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  • GEOPHYSICS  (449)
  • SOLAR PHYSICS  (258)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1975-1979  (707)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1976  (707)
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  • 1985-1989
  • 1975-1979  (707)
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  • 1
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    Solar and magnetospheric science (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-28
    Beschreibung: The current status of the Solar Physics Program and the Magnetospheric Physics Program is discussed. The scientific context for each of the programs is presented, then the current programs and future plans are outlined.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-TM-X-3440
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
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    ATM observations - X-ray results (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-28
    Beschreibung: Preliminary results of the solar X-ray observations from Skylab are reviewed which indicate a highly structured nature for the corona, with closed magnetic-loop structures over a wide range of size scales. A description of the S-054 experiments is provided, and values are given for the parameters - including size, density, and temperature - describing a variety of typical coronal features. The structure and evolution of active regions, coronal holes, and bright points are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: Astrophysics and Space Science; 39; Jan. 197
    Format: text
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  • 3
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    Simultaneous equatorial observations of 1- to 30-Hz waves and pitch angle distributions of ring current ions (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-28
    Beschreibung: Eighteen events of large-amplitude (0.4-6 gammas) waves which may be propagating in the ion cyclotron mode have een observed by Explorer 45. Comparison with simultaneously measured proton distributions has allowed the events to be divided into two categories. The first category consists of waves accompanied by enhanced ion fluxes apparently injected into the plasmasphere with anisotropic pitch-angle distributions. This simultaneity suggests that these waves may be generated by the observed ring-current ions. Waves in the second category were found near or outside the plasmapause and were not correlated with any identifiable changes in the observed proton distribution. The generation mechanism for these waves remains unknown.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Dec. 1
    Format: text
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  • 4
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    An atlas of coronal hole boundary positions May 28 to November 21, 1973 (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-28
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: Solar Physics; 46; Feb. 197
    Format: text
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  • 5
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    The NASA program on upper atmospheric research (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-27
    Beschreibung: The purpose of the NASA Upper Atmospheric Research Program is to develop a better understanding of the physical and chemical processes that occur in the earth's upper atmosphere with emphasis on the stratosphere.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-TM-X-74608
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 6
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    Missile impact craters (White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico) and applications to lunar research: Contributions to astrogeology (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-14
    Beschreibung: No abstract available
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: USGS-PAPER-812-B , LC-75-619096
    Format: text
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  • 7
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    Coronal holes as sources of solar wind (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-13
    Beschreibung: We investigate the association of high-speed solar wind with coronal holes during the Skylab mission by: (1) direct comparison of solar wind and coronal X-ray data; (2) comparison of near-equatorial coronal hole area with maximum solar wind velocity in the associated streams; and (3) examination of the correlation between solar and interplanetary magnetic polarities. We find that all large near-equatorial coronal holes seen during the Skylab period were associated with high-velocity solar wind streams observed at 1 AU.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: Solar Physics; 46; Feb. 197
    Format: text
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  • 8
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    Flare build-up study; Proceedings of the Workshop, Falmouth, Mass., September 8-11, 1975 (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-27
    Beschreibung: The papers deal with problems which might be common to solar flares and earth's magnetosphere, problems associated with the initial phases of the flare phenomenon, the acceleration processes that seem to occur in flares and the magnetosphere, as well as the buildup and storage of flare energy in magnetic-field structures. Topics include the active role of magnetic fields in providing flare energy, current-sheet models of solar flares, the role of plasma turbulence in flare development, similarities and differences between magnetospheric substorms and solar flares, observations of magnetic merging in earth's magnetotail during magnetospheric substorms, evidence for magnetic-energy storage in coronal active regions, the possible role of transition-zone instabilities in preflare energy buildup, and flare energy storage and deposition. Other papers discuss energy release through the interaction of coronal magnetic fields, photospheric electric currents as a source of flare energy, magnetic-energy buildup in the solar atmosphere, magnetic and velocity fields in an active region, flare onset at meter wavelengths, laboratory experiments on field-line reconnection, key problems in auroral flare processes, and the solar-physics Shuttle/Spacelab program. Individual items are announced in this issue.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: Flare build-up study Workshop; Sept. 8-11, 1975; Falmouth, MA; US
    Format: text
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  • 9
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    Atmospheric ozone measurements made from B-747 airliners - Spring 1975 (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Atmospheric ozone in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere north of the equator has been registered aboard two commercial B-747 airliners during the Spring of 1975. This monitoring is part of a much broader and continuing project developed by NASA and known as the Global Atmospheric Sampling Program (GASP). Additional flight and meteorological conditions have also been automatically recorded on board concurrent with the ozone measurements. Independently-derived tropopause pressure information was available from NMC data archives and was used to identify stratospheric and tropospheric flight. The composite ozone, flight and meteorological data are reported for selected dates in March, April, and May. Attention is drawn particularly to the vertical profiles of atmospheric ozone mixing ratio as a function of both distance from the tropopause and curvature of the streamlines. The GASP observations suggest that ozone levels typical of the lower stratosphere are often embedded in the upper troposphere, principally during occasions when cyclonic wind curvature was noted.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Joint Symposium on Atmospheric Ozone; Aug 09, 1976 - Aug 17, 1976; Dresden; Germany
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  • 10
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    Satellite observations of the global distribution of stratospheric ozone (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Observations of backscattered radiation from an Orbiting Geophysical Observatory (OGO) Satellite were used to determine the global distribution of ozone in different layers in the middle and upper stratosphere. The derived distributions show significant seasonal and geographic variations with important differences indicated between winter and summer hemisphere distributions. The OGO derived distributions are compared with other observations (rocket and satellite) and with photochemical calculations. It is suggested that the increased ozone mixing ratio in the high latitude winter hemisphere can be accounted for by transport processes up to about 40-45 km and by the effects of seasonal variations of NOX, HOX and temperature in the region above.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Observed and Theoretical Variations of Atmospheric Ozone; 19 p|Intern. Ozone Symp.; Aug 09, 1976 - Aug 17, 1976; Dresden
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  • 11
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    Observed and theoretical variations of atmospheric ozone (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Results are summarized from three areas of ozone research: (1) continued analysis of the global distribution of total ozone to extend the global ozone atlas to summarize 15 years (1957-72) of ground based observations; (2) analysis of balloon borne ozonesonde observations for Arosa, Switzerland, and Hohenpeissenberg, Germany (GFR); (3) contined processing of the (Orbiting Geophysical Observatory-4) satellite data to complete the analysis of the stratospheric ozone distribution from the available OGO-4 data. Results of the analysis of the total ozone observations indicated that the long term ozone variation have marked regional patterns and tend to alternate with season and hemisphere. It is becoming increasingly clear that these long period changes are associated with large scale variations in the general upper atmosphere circulation patterns.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-CR-154595
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 12
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    F-region enhancements induced by solar flares (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: ATS-6 total electron content (NT) observations during solar flares exhibit four types of response: (1) a sudden increase in NT (SITEC) for about 2 min with several maxima in growth rate, then a maximum or a distinct slowing in growth, followed by a slow smooth increase to a flat peak, and finally a slow decay in NT; (2) a SITEC that occurs during ionospheric storms, where NT decays abruptly after the first maximum; (3) slow enhancements devoid of distinct impulsive structure in growth rate; and (4) no distinct response in NT, even for relatively large soft X-ray flares. Flare-induced increases in NT are dominated by low-loss F2 ionization produced by 90-911-A emission. The impulsive flare component is relatively intense in the 90-911-A range, but is short lived and weak for flares near the edge of the visible solar disk and for certain slow flares. The impulsive flare component produces the rapid rise, the sharp maxima in growth rate, and the first maximum in SITECs. The slow flare components are strong in the 1-90-A range but relatively weak in the 90-911-A range and accumulatively contribute to the second maximum in type 1 and 3 events, except during storms when F2 loss rates are abnormally high in type 2 events.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Symposium on The geophysical use of satellite beacon observations; Jun 01, 1976 - Jun 04, 1976; Boston, MA
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  • 13
