ALBERT

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis = Table of contents = Table des matières. - Einleitung = Introduction = Introduction. - Bemerkungen zum Inhalt und zur Gestaltung des Buches = Comments on the Contents and lay-out of the book = Remarques quant au contenue et à la structure du livre. - Methode = Methods = Methode. - Oekogramm = Ecogram = Ecogramme. - Bestimmungsschlüssel = Identification key = Clé d'identification. - Charakterisierung der Makroreste = Description of the macro-remains = Description des macrorestes. - Weitere Makroreste = Further macro-remains = Autres macrorestes. - Literatur = Literature = Litterature. - Index der Arten = Index of species = Index des espèces. , Text dt., engl. u. franz.

Note: Contents: Preface / Olav Orheim. - General report of the expedition / Olav Orheim. - Geodetic-topographic measurements in Dronning Maud Land and Bouvetøya / Trond Eiken & Knut Svendsen. - Ornithological investigations in Mühlig-Hofmannfjella, Dronning Maud Land / Fridtjof Mehlum, Claus Bech & Svein Haftorn. - Geology of Gjelsvikfjella and Western Mühlig-Hofmannfjella / Yoshihide Ohta & Bjørn Tørudbakken. - Botany of Gjelsvikfjella and Mühlig-Hofmannfjella, Dronning Maud Land / Torstein Engelskjøn. - Terrestrial invertebrates of Mühlig-Hofmannfjella / Lauritz Sømme. - Meteorological and glaciological studies in Dronning Maud Land / Yngvar Gjessing. - Geological and paleomagnetic research in Vestfjella, Dronning Maud Land / Harald Furnes & Reidar Løvlie. - Sedimentological research in northwestern part of Dronning Maud Land / Snorre Olaussen. - Geomorphological and glaciological observations in Vestfjella, Dronning Maud Land / Stig Jonsson. - Geophysical studies in the southern Weddell Sea / Kristen Haugland & Yngve Kristoffersen. - Marine geological studies on the Weddell Sea shelf / Anders Solheim & Yngve Kristoffersen. - Radiolaria in surface plankton collected on trans-Atlantic crossing of NARE 1984/85 / Kjell R. Bjørklund. - Hydrographic observations on the southern Weddell Sea shelf break / Arne Foldvik & Tor Gammelsrød. - Iceberg research and other glaciological studies from K/V "Andenes" / Monica Kristensen & Olav Orheim.

Note: In kyrill. Schr.

Note: Contents: 1. Introduction. - (1) The purposes of the long-term plan report. - (2) The background and particulars of this report. - (3) Contents of this report. - 2.Changes in the Arctic environment to date and in the near future. - 3. History of Arctic environmental research. - 4. Abstracts of all themes. - (1) Elucidation of abrupt environmental change in the Arctic associated with the on-going global warming. - Theme 1: Arctic amplification of global warming. - Theme 2: Mechanisms and influence of sea ice decline. - Theme 3: Biogeochemical cycles and ecosystem changes. - Theme 4: Ice sheet, glaciers, permafrost, snowfall, snow cover and hydrological cycle. - Theme 5: Interactions between the Arctic and the entire earth. - Theme 6: Predicting future environmental conditions of the Arctic based on paleoenvironmental records. - Theme 7: Effects of the Arctic environment on human society. - (2) Elucidation of environmental change concerning biodiversity. - Theme 8: Effects on terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity. - Theme 9: Influence on marine ecosystem and biodiversity. - (3) Broad and important subjects on the Arctic environment. - Theme 10: Geospace environment. - Theme 11: Interaction of surface environment change with solid earth. - Theme 12: Basic understanding on formation and transition process of permafrost. - (4) Development of methods enabling breakthroughs in environmental research. - Theme A: Sustainable seamless monitoring. - Theme B: Earth system-modeling for inter-disciplinary research. - Theme C: Data assimilation to connect monitoring and modeling. - 5. Improvement of research foundation. - Authors and reviewers.

Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgements 1 Introduction Terms and abbreviations 2 The biogeographlcal setting Geology, physiography, and surface materials The structural framework Pleistocene geology Bioclimates Arctic and its three subzones Subarctic zone Boreal zone Eastern temperate zone Grassland zone Pacific and Cordilleran zones 3 Autecology and pollen representation Introduction Transcontinental, primarily boreal taxa Eastern, primarily temperate taxa Pacific-Cordilleran taxa Arctic taxa Modern regional pollen spectra The Western Interior The eastern plains transect The Pacific-Cordilleran transect General comments on the modern pollen spectra 4 Full-glacial refugla The southern refugia Pacific-Cordilleran refugia Interior plains and eastern region The Beringian refugia 5 Eastern Canada-fossil record and reconstruction Introduction The late glacial - 12,700 to 10,000 yr BP Southern Quebec and New Brunswick Maritime Canada The Great Lakes Basin Vegetation reconstruction The Holocene - 10,000 yr BP to the present Southern Quebec and New Brunswick The Maritimes, Labrador, and Northern Quebec The Great Lakes Vegetation reconstruction Boreal region 6 The Western Interior Sites near the forest-grassland transition Sites within the modern boreal forest Sites near the modern forest-tundra boundary 7 Pacific-Cordilleran region Southern Pacific zone Southern Cordilleran zone Northern Pacific zone Northern Cordilleran zone 8 Vegetation reconstruction and palaeoenvironments Introduction Origins and history Eastern temperate forests Boreal forest Grasslands and parklands Pacific-Cordilleran complex Tundra (arctic) Palaeoenvironmental controls Climate The Milankovitch model Full-glacial conditions Late-glacial and Holocene Fire Pathogens Paludification Problems for the future Climate disequilibrium Spatial resolution Pollen source area Concluding comments Appendix References Index

Note: Contents: Preface. - Introduction Global climate modeling. - Chapter 1. An ice sheet model. - 1.1. Present glaciation. - 1.2. Motion equation for viscous ice in a thin boundary layer approximation. - 1.3. An ice sheet steady model. - 1.4. Numerical simulation of the evolution of the ice cover. - Chapter 2. A model of the world ocean. - 2.1. Zonal structure of the ocean. - 2.2. A one-dimensional ocean climate model. - 2.3. A simulation of the present ocean climate for assigned atmospheric climate. - Chapter 3. A model of the atmosphere. - 3.1. Zonal structure of the atmosphere. - 3.2. A one-dimensional atmospheric climate model. - 3.3. A simulation of the present atmospheric climate for assigned ocean climate. - 3.4. Estimates of climate variations in the Cenozoic. - Chapter 4. Numerical experiments with a model of the glaciers-ocean-atmosphere system. - 4.1. Glaciers, ocean and atmosphere interaction. - 4.2. A simulation of the present climate. - 4.3. On clarification of the "White Earth" concept. - 4.4. Nonuniqueness of climate. - 4.5. Sensitivity of the system to changes in the solar heat influx. - 4.6. Ice Ages. - 4.7. Influence of continent distribution on climate. - 4.8. On the change in the level of the World Ocean for possible climate warming. - 4.9. Estimates of the influence of the ocean oil pollution on climate. - Conclusion. - Abstract. - References. , In kyrillischer Schrift , Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache

Note: In kyrill. Schr.

