); 28; 183-187
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  • 2
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    Solar irradiance measurements - Minimum through maximum solar activity (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS) and the NOAA-9 spacecraft solar monitors were used to measure the total solar irradiance during the period October 1984 to December 1989. Decreasing trends in the irradiance measurements were observed as sunspot activity decreased to minimum levels in 1986; after 1986, increasing trends were observed as sunspot activity increased. The magnitude of the irradiance variability was found to be approximately 0.1 percent between sunspot minimum and maximum (late 1989). When compared with the 1984 to 1989 indices of solar magnetic activity, the irradiance trends appear to be in phase with the 11-year sunspot cycle. Both irradiance series yielded 1,365/sq Wm as the mean value of the solar irradiance, normalized to the mean earth/sun distance. The monitors are electrical substitution, active-cavity radiometers with estimated measurement precisions and accuracies of less than 0.02 and 0.2 percent, respectively.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Metrologia (ISSN 0026-1394); 28; 265-268
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  • 3
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    First realisation of the Space Absolute Radiometric Reference (SARR) during the ATLAS 2 flight period (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A number of different solar constant observations all made from space during the ATLAS 2 mission have been gathered and compared to each other. The Sun did not have a single sunspot during several days. As eight of the radiometric channels were all within 0.1%, the mean of the observations has been used to determine a set of adjustment factors providing de facto the definition of the Space Absolute Radiometric Reference (SARR). The differential absolute radiometers of Solar Constant (SOLCON) experiment and the Solar Variability-1 (SOVA 1) experiment, as well as the SOVA 2 and Active Cavity Radiometer (ACR) radiometers that have been brought back to the Earth may, if used in the same conditions, reproduce and maintain the SARR for the future.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 16; 8; p. (8)17-(8)23
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  • 4
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    Radiation budget measurements for the eighties and nineties (1994)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) consisted of a scanning radiometer and non-scanning radiometers on each of three spacecraft. These instruments began flying in October 1984. The nonscanning radiometers continue to operate, providing broadband radiation measurements of the Earth's outgoing longwave radiation and reflected solar radiation, in addition to measurements of the solar output. The Clouds and Earth Radiant Energy System (CERES) features a scanning radiometer, which is an improved version of the ERBE scanning radiometer, and will fly on the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission and Earth Observation System platforms in the late nineties. The CERES project will provide not only radiant fluxes at the 'top of the atmosphere' (TOA), but also at the surface and will compute radiant flux divergence through the atmosphere.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 14; 1; p. (1)81-(1)84
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  • 5
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    Solar irradiance measurements using the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment solar monitors (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
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  • 6
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    Solar calibration results from two earth radiation budget experiment nonscanner instruments (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) makes use of three sets of two independent, but complementary, flight instruments. The two instruments in each set include a three-channel narrow field-of-view scanning instrument (scanner) and a five-channel wide field-of-view staring instrument (nonscanner). The ERBE nonscanner instruments are designed for the conduction of broad spectral and spatial measurements of the earth's reflected solar and emitted radiation and the determination of the incident solar flux. The nonscanner solar calibration process is considered along with the solar calibration results. A description of the data processing algorithms is also provided, taking into account the earth viewing channels and the solar monitor.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT INSTRUMENTATION
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 25; 540-545
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  • 7
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    Intercomparison of solar total irradiance data from recent spacecraft measurements (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Earth Radiation Budget Experiment solar total irradiance data obtained by the solar monitors of the NOAA 9 and 10 spacecraft are presently compared with those obtained by the Solar Maximum Mission's Active Cavity Irradiance Monitor 1, as well as sounding rockets and the Nimbus 7 Earth Radiation Budget channel 10C. A disparity is noted among total irradiance values obtained in near-simultaneous measurements with absolute pyrheliometers of similar design and operational modes which (1) indicates the uncertainty associated with currently available instruments, and (2) recommends intercalibration of electrically self-calibrating pyrheliometers from spacecraft.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 93; 9503-950
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  • 8
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    The Contribution of the Solcon Instrument to the Long Term Total Solar Irradiance Observation (1999)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: On century time scales, the variation in the total solar irradiance received by the earth is believed to be a major climate change driver. Therefore accurate and time stable measurements of the total solar irradiance are necessary. We present the latest contribution of the SOLar CONstant (SOLCON) instrument to these measurements, namely its measurements during the International Extreme Ultraviolet Hitchhiker (IEH) 3 space shuttle flight, and its results: the verification of the ageing of the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS), and the measurement of the Space Absolute Radiometric Reference (SARR) adjustment coefficients for the Variability of solar IRradiance and Gravity Oscillations (VIRGO) radiometers.
    Keywords: Solar Physics
    Type: 1999 Shuttle Small Payloads Symposium; 275-283; NASA/CP-1999-209476
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  • 9
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    Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) algorithm theoretical basis document (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The theoretical bases for the Release 1 algorithms that will be used to process satellite data for investigation of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) are described. The architecture for software implementation of the methodologies is outlined. Volume 2 details the techniques used to geolocate and calibrate the CERES scanning radiometer measurements of shortwave and longwave radiance to invert the radiances to top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) and surface fluxes following the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) approach, and to average the fluxes over various time and spatial scales to produce an ERBE-like product. Spacecraft ephemeris and sensor telemetry are used with calibration coefficients to produce a chronologically ordered data product called bidirectional scan (BDS) radiances. A spatially organized instrument Earth scan product is developed for the cloud-processing subsystem. The ERBE-like inversion subsystem converts BDS radiances to unfiltered instantaneous TOA and surface fluxes. The TOA fluxes are determined by using established ERBE techniques. Hourly TOA fluxes are computed from the instantaneous values by using ERBE methods. Hourly surface fluxes are estimated from TOA fluxes by using simple parameterizations based on recent research. The averaging process produces daily, monthly-hourly, and monthly means of TOA and surface fluxes at various scales. This product provides a continuation of the ERBE record.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: NASA-RP-1376-Vol-2 , NAS 1.61:1376-Vol-2 , L-17521
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  • 10
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    The 1979 Southeastern Virginia Urban Plume Study. Volume 1: Description of experiments and selected aircraft data (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Southeastern Virginia Urban Plume Study (SEV-UPS) utilizes remote sensors and satellite platforms to monitor the Earth's environment and resources. SEV-UPS focuses on the application of specific remote sensors to the monitoring and study of specific air quality problems. The 1979 SEV-UPS field program was conducted with specific objectives: (1) to provide correlative data to evaluate the Laser Absorption spectrometer ozone remote sensors; (2) to demonstrate the utility of the sensor for the study of urban ozone problems; (3) to provide additional insights into air quality phenomena occuring in Southeastern Virginia; and (4) to compare measurement results of various in situ measurement platforms. The field program included monitoring from 12 surface stations, 4 aircraft, 2 tethered balloons, 2 radiosonde release sites, and numerous surface meteorological observation sites. The aircraft monitored 03, NO, NOX, Bscat, temperature, and dewpoint temperature.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: NASA-TM-81860-VOL-1
    Format: application/pdf
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