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    Results of correlative studies of a complex solar active region /McMath 12387/ during the Skylab mission (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Results of correlative studies employing Skylab/ATM X-Ray Telescope filter-heliograms, solar magnetograms, and H alpha spectroheliograms of the complex solar active region McMath 12387 for 10-18 June 1973 are presented. Evolutionary changes within the complex region are discussed. Magnetic field calculations, using both potential and force-free models, have been performed and the results are presented. We also determine temperatures, emission measures, and electron densities and show the variation with time of the X-ray emission from the entire complex.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: Symposium and Workshop on Results from Coordinated Upper Atmosphere Measurement Programs; May 29, 1975 - May 31, 1975|Open Meetings of Working Groups on Physical Sciences; May 29, 1975 - Jun 07, 1975; Varna; Bulgaria
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  • 14
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    The temperature and density structures of an X-ray flare during the decay phase (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The X-ray flare of 9 August 1973 was characterized by a spatially small kernel structure which persisted throughout its duration. The decay phase of this flare was observed in the objective grating mode of the X-ray telescope aboard the Skylab. Data analysis was carried out by scanning the images with a microdensitometer, converting the density arrays to energy using laboratory film calibration data and taking cross sections of the energy images. The 9 August flare shows two distinct periods in its decay phase, involving both cooling and material loss. The objective grating observations reveal that the two phenomena are separated in time. During the earlier phase of the flare decay, the distribution of emission measure as a function of temperature is changing, the high temperature component of the distribution being depleted relative to the cooler body of plasma. As the decay continues, the emission measure distribution stabilizes and the flux diminishes as the amount of material at X-ray emitting temperatures decreases.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: Open Meetings of Working Groups on Physical Sciences; May 29, 1975 - Jun 07, 1975; Varna; Bulgaria|Symposium and Workshop on Results from Coordinated Upper Atmosphere Measurement Programs; May 29, 1975 - May 31, 1975
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  • 15
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    The profile of the helium 584 A solar line - Preliminary results from rocket-borne resonance absorption spectrometer (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: A measurement of the line profile of the He I 584 A line from the sun has been made on board a rocket on 20 January 1975. Wavelength resolution is obtained by the resonance absorption method. The instrument is described, and its performance in flight is analysed. The principles of data reduction are given, and preliminary results are presented and compared with available data from other sources. The width of the solar He I resonance line is found to be larger than 110 mA.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: Open Meetings of Working Groups on Physical Sciences; May 29, 1975 - Jun 07, 1975; Varna; Bulgaria|Symposium and Workshop on Results from Coordinated Upper Atmosphere Measurement Programs; May 29, 1975 - May 31, 1975
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  • 16
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    Grad E x B effects on heavy ions in the magnetosphere (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Following a theory briefing on the currents in a plasma of mixed species caused by the motion of charged particles, the paper presents a report on the observations of regions of the magnetosphere in which significant values of grad E (E being the electric field) can be inferred from measurements of E made on board the IMP 6 satellite using two pairs of long (91.5 m and 45.7 m) unfurlable antenna sensors. Electric fields were measured by applying double floating probe techniques to the antenna sensors, and grad E values of up to 1.4/1000 emu were inferred from the fluctuations in E along the orbit. The critical values of grad E for various ions, in a range of magnetic fields are compared, and the difference in the behavior of Ba+ ions which cause Ba+ currents in the subcritical and supercritical regions is discussed. The results show that the electric currents flowing in the E x B direction may cause secondary polarization fields on the barium cloud. The possible significance of these effects to natural geophysical phenomena is also pointed out.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Open Meetings of Working Groups on Physical Sciences; May 29, 1975 - Jun 07, 1975; Varna; Bulgaria|Symposium and Workshop on Results from Coordinated Upper Atmosphere Measurement Programs; May 29, 1975 - May 31, 1975
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  • 17
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    The earth as a radio source (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Satellite measurements of the natural LF radio emission of the earth's magnetosphere are summarized, and the earth is compared as radio source to such familiar sources as Jupiter, Saturn and the sun. Two principal modes of radio emission from the earth's magnetosphere have been identified: auroral km-wavelength radiation and a continuum radiation. Characteristic spectra of the two modes are displayed. Other modes, not yet studied in much detail, are: dayside km-wavelength radiation, emission upstream of the bow shock, and narrow-bandwidth radio bursts. Emissions from the Jovian moon Io and from pulsars are also drawn upon for comparison. Current views on the sources of these terrestrial radio emissions are summarized.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Magnetospheric particles and fields Summer Advanced Study School; Aug 04, 1975 - Aug 15, 1975; Graz; Austria
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  • 18
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    Ultraviolet stellar spectra obtained with Skylab experiment S019 (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: AIAA PAPER 74-1244 , Conference on Scientific investigations on the Skylab satellite; Oct 30, 1974 - Nov 01, 1974; Huntsville, AL
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  • 19
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    A scenario on polarization in a planetary atmosphere (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: A great deal of information can be obtained about aerosol and Rayleigh scattering by observing the polarization state for both reflected and transmitted radiation. Results of neutral point behavior are presented for (1) a Rayleigh or molecular scattering atmosphere; (2) a haze L distribution of aerosols typical of those found in the earth's atmosphere; and (3) two actual models of the earth's atmosphere which combine Rayleigh scattering with a normal aerosol content and with a one-third normal aerosol content.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Seminar on Polarized light: Instruments, devices, applications; Aug 24, 1976 - Aug 25, 1976; San Diego, CA
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  • 20
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    Image intensifier tube observations of the OH airglow during the Space Shuttle simulation (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The OH airglow studies discussed have evolved from a lead-sulfide-cell scanning photometer to photographic techniques to, currently, image-tube photography. During the Space Shuttle Simulation, photography (35-mm and 16-mm) and filter-wheel photometry of submicron OH airglow were performed aboard the NASA CV990 Airborne Laboratory. Examples of ground-based and airborne photographs are presented for comparison. Analysis of the aircraft data is described.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Southwest Regional Conference for Astronomy and Astrophysics; Jul 12, 1975; Lubbock, TX
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  • 21
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    On the interpretation of least squares collocation (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: A demonstration is given of the strict mathematical equivalence between the least squares collocation and the classical minimum variance estimates. It is shown that the least squares collocation algorithms are a special case of the modified minimum variance estimates. The computational efficiency of several forms of the general minimum variance estimation algorithm is discussed. It is pointed out that for certain geodetic applications the least square collocation algorithm may provide a more efficient formulation of the results from the point of view of the computations required.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Long-time predictions in dynamics; Aug 03, 1975 - Aug 16, 1975; Cortina d''Ampezzo; Italy
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  • 22
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    The sun as a magnetic star (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The sun as a magnetic star is described on the basis of recent work on solar magnetism. Observations at an arbitrary angle to the rotation axis would show a 22-year polar field variation and a 25-day equatorial sector variation. The sector variation would be similar to an oblique rotator with an angle of 90 deg between the magnetic and rotational axis.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: Colloquium on Physics of Ap-stars; Sep 08, 1975 - Sep 11, 1975; Vienna; Austria
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  • 23
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    Atmospheric ozone measurements made from B-747 AIRLINERS: Spring 1975 (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Atmospheric ozone in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere north of the equator has been registered aboard two commercial B-747 airliners. The composite ozone, flight and meteorological data are reported. Attention is drawn particularly to the vertical profiles of atmospheric ozone mixing ratio as a function of both distance from the tropopause and curvature of the streamlines. The GASP observations suggest that ozone levels typical of the lower stratosphere are often embedded in the upper troposphere, principally during occassions when cyclonic wind curvature was noted.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-TM-X-73675 , Joint Symp. on Atmospheric Ozone; Aug 09, 1976 - Aug 17, 1976; Dresden
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  • 24
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    Research of Magnetospheric Physics Phenomena Using Sounding Rockets (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: A bibliography of approximately 25 papers is presented on the Electron Echo Experiments. The data analysis included an extensive study of the electron accelerator beam, detector data correlations with the electron beam injections, and the study of about 30 onboard detected echoes.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-CR-152503
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  • 25
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    Skylab experiment SO73: Gegenschein/zodiacal light (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: A 10 color photoelectric polarimeter was used to measure the surface brightness and polarization associated with zodiacal light, background starlight, and spacecraft corona during each of the Skylab missions. Fixed position and sky scanning observations were obtained during Skylab missions SL-2 and SL-3 at 10 wavelenghts between 4000A and 8200A. Initial results from the fixed-position data are presented on the spacecraft corona and on the polarized brightness of the zodiacal light. Included among the fixed position regions that were observed are the north celestial pole, south ecliptic pole, two regions near the north galactic pole, and 90 deg from the sun in the ecliptic. The polarized brightness of the zodiacal light was found to have the color of the sun at each of these positions. Because previous observations found the total brightness to have the color of the sun from the near ultraviolet out to 2.4 micrometers, the degree of polarization of the zodiacal light is independent of wavelength from 4000A to 8200A.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-CR-150186