Note: Contents: 1 General Introduction. - 1.1 The Climate System. - 1.2 The Atmosphere. - 1.3 Energy Budget and Atmospheric Composition. - 1.4 The Water Cycle. - 1.5 Aerosols and Climate Change. - 1.6 Outline of this Textbook. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles. - 2 Atmospheric Aerosols. - 2.1 Definitions. - 2.2 Sources of Aerosols and Aerosol Precursors. - 2.2.1 Marine Aerosols. - 2.2.2 Desert Dust. - 2.2.3 Volcanic Aerosols. - 2.2.4 Biogenic Aerosols. - 2.2.5 Biomass Burning Aerosols. - 2.2.6 Aerosols from Fossil Fuel Combustion. - 2.3 Spatial and Temporal Aerosol Distributions. - 2.4 Aerosol-Cloud-Radiation Interactions. - 2.5 Climate Effects of Aerosols. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 3 Physical, Chemical and Optical Aerosol Properties. - 3.1 Fine, Accumulation and Coarse Modes. - 3.2 Size Distribution. - 3.3 Chemical Composition. - 3.3.1 Aerosol Mixture. - 3.3.2 Inorganic Aerosols. - 3.3.3 Black Carbon Aerosols. - 3.3.4 Organic Aerosols. - 3.3.5 Geographic Distribution of Aerosol Chemical Composition. - 3.4 Refractive Index. - 3.5 Deliquescence, Efflorescence and Hysteresis. - 3.6 Definition of Aerosol Optical Properties. - 3.6.1 Absorption and Scattering Cross Sections. - 3.6.2 Phase Function. - 3.6.3 Upscatter Fractions. - 3.7 Calculation of Aerosol Optical Properties. - 3.7.1 Mie Theory. - 3. 7.2 Extinction, Scattering and Absorption. - 3.7.3 Optical Depth and Angström Coefficient. - 3.8 Optical Properties of Nonspherical Aerosols. - 3.9 Aerosols and Atmospheric Visibility. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 4 Aerosol Modelling. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Emissions. - 4.2.1 Generalities. - 4.2.2 Fossil Fuels, Biofuels, and Other Anthropogenic Sources. - 4.2.3 Vegetation Fires. - 4.2.4 Sea Spray. - 4.2.5 Desert Dust. - 4.2.6 Dimethylsulphide. - 4.2.7 Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds. - 4.2.8 Volcanoes. - 4.2.9 Resuspension. - 4.3 Atmospheric Processes. - 4.3.1 Nucleation. - 4.3.2 Condensation of Semi-Volatile Compounds. - 4.3.3 Coagulation. - 4.3.4 In-Cloud Aerosol Production. - 4.3.5 Wet Deposition. - 4.3.6 Dry Deposition. - 4.3.7 Sedimentation. - 4.3.8 Aerosol Transport. - 4.4 Modelling Approaches. - 4.4.1 Bulk Approach. - 4.4.2 Sectional Approach. - 4.4.3 Modal Approach. - 4.5 Example: The Sulphur Budget. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 5 Interactions of Radiation with Matter and Atmospheric Radiative Transfer. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Electromagnetic Radiation. - 5.2.1 Generalities. - 5.2.2 Definitions. - 5.3 Interactions of Radiation with Matter. - 5.3.1 Matter, Energy and Spectral Lines. - 5.3.2 Intensity of Spectral Lines. - 5.3.3 Spectral Line Profiles. - 5.3.4 Processes of lnteractions of Radiation with Matter. - 5.4 Modelling of the Interaction Processes. - 5.4.1 Molecular Absorption Coefficient. - 5.4.2 Scattering Phase Function. - 5.4.3 Molecular Scattering. - 5.4.4 Absorption and Scattering by Aerosols. - 5.4.5 Thermal Emission. - 5.5 Atmospheric Radiative Transfer. - 5.5.1 Equation of Radiative Transfer. - 5.5.2 Extinction Only. - 5.5.3 Scattering Medium. - 5.5.4 Plane-Parallel Atmosphere. - 5.5.5 Resolution of the Equation of Radiative Transfer. - 5.6 Absorption Bands, Energy, and Actinic Fluxes. - 5.6.1 Main Molecular Absorption Bands in the Atmosphere. - 5.6.2 Radiative Flux. - 5.6.3 Two-Flux Method. - 5.6.4 Stefan-Boltzmann Law. - 5.6.5 Radiative Budget. - 5.6.6 Actinic Fluxes. - 5.6.7 Polarization of Radiation. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 6 In Situ and Remote Sensing Measurements of Aerosols. - 6.1 Introduction to Aerosol Remote Sensing. - 6.2 Passive Remote Sensing: Measurement of the Extinction. - 6.2.1 General Principles. - 6.2.2 Ground-Based Photometry. - 6.2.3 Spaceborne Occultation Measurements. - 6.2.4 Retrieval of Aerosol Size Distribution. - 6.3 Passive Remote Sensing: Measurement of the Scattering. - 6.3.1 General Principles. - 6.3.2 Ground-Based Measurement of Scattered Radiation. - 6.3.3 Spaceborne Measurements of Scattered Radiation. - 6.4 Measurement of Infrared Radiation. - 6.4.1 General Principles. - 6.4.2 Spaceborne Nadir Measurement of Infrared Radiation. - 6.4.3 Spaceborne Limb Measurement of Infrared Radiation. - 6.5 Active Remote Sensing: Lidar. - 6.5.1 General Principles. - 6.5.2 The Lidar Equation. - 6.5.3 Raman Lidar. - 6.6 In Situ Aerosol Measurements. - 6.6.1 Measurement of Aerosol Concentrations. - 6.6.2 Measurement of Aerosol Chemical Composition. - 6.6.3 Measurement of Aerosol Scattering. - 6.6.4 Measurement of Aerosol Absorption. - 6.7 Conclusions. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 7 Aerosol Data Assimilation. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Basic Principles of Data Assimilation. - 7.3 Applications of Data Assimilation for Aerosols. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 8 Aerosol-Radiation Interactions. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Atmospheric Radiative Effects Due to Aerosols. - 8.2.1 Simplified Equation for Scattering Aerosols. - 8.2.2 Simplified Equation for Absorbing Aerosols. - 8.2.3 Radiative Transfer Calculations. - 8.2.4 Global Estimates and Sources of Uncertainty. - 8.3 Rapid Adjustments to Aerosol-Radiation Interactions. - 8.4 Radiative Impact of Aerosols on Surface Snow and Ice. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 9 Aerosol-Cloud lnteractions. - 39.1 Introduction. - 9 .1.1 Cloud Formation. - 9 .1.2 Cloud Distribution. - 9 .1.3 Aerosol-Cloud Interactions. - 9.2 Aerosol Effects on Liquid Clouds. - 9 .2.1 Saturation Pressure of Water Vapour. - 9.2.2 Kelvin Effect. - 9.2.3 Raoult's Law. - . - 9.2.4 Köhler Theory. - 9.2.5 Extensions to the Köhler Theory. - 9.2.6 CCN and Supersaturation in the Cloud. - 9.2.7 Dynamical and Radiative Effects in Clouds. - 9.2.8 Principle of the Cloud Albedo Effect. - 9.2.9 Observations of the Cloud Albedo Effect. - 9.2.10 Adjustments in Liquid Water Clouds. - 9.2.11 Rapid Adjustments Occurring in Liquid Clouds. - 9.3 Aerosols Effects on Mixed-Phased and Ice Clouds. - 9.3.1 Elements of Microphysics of Ice Clouds. - 9.3.2 Impact of Anthropogenic Aerosols on Ice Clouds. - 9.4 Forcing Due to Aerosol-Cloud lnteractions. - 9.5 Aerosols, Contrails and Aviation-Induced Cloudiness. - 9.5.1 Formation of Condensation Trails. - 9.5.2 Estimate of the Climate Impact of Contrails. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 10 Climate Response to Aerosol Forcings. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 Radiative Forcing, Feedbacks and Climate Response. - 10.2.1 Radiative Forcing. - 10.2.2 Climate Feedbacks. - 10.2.3 Rapid Adjustments and Effective Radiative Forcing. - 10.2.4 Climate Response and Climate Efficacy. - 10.3 Climate Response to Aerosol Forcings. - 10.3.1 Equilibrium Response. - 10.3.2 Past Emissions. - 10.3.3 Detection and Attribution of Aerosol Impacts. - 10.3.4 Future Emissions Scenarios. - 10.4 Nuclear Winter. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 11 Biogeochemical Effects and Climate Feedbacks of Aerosols. - 11 .1 Introduction. - 11.2 Impact of Aerosols on Terrestrial Ecosystems. - 11.2.1 Diffuse Radiation and Primary Productivity. - 11.2.2 Aerosols as a Source of Nutrients. - 11.2.3 Acidification of Precipitation. - 11.3 Impact of Aerosols on Marine Ecosystems. - 11.4 Aerosols-Atmospheric Chemistry Interactions. - 11.4.1 Interactions with Tropospheric Chemistry. - 11.4.2 Impact of Stratospheric Aerosols on the Ozone Layer and Ultravialet Radiation. - 11.5 Climate Feedbacks Involving Marine Aerosols. - 11.5.1 Sulphate Aerosols from DMS Emissions. - 11.5.2 Marine Aerosols. - 11.5.3 Other Aerosols of Maritime Origin. - 11.6 Climate Feedbacks Involving Continental Aerosols. - 11.6.1 Secondary Organic Aerosols. - 11.6.2 Primary Aerosols of Biogenic Origin. - 11.6.3 Aerosols from Vegetation Fires. - 11.6.4 Desert Dust. - 11.7 Climate Feedbacks Involving Stratospheric Aerosols. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 12 Strato

Note: Contents: 1 Preliminaries. - 1.1 Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. - 1.2 The Rossby Number. - 1.3 Density Stratification. - 1.4 The Equations of Motion in a Nonrotating Coordinate Frame. - 1.5 Rotating Coordinate Frames. - 1.6 Equations of Motion in a Rotating Coordinate Frame. - 1.7 Coriolis Acceleration and the Rossby Number. - 2 Fundamentals. - 2.1 Vorticity. - 2.2 The Circulation. - 2.3 Kelvin's Theorem. - 2.4 The Vorticity Equation. - 2.5 Potential Vorticity. - 2.6 The Thermal Wind. - 2.7 The Taylor-Proudman Theorem. - 2.8 Geostrophic Motion. - 2.9 Consequences of the Geostrophic and Hydrostatic Approximations. - 2.10 Geostrophic Degeneracy. - 3 lnviscid Shallow-Water Theory. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 The Shallow-Water Model. - 3.3 The Shallow-Water Equations. - 3.4 Potential-Vorticity Conservation: Shallow-Water Theory. - 3.5 Integral Constraints. - 3.6 Small-Amplitude Motions. - 3.7 Linearized Geostrophic Motion. - 3.8 Plane Waves in a Layer of Constant Depth. - 3.9 Poincare and Kelvin Waves. - 3.10 The Rossby Wave. - 3.11 Dynamic Diagnosis of the Rossby Wave. - 3.12 Quasigeostrophic Scaling in Shallow-Water Theory. - 3.13 Steady Quasigeostrophic Motion. - 3.14 Inertial Boundary Currents. - 3.15 Quasigeostrophic Rossby Waves. - 3.16 The Mechanism for the Rossby Wave. - 3.17 The Beta-Plane. - 3.18 Rossby Waves in a Zonal Current. - 3.19 Group Velocity. - 3.20 The Method of Multiple Time Scales. - 3.21 Energy and Energy Flux in Rossby Waves. - 3.22 The Energy Propagation Diagram. - 3.23 Reflection and the Radiation Condition. - 3.24 Rossby Waves Produced by an Initial Disturbance. - 3.25 Quasigeostrophic Normal Modes in Closed Basins. - 3.26 Resonant Interactions. - 3.27 Energy and Enstrophy. - 3.28 Geostrophic Turbulence. - Appendix to Chapter 3. - 4 Friction and Viscous Flow. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Turbulent Reynolds Stresses. - 4.3 The Ekman Layer. - 4.4 The Nature of Nearly Frictionless Flow. - 4.5 Boundary-Layer Theory. - 4.6 Quasigeostrophic Dynamics in the Presence of Friction. - 4.7 Spin-Down. - 4.8 Steady Motion. - 4.9 Ekman Layer on a Sloping Surface. - 4.10 Ekman Layer on a Free Surface. - 4.11 Quasigeostrophic Potential Vorticity Equation with Friction and Topography. - 4.12 The Decay of a Rossby Wave. - 4.13 Side-Wall Friction Layers. - 4.14 The Dissipation of Ens trophy in Geostrophic Turbulence. - 5 Homogeneous Models of the Wind-Driven Oceanic Circulation. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 The Homogeneous Model. - 5.3 The Sverdrup Relation. - 5.4 Meridional Boundary Layers: the Munk Layer. - 5.5 Stommel's Model: Bottom Friction Layer. - 5.6 Inertial Boundary-Layer Theory. - 5.7 Inertial Currents in the Presence of Friction. - 5.8 Rossby Waves and the Westward Intensification of the Oceanic Circulation. - 5.9 Dissipation Integrals for Steady Circulations. - 5.10 Free Inertial Modes. - 5.11 Numerical Experiments. - 5.12 Ekman Upwelling Circulations. - 5.13 The Effect of Bottom Topography. - 5.14 Concluding Remarks on the Homogeneous Model. - 6 Quasigeostrophic Motion of a Stratified Fluid on a Sphere. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 The Equations of Motion in Spherical Coordinates: Scaling. - 6.3 Geostrophic Approximation: ε = O(L/r0 ) ≪ 1. - 6.4 The Concept of Static Stability. - 6.5 Quasigeostrophic Potential-Vorticity Equation for Atmospheric Synoptic Scales. - 6.6 The Ekman Layer in a Stratified Fluid. - 6.7 Boundary Conditions for the Potential-Vorticity Equation: the Atmosphere. - 6.8 Quasigeostrophic Potential-Vorticity Equation for Oceanic Synoptic Scales. - 6.9 Boundary Conditions for the Potential-Vorticity Equation: the Oceans. - 6.10 Geostrophic Energy Equation and Available Potential Energy. - 6.11 Rossby Waves in a Stratified Fluid. - 6.12 Rossby-Wave Normal Modes: the Vertical Structure Equation. - 6.13 Forced Stationary Waves in the Atmosphere. - 6.14 Wave-Zonal Flow Interactions. - 6.15 Topographic Waves in a Stratified Ocean. - 6.16 Layer Models. - 6.17 Rossby Waves in the Two-Layer Model. - 6.18 The Relationship of the Layer Models to the "Level" Models. - 6.19 Geostrophic Approximation ε ≪ L/r0 〈 1; the Sverdrup Relation. - 6.20 Geostrophic Approximation ε ≪ 1, L/r0 = O(1). - 6.21 The Thermocline Problem. - 6.22 Layer Models of the Thermocline. - 6.23 Flow in Unventilated Layers: Potential Vorticity Homogenization. - 6.24 Quasigeostrophic Approximation: an Alternative Derivation. - 7 Instability Theory. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Formulation of the Instability Problem: the Continuously Stratified Model. - 7.3 The Linear Stability Problem: Conditions for Instability. - 7.4 Normal Modes. - 7.5 Bounds on the Phase Speed and Growth Rate. - 7.6 Baroclinic Instability: the Basic Mechanism. - 7.7 Eady's Model. - 7.8 Charney's Model and Critical Layers. - 7.9 Instability in the Two-Layer Model: Formulation. - 7.10 Normal Modes in the Two-Layer Model: Necessary Conditions for Instability. - 7.11 Baroclinic Instability in the Two-Layer Model: Phillips' Model. - 7.12 Effects of Friction. - 7.13 Baroclinic Instability of Nonzonal Flows. - 7.14 Barotropic Instability. - 7.15 Instability of Currents with Horizontal and Vertical Shear. - 7.16 Nonlinear Theory of Baroclinic Instability. - 7.17 Instability of Non parallel Flow. - 8 Ageostrophic Motion. - 8.1 Anisotropic Scales. - 8.2 Continental-Shelf Waves. - 8.3 Slow Circulation of a Stratified, Dissipative Fluid. - 8.4 The Theory of Frontogenesis. - 8.5 Equatorial Waves. - Selected Bibliography. - Index.

Note: Contents: Introduction. - NE Greenland. Previous investigations of subfossil and extant freshwater diatoms. - Klaresø. - Sølejren. - Present investigations. - Vandsøen. - The taxa. - Taxonomical remarks. - W Greenland. Previous investigations of the subfossil diatom flora. - Johannes Iversen Sø. - Gytjesø. - Sârdlup tîmane taserssuaq. - Kigssaviat taserssua. - Galium Kær. - Spongilla sø. - Present investigations. - Qeqertat, Inglefield Bredning. - The taxa. - Taxonomical remarks. - Ecological remarks. - Eqalunguit, Disko. - The taxa. - Changes in pH of the environment. - Taxonomical remarks. - Langesø and Rundesø, Tugtuligssuaq. - The taxa. - Changes in pH of the environment. - Taxonomical remarks. - Acknowledgements. - References.

Note: Teilweise in deutscher, englischer, französischer, russischer und spanischer Sprache

Note: Contents: List of contributors. - Preface. - 1 An Overview of Rates of Chemical Weathering / S. M. Colman and D. P. Dethier. - PART I KINETICS AND MECHANISMS OF WEATHERING REACTIONS. - 2 The Relations between Crystal Structure and Silicate Weathering Rates / R. A. Eggleton. - 3 The Dissolution Rate of Forsteritic Olivine from Hawaiian Beach Sand / D. E. Grandstaff. - 4 Stoichiometry of Alkali Feldspar Dissolution at Room Temperature and Various pH Values / G. R. Holdren, Jr. and P. M. Speyer. - 5 Rate Limitation and Dissolution of Highly Soluble Minerals / J. B. Laronne. - PART II RATES OF MINERAL ALTERATION IN SOIL ENVIRONMENTS. - 6 The Etching of Hornblende Grains in the Matrix of Alpine Tills and Periglacial Deposits / R .D. Hall and R. E. Martin. - 7 Rates of Hornblende Etching in Soils on Glacial Deposits, Baffin Island, Canada / W. W. Locke. - 8 Rates of Mineral Weathering in the Wind River Mountains, Western Wyoming / W. C. Mahaney and D. L. Halvorson. - 9 Evolution of Iron Crusts in Tropical Landscapes / D.B. Nahon. - 10 Processes and Rates of Weathering in Cold and Polar Desert Environments / F. C. Ugolini. - PART III WEATHERING OF VOLCANIC ASHES AND DEPOSITS. - 11 Weathering of Holocene Airfall Tephras in the Southern Canadian Rockies / R. H. King. - 12 Controls on the Rates of Weathering and Clay Mineral Genesis in Airfall Tephras: A Review and New Zealand Case Study / D. J. Lowe. - 13 Rates of Weathering of 14C-Dated Late Quaternary Volcaniclastic Deposits in the Western United States / V. E. Neall and I. K. Paintin. - 14 Chemical Weathering of the May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens Ash Fall and the Effect on the Iron Creek Watershed, Washington / A. F. White and L. V. Benson and A. Yee. - PART IV RATES OF FORMATION OF ROCK-WEATHERING FEATURES. - 15 Levels of Time Information in Weathering Measurements, with Examples from Weathering Rinds on Volcanic Clasts in the Western United States / S. M. Colman. - 16 Weathering Rates in Granitic Boulders Measured by P-Wave Speeds / R. Crook, Jr. and A. R. Gillespie. - 17 Growth of Weathering Rinds on Torlesse Sandstone, Southern Alps, New Zealand / I. E. Whitehouse and M. J. McSaveney and P. L. K. Knuepfer and T. J. H. Chinn. - PART V HYDROCHEMICAL STUDIES OF RATES OF WEATHERING. - 18 The Mathematical Basis for Determining Rates of Geochemical and Geomorphic Processes in Small Forested Watersheds by Mass Balance: Examples and Implications / M. A. Velbel. - 19 An Estimate of Plagioclase Weathering Rate in the Idaho Batholith Based upon Geochemical Transport Rates / J. L. Clayton. - 20 The Use of Catchment Studies for Assessing Chemical Weathering Rates in Two Contrasting Upland Areas in Northeast Scotland / J. Creasey and A. C. Edwards and J. M. Reid and D. A. MacLeod and M. S. Cresser. - 21 Weathering Rates and the Chemical Flux from Catchments in the Pacific Northwest, U.S.A. / D. P. Dethier. - 22 Rates of Weathering and Erosion Derived from Mass Balance in Small Drainage Basins / T. Paces. - 23 Processes and Rates of Saprolite Production and Erosion on a Foliated Granitic Rock of the Virginia Piedmont / M. J. Pavich. - Index.

Note: Contents INTRODUCTION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1. GOING OUT? requirements to be met, minimum equipment, field trips 2. STATIONS AND BASES Macquarie Island, Commonwealth Bay, Casey, Edgeworth David, Davis, Law, Mawson, Heard Island 3. TRAVEL IN ANTARCTICA blizzards, whiteout, revasses, sea ice hazards and emergency 4. LIGHT-WEIGHT TRAVEL IN ANTARCTICA walking, skiing, manhauling, dog sledging 5. MOTORISED TOBOGGANS operation, sledges 6. HEAVY VEHICLE TRAVEL IN ANTARCTICA planning, train methods, navigating, extracting crevassed vehicles, Hagglunds on sea ice 7. AIRCRAFT TRAVEL safety, loading, flying, ground-to-air signals, marshalling, forced landings 8. SMALL BOAT TRAVEL safety, minimum equipment, emergency action 9. CLOTHING AND FIELD EQUIPMENT wearing clothing properly, knot tying, slings, harnesses, karabiners, jumars, anchors, ice axes, crampons, packs, sleeping gear 10. SNOW AND ICE TECHNIQUES step-cutting, descending, self-arresting, roping up for climbing, belays, abseiling, roping up for glacier travel, extraction from crevasses, rescue stretcher use 10. SHELTER tent erection, Apple huts, primus, tilley lamp, emergency shelters, bivouac for a lone person 12. FIELD RATIONS packs, cooking, emergency food 13. NAVIGATION maps, magnetic compass, magnetic variation, bearings, locating south at night, locating north, vehicle compass, trail marking 14. RADIO COMMUNICATIONS VHF channels, VHF repeater, VHF hand-helds and repairs, vehicle VHF, HF frequencies, HF radios, HF antennae, EPIRBs, PIRBs, Radio Box, Selcal, callsigns, schedules, Morse, to ships and aircraft, distress and urgency calls 15. EMERGENCY PROCEDURES AND SEARCH AND RESCUE priorities, lost individual, lost party, searchmasters, SAR phases, search techniques, location by dipole aerial, radio failure on Macquarie Island 16. ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION Antarctic Treaty and acts, SPAs, SSSis, offences, Heard and McDonald Islands, Macquarie Island, Southern Ocean APPENDIX I. Field camp equipment list APPENDIX II. Distances, weights and volumes