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  • 26
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    Reduction and analysis of ATS-6 data (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The reduction of data obtained by the experiment on ATS-6 is presented and a scientific analysis of the data is included. During the period covered significant progress was made in both reduction and analysis of ATS-6 data. The relationship between the direction of the interplanetary magnetic field and the fluxes of energetic electrons at the synchronous altitude was clarified, and a simple model of the energetic electron environment as observed by ATS-6 was developed and a simple empirical relationship was extended, which predicts the maximum energetic electron flux to be expected at the synchronous orbit.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-CR-149460 , ATR-76(7580)-1
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  • 27
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    Atmospheric aerosols: Their Optical Properties and Effects (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Measured properties of atmospheric aerosol particles are presented. These include aerosol size frequency distribution and complex retractive index. The optical properties of aerosols are computed based on the presuppositions of thermodynamic equilibrium and of Mie-theory.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-CP-2004 , Dec 13, 1976 - Dec 15, 1976; Williamsburg, VA; United States
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  • 28
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    Atmospheric aerosols: Their Optical Properties and Effects (supplement) (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: A digest of technical papers is presented. Topics include aerosol size distribution from spectral attenuation with scattering measurements; comparison of extinction and backscattering coefficients for measured and analytic stratospheric aerosol size distributions; using hybrid methods to solve problems in radiative transfer and in multiple scattering; blue moon phenomena; absorption refractive index of aerosols in the Denver pollution cloud; a two dimensional stratospheric model of the dispersion of aerosols from the Fuego volcanic eruption; the variation of the aerosol volume to light scattering coefficient; spectrophone in situ measurements of the absorption of visible light by aerosols; a reassessment of the Krakatoa volcanic turbidity, and multiple scattering in the sky radiance.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-CP-2004-SUPPL , Dec 13, 1976 - Dec 15, 1976; Williamsburg, VA; United States
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  • 29
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    Diurnal measurements with prototype CMOS Omega receivers (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Diurnal signals from eight omega channels have been monitored at 10.2 KHz for selected station pairs. All eight Omega stations have been received at least 50 percent of the time over a 24 hour period during the month of October 1976. The data presented confirm the expected performance of the CMOS omega sensor processor in being able to digsignals out of a noisy environment. Of particular interest are possibilities for use of antipodal reception phenomena and a need for some ways of correcting for multi-modal propagation effects.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-CR-149160 , TM-42
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  • 30
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    Global measurements of gaseous and aerosol trace species in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere from daily flights of 747 airliners (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Extensive measurements include ozone, carbon monoxide, water vapor, and aerosol and condensation nuclei number density. Less extensive measurements include chlorofluoromethanes, sulfates and nitrates. Certain meteorological and flight information are also recorded at the time of these measurements. World routes range in latitude from about 60 deg N near North America to about 40 deg S over Australia and 23 deg S over South America. Typical data show significant changes in ozone, carbon monoxide, and water vapor when crossing the tropopause either during changes in altitude or at cruise altitude. These gases as well as light scattering particles and condensation nuclei exhibit considerable variability along a flight route.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-TM-X-73544 , E-8945 , Joint Symp. of the Am. Geophys. Union; Nov 10, 1976 - Nov 12, 1976; Miami, FL; United States
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  • 31
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    Evaluation of upwelling infrared radiance from the earth's troposphere (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Basic equations for calculating the upwelling atmospheric radiance are presented. Theoretical formulation of the transmittance models (line-by-line and quasi-random band) and computational procedures for the evaluation of transmittance and radiance are discussed. This information is useful in the interpretation of the data obtained from measuring gaseous pollutants in the troposphere.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: ASME PAPER 76-HT-5 , Heat Transfer Conference; Aug 09, 1976 - Aug 11, 1976; St. Louis, MO
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    The magnetosphere (1976)
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    Beschreibung: The terrestrial magnetic field shields the earth from the supersonic wind of the expanding solar atmosphere, forming a cavity called the magnetosphere. Since the velocity of the solar wind is supersonic, a detached shock wave stands in front of this cavity. The flow past the cavity is viscous, drawing the field lines back into a long tail. In this paper we review briefly the nature of the magnetosphere, the outstanding problem areas in this field, and what space missions are needed to attack these problems.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: IAF PAPER 76-068 , International Astronautical Congress; Oct 10, 1976 - Oct 16, 1976; Anaheim, CA
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  • 33
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    Time development of a small solar X-ray burst (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The 5.1-7.2 A X-ray emission from the sun was studied via OSO-8 with a high-resolution PET crystal spectrometer during the week of 17 November 1975, when the sun was active. The combination of good temporal and spectral resolution permitted the analysis of the data with multithermal coronal models over the course of a small X-ray burst.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: COSPAR, Plenary Meeting; Jun 08, 1976 - Jun 19, 1976; Philadelphia, PA
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  • 34
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    Day-to-day variability of the equatorial electrojet, as observed by rocket-borne magnetometers (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: COSPAR, Plenary Meeting; Jun 08, 1976 - Jun 19, 1976; Philadelphia, PA
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  • 35
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    The storm-time equatorial electrojet (1976)
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    Beschreibung: A Petrel rocket carrying a double cell rubidium magnetometer was launched from the Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station during the early main phase of a magnetic storm. No ionospheric currents associated with the storm were observed and the large field depression, at the flight time, must therefore be attributed to currents at higher altitudes. The equatorial enhancement of ionospheric magnetic storm currents, predicted on the basis of theory and earlier ground data, was not observed.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: COSPAR, Plenary Meeting; Jun 08, 1976 - Jun 19, 1976; Philadelphia, PA
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  • 36
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    Detailed gravimetric geoid computations in North America (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: A detailed gravimetric geoid has been computed for the Eastern United States and the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean by combining the Goddard Space Flight Center GEM-8 earth gravity model with the available 15 x 15 arcmin and 1 x 1 deg mean free air surface gravity observations. The short wavelength undulations were computed by applying Stokes' formula to the 15 x 15 arcmin and 1 x 1 deg surface data. The long wavelength undulations were provided by the GEM-8 model. The gravimetric geoid has been compared with Geoceiver derived and astrogeodetically determined geoid heights in the United States and the rms agreement is on the order of 1.5 meters. Excellent agreement in shape has been found between the detailed geoid and geoidal profiles derived from GEOS-III altimeter data in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: COSPAR, Plenary Meeting; Jun 08, 1976 - Jun 19, 1976; Philadelphia, PA
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  • 37
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    Modeling of the orbital evolution of vaporizing dust particles near the sun (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: Interplanetary dust and zodiacal light; Jun 10, 1975 - Jun 13, 1975; Heidelberg
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  • 38
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    Polarization of the zodiacal light - First results from Skylab (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: A brief description is given of the Skylab ten color photoelectric photometer and the programs of measurements made during Skylab missions SL-2 and SL-3. Results obtained on the polarized brightness of zodiacal light at five points on the antisolar hemisphere are discussed and compared with other published data for the north celestial pole, south ecliptic pole, at elongation 90 degrees on the ecliptic, and at two places near the north galactic pole.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Interplanetary dust and zodiacal light; Jun 10, 1975 - Jun 13, 1975; Heidelberg
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  • 39
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    The S sub 10 /V/ unit of surface brightness (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Some discrepancies in the use of the unit of zodiacal light measurements - S sub 10 (V), which is the equivalent number of tenth magnitude stars of solar spectral type per square degree - are discussed. It is suggested that: (1) the S sub 10 (V) unit be understood to represent 10th magnitude solar (G2V) stars per square degree at mean solar distance, (2) the V refers to the visual color in the UBV system defined by Johnson and Morgan (1953), (3) the apparent solar visual magnitude be taken as -26.73 and the B-V index as .63, (4) the solar spectral irradiance values of Labs and Neckel (1970) be used, and (5) when using Vega as a standard to obtain brightnesses in S sub 10 (V), +.04 be used as its magnitude at all wavelengths and the irradiance values of Hayes and Latham (1975) be used.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Interplanetary dust and zodiacal light; Jun 10, 1975 - Jun 13, 1975; Heidelberg
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  • 40