Note: Zugl.: Kiel, Univ. Diss., 1987

Note: Table of Contents: Copyright; Additional copies. - Foreword and acknowledgements. - Chapter 1. Cosmochemistry of the Rare Earth Elements: Condensation and Evaporation Processes / by William V. Boynton. - Introduction. - Meteorites. - Astrophysical context for interpretation of cosmochemical data. - Solar nebula. - Solar abundances. - Cosmochemical properties of the REE. - REE condensation reactions. - Activity coefficients. - Partial pressures. - Solid / gas distribution coefficients. - Why are the REE volatilities so different?. - Calculated REE patterns. - Early condensates. - Removing REE in the gas. - Comparison with meteoritic data. - Ultra-refractory component. - Group II inclusions. - FUN inclusions. - REE condensation as a function of oxygen fugacity. - Rims on CAI. - What have we learned from the REE?. - High temperatures were achieved in the solar nebula. - A very efficient mechanism for gas/dust separation existed in the solar nebula. - The high nebular temperatures existed for a long time. - A very intense, very brief, heat source also existed. - The solar nebula was a chaotic environment. - Summary. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 2. Radiogenic Isotope Geochemistry of Rare Earth Elements / by P. Jonathan Patchett. - Introduction. - Long-lived radioactive isotopes of Rare Earth Elements. - 138La-138Ce decay. - 147Sm-143Nd decay. - 176Lu-176Hf decay. - Cemical variations of La/Ce, Sm/Nd and Lu/Hf ratios. - Geochronological studies. - La-Ce and Lu-Hf chronology. - Sm-Nd chronology. - Defining bulk planetary isotopic evolution. - Isotopic study of planetary interiors. - The Moon. - The Earth. - Nd isotopes in studies of terrestrial crustal evolution. - Model Nd ages of continental crust. - Growth curves for the continental crust. - Origin of granitoids. - Nd isotopes and the sedimentary system. - Characterization of whole crustal terranes. - Crustal Lu-Hf isotopic studies. - Major unsolved problems. - Continental crustal growth curve. - Abundance of Archean continental crust. - Origin of mantle isotopic variations. - References. - Chapter 3. Partitioning of Rare Earth Elements between Major Silicate Minerals and Basaltic Melts / by Gordon A. McKay. - Introduction. - Usefulness of the REE for petrogenetic modelling. - Scope of this chapter. - Caveat. - How partition coefficients are measured. - Phenocryst/matrix studies of natural samples. - Experimental measurement of partition coefficients. - Basic experimental approach. - Equilibrium. - Percent level doping technique. - Beta-track mapping technique. - Other experimental approaches. - Henry's law: The applicability of percent-level doping results. - Factors governing mineral/melt partitioning. - Ionic size and charge of trace element. - Crystal field effects. - Cristallographic versus defect sites: The Henry's law question. - Phase compositions. - Oxidation state. - Thermodynamic relationships: Dependence of partitioning on temperature and composition. - Other predictive approaches. - Special applications. - Eu as an oxygen fugacity indicator. - Origin of the Eu anomaly in lunar mare basalts. - REE partition coefficient patterns for the major minerals. - Plagioclase. - Olivine. - Pyroxene. - Low-Ca pyroxene. - High-Ca pyroxene. - Garnet. - Future directions. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 4. An Approach to Trace Element Modeling Using a Simple Igneous System as an Example / by Gilbert N. Hanson. - Introduction. - Review of trace element equations. - Melting. - Fractional crystallization. - Melting versus fractional crystallization. - Essential structural constituents. - Example of petrogenetic approach. - Discussion and summary. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 5. Rare Earth Elements in Upper Mantle Rocks / by W. F. McDonough and Fredrick A. Frey. - Introduction. - Massive peridotites. - Massive peridotites: dominantly lherzolite Western Alps - Lanzo. - Western Alps -Baldissero, Balmuccia. - Eastern Liguria, Italy. - Western Liguria, Italy. - Eastern Pyrenees - France. - Ronda, Spain Effects of late stage alteration on REE. - What can be inferred about the melting process and the segregated melts?. - Massive peridotites: pyroxenite layers and veins and their wall rocks. - Amphibole-bearing pyroxenite veins. - Anhydrous pyroxenite layers. - How were the pyroxenite layers created? Evidence for multistage processes. - Implications for mantle enrichment processes (metasomatism). - Massive peridotites: dominantly harzburgite. - Oceanic peridotites. - Ultramafic xenoliths. - Group I spinel peridotites. - Garnet peridotites. - Pyroxenite and related xenoliths. - Models for REE abundance trends in peridotite xenoliths. - Megacrysts, minerals in xenoliths and damong inclusions. - Megacrysts. - Minerals in peridotites and pyroxenites. - Inclusions in diamonds. - Summary: comparison of peridotites from massifs and xenoliths and implications of REE data for Upper Mantle composition. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 6. Rare Earth Elements in Metamorphic Rocks / by Richard I. Grauch. - Introduction. - REE residence in metamorphic rocks. - REE mobility during metamorphism. - REE content of metamorphic rocks. - Suggestions for future work. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 7. Rare Earth Elements in Sedimentary Rocks: Influence of Provenance and Sedimentary Processes / by Scott M. McLennan. - Introduction. - Rare earth element properties and sedimentary rocks. - Cosmochemical considerations. - Geochemical considerations. - Aqueous geochemistry. - Normalizing and notation. - Sedimentary processes. - Weathering. - Diagenesis. - Sedimentary sorting. - REE and provenance studies. - Sedimentary rocks and crustal abundances. - Sedimentation and plate tectonics. - Archean sedimentary rocks and the Archean crust. - Archean greenstone belts. - REE in sedimentary rocks and crustal evolution. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 8. Aqueous Geochemistry of Rare Earth Elements / by Douglas G. Brookins. - Introduction. - The trivalent lanthanides (Ln III). - Types of complexes in solution. - Hydrolysis products. - Phosphate complexes. - Carbonate complexes. - Halide complexes. - Complexes with total dissolved sulfur. - Gadolinium-Terbium fractionation?. - Scandium and Yttrium. - Europium (II). - Cerium (IV). - Eh-pH diagrams. - Cerium. - Europium. - Other lanthanides. - Lanthanides in ocean waters. - Lanthanides and actinides. - Concluding remarks. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 9. Rare Earth Elements in Lunar Materials / by Larry A. Haskin. - Introduction. - The nature of planet moon. - The magma ocean hypothesis and its presumed products. - Lunar REE patterns. - Highland plutonic rocks. - Anorthosites. - Durâtes, troctolites, norites, and gabbros. - Lunar felsite (granite). - Highland volcanic rocks: KREEP. - Mare basalts. - Mare basalt sources as magma ocean products. - Assimilation of crusted material during basalt petrogenesis. - Glassy spherules. - Soils and breccias. - Caveat. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 10. Compositional and Phase Relations among Rare Earth Element Minerals / by Donald M. Burt. - Introduction. - Geochemical background. - Minerals. - Coupled substitutions. - Vector treatment. - Application to selected mineral groups. - Fluorides. - Carbonates. - Fluorocarbonates. - Monazite, xenotime, zircon, and related phases. - Apatites. - Florencite and related phases. - A-B oxides (niobates, tantalates, titanates, ferrites). - Fergusonitelbetafergusonite, ABO4. - Perovskite, ABO3. - Aeschyniteleuxenite, AB2O6. - Pyrochlore, A1-2B2O6(O,F,OH). - Allanite. - Titanite. - Garnet. - Gadolinite. - Chevkinite/perrierite. - Element distributions: acid-base relations. - Summary. - Acknowledgemen