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    Pioneer 10 observations of zodiacal light brightness near the ecliptic - Changes with heliocentric distance (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Sky maps made by the Pioneer 10 Imaging Photopolarimeter (IPP) at sun-spacecraft distances from 1 to 3 AU have been analyzed to derive the brightness of the zodiacal light near the ecliptic at elongations greater than 90 degrees. The change in zodiacal light brightness with heliocentric distance is compared with models of the spatial distribution of the dust. Use of background starlight brightnesses derived from IPP measurements beyond the asteroid belt, where the zodiacal light is not detected, and, especially, use of a corrected calibration lead to considerably lower values for zodiacal light than those reported by us previously.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Interplanetary dust and zodiacal light; Jun 10, 1975 - Jun 13, 1975; Heidelberg
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    Space observations of the zodiacal light (1976)
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    Beschreibung: An annotated tabular listing of balloon, rocket, satellite and space probe observations of zodiacal light from 1962 to 1974 is presented. Some selected results concerning zodiacal light observations from Skylab and Pioneers 10 and 11 are discussed, and some remarks on wavelength and spatial coverage of zodiacal light observations are made, noting the paucity of space observations in the ultraviolet and near the sun.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Interplanetary dust and zodiacal light; Jun 10, 1975 - Jun 13, 1975; Heidelberg
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  • 42
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    Ionization by energetic electrons in the midlatitude nighttime E region (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Observations of the electron density profile and flux of energetic electrons obtained in two rocket flights at Wallops Island near midnight are presented. The ionization rates of the upper E region deduced from the electron density profiles are found to support the dependence on Kp established in previous observation. Calculations of the ionization rates using the observed electron fluxes show agreement with the values derived from the electron density profiles.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: COSPAR, Plenary Meeting; Jun 08, 1976 - Jun 19, 1976; Philadelphia, PA
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  • 43
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    EUV absorption analysis of thermospheric structure from AE-satellite observations of 1974-1976 (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Atmospheric absorption characteristics at various selected wavelengths of solar EUV emission have been observed by spectrophotometers on the Atmosphere Explorer satellites. Two levels of results are defined as (A) results independent of any cross section values and involving no specific atmospheric model assumptions, and (B) results expressed in terms of particle concentrations, mass density, and other aeronomical parameters. The present report will mostly deal with results of type B, with emphasis on molecular oxygen. Studies of EUV-derived results in correlation with results of other simultaneous experiments on the same satellite are expected soon to improve the assessment of technique-peculiar errors, possible errors in the various EUV cross sections or accommodation coefficients, and lead to the design of a 'correlative approach' based on the use of mixed inputs of the most reliable aspects of one and the other types of observations, respectively.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: COSPAR, Plenary Meeting; Jun 08, 1976 - Jun 19, 1976; Philadelphia, PA
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    EUV flux variations with solar rotation observed during 1974-1976 from AE satellites C, D, and E (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Solar EUV fluxes in the spectral range from 140 to 1850 A have been observed by spectrophotometers on the satellites AE-C, D, and E. Variations over the long period of one or two years cannot be verified quantitatively, as the observed small variations are of the same magnitude as possible variations of instrumental sensitivities and estimated uncertainties of absolute values from the rocket experiment which established the calibration of the AE-C instrument. Fortunately, no similar difficulty exists for the interpretation of observed EUV variations within smaller time periods up to that of a full solar rotation. Results from AE-C observations for many different wavelength groups for the year 1974 are shown by some detail and compared with some recent observations made by the AE-D and AE-E instruments.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: COSPAR, Plenary Meeting; Jun 08, 1976 - Jun 19, 1976; Philadelphia, PA
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  • 45
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    Substorm observations of magnetic perturbations and ULF waves at synchronous orbit by ATS-1 and ATS-6 (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: In the empirical study of the geomagnetic cavity, the synchronous equatorial orbit has been shown to be a most advantageous site for scientific measurements. Satellites in this orbit are fixed in the earth's main magnetic field so that the records are not dominated by changes due to satellite motion through this field. Also, the satellites traverse the same geometric region of space daily, thus facilitating statistical studies of magnetospheric phenomena. Thirdly, the magnetic field lines leaving the earth's surface near the auroral zone cross the equatorial plane close to this orbit, thus subjecting the region to a number of such phenomena. Previous observations at synchronous orbit with the UCLA fluxgate magnetometers on ATS-1 and ATS-6 have revealed a variety of substorm-associated field variations. These effects may be divided tentatively into two classes, those resulting from instabilities (ULF waves) and those produced by changes in macroscopic current systems. The data and their interpretations will be reviewed in order to illustrate the potential importance of observations in the synchronous orbit during the International Magnetospheric Study.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: The scientific satellite programme during the International Magnetospheric Study; Jun 10, 1975 - Jun 13, 1975; Vienna; Austria
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  • 46
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    Substorm phenomena and the uniqueness of the geostationary orbit for observation of dynamic processes in the magnetosphere (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: During the Spring equinox, both ATS-6 and ATS-5 were in geosynchronous orbit with a separation of about 11 deg longitude. A ground-based campaign was undertaken by Eather, Mende, and Judge to observe aurora at the foot of the ATS field line with a variety of instruments. Initial results support the injection boundary hypothesis of Mauk and McIlwain. Also during this period, the Cs-ion thrusters on both spacecraft were exercized in a deliberate attempt to control the spacecraft potential. Some success was achieved, and the presence of a sheath with a potential minimum about ATS-5 has been demonstrated (the sheath about ATS-6 is observed directly).
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: The scientific satellite programme during the International Magnetospheric Study; Jun 10, 1975 - Jun 13, 1975; Vienna; Austria
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    Magnetospheric dynamics and wave-particle interactions (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: It has been demonstrated that two general classes of wave-particle interactions are of great importance for magnetospheric dynamics. Electromagnetic and electrostatic plasma instabilities give rise to relatively narrow-banded spontaneous emissions (e.g., ELF hiss, chorus, three-halves noise, ion cyclotron and ion-plasma-frequency turbulence) that can scatter trapped particles into the loss cone, leading to modified pitch-angle distributions, stable trapping limits, diffuse aurora, proton precipitation events, etc. The current-driven plasma instabilities give rise to impulsive ion acoustic or Buneman mode turbulence that provides very effective energy transfer (via the anomalous conductivity mechanism) at the bow shock and in regions where strong field-aligned currents are observed. We review these interactions and identify significant open questions that must be investigated during the IMS.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: The scientific satellite programme during the International Magnetospheric Study; Jun 10, 1975 - Jun 13, 1975; Vienna; Austria
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  • 48
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    Trapped particles and waves, and what can be learned from multisatellite experiments (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Calculations concerning the pitch-angle diffusion resulting from resonant wave-particle interactions can lead to definitive predictions of equatorial pitch-angle distributions and rates of particle loss as a function of particle energy and L-value. Thus, given simultaneous high-altitude measurements of pitch-angle distributions and low-altitude measurements of precipitating fluxes as a function of energy and L, the importance of proposed wave-particle interactions can be verified or discarded. Since many wave-particle phenomena occur over large spatial and temporal scales, exact simultaneity in longitude and time is not necessary. Simultaneous low and high altitude (preferably nearly equatorial) particle measurements could thus greatly increase our understanding of trapped particles and their effects on the ionosphere. Furthermore, given a verified pitch-angle diffusion mechanism and simultaneous low- and high-altitude measurements, accurate lowto high-altitude mappings of field lines and magnetospheric boundaries (such as the plasmapause) could be obtained.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: The scientific satellite programme during the International Magnetospheric Study; Jun 10, 1975 - Jun 13, 1975; Vienna; Austria
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  • 49
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    The IMS satellite programme - Scientific objectives (1976)
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    Beschreibung: The International Magnetospheric Study (IMS) will make use of a number of satellites launched by the ESA, Japan, the USA, and the USSR. The instrumentation carried by these satellites is considered, taking into account GEOS, ISEE-A, ISEE-B, ISEE-C, EXOS-A, EXOS-B, and ISS. The morphology of the magnetosphere is examined and questions regarding the origin of substorms are investigated. IMS objectives are discussed, giving attention to the macroscopic behavior of the magnetosphere, microscopic processes, approaches to be used for monitoring the state of the magnetosphere, and magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: The scientific satellite programme during the International Magnetospheric Study; Jun 10, 1975 - Jun 13, 1975; Vienna; Austria
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  • 50
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    Low-energy-proton regime in the geomagnetic tail at lunar distance (1976)
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    Beschreibung: The reported investigation makes use of data obtained with the aid of the suprathermal ion detector experiment (SIDE) that is being conducted with instruments which were placed on the moon during the Apollo lunar landings. The moon traverses the geomagnetic tail once each month. Observations of a new low-energy plasma regime in the tail are presented. It is pointed out that the new regime lies within the magnetosphere, but outside the plasma sheet. According to the mass analyzer data of SIDE, the observed low-energy fluxes could consist entirely of protons. However, there might be an admixture of ions of greater mass.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: The scientific satellite programme during the International Magnetospheric Study; Jun 10, 1975 - Jun 13, 1975; Vienna; Austria