Note: СОДЕРЖАНИЕ основоположник Сибирской школы по изучению четвертичного периода (С.А. Архипов) / Сакс В.В. Астрономическая геохронология антропогена. Проблема сопоставления геохронологических шкал / Краснов И.И. Хроностратиграфическая шкала ледникового плейстоцена севера Зарадной Сибири / Архипов С.А Стратиграфия и термолюминесцентный возраст раннего плейстоцена севера Западной Сибири / Архипов С.А., Куликов О.А Палинология и ледниковая теория / Волкова В.С. Покровное оледенение шельфа Восточной Сибири в позднем плейстоцене / Гросвальд М.Г. Проблемы межрегиональной корреляции четвертичных отложений в свете новых данных по стратиграфии плейстоцена европейской части СССР / Шик С.М. Проблемы стратиграфии четвертичных отложений Прибалтийского пегиона и их межрегиональной корреляции / Гайгалас А.И. Флювиальный процесс на равнинах умеренного пояса в плейстоцене / Волков И.А. Особенности стратиграфического расчленения плейстоцена внутриконтинентальных горных областей / Ендрихинскии А.С. Почвообразование и лессонакопление в плейстоцене юого-восточной части Западной Сибири / Зыкина В.С., Ким Ю.В. Териофауна последнего межледниковья / Алексеева Л.И. Разрез с раннеплейстоценовой вят-кинской фауной и флорой на юге Западной Сибири / Архипов С.А., Круковер А.А., Шелкоnляс В.Н. Мелкие млекопитающие тобольского горизонта / Круковер А.А. Стратиграфия неоген-четвертичных отложений Чулымо-Енисейской впадины по палеомагнитным и биостратиграфическим данным / Колыхалов Ю. М., Нечаева Е.К., Величко Н.Н. Экскурс геомагнитного поля Каргаполово (Лашамр) ~ 40 тыс. лет назад по отложениям в районе средней Оби (разрез Чагин Яр) / Куликова Л. С. Межрегиональная литологическая корреляция морен / Сухорукова С.С., Судакова Н.Г., Немцова Г.М., Астапова С.Д, Фаустова М.Н. Поэднеплейстоценовая обстановка осадконакопления в центре Западной Сибири / Астахов В.И. Краткая литологическая характеристика кайнозойских отложений археологического памятника Диринг-Юрях ( tредняя Лена) / Камалетдинов В.А., Зигерт Х. Палеоклиматические реконструкции на территории СССР в главные термические максимумы голоцена (по палинологическим данным) / Климанов В.А. Изменения рас,ительного покрова и климата Колымской низменности в поэднечетвертичное время / Рыбакова Н.О. К истории растительности севера Сибирской платформы в плейстоцене и голоцене / Кулагина Н.В. Геоморфологические корреляции поэднеплейстоценовых и голоценовых террас центральной части Онежского залива / Матошко А.В., Ломакин И.Э. , Омельчук А.В., Паланский М. Г., Сорокин А.Л., Ванюхин Б.И. Микропалеонтологическая характеристика средне-верхнеплейстоценовых отложений п-ова Челюскин / Левчук Л.К., Седов В.Н., Шнейдер Г.В. Опыт комплексного биостратиграфического анализа (фораминиферового и спорово-пыльцевого) донных отложений Баренцева моря / Иванова Л.В., Лебедева Р.М. Стратиграфия позднеnлейстоценово-голоuеновых осадков Берингийского шельфа по комплексам диатомей / Полякова Е.И. , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: СОДЕРЖАНИЕ Предисловие Проблемы зональной шкалы палеогена Сибири / Шацкий С.Б. Стратиграфия плиоцена юга Западно-Сибирской равнины / Зыкин В.С., Зажигин В.С., Присяжнюк В.А. Магнитобиостратиграфический разрез и палеомагнитная характеристика плиоценовых отложений юга Западно-Сибирской равнины / Гнибиденко З.Н. Олигоценовые флоры Западной Сибири (по материалам палео-карпологических исследований) / Никитин В. П. Роль палинологии в разработке стратиграфии палеогеновых и неогеновых отложений Западной Сибири / Мартынов В.А. Об оценке абсолютного возраста и детальной корреляции плиоцен-четвертичных отложений методом палеовековых вариаций / Донченко В. В., Гнибиденко З.Н. Палеогеновые и неогеновые отложения юго-запада Чулымо-Енисейской впадины / Колыхалов Ю.М., Нечаева Е. К., Бессоненко Э.А. Картируемые горизонты неогена на юге Западно-Сибирской плиты / Даргевич В.А. Палинокомплексы палеогена и неогена Обь-Иртышского междуречья Западно-Сибирской равнины и их стратиграфическое значение / Кондинская Л. И., Юдина Е. В. О возрасте фауны позвоночных из серо-зеленых глин Павлодарского Прииртышья / Тлеубердина П.А. Неогеновые и четвертичные комплексы остракод юга Западной Сибири / Казьмина Т.А. Палинокомплексы кайнозоя Сургутского Приобья / Боброва С.И., Кириенко И.В. Корреляция палино-компллексов палеогена юго-восточной части Западно-Сибирской равнины (Томская область, правобережье Оби) / Ильенок Л.Л., Кабанова В.М., Костеша О.Н. Биостратиграфия морского палеогена юго-востока Западной Сибири по данным изучения микрофауны / Подобина В.М. О границе эоцена - олигоцена по данным изучения фораминифер (на примере Западной Сибири) / Подобина В.М. Климатические особенности формирования среднеплиоценовых отложений Северного Казахстана / Бобоедова А.А., Терещенко Р.А. Сравнительная стратиграфия палеогеновых отложений юга Западной Сибири и Тургайского прогиба на основе палиноспектров / Вобоедова А.А., Паскарь З.С. Палеоген и неоген Западного Забайкалья / Иметхенов А.Б., Резанов И.Н., Савинова В.В., Черняева Г.И., Будаев Р.Ц. Новые данные по расчленению и строению кайнозойских отложений на побережье моря Лаптевых / Евтеева И.С., Логинова И.Э., Каган Л.Я. Новые данные по палиностратиграфии кайнозойских отложений Тастахского прогиба Приморской низменности (Якутия) / Бакулина Н.Т., Жарикова Л.П. Результаты спорово-пыльцевого анализа отложений верхнего кайнозоя среднего течения р. Алазеи (Якутия) / Львова Е.М. Новые данные о неогеновых отложениях в Северном Приохотье / Ананьева Э.Г., Смирнова Т.И. Палеогеография и радиоуглеродная хронология на рубеже плейстоцена и голоцена Предалтайской равнины / Левина Т.П., Орлова Л.А., Панычев В.А., Скабичевская Н.А. К проблеме выделения раннезырянских межстадиалов в Западной Сибири / Архипов С.А., Вотах М.Р. Новые данные по палеогеографии плейстоцена Западного Саяна / Фельдбарг Н.Е., Чернышова М.Б. История развития рельефа и формирования позднеплейстоценовых отложений на юго-восточной окраине Северо-Сибирской низменности / Сахарова Е.И., Бурьянова О.П. Геоморфологическое районирование северо-западных окраин Алтае-Саянской горной области / Вдовин В.В. Эрозионные циклы рек Западного Прибайкалья в позднем плейстоцене и голоцене / Сизиков А.М. Типы морфогенеза на пластовых равнинах Зауралья и восстановление палеоклиматов плейстоцена / Илларионов А.Г. Палеоклиматы позднего плейстоцена и голоцена севера Сибири / Данилов И.Д. К стратиграфическому значению разреза четвертичных отложений на р. Хатанга у пос. Новорыбное / Зольников И.Л., Шевко А.Я. Морфология валунов и галек в моренах Белогорской возвышенности (Нижнее Приобье) / Шелехова Т.Г. , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Table of Contents: List of contributors. - Cryosphere Science: Series Preface. - Preface. - Acknowledgments. - About the companion website. - 1 Remote sensing and the cryosphere. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Remote sensing. - 1.2.1 The electromagnetic spectrum and blackbody radiation. - 1.2.2 Passive systems. - 1.2.3 Active systems. - 1.3 The cryosphere. - References. - 2 Electromagnetic properties of components of the cryosphere. - 2.1 Electromagnetic properties of snow. - 2.1.1 Visible/near-infrared and thermal infrared. - 2.1.2 Microwave region. - 2.2 Electromagnetic properties of sea ice. - 2.2.1 Visible/near-infrared and thermal infrared. - 2.2.2 Microwave region. - 2.3 Electromagnetic properties of freshwater ice. - 2.4 Electromagnetic properties of glaciers and ice sheets. - 2.4.1 Visible/near-infrared and thermal infrared. - 2.4.2 Microwave region. - 2.5 Electromagnetic properties of frozen soil. - 2.5.1 Visible/near-infrared and thermal infrared. - 2.5.2 Microwave region. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 3 Remote sensing of snow extent. - 3.1 lntroduction. - 3.2 Visible/near-infrared snow products. - 3.2.1 The normalized difference snow index (NDSI). - 3.3 Passive microwave products. - 3.4 Blended VNIR/PM products. - 3.5 Satellite snow extent as input to hydrological models. - 3.6 Concluding remarks. - Acknowledgments. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 4 Remote sensing of snow albedo, grain size, and pollution from space. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Forward modeling. - 4.3 Local optical properties of a snow layer. - 4.4 Inverse problem. - 4.5 Pitfalls of retrievals. - 4.6 Conclusions. - Acknowledgments. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 5 Remote sensing of snow depth and snow water equivalent. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Photogrammetry. - 5.3 LiDAR. - 5.4 Gamma radiation. - 5.5 Gravity data. - 5.6 Passive microwave data. - 5.7 Active microwave data. - 5.8 Conclusions. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 6 Remote sensing of melting snow and ice. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 General considerations on optical/thermal and microwave sensors and techniques for remote sensing of melting. - 6.2.1 Optical and thermal sensors. - 6.2.2 Microwave sensors. - 6.2.3 Electromagnetic properties of dry and wet snow. - 6.3 Remote sensing of melting over land. - 6.4 Remote sensing of melting over Greenland. - 6.4.1 Thermal infrared sensors. - 6.4.2 Microwave sensors. - 6.5 Remote sensing of melting over Antarctica. - 6.6 Conclusions. - References. - Acronyms. - 7 Remote sensing of glaciers. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Fundamentals. - 7.3 Satellite instruments for glacier research. - 7.4 Methods. - 7.4.1 Image classification for glacier mapping. - 7.4.2 Mapping debris-covered glaciers. - 7.4.3 Glacier mapping with SAR data. - 7.4.4 Assessing glacier changes. - 7.4.5 Area and length changes. - 7.4.6 Volumetrie glacier changes. - 7.4.7 Glacier velocity. - 7.5 Glaciers of the Greenland ice sheet. - 7.5.1 Surface elevation. - 7.5.2 Glacier extent. - 7.5.3 Glacier dynamics. - 7.6 Summary. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 8 Remote sensing of accumulation over the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. - 8.1 Introduction to accumulation. - 8.2 Spaceborne methods for determining accumulation over ice sheets. - 8.2.1 Microwave remote sensing. - 8.2.2 Other remote sensing techniques and combined methods. - 8.3 Airborne and ground-based measurements of accumulation. - 8.3.1 Ground-based. - 8.3.2 Airborne. - 8.4 Modeling of accumulation. - 8.5 The future for remote sensing of accumulation. - 8.6 Conclusions. - References. - Acronyms. - Website cited. - 9 Remote sensing of ice thickness and surface velocity. - 9.1 Introduction. - 9.1.1 Electrical properties of glacial ice. - 9.2 Radar principles. - 9.2.1 Radar sounder. - 9.2.2 Radar equation. - 9.3 Pulse compression. - 9.4 Antennas. - 9.5 Example results. - 9.6 SAR and array processing. - 9.7 SAR Interferometry. - 9. 7.1 Introduction. - 9.7.2 Basic theory. - 9.7.3 Practical considerations of InSAR systems. - 9.7.4 Application of InSAR to Cryosphere remote sensing. - 9.8 Conclusions. - References. - Acronyms. - 10 Gravimetry measurements from space. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 Observing the Earth's gravity field with inter-satellite ranging. - 10.3 Surface mass variability from GRACE. - 10.4 Results. - 10.5 Conclusions. - References. - Acronyms. - 11 Remote sensing of sea ice. - 11.1 Introduction. - 11.2 Sea ice concentration and extent. - 11.2.1 Passive microwave radiometers. - 11.2.2 Active microwave - scatterometry and radar. - 11.2.3 Visible and infrared. - 11.2.4 Operational sea ice analyses. - 11.3 Sea ice drift. - 11.4 Sea ice thickness and age, and snow depth. - 11.4.1 Altimetric thickness estimates. - 11.4.2 Radiometric thickness estimates. - 11.4.3 Sea ice age estimates as a proxy for ice thickness. - 11.5 Sea ice melt onset and freeze-up, albedo, melt pond fraction and surface temperature. - 11.5.1 Melt onset and freeze-up. - 11.5.2 Sea ice albedo and melt pond fraction. - 11.5.3 Sea ice surface temperature. - 11.6 Summary, challenges and the road ahead. - References. - Acronyms. - Website cited. - 12 Remote sensing of lake and river ice. - 12.1 Introduction. - 12.2 Remote sensing of lake ice. - 12.2.1 Ice concentration, extent and phenology. - 12.2.2 Ice types. - 12.2.3 Ice thickness and snow on ice. - 12.2.4 Snow/ice surface temperature. - 12.2.5 Floating and grounded ice: the special case of shallow Arctic/sub-Arctic lakes. - 12.3 Remote sensing of river ice. - 12.3.1 Ice extent and phenology. - 12.3.2 lce types, ice jams and flooded areas. - 12.3.3 Ice thickness. - 12.3.4 Surface flow velocities. - 12.3.5 Incorporating SAR-derived ice information into a GIS-based system in support of river-flow modeling and flood forecasting. - 12.4 Conclusions and outlook. - Acknowledgments. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 13 Remote sensing of permafrost and frozen ground. - 13.1 Permafrost - an essential climate variable of the "Global Climate Observing System". - 13.2 Mountain permafrost. - 13.2.1 Remote sensing of surface features and permafrost landforms. - 13.2.2 Generation of digital elevation models. - 13.2.3 Terrain elevation change and displacement. - 13.3 Lowland permafrost - identification and mapping of surface features. - 13.3.1 Land cover and vegetation. - 13.3.2 Permafrost landforms. - 13.3.3 Landforms and processes indicating permafrost degradation. - 13.4 Lowland permafrost - remote sensing of physical variables related to the thermal permafrost state. - 13.4.1 Land surface temperature through thermal remote sensing. - 13.4.2 Freeze-thaw state of the surface soil through microwave remote sensing. - 13.4.3 Permafrost mapping with airborne electromagnetic surveys. - 13.4.4 Regional surface deformation through radar interferometry. - 13.4.5 A gravimetric signal of permafrost thaw?. - 13.5 Outlook - remote sensing data and permafrost models. - References. - Acronyms. - 14 Field measurements for remote sensing of the cryosphere. - 14.1 Introduction. - 14.2 Physical properties of interest. - 14.2.1 Surface properties. - 14.2.2 Sub-surface properties. - 14.3 Standard techniques for direct measurements of physical properties. - 14.3.1 Topography. - 14.3.2 Snow depth. - 14.3.3 Snow water equivalent and density. - 14.3.4 Temperature. - 14.3.5 Stratigraphy. - 14.3.6 Sea ice depth and ice thickness. - 14.4 New techniques for high spatial resolution measurements. - 14.4.1 Topography. - 14.4.2 Surface properties. - 14.4.3 Sub-surface properties. - 14.5 Simulating airborne and spaceborne observations from the ground. - 14.5.1 Active microwave. - 14.5.2 Passive microwave. - 14.6 Sampling strategies for remote sensing field campaigns: concepts and examples. - 14.6.1 Ice sheet campaigns. - 14.6.2 Seasonal snow campaigns. - 14.6.3 Sea ice campaigns. - 14.7 Conclusions. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 15 Remote sensing missions and the cryosphere. - 15.1 In

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis Teil 1. Übersicht 1. Der Gegenstand der Hydrologie 2. Wassermengen, Wasserkreislauf und Wasserbilanz der Erde 2.1. Die Evolution der Hydrosphäre und des Wasserkreislaufes 2.2. Die Wassermengen der Erde 2.3. Der Wasserkreislauf der Erde 2.4. Die Wasserbilanz der Erde 3. Energie- und Stoffhaushalt 3.1. Besonderheiten des Naturstoffes Wasser 3.2. Wasserkreislauf und Wasserbeschaffenheit 3.3. Energiehaushalt 3.4. Stoffhaushalt 3.4.1. Allgemeines 3.4.2. Sauerstoff-Kohlenstoff-Haushalt 3.4.3. Stickstoffkreislauf 3.4.4. Phosphorkreislauf 3.4.5. Schwefelkreislauf 3.4.6. Stoffaustrag aus den Einzugsgebieten 3.4.7. Auswirkungen der Verschmutzung und Sanierungsmöglichkeiten bei den Haupttypen der Gewässer 3.4.8. Wasserschadstoffe 4. Die wichtigsten hydrologischen Prozesse und Systeme 4.1. Prozesse, Systeme und Modelle 4.2. Das Wasser im System Boden - Pflanze - Atmosphäre 4.3. Das Wasser im Einzugsgebiet 4.4. Das Maßstabsproblem 5. Zur Geschichte der Hydrologie 6. Bedeutung der Hydrologie für die Volkswirtschaft 6.1. Wasserressourcen und Wasserbewirtschaftung 6.2. Hydrologie - Basiswissenschaft der Wasserressourcen-Bewirtschaftung Literaturverzeichnis zum Teil 1 Teil 2. Erfassung und Ausweitung hydrologischer Daten 7. Hydrometrie 7.1. Aufgaben und Inhalt der Hydrometrie 7.2. Wasserstand 7.2.1. Kriterien für die Standortwahl der Meßstellen 7.2.2. Nichtregistrierende Pegel 7.2.3. Mechanischer Schwimmerschreibpegel 7.2.4. Druckluftpegel 7.2.5. Fernpegel 7.3. Durchfluß 7.3.1. Der Zweck von Durchflußmessungen 7.3.2. Messung des Druchflusses mit Hilfe des Flügels 7.3.3. Auswertung der Flügelmessung 7.3.4. Verdünnungsmessungen 7.3.5. Meßwehre 7.3.6. Venturikanal 7.3.7. Ultraschallmessung 7.3.8. Wasserstand-Durchfluß-Beziehung 7.4. Grundwasserbeobachtung 7.4.1. Überblick 7.4.2. Messung des Grundwasserstandes 7.4.3. Quellschüttungsmessungen 7.4.4. Durchfluß- und Beschaflenheitsmessungen 8. Zur Auswertung hydrologischer Daten 8.1. Überblick 8.2. Ganglinie, Summen-und SummendifTerenzlinie 8.3. Primärstatistische Auswertung 8.3.1. Häufigkeiten 8.3.2. Summenhäuflgkeiten 8.3.3. Statistische Maßzahlen 8.3.4. Gewässerkundliche Hauptzahlen 8.4. Wahrscheinlichkeitsanalysen 8.4.1. Begriffe und grundsätzliche Zusammenhänge 8.4.2. Die Normalverteilung 8.4.3. Aufbau und Nutzung von Wahrscheinlichkeitsnetzen 8.4.4. Die Pearsonverteilung Typ III 8.4.5. Das Wiederkehrintervall 8.5. Korrelationsanalyse 8.5.1. Korrelationskoeffizient 8.5.2. Reihenkorrelationskoeflizient Literaturverzeichnis zum Teil 2 Teil 3: Die Elemente des Wasserhaushalts 9. Der Niederschlag 9.1. Haupttypen und Arten des Niederschlags 9.2. Niederschlagsmessung 9.2.1. Punktuelle Niederschlagsmessung 9.2.2. Messung des Gebietsniederschlags 9.3. Auswertung von Punkt- und Gebietsniederschlagsmessungen 9.3.1. Punktniederschläge 9.3.2. Gebietsniederschläge für Einzugsgebiete 9.4. Stark-und Bemessungsniederschläge 9.5. Zeitliche und räumliche Verteilung des Niederschlags 9.6. Stochastische Analyse und Simulation des Niederschlags 9.6.1. Aufgabe 9.6.2. Modelle mit geringer zeitlicher Auflösung (Monats- und Jahreswerte) 9.6.3. Modelle hoher zeitlicher Auflösung 9.7. Wasserabgabe aus der Schneedecke 9.7.1. Grundbegriffe und Grundlagen 9.7.2. Ermittlung der Wasserabgabe aus der Schneedecke 10. Verdunstung 10.1. Begriffe, Prozesse und Aufgabenstellung 10.2. Messung der Verdunstung 10.3. Berechnung der potentiellen Evapotranspiration 10.3.1. Berechnung langjähriger Mittelwerte von ETP 10.3.2. Berechnung aktueller Einzelwerte von ETP 10.4. Berechnung der realen Verdunstung 10.4.1. Berechnung langjähriger Mittelwerte von ETR 10.4.2. Berechnung aktueller Werte der realen Verdunstung 10.4.3. Berechnung der Gebietsverdunstung aus'Klimabeobachtungen 10.5. Verdunstung freier Wasserflächen 10.5.1. Allgemeines 10.5.2. Bestimmung der Gewässerverdunstung nach Daten von Floßverdunstungskesseln 10.5.3. Berechnung der Gewässerverdunstung nach der Wärmehaushaltsmethode 10.5.4. Aerodynamische Methode 10.5.5. Ermittlung der Gewässerverdunstung aus Klimabeobachtungen 11. Der Abfluß 11.1. Allgemeine Grundlagen 11.2. Die Abflußkomponenten 11.2.1. Allgemeines 11.2.2. Durchflußganglinien-Seperation nach dem Einzellinearspeicher-Prinzip 11.2.3. Die Bilanzierung der separierten Durchflußganglinie 11.3. Stochastische Analyse von Durchflußbeobachtungsreihen 11.4. Langfristige Durchflußschwankungen 11.5. Mathematische Modelle zur stochastischen Simulation des Durchflußprozesses 11.5.1. Grundlagen 11.5.2. Grundtypen stochastischer Modelle 11.5.3. Zur Identifikation des Modelltyps 11.6. Inneijährliche Durchflußschwankungen 11.6.1. Darstellung der inneijährlichen Durchflußschwankungen 11.6.2. Modellierung des Jahrgangs 11.7. Abfluß-und Durchflußänderungen infolge anthropogener Einflüsse 12. Die Speicherung in den Einzugsgebieten 12.1. Übersicht 12.2. Wasserspeicherung in der Schneedecke 12.3. Wasserspeicherung in oberirdischen Gewässern 12.4. Wasserspeicherung in der ungesättigten Bodenzone 12.5. Wasserspeicherung in der Grundwasserzone 12.6. Größenvergleich natürlicher und künstlicher Speicherräume Literaturverzeichnis zum Teil 3 Teil 4: Die oberirdischen Gewässer 13. Die fließenden oberirdischen Gewässer und ihre Einzugsgebiete 13.1. Übersicht, Begriffe 13.2. Strukturen und Eigenschaften von Flußgebieten 13.2.1. Übersiqht 13.2.2. Flußnötze 13.2.3. Flußlängen 13.2.4. Einzugsgebietsflächen 13.2.5. Gefällewerte 13.2.6. Die hypsometrische (Flächen-Höhen)Kurve 13.2.7. Weitere geomorphologische Kennwerte 13.3. Maßverhältnisse der Flußbetten 13.3.1. Flußbettbildung 13.3.2. Der Grundriß der Flüsse 13.3.3. Der Längsschnitt der Flüsse 13.3.4. Der Querschnitt der Flüsse und hydraulische Flußbettgeometrie 13.4. Der Durchfluß der Flüsse 13.4.1. Berechnung des Durchflusses in den Fließgewässern 13.4.2. Durchflußkomponenten und Durchflußbereiche 13.4.3. Flußtypen 13.5. Stoffabtrag und Stoffiransport 13.5.1. Übersicht 13.5.2. Bodenerosion durch Wasser 13.5.3. Linienhafter Abtrag durch fließendes Wasser und Feststoffiransport 13.5.4. Gelöste Stoffe 13.6. Wärmehaushalt der Fließgewässer 13.6.1. Berechnung der Wassertemperatur in Fließgewässern 13.6.2. Eisbildung in fließenden Gewässern 13.7. Nutzung und Schutz der Fließgewässer 13.7.1. Selbstreinigung der Fließgewässer 13.7.2. Klassifizierung der Wasserbeschaffenheit 14. Die stehenden oberirdischen Gewässer 14.1. Übersicht 14.2. Die Gestalt der Seen und ihre Veränderung 14.2.1. Die wichtigsten morphometrischen Kennwerte 14.2.2. Die Verlandung der Seen 14.3. Hydrologische Seentypen und hydrologische Zusammensetzung des Seewassers 14.4. Wärmehaushalt der Seen 14.4.1. Wärmebilanz und Wärmegehalt der Seen 14.4.2. Thermik der Seen 14.5. Wasserbewegung und Austausch in Seen 14.5.1. Charakter und biologische Bedeutung der Wasserbewegung 14.5.2. Wellenbewegungen 14.5.3. Strömungen in Seen 14.5.4. Numerische Modellierung der Zirkulation in Seen 14.6. Nutzung und Schutz der Standgewässer 14.6.1. Klassifizierung der stehenden Oberflächengewässer 14.6.2. Wassergüte-Bewirtschaftungsstrategien für stehende Oberflächengewässer 14.7. Seerückhalt Literaturverzeichnis zum Teil 4 Teil 5: Das unterirdische Wasser 15. Das Wasser in der Aerationszone 15.1. Die Stellung der Aerationszone im hydrologischen Kreislauf 15.2. Korngrößenverteilung im Boden 15.3. Porosität und Dichte 15.4. Der Wassergehalt des Bodens 15.5. Ginteilung des Bodenwassers nach den wirksamen Kräften 15.6. Charakteristische Werte der Wasserbindung 15.7. Potentiale des Bodenwassers 15.8. Die Saugspannung-Sättigungs-Beziehung 16. Das Grundwasser 16.1. Grundwasser und sein vielfältiges Vorkommen 16.2. Grundwasserleiter 16.3. Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Aerations- und Grundwasserzone 16.4. Unterirdisches Einzugsgebiet, Gefälle und Fließrichtung des Grundwassers 16.5. Grundwasserstandsschwankungen und ihre Ursachen 16.6. Probleme und Aufgaben der Grundwasserbewirtschaftung 17. Die Dynamik des unterirdischen Wassers 17.1. Überblick 17.2. Die dynamische Grundgleic

Note: Table of Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgments. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The evolution of GDAS. - 3. The NMC data set. - 4. Internal consistency. - 5. Problems with individual analyses. - 6. 15 day averages. - 7. Discussion and conclusions. - References. - Appendix I Acronyms. - Appendix II Summary of NMC operational changes. - Appendix III Impact of NMC operational changes. - Appendix IV Missing data. - Appendix V Bad/suspicious NMC data. - Appendix VI Trends/changes in NMC data.