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    Variations including possible solar cycle variations of stratospheric ozone over central Switzerland (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The annual variation of the total amount of ozone over central Switzerland and the partial pressures in each of 7 layers from the surface to 7.8 m zeta shows the pattern representative of mid-latitude ozone: summer maximum in the troposphere, spring maximum in the lower stratosphere up to 30 mb and summer maximum in the middle stratosphere up to approx. mb. It was also shown that at the level of the ozone maximum the ozone partial pressure has a pronounced period of about 26 months. Total ozone and the ozone concentration in the different layers have marginally significant (at plus or minus sigma) correlations with relative sunspot number. The time lag for these correlations is long in the troposphere (about 36 months) but decreases with height to the level of ozone maximum (to about 2 months). A similar analysis of the data derived from the ozonesonde program at Hohenpeissenberg, Germany (GFR) gave completely consistent results with those discussed above.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Observed and Theoretical Variations of Atmospheric Ozone; 14 p|Intern. Ozone Symp.; Aug 09, 1976 - Aug 17, 1976; Dresden
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    Hot plasmas in the earth's magnetosphere (1976)
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    Beschreibung: Several recent findings from observational researches of various facets of magnetospheric plasmas are summarized. These new results encompass entry of solar wind plasmas into the dayside magnetosphere, the acceleration of plasmas both at great distances from the earth in the magnetotail and at low altitudes over auroral luminosities, and the substantial contributions of the upper ionosphere to the plasma compositions of the distant magnetosphere.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics; Jun 07, 1976 - Jun 18, 1976; Boulder, CO
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    Convection (1976)
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    Beschreibung: We review the status of theoretical work on magnetospheric convection in the lower auroral zone and at midlatitudes, and compare with various observed features, such as ionospheric electric fields and plasma flows, the form of the plasmasphere, and the distribution of plasma-sheet particles. We present preliminary results from a new series of computerized convection models, which follow the time evolution of the inner magnetosphere (L less than around 10), self-consistently including ionospheric currents and Birkeland currents, as well as the currents generated in a model plasma sheet with a realistic energy spectrum. We find that the model plasma sheet's inner edge quickly becomes rather sharp. Computed electric field distributions resemble those obtained earlier for a simple single-energy plasma sheet.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics; Jun 07, 1976 - Jun 18, 1976; Boulder, CO
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    A summary of observations of the earth's bow shock (1976)
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    Beschreibung: The earth's bow shock can be regarded as a fast steady-state collisionless magnetohydrodynamic shock exhibiting a wide range of plasma parameter values or as an example of superalfvenic flow of a MHD fluid past a blunt body. This paper summarizes our knowledge of the bow shock. Satellite crossings of the shock have given some empirical data on the position and shape of the bow shock. Theoretical calculations on position and shape show the critical nature of the Alfven number. The main physical process to be explained with regard to the bow shock is the mechanism of thermalization of the upstream solar wind. Some of the main classes of shocks observed are quasi-parallel shocks, low Mach number laminar shocks, and high beta shocks.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics; Jun 07, 1976 - Jun 18, 1976; Boulder, CO
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    Solar particle emission (1976)
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    Beschreibung: A variety of flare-associated and recurrent solar particle events are analyzed using the technique of 'mapping' the fluxes back to the estimated high coronal longitude of the interplanetary field line passing through the spacecraft. Often it is possible to separate temporal from spatial effects as well as those of coronal and interplanetary propagation. Considerable regularity appears in the coronal injection profiles deduced during events in 1969, 1972 and 1973, implying extended acceleration of protons about 0.3-7.5 MeV, helium and medium nuclei about 1 MeV/nuc and relativistic electrons. Clear associations are found in 1973 among energetic particle injection profiles, solar wind stream sources, and low coronal magnetic structure.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics; Jun 07, 1976 - Jun 18, 1976; Boulder, CO
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    Solar cycle review /General aspects/ (1976)
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    Beschreibung: Several topics are discussed in this review of the solar cycle. The basic solar-interplanetary magnetic structure is considered, and the high speed solar wind streams and their sunspot cycle variation are described, with attention to the sunspot cycle variation, the high speed solar wind streams and geomagnetic disturbances, and the causes of changes of the north-south component of the interplanetary magnetic field. Solar storms, solar flares, and magnetic bubbles are examined with attention directed to the solar cycle variation of transient polar activities and the interplanetary disturbances associated with solar storms. Some features of cosmic rays, the 11-year cycle variation and the Forbush decreases, are considered. Attention is also directed to the terrestrial atmosphere and to the outer planets and their relation to the solar cycle.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics; Jun 07, 1976 - Jun 18, 1976; Boulder, CO
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  • 57
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    Substorm effects observed in the auroral plasma (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The effects of substorm temporal development on high-latitude particle precipitation and ionospheric convection patterns near midnight were studied with the aid of data from Atmosphere Explorer C. During quiet periods generally Maxwellian electron precipitation is observed from the central plasma sheet, which is completely contained within the sunward flow region. As substorms grow and begin to recover, a strong sunward flow appears within the high latitude ionospheric electron trough, equatorward of the central plasma sheet electron precipitation. Intense inverted-V electron structures consistent with strong electrostatic acceleration appear near the Harang discontinuity and extend poleward to the polar cap boundary. Then the trough flow weakens, the Harang discontinuity becomes a gradual reversal, and the electron inverted-V precipitation becomes localized at the polar cap boundary.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics; Jun 07, 1976 - Jun 18, 1976; Boulder, CO
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    Electrostatic turbulence in the magnetosphere (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Plasma wave measurements from the IMP-6, IMP-8 and Hawkeye-1 satellites show that a broad region of intense low-frequency electric field turbulence occurs on the high latitude auroral field lines at altitudes ranging from a few thousand kilometers in the ionosphere to many earth radii in the distant magnetosphere. A qualitatively similar, but less intense, type of electric field turbulence is also observed at the plasmapause during magnetic storms. In the auroral regions the turbulence occurs in an essentially continuous band on the auroral L-shells at all local times around the earth and is most intense during periods of auroral activity. In this paper we summarize the basic characteristics of this electric field turbulence and consider the possible role this turbulence may play in the heating and acceleration of plasma in the magnetosphere.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics; Jun 07, 1976 - Jun 18, 1976; Boulder, CO
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    Magnetopause and boundary layer (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: A brief overview is given of our present knowledge, observational and theoretical, of the structure of the magnetopause and the adjoining plasma boundary layer. Particular attention is given to the relationship between these electromagnetic and plasma structures on the front lobe of the magnetosphere and the magnetic field reconnection process. Items discussed include: magnetopause thickness; behavior of magnetic field components parallel and perpendicular to the magnetopause; particle energization; structure of the boundary layer from reconnection theory.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics; Jun 07, 1976 - Jun 18, 1976; Boulder, CO
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  • 60
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    Latitudinal variations in the solar wind (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: There are two classes of latitudinal solar wind variations - those which are an imprint of coronal processes, and those which are internally generated within the solar wind. An axisymmetric description of the latitudinal variations is presented. As an example, a large polar coronal hole is discussed, with attention to directed meridional flow in the corona out to five solar radii, temperature and density characteristics in a coronal hole and beyond, temperature effects in the interplanetary medium, internally generated meridional flow in the interplanetary medium, and the detection of polar hole material in the ecliptic at 1 AU.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics; Jun 07, 1976 - Jun 18, 1976; Boulder, CO
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    The internal plasma state of the high speed solar wind at 1 AU (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The character of particle velocity distributions in the high speed solar wind is described. It is found that electron distribution shapes differ from simple bi-Maxwellians in that a hot strongly beamed high energy electron component is always present, and is observed to move relative to a distinct low energy electron component along the magnetic field direction away from the sun. The velocity difference between hot and cold electron components appears, at times, to be strongly correlated with the local Alfven speed. Proton velocity distributions are also best represented by two relatively convecting unresolved components. Evidence is presented which supports the idea that the two-component proton structure observed in high speed regions is intimately related to fine scale velocity variations at 1 AU, and probably to prominent spatial and/or temporal structures present throughout that part of the corona from which the solar wind evolves.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics; Jun 07, 1976 - Jun 18, 1976; Boulder, CO
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  • 62
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    The physical properties of coronal holes (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Coronal hole data obtained by Skylab during the period May 1973 to February 1974 are reviewed for the region from the photosphere out through the low corona. Coronal holes have a significantly lower density and temperature than the typical background corona, possess an open divergent magnetic field structure, and are the source of the high-speed solar wind stream which give rise to recurrent geomagnetic storms. The photospheric, chromospheric, and coronal signatures of coronal holes are described, and the evolution of coronal holes is examined, with attention to the lifetimes, the differential rotation, and the areas covered by the holes. The association of coronal holes to large-scale magnetic fields and to disk activity is considered.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics; Jun 07, 1976 - Jun 18, 1976; Boulder, CO