Note: Contents: OVERVIEW. - 1. WORKSHOP ON THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM: OVERVIEW / James H. Zumberge and Lee A. Kimball. - Trends in the Debate at the Workshop. - Ideas and Suggestions Put Forward. - The Antarctic Setting. - INTRODUCTION. - 2. ANTARCTICA PRIOR TO THE ANTARCTIC TREATY - A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE / Trevor Hatherton. - Early Notions. - The Routes Open. - Reduction to Size. - Exploitation - The Seals. - Science and National Interests. - Because It Is There. - Exploitation - The Whales. - The Modern Era. - The International Geophysical Year, 1957-1958. - 3. JURIDICAL NATURE OF THE 1959 TREATY SYSTEM / Yuri M. Rybakov. - Peaceful Use. - Scientific Investigation. - Inspection. - Consultative Meetings. - Recommendations. - Additional Conventions. - LEGAL AND POLITICAL BACKGROUND. - 4. ANTARCTICA PRIOR TO THE ANTARCTIC TREATY: A POLITICAL AND LEGAL PERSPECTIVE / Cristian Maquieira. - 5. ANTARCTIC CONFLICT AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION / Francisco Orrego Vicuna. - The Early Trends Toward Antarctic Conflict. - Localized Territorial Disputes. - Generalized Territorial Disputes and International Implications. - Strategic Uses and Disputes in Antarctica. - Major-Power Rivalry in Antarctica. - The Antarctic Treaty: Cooperation as a Factor of Stabilization. - 6. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY AS A CONFLICT RESOLUTION MECHANISM / Arthur D. Watts. - 7. PANEL DISCUSSION ON THE LEGAL AND POLITICAL BACKGROUND OF THE ANTARCTIC TREATY. - ANTARCTIC SCIENCE. - 8. SUMMARY OF SCIENCE IN ANTARCTICA PRIOR TO AND INCLUDING THE INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR / Robert H. Rutford. - 9. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY AS A SCIENTIFIC MECHANISM (POST-IGY) - CONTRIBUTIONS OF ANTARCTIC SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH / William F. Budd. - Introduction. - The Post-IGY International Antarctica Quarter Century. - The Profitable Nonrenewable Resources Fallacy. - Antarctica as a Global Environmental Science Resource. - Antarctic Publications and the Knowledge Explosion. - Highlights of Antarctic Discoveries and Research. - The Treaty Nations as the United Nations "Antarctic Rangers". - 10. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY AS A SCIENTIFIC MECHANISM - THE SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON ANTARCTIC RESEARCH AND THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM / James H. Zumberge. - Introduction. - The Origin and Growth of SCAR. - SCAR Structure and Procedures. - The Interaction of SCAR with the Antarctic Treaty System. - A Look at SCAR's Future. - 11. THE ROLE OF SCIENCE IN THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM / E. Fred Roots. - Background. - The Political Role of Science in Antarctica. - Different Approaches to Science in Antarctica. - What Results Can Antarctic Science Deliver?. - The Setting of Scientific Priorities in Antarctica. - The Future. - 12. PANEL DISCUSSION ON ANTARCTIC SCIENCE. - THE ANTARCTIC ENVIRONMENT: MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION OF RESOURCES A. CONSERVATION AND ENVIRONMENT 13. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL MECHANISM - AN APPROACH TO ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES / John A. Heap and Martin W. Holdgate. - Introduction. - Characteristics of the Antarctic Environment. - Human Impacts on the Environment of Antarctica. - The Evaluation of Environmental Goals. - Environmental Conservation Within the Antarctic Treaty System. - The Antarctic Treaty System as a Mechanism for Environmental Conservation. - 14. PANEL DISCUSSION ON CONSERVATION AND ENVIRONMENT. - B. LIVING RESOURCES. - 15. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM AS A RESOURCE MANAGEMENT MECHANISM - LIVING RESOURCES / John A. Gulland. - Introduction. - Marine Resources. - International Whaling Commission. - The Role of the Antarctic Treaty. - Terrestrial Activities. - The Role of SCAR. - 16. PANEL DISCUSSION ON LIVING RESOURCES. - Biomass. - Experimental Fishery. - Inspection and Other CCAMLR Measures. - C. NONLIVING RESOURCES. - 17. ARCTIC OFFSHORE TECHNOLOGY AND ITS RELEVANCE TO THE ANTARCTIC / K. R. Croasdale. - Introduction. - Geography and Oil and Gas Resources. - The Arctic Offshore Environment. - Technology for Arctic Offshore Petroleum Operations. - Conclusions. - 18. DISCUSSION ON TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMICS OF MINERALS DEVELOPMENT IN POLAR AREAS. - 19. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM AS A RESOURCE MANAGEMENT MECHANISM - NONLIVING RESOURCES / Christopher D. Beeby. - 20. PANEL DISCUSSION ON NONLIVING RESOURCES. - Participation. - Common Heritage of Mankind. - Participation in the Minerals Regime Negotiations. - Participation in the Adoption of the Minerals Regime. - Participation in Implementation of the Minerals Regime. - Participation in Activities and Benefits. - Urgency and Timing of Minerals Activities. - The Regime. - Enforcement and Reporting Requirements. - INSTITUTIONS. - 21. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF A STATE NOT PARTY TO THE SYSTEM / Zain Azraai. - The Response of the Nontreaty Parties (NTPs). - 22. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF A NON-CONSULTATIVE PARTY TO THE ANTARCTIC TREATY / Peter Bruckner. - Introduction. - Motives for Accession. - Functioning of the Treaty System. - Rights and Obligations of the NCPs Under the Treaty. - The Observer Issue. - Antarctica and the U.N. General Assembly. - Concluding Remarks. - Appendix. - 23. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF A NEW CONSULTATIVE PARTY / L. F. Macedo de Soares Guimaraes. - 24. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF A NEW MEMBER / S. Z. Qasim and H. P. Rajan. - Introduction. - Background of the Antarctic Treaty. - The Antarctic Treaty System. - India's Scientific Expeditions. - Political Issues. - Conclusions. - 25. THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM AND THE UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM / Richard A. Woolcott. - Promotion of Principles and Purposes of United Nations Charter. - Links with the United Nations Specialized Agencies. - The Future. - Relationship to the United Nations System in the Future. - 26. THE EVOLUTION OF THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM - THE INSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVE / R. Tucker Scully. - Introduction. - The Antarctic Treaty. - The Antarctic Treaty System - Substantive Content. - The Antarctic Treaty System - Institutional Response. - Operation of the Antarctic Treaty System. - Conclusion. - 27. PANEL DISCUSSION ON INSTITUTIONS OF THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM. - Legitimacy. - Evolution of the Antarctic Treaty System. - Concluding Remarks.

Note: Inhalt: GRUNDLAGEN. - Was versteht man unter Wetter, Witterung, Klima?. - Meteorologie - die Wissenschaft von Wetter und Klima. - Die Atmosphäre - Zusammensetzung und Aufbau. - Die meteorologischen Elemente - Metechniken und Meßverfahren. - Schichtung der Atmosphäre. - Energieumsätze in der Atmosphäre. - Das Wasser in der Atmosphäre. - Luftbewegungen - Ursachen und Zusammenhänge. - Kleinräumige und großräumige Zirkulationen. - Optische und luftelektrische Erscheinungen. - DAS WETTER - VON DER BEOBACHTUNG BIS ZUR VORHERSAGE. - Gewinnung, Sammlung und Verarbeitung synoptischer Daten. - Die Wetteranalyse - synoptische und numerische Verfahren. - Luftmassen. - Fronten und Frontalzonen. - Tiefdruckgebiete und Hochdruckgebiete. - Die Höhenströmung. - Großwetterlagen. - Wirbelstürme. - Die Wettervorhersage. - DAS KLIMA - VON DEN DATENGRUNDLAGEN BIS ZUR ANWENDUNG KLIMATOLOGISCHER FORSCHUNGSERGEBNISSE. - Das Klima - Datenbasis und Darstellungsformen. - Analyse der klimatischen Verhältnisse. - Klimaklassifikationen und Klimazonen. - Spezielle Klimate. - Wichtige Anwendungsbereiche der Klimatologie. - Das Klima in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart. - WETTER- UND KLIMABEEINFLUSSUNG. - ORGANISATIONEN. - Personenverzeichnis. - Register.

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Contents Preface Symbols Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Scope of Micrometeorology 1.2 Micrometeorology versus Microclimatology 1.3 Importance and Applications of Micrometeorology Problems and Exercises Chapter 2 Energy Budget near the Surface 2.1 Energy Fluxes at an Ideal Surface 2.2 Energy Balance Equations 2.3 Some Examples of Energy Budget 2.4 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 3 Radiation Balance near the Surface 3.1 Radiation Laws and Definitions 3.2 Shortwave Radiation 3.3 Longwave Radiation 3.4 Radiation Balance near the Surface 3.5 Radiative Flux Divergence 3.6 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 4 Soil Temperatures and Heat Transfer 4.1 Surface Temperature 4.2 Subsurface Temperatures 4.3 Thermal Properties of Soils 4.4 Theory of Soil Heat Transfer 4.5 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 5 Air Temperature and Humidity in the PBL 5.1 Factors Influencing Air Temperature and Humidity 5.2 Basic Thermodynamic Relations and Definitions 5.3 Static Stability 5.4 Mixed Layers and Inversions 5.5 Vertical Temperature and Humidity Profiles 5.6 Diurnal Variations 5.7 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 6 Wind Distribution in the PBL 6.1 Factors Influencing Wind Distribution 6.2 Geostrophic and Thermal Winds 6.3 The Effects of Friction 6.4 The Effects of Stability 6.5 Observed Wind Profiles 6.6 Diurnal Variations 6.7 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 7 An Introduction to Viscous Flows 7.1 Inviscid and Viscous Flows 7.2 Laminar and Turbulent Flows 7.3 Equations of Motion 7.4 Plane-Parallel Flows 7.5 Ekman Layers 7.6 Developing Boundary Layers 7.7 Heat Transfer in Fluids 7.8 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 8 Fundamentals of Turbulence 8.1 Instability of Flow and Transition to Turbulence 8.2 The Generation and Maintenance of Turbulence 8.3 General Characteristics of Turbulence 8.4 Mean and Fluctuating Variables 8.5 Variances and Turbulent Fluxes 8.6 Eddies and Scales of Motion 8.7 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 9 Semiempirical Theories of Turbulence 9.1 Mathematical Description of Turbulent Flows 9.2 Gradient-Transport Theories 9.3 Dimensional Analysis and Similarity Theories 9.4 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 10 Neutral Boundary Layers 10.1 Velocity-Profile Laws 10.2 Surface Roughness Parameters 10.3 Surface Stress and Drag Coefficient 10.4 Turbulence 10.5 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 11 Momentum and Heat Exchanges with Homogeneous Surfaces 11.1 The Monin-Obukhov Similarity Theory 11.2 Empirical Forms of Similarity Functions 11.3 Wind and Temperature Profiles 11.4 Drag and Heat Transfer Coefficients 11.5 Methods of Determining Momentum and Heat Fluxes 11.6 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 12 Evaporation from Homogeneous Surfaces 12.1 The Process of Evaporation 12.2 Potential Evaporation and Evapotranspiration 12.3 Modified Monin-Obukhov Similarity Relations 12.4 Micrometeorological Methods of Determining Evaporation 12.5 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 13 Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer 13.1 Sea-Surface Characteristics 13.2 Momentum Transfer to the Sea Surface 13.3 Parameterization of Air-Sea Exchanges 13.4 Mean Profiles in the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer 13.5 Turbulence over Water 13.6 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 14 Nonhomogeneous Boundary Layers 14.1 Types of Surface Inhomogeneities 14.2 Step Changes in Surface Roughness 14.3 Step Changes in Surface Temperature 14.4 Air Modifications over Water Surfaces 14.5 Air Modifications over Urban Areas 14.6 Building Wakes and Street Canyon Effects 14.7 Other Topographical Effects 14.8 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 15 Agricultural and Forest Micrometeorology 15.1 Flux-Profile Relations above Plant Canopies 15.2 Radiation Balance within Plant Canopies 15.3 Wind Distribution in Plant Canopies 15.4 Temperature and Moisture Fields 15.5 Turbulence in Plant Canopies 15.6 Applications Problems and Exercises References Index