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  • 63
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    Solar wind H-3 and C-14 abundances and solar surface processes (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Tritium is measured as a function of depth in a Surveyor 3 sample. The upper limit for solar-wind-implanted tritium gives an H-3/H-1 limit for the solar wind of 10 to the -11th power. The temperature-release patterns of C-14 from lunar soils are measured. The C-14 release pattern from surface soils differs from a trench-bottom soil and gives positive evidence for the presence of C-14 in the solar wind with a C-14/H-1 ratio of approximately 6 by 10 to the -11th power. This C-14 content fixes a minimal magnitude for nuclear processes on the solar surface averaged over the past 10,000 yr. The H-3 and C-14 contents combine to require that either the mixing rate above the photosphere be rapid or that the H-3 produced by nuclear reactions be destroyed by secondary nuclear reactions before escaping in the solar wind.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: Lunar Science Conference; Mar 15, 1976 - Mar 19, 1976; Houston, TX
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  • 64
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    ISIS-2 satellite imagery and auroral morphology (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Auroral morphology is emphasized over auroral dynamics in a paper describing conspicuous auroral features picked up by the ISIS-2 scanning photometer. Results of improved programs designed to transform the data into a corrected geomagnetic coordinate frame and generate latitude profiles of auroral intensities at different magnetic local times are reported. The diffuse aurora and its relation to the morphology of discrete aurorae is given special attention.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Magnetospheric particles and fields Summer Advanced Study School; Aug 04, 1975 - Aug 15, 1975; Graz; Austria
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  • 65
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    Substorm generated fluxes of heavy ions at the geostationary orbit (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Measurements of heavy energetic heavy ions present in the vicinity of the geostationary orbit of the ATS-6 satellite, taken with the aid of a solid-state detector telescope, are reported and analyzed. Data extracted from a single fairly isolated injection event (June 18, 1974) are examined: ions of Z not below 6 and energy above 4.0 MeV; energization of these heavy ions in the magnetosphere during substorm events; comparison of the heavy ion intensity and proton intensity; ratio of intensity of carbon ions and oxygen ions. The heavy ions are identified with oxygen for the most part. The heavy-ion spectrometer is described.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Magnetospheric particles and fields Summer Advanced Study School; Aug 04, 1975 - Aug 15, 1975; Graz; Austria
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  • 66
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    Phenomenology of the earth's bow shock system - A summary description of experimental results (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Observational data on the earth's bow shock system are classified and characterized. Foreshock components, midshock components, and aftershock components are discussed separately. Schematic representations of the field and plasma particle parameters are elaborated, with attention given to quasi-perpendicular geometry and quasi-parallel geometry. Magnetic pulsation structure is delineated. Schematic profiles of field, particle, and wave behavior through a representative quasi-perpendicular shock crossing are displayed.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Magnetospheric particles and fields Summer Advanced Study School; Aug 04, 1975 - Aug 15, 1975; Graz; Austria
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  • 67
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    Explorer 45 observations of the proton ring current (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Explorer 45 satellite data on the stormtime proton ring current are reported and analyzed. Storm-associated variations of equatorially mirroring protons, interactions between the ring current and the plasmapause, and storm recovery phase behavior are discussed. Pitch-angle distributions are plotted as a function of proton energy and radial distance, the structure implying domination of pitch-angle diffusion of ring-current protons in the plasmapause region by resonant interactions with ion cyclotron waves during storm recovery. The anisotropic precipitation in the plasmapause region and the more poleward isotropic precipitation observed at low altitudes outside the plasmapause are compared and distinguished.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Magnetospheric particles and fields Summer Advanced Study School; Aug 04, 1975 - Aug 15, 1975; Graz; Austria
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  • 68
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    Waves in the vicinity of the magnetopause (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: IMP 6 magnetic-field measurements demonstrate that the magnetopause is a complex variable boundary with few specific characteristics that persist from orbit to orbit. The appearance of the local magnetopause is determined largely by the boundary conditions imposed by the interplanetary field and the geomagnetic dipole. Magnitude changes across the magnetopause are frequently absent, and if concurrently the magnetosheath and magnetosphere fields also happen to be aligned, then the Chapman-Ferraro current sheet is absent. Ion-cyclotron waves are identified in the magnetosheath near the magnetopause. Similar waves near the proton gyrofrequency are frequently seen in the current sheet associated with a large-angle change at the boundary. Such waves may be important in the transfer of particles and momentum into the magnetosphere. Tailward propagating waves on the magnetopause boundary are found to be responsible for multiple crossings of the tail boundary at 32 earth radii. Monochromatic waves are occasionally seen in the magnetosphere at frequencies slightly below the proton gyrofrequency.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Magnetospheric particles and fields Summer Advanced Study School; Aug 04, 1975 - Aug 15, 1975; Graz; Austria
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  • 69
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    Preliminary results from the S-056 X-ray telescope experiment aboard the Skylab-Apollo Telescope Mount (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: AIAA PAPER 74-1233 , Conference on Scientific investigations on the Skylab satellite; Oct 30, 1974 - Nov 01, 1974; Huntsville, AL
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  • 70
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    Analysis of satellite data on energetic particles of ionospheric origin (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The principal result of this program has been the completion of a detailed statistical study of the properties of precipitating O(+) and H(+) ions during two principal magnetic storms. The results of the analysis of selected data of ion mass spectrometer experiment on satellites are given with emphasis on the morphology of the O(+) ions of ionospheric origin with energies in the 0.7 les than or equal to E less than or equal to 12 keV range that were discovered with this experiment.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-CR-149490 , LMSC-D501012
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    Magnetic anomaly map of North America south of 50 degrees north from Pogo data (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: A magnetic anomaly map produced from Pogo data for North America and adjacent ocean areas is presented. At satellite elevations anomalies have wavelengths measured in hundreds of kilometers, and reflect regional structures on a large scale. Prominent features of the map are: (1) a large east-west high through the mid-continent, breached at the Mississippi Embayment; (2) a broad low over the Gulf of Mexico; (3) a strong gradient separating these features, which follows the Southern Appalachian-Ouachita curvature; and (4) a high over the Antilles-Bahamas Platform which extends to northern Florida. A possible relationship between the high of the mid-continent and the 38th parallel lineament is noted.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-TM-X-71229 , X-922-76-201 , Intern. Conf. on the New Basement Tectonics; Jul 01, 1976; Univ. of Delaware
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    Earth and ocean modeling (1976)
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    Beschreibung: A modular structured system of computer programs is presented utilizing earth and ocean dynamical data keyed to finitely defined parameters. The model is an assemblage of mathematical algorithms with an inherent capability of maturation with progressive improvements in observational data frequencies, accuracies and scopes. The Eom in its present state is a first-order approach to a geophysical model of the earth's dynamics.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-CR-150055 , UAH-RR-192
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    Ionosphere research (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Beschreibung: A report is presented on on-going research projects in ionospheric studies. The topics discussed are planetary atmospheres, E and F region, D region, mass spectrometer measurements, direct measurements and atmospheric reactions.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-CR-148200 , PSU-IRL-SAR-76/1 , SASR-1
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    Soil moisture ground truth: Steamboat Springs, Colorado, site and Walden, Colorado, site (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Ground-truth data taken at Steamboat Springs and Walden, Colorado in support of the NASA missions in these areas during the period March 8, 1976 through March 11, 1976 was presented. This includes the following information: snow course data for Steamboat Springs and Walden, snow pit and snow quality data for Steamboat Springs, and soil moisture report.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-CR-144757
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    Gravity anomaly detection: Apollo/Soyuz (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The Goddard Apollo-Soyuz Geodynamics Experiment is described. It was performed to demonstrate the feasibility of tracking and recovering high frequency components of the earth's gravity field by utilizing a synchronous orbiting tracking station such as ATS-6. Gravity anomalies of 5 MGLS or larger having wavelengths of 300 to 1000 kilometers on the earth's surface are important for geologic studies of the upper layers of the earth's crust. Short wavelength Earth's gravity anomalies were detected from space. Two prime areas of data collection were selected for the experiment: (1) the center of the African continent and (2) the Indian Ocean Depression centered at 5% north latitude and 75% east longitude. Preliminary results show that the detectability objective of the experiment was met in both areas as well as at several additional anomalous areas around the globe. Gravity anomalies of the Karakoram and Himalayan mountain ranges, ocean trenches, as well as the Diamantina Depth, can be seen. Maps outlining the anomalies discovered are shown.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-TM-X-71069 , X-920-75-308 , Conf. of Am. Geophys. Union; Dec 01, 1975; San Francisco, CA; United States
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    Investigation of aerosol characteristics and their measurement (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Various techniques for the measurement of aerosol properties are described. Methods considered include: solar aureole photographic technique; densitometric techniques; and video electronic isodensity mapper. Other topics briefly discussed include: multiple scattering experiment; multiple scattering computer program; the generation of the Mie theory results; and the NASA/OAST technology workshop.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-CR-146398 , PGSTR-AP76-23
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    Insolation data for solar energy conversion derived from satellite measurements of earth radiance (1976)
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    Beschreibung: Detailed knowledge of the irradiance of the sun at ground locations is essential for the design and evaluation of solar energy conversion systems. The primary source of such data is the global network of weather stations. Such stations are often too far apart and for most locations the data available are only daily total irradiance or monthly averages. Solar energy conversion programs require insolation data with considerably higher geographical and temporal resolution. Meteorological satellites gather routinely extensive data on the energy reflected and scattered into space by the earth-atmosphere system. A program has been initiated to use such data for deriving ground insolation for energy conversion. Some of the preliminary results of this program will be discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Joint Conference on Sharing the sun: Solar technology in the seventies; Aug 15, 1976 - Aug 20, 1976; Winnipeg; Canada
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    Vertical ion drifts, exospheric temperatures and neutral winds calculated from simple observations and numerical simulation of the ionosphere (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Symposium on The geophysical use of satellite beacon observations; Jun 01, 1976 - Jun 04, 1976; Boston, MA
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    Early results of the ionospheric experiment of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (1976)
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    Beschreibung: A description is presented of a spacecraft-to-spacecraft Doppler-tracking experiment which was performed by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory on the occasion of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP). The experiment involved the measurement of the relative velocity between the ASTP docking module and the Apollo command service module by a Doppler-tracking method. The objectives of the ionospheric experiment include the measurement of the time changes of the columnar electron content between the two spacecraft. The obtained data can provide a basis for the determination of the horizontal gradients of electron density at the height of 220 km.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Symposium on The geophysical use of satellite beacon observations; Jun 01, 1976 - Jun 04, 1976; Boston, MA
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    A simulation study of earth radiation budget data interpretation (1976)
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    Beschreibung: The paper describes a simulation of a filtering analysis which yields radiation distributions, measured by a wide-field-of-view radiometer on board an earth satellite, on a scale smaller than the field of view of the instrument. Mathematical models are developed to represent an orbiting wide-field-of-view radiometer to provide simulated measurement data. The simulated measurements are analyzed by a data inversion technique to obtain estimates of the radiation heat fluxes at the top of the atmosphere. By comparing the estimated field to a real radiation field, the effects of directional model errors and sampling strategies are revealed.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Summer Computer Simulation Conference; Jul 12, 1976 - Jul 14, 1976; Washington, DC
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    Skylab observations of X-ray loops connecting separate active regions (1976)
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    Beschreibung: One hundred loops interconnecting 94 separate active solar regions detectable in soft X-rays were identified during the Skylab mission. While close active regions are commonly interconnected with loops, the number of such interconnections decreases steeply for longer distances; the longest interconnecting loop observed in the Skylab data connected regions separated by 37 deg. Several arguments are presented which support the point of view that this is the actual limit of the size of magnetic interconnections between active regions. No sympathetic flares could be found in the interconnected regions. These results cast doubt on the hypothesis that accelerated particles can be guided in interconnecting loops from one active region to another over distances of 100 deg or more and eventually produce sympathetic flares in them.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: Symposium and Workshop on Results from Coordinated Upper Atmosphere Measurement Programs; May 29, 1975 - May 31, 1975|Open Meetings of Working Groups on Physical Sciences; May 29, 1975 - Jun 07, 1975; Varna; Bulgaria
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    Solar wind and energetic particle events of 20-30 June 1974 analyzed using measurements of interplanetary radio scintillations at 34.3 MHz (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: Symposium and Workshop on Results from Coordinated Upper Atmosphere Measurement Programs; May 29, 1975 - May 31, 1975|Open Meetings of Working Groups on Physical Sciences; May 29, 1975 - Jun 07, 1975; Varna; Bulgaria
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    The distribution of helium and molecular nitrogen in the lower thermosphere as measured by ESRO 4 (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Open Meetings of Working Groups on Physical Sciences; May 29, 1975 - Jun 07, 1975; Varna; Bulgaria|Symposium and Workshop on Results from Coordinated Upper Atmosphere Measurement Programs; May 29, 1975 - May 31, 1975
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    Microwave sensing of atmospheric temperature and humidity from satellites (1976)
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    Beschreibung: A 5-channel microwave spectrometer (NEMS) carried on the Nimbus 5 satellite has been taking scans near the 22.235 GHz water vapor resonance and 60 GHz oxygen absorption complex for over 2 years; spectral measurement techniques are described at length. NEMS determinations of atmospheric temperature profiles over 0 to 20 km, and of precipitable water vapor and liquid water over oceans, are compared to relevant radiosonde data and to data reported in analyses by the U.S.A. National Meteorological Center. Some discrepancies between theoretical prediction and empirical evidence are reconciled by examining effects of atmospheric fluctuations. The radiosonde data respond to local fluctuations and do not yield true averages over the large areas sensed remotely by the NEMS.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Open Meetings of Working Groups on Physical Sciences; May 29, 1975 - Jun 07, 1975; Varna; Bulgaria|Symposium and Workshop on Results from Coordinated Upper Atmosphere Measurement Programs; May 29, 1975 - May 31, 1975
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    Natural precedents to active magnetospheric experiments (1976)
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    Beschreibung: Some of the natural analogs of proposed seeding experiments in the magnetosphere are: electric charged particle injections during substorms; lightning-induced whistlers providing wave injections; 'detachment' of plasma from the plasmapause, which is equivalent to light-ion seeding in the outer magnetosphere. In the present paper, the characteristics of some natural precedents to active experiments are reviewed, and their relative advantages and drawbacks are examined. One of these precedents - wave generation in detached plasma regions - is then discussed in some detail; the discussion reveals the generation of ELF electromagnetic noise when the energetic electrons exceed the stably trapped limit, and also indicates that a critical dimension for the seeded volume exists transverse to the geomagnetic field.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Symposium and Workshop on Results from Coordinated Upper Atmosphere Measurement Programs; May 29, 1975 - May 31, 1975|Open Meetings of Working Groups on Physical Sciences; May 29, 1975 - Jun 07, 1975; Varna; Bulgaria
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    Examples of synoptic changes in ozone and circulation in the stratosphere (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The Backscatter Ultraviolet (BUV) experiment on board the Nimbus 4 polar orbiting satellite has been measuring the total ozone content and high-level atmospheric ozone profiles since early 1970. Synoptic type analyses of these data are now being accomplished and compared with appropriate constant-pressure analyses of stratospheric circulation. Ozone changes during a stratospheric warming of early 1971 are investigated by comparison with circulation changes in the layer between 30 mb (24 km) and 2 mb (42 km). A general increase in ozone concentrations, more pronounced in the higher latitudes, is noted during the warming period. Plans for future investigation are discussed, including analysis of ozone observations beginning from 1970 on every two-day basis for comparison with constant-pressure height, temperature, and wind charts analyzed with the aid of radiosonde, rocketsonde, and satellite data.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Open Meetings of Working Groups on Physical Sciences; May 29, 1975 - Jun 07, 1975; Varna; Bulgaria|Symposium and Workshop on Results from Coordinated Upper Atmosphere Measurement Programs; May 29, 1975 - May 31, 1975
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  • 87
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    Impulsive ion injection into the polar cusp (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Impulsive bursts of positive ions were observed in the polar cusp during the rocket flights. Dispersion of arrival time with energy implies a modulation or acceleration region at a distance of 11 to 13 earth radii, presumably in the magnetosheath. The ion energy spectra closely match typical magnetosheath spectra. The bursts had a duration of about 20 s and repetition period on the order of 100 s. These results suggest that ions have intermittent rather than continuous entry at the polar cusps. At times, the ion and electron precipitations were anticorrelated in a manner consistent with a parallel electric field.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Magnetospheric particles and fields Summer Advanced Study School; Aug 04, 1975 - Aug 15, 1975; Graz; Austria
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  • 88
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    Examples of plasma flows within the earth's magnetosphere (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Examples of observed plasma flows in the dayside magnetosphere near the magnetopause, within the ring current in the local evening sector, and at two positions simultaneously in the plasma sheet are presented. These measurements were gained with plasma instruments on the IMP 6 and 7 satellites. Flow velocities inside the magnetopause in the dayside magnetosphere are typically 25 to 75 km/s and are directed generally parallel to the tangent to the nearby magnetopause with a small component directed into this boundary. Bulk flow speeds within the ring current ranged from the instrument threshold of about 20 km/s to speeds of 50 km/s. Strong tailward 'jetting' of plasma, in the range of 200 to 300 km/s, at geocentric radial distances of about 35 earth radii in the plasma sheet is found to be often associated with the occurrence of magnetic substorms.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: AD-A079392 , Magnetospheric particles and fields Summer Advanced Study School; Aug 04, 1975 - Aug 15, 1975; Graz; Austria
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  • 89
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    Multicolor photometry of low-light-level phenomena from Skylab (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: A 10-color photoelectric polarimeter was used during Skylab missions SL-2 and SL-3 to measure sky brightness and polarization associated with zodiacal light, background starlight, and the spacecraft corona. A brief description is given of the instrument and observing routines, together with a listing of observations from Skylab and of coordinated observations from Pioneers 10 and 11 and from the ground. Initial results are presented on the spacecraft corona and on the distribution of brightness and polarization at 7100 A over the antisolar hemisphere.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: AIAA PAPER 74-1249 , Conference on Scientific investigations on the Skylab satellite; Oct 30, 1974 - Nov 01, 1974; Huntsville, AL
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  • 90
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    Initial results from the EUV spectroheliometer on ATM (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The Harvard College Observatory photoelectric spectroheliometer on the Apollo Telescope Mount operated correctly in orbit from May 29, 1973 to February 7, 1974. During this period, many thousands of spatial and spectral scans at extreme ultraviolet wavelengths were recorded during observations of a variety of solar features. The construction and modes of operation of the instrument are outlined, and the principal scientific results from a preliminary analysis of the data are described.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: AIAA PAPER 74-1230 , Conference on Scientific investigations on the Skylab satellite; Oct 30, 1974 - Nov 01, 1974; Huntsville, AL
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  • 91
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    Ring current loss mechanisms and composition as inferred from equatorial pitch angle distributions observed during a storm recovery phase (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Explorer 45 measurements of pitch angle distributions (PAD's) of ring current ions were examined for evidence of charge exchange or pitch-angle diffusion as loss mechanisms for the ring current during a storm recovery phase. The observed rounding of the PAD's above a minimum parallel energy is seen as resulting from pitch angle diffusion driven by resonant interactions with ion cyclotron waves. Calculations of growth rates using observed ion fluxes and PAD's have shown that ion cyclotron waves can be significantly amplified by the ring current plasma. However, wave growth off the equator must be taken into account in order to understand the time evolution of the observed PAD's. Isotropic distributions at lower energies remain isotropic at L-values between 3 and 4 despite the presence of charge exchange losses. An explanation for this apparent inconsistency may be that ring current is dominated by some ion species other than protons during recovery phase.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics; Jun 07, 1976 - Jun 18, 1976; Boulder, CO
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  • 92
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    Development of solar active regions (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The birth, growth, and decay of solar active regions are described. The appearance of active regions in different atmospheric layers is examined, and the coronal extension of active regions is considered. The use of Skylab soft X-ray and extreme UV observations for studying the complex loop structure of active regions in the solar corona and the sensitive reactions of the upper atmospheric layers to newly emerging flux is explained. It was found that well developed active regions are much bigger in the corona than in the underlying sunspot groups and plages, and that many of the active regions are connected with others through systems of magnetic field lines, occasionally visible in soft X-rays. These interconnections, which may survive several solar rotations, indicate bigger complexes on the sun than one individual active region.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics; Jun 07, 1976 - Jun 18, 1976; Boulder, CO
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  • 93
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    The sun since the Bronze Age (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: An investigation is conducted concerning the behavior of the sun during the last 7000 years. The C-14 content in carbonaceous fossil material can be used as an indicator regarding the level of solar activity at the time when the carbon was assimilated in the process of photosynthesis. Living trees, such as the bristlecone pine, provide a solar activity record to about 3000 B.C. The record can be extended with the aid of well-preserved dead wood to beyond 5000 B.C. The results of an analysis of solar activity levels as a function of time on the basis of C-14 contents are presented in a graph. Attention is given to the Maunder Minimum, a history of the sun in the last 5000 years, an interpretation of the major C-14 excursions, and the sun and climate history.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics; Jun 07, 1976 - Jun 18, 1976; Boulder, CO
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  • 94
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    Line-of-sight electron density gradients as deduced from an empirical ionospheric model (1976)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: A topside ionospheric model (Bent Ionospheric Model) was developed for an accurate prediction of integrated total electron content (TEC), from a global data acquired for the years 1962 to 1969. In this paper the effects of line-of-sight electron density gradients on ground to satellite measurements are discussed. The results of analyses show that in the presence of increasing density gradients, deduced values of vertical electron content or slab thicknesses will be too large, while for decreasing gradients these values will be smaller than they should be.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Symposium on The geophysical use of satellite beacon observations; Jun 01, 1976 - Jun 04, 1976; Boston, MA
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  • 95
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    Investigations with satellite data temperature retrievals (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: A method is presented for using satellite measurements to interpolate vertical temperature soundings between radiosonde stations. The method finds a set of coefficients, which when multiplied by corresponding measured radiance quantities, yield zero temperature error at a radiosonde station. This derived set of coefficients is then applied to satellite radiance measurements at places between radiosonde stations. The computations show, for example, that the average absolute error in the layer 1000-800 mbs is only 0.3K when the corresponding 'minimum-information' method error was 2.9K. The method may be most applicable to measurements from geostationary satellites, but should also be applicable to measurements from polar orbiting satellites under certain conditions.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-CR-148811 , PUBL-76-158
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 96
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    Radiation measurements from polar and geosynchronous satellites (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Towards understanding the role of radiation in the dynamics of climate, a climatology of radiation budget data has been compiled and several aspects of the problem are under study: (1) minimum albedoes; (2) diurnal variation in cloudiness and the radiation budget; (3) the partitioning of energy loss to space between land, ice, ocean and atmosphere; and (4) the effects of clouds on the radiation budget. Oceanic precipitation using Nimbus 5 microwave data, and a new study of mesoscale applications of satellite infrared temperature and moisture soundings are also described.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-CR-148777
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  • 97
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    Equatorial X-rays and their effect on the lower mesosphere (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: On the night of May 23/24, 1975, a sequence of rocket and balloon experiments was launched from Chilca Base, Peru (12.5 deg S, 76.8 deg W, magnetic dip = - 0.7 deg). Detailed analysis and comparisons of the data yielded the first direct measurement of lower mesospheric response to a galactic X-ray source. This result could only have been determined at the equator, where cosmic ray background effects are minimal. The objective of the experiments was to seek out the equatorial energetic electron belt, sporadically reported to contain fluxes near auroral levels, measure the bremsstrahlung radiation produced by this particle belt, and determine the influence of this radiation on the middle atmosphere. High altitude rocket payloads (Nike Tomahawk 18.170 and 18.171) were launched to probe the thermosphere during and following the anticipated downward drift period. Each carried an on-axis X-ray scintillation detector and Geiger Mueller energetic electron detectors. Magnetometers and lunar sensors were used to determine payload aspect.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-TM-X-71170 , X-912-76-166 , Intern. Symp. on Equatorial Aeronomy (ISEA); Aug 01, 1976; Townsville; Australia
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  • 98
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    Measurement of ozone transmissivity at low temperatures (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Low temperature medium resolution measurements of the transmissivity of the ozone band have been made in the laboratory. The range of conditions under which the measurements were made are: -48 to -22 C, .0029 U .71 atmo.cm., 680 P 742 mmHg. The apparatus used is described briefly, measurement conditions are summarized and the resulting spectra are shown.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-CR-148161 , UMICH-012627-1-F
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  • 99
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    Proceedings of the Symposium on the Study of the Sun and Interplanetary Medium in Three Dimensions (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: A series of papers are presented from a symposium attended by over 200 European and American scientists to examine the importance of exploring the interplanetary medium and the sun by out-of-the-ecliptic space missions. The likely scientific returns of these missions in the areas of solar, interplanetary, and cosmic ray physics is examined. Theoretical models of the solar wind and its interaction with interplanetary magnetic fields are given.
    Schlagwort(e): SOLAR PHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-TM-X-71097 , X-660-76-53 , May 15, 1975 - May 16, 1975; Greenbelt, MD; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 100
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    Three-dimensional dynamical and chemical modelling of the upper atmosphere (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Progress in coding a 3-D upper atmospheric model and in modeling the ozone perturbation resulting from the shuttle booster exhaust is reported. A time-dependent version of a 2-D model was studied and the sulfur cycle in the stratosphere was investigated. The role of meteorology in influencing stratospheric composition measurements was also studied.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA-CR-147102
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