Note: Contents: SUMMARY. - 1. INTRODUCTION. - 1.1 Geographic setting and ecosystems of the Antarctic. - 1.2 Man's activities in the Antarctic. - 2. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT. - 2.1 Environmental impact philosophy and terms. - 2.2 Definitions. - 2.3 Criteria for identifying significant impact. - 2.4 Temporal and spatial considerations of environmental impact. - 2.5 Consequential, synergistic and combined effects. - 2.6 Identification of sensitive indicators of change. - 3. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE. - 3.1 Suggested format. - 3.2 When is an Environmental Impact Assessment necessary?. - 3.3 Environmental impact assessments of current operations and stations. - 3.4 Monitoring. - 4. SURVEY OF THE IMP ACTS OF MAN'S ACTIVITIES IN THE ANTARCTIC. - 4.1 Terrestrial impacts (including inland waters). - 4.2 Marine impacts. - 4.3 Atmospheric impacts. - 4.4 Distribution of impacts. - 5. THE FUTURE. - APPENDIX A. Relevant excerpts from Recommendation XII -3 (Man's Impact on the Antarctic Environment) of the Twelfth Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Canberra, 1983 and Paragraphs 17-19 of its Report. - APPENDIX B. ACRONYMS. - BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Note: Zugl.: Kiel, Univ., Diss., 1988

Note: Contents Preface 1 The Hydrologic Cycle Composition of Rainwater Hydrology Nonmeteoric Types of Water Chemical Terms in Hydrology Suggested Reading 2 Chemical Background Units and Terminology Equilibrium Thermodynamics Activity-Concentration Relationships Diffusion Review Questions Suggested Reading 3 Organic Compounds in Natural Waters Structure of Natural Organic Solutes Functional Groups Humic Substances DOC in Natural Environments Review Question Suggested Reading 4 The Carbonate System and pH Control Carbonic Acid System Alkalinity and Titration Curves Calcium Carbonate Solubility Dolomite High-Magnesium Calcite Ground and Surface Waters in Carbonate Terrains Carbonate Chemistry in the Oceans Acid Waters Review Questions Suggested Reading 5 Clay Minerals and Ion Exchange Mineralogy and Composition Colloid Properties Retardation of Pollutant Cations in Ground water Review Questions Suggested Reading 6 Stability Relationships and Silicate Equilibria Solubility Equilibria (Congruent Solution) Incongruent Solution and Stability Diagrams Uncertainty in Mineral Stability Diagrams Graphical Derivation of the Topology of Stability Diagrams Review Questions Suggested Reading 7 Kinetics Nucleation Dissolution and Growth Dissolution of Calcite in Sea water Growth of Calcite and Aragonite in Sea water Dissolution of Silicates Review Questions Suggested Reading 8 Weathering and Water Chemistry: 1. Principles Soil Formation The Mass-Balance Approach The Thermodynamic Approach The Statistical Approach Review Questions Suggested Reading 9 Weathering and Water Chemistry: 2. Examples Amazon River System Mackenzie River System, Canada Cascade Mountains, Washington Rio Tanama System, Puerto Rico Absaroka Mountains, Wyoming Adirondack Mountains, New York Mattole River, California Waters from Ultramafic Rocks Rhine River Soil Solutions in Volcanic Ash Summary Review Topic Suggested Reading 10 Acid Deposition and Surface Water Chemistry Acidity and Alkalinity Solubility of Aluminum Cation Exchange Anion Mobility and Anion Exchange Biological Processes Chemical Weathering Integrated Models Environmental Effects Review Questions Suggested Reading 11 Evaporation and Saline Waters Evaporation of Sierra Nevada Spring Water Chemical Divides and the Hardie-Eugster Model Modifications of the Hardie-Eugster Model Examples Evaporation of Seawater Saline Formation Waters Summary Review Questions Suggested Reading 12 The Oceans Circulation Composition of Sea water Removal Processes for the Major Species Suggested Reading 13 Redox Equilibria The Standard Hydrogen Electrode and Thermodynamic Conventions Measurement of Eh pe-pH and Eh-pH Diagrams Partial Pressure or Fugacity-Fugacity Diagrams Review Questions Suggested Reading 14 Redox Conditions in Natural Waters Photosynthesis Respiration and Decay Redox Buffering Lakes The Ocean Groundwater Summary Review Questions Suggested Reading 15 Trace Elements Sources of Trace Elements Speciation, Equilibrium Solubility Control Adsorption and Coprecipitation Controls Uptake by Living Organisms Summary Review Question Suggested Reading 16 Mathematical and Numerical Models Speciation and Saturation Programs Reactions in a Uniform, Nonadvecting Medium Reactions in a Nonuniform and/ or Advecting Medium Suggested Reading 17 Isotopes Stable Isotopes Radioactive Isotopes Suggested Reading References Glossary of Geological Terms APPENDIXES I Standard-State Thermodynamic Data for Some Common Species II Selected Values for Equilibrium Constants at 298.15K (25°C) and Standard Enthalpies of Reaction Ill Table of Atomic Weights Answers to Problems Author Index Subject Index

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: CONTENTS: 1. INTRODUCTION. - 1.1 The nature of the problem. - 1.2 The thermal structure of the atmosphere. - 1.3 The chemical composition of the atmosphere. - Bibliography. - 2. THEORY OF RADIATIVE TRANSFER. - 2.1 Definitions. - 2.1.1 Intensity, flux, energy density. - 2.1.2 Extinction and emission. - 2.1.3 Simple scattering. - 2.2 Thermal emission. - 2.2.1 Thermodynamic equilibrium. - 2.2.2 Breakdown of thermodynamic equilibrium. - 2.2.3 The interaction between matter and radiation. - 2.2.4 Discussion of the source function. - 2.2.5 Transitions between more than two levels. - 2.3 The integral equations. - 2.3.1 Introduction. - 2.3.2 The general solution. - 2.3.3 Thermal radiation in a stratified atmosphere. - 2.3.4 Solar radiation in a stratified atmosphere. - 2.4 Approximate methods for thermal radiation. - 2.4.1 The atmospheric problem. - 2.4.2 Transparent and opaque approximations. - 2.4.3 Approximate forms for the absorption coefficient. - 2.4.4 The method of moments in three dimensions. - 2.4.5 Approximations for a stratified atmosphere. - Bibliography. - 3. VIBRATION-ROTATION SPECTRA OF GASEOUS MOLECULES. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Vibration-rotation spectra. - 3.2.1 The Hamiltonian for a semirigid molecule. - 3.2.2 The states of the harmonic-oscillator, rigid-rotator model. - 3.2.3 Selection rules and line intensities. - 3.2.4 Interactions. - 3.3 The shape of a spectral line. - 3.3.1 Introduction. - 3.3.2 The Michelson-Lorentz theory. - 3.3.3 An adiabatic model. - 3.3.4 The Anderson-Tsao-Curnutte theory. - 3.3.5 The far wings of pressure-broadened lines. - 3.3.6 Doppler effects. - 3.4 Collision-induced and polymer spectra. - 3.5 Overview. - Bibliography. - 4. BAND MODELS. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Isolated lines. - 4.2.1 Single line of Lorentz shape. - 4.2.2 Single line with a Voigt profile. - 4.3 Distributed line intensities. - 4.3.1 Distribution functions. - 4.3.2 Application to the Lorentz profile. - 4.3.3 Application to the Doppler and Voigt profiles. - 4.4 The effect of overlap. - 4.4.1 Schnaidt's model. - 4.4.2 The method of Matossi, Meyer, and Rauscher. - 4.5 Regular models. - 4.5.1 The Elsasser model for Lorentz lines. - 4.5.2 The Curtis model. - 4.5.3 The Elsasser model for the Voigt profile. - 4.6 Random models. - 4.6.1 Introduction. - 4.6.2 Constant line intensity. - 4.6.3 The general random model. - 4.6.4 Verification of the theory. - 4.7 Generalized transmission functions. - 4.7.1 Superimposed regular and random bands. - 4.7.2 Deviations from the Voigt profile. - 4.7.3 Background continuum. - 4.8 k distributions. - 4.8.1 Band models and spectral representations. - 4.8.2 Calculations of k distributions. - 4.8.3 Overlapping bands. - 4.9 Models of complete bands. - 4.9.1 Band absorption areas. - 4.9.2 Empirical models. - 4.9.3 Exponential band contour. - 4.9.4 Semiempirical treatment. - Bibliography. - 5. ABSORPTION BY ATMOSPHERIC GASES. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Nitrogen. - 5.3 Oxygen. - 5.3.1 Ultraviolet, molecular absorptions. - 5.3.2 Forbidden bands in the vibration-rotation spectrum. - 5.3.3 The "atmospheric" bands. - 5.3.4 The collision-induced spectrum. - 5.3.5 Atomic oxygen. - 5.4 Water vapor. - 5.4.1 The vibration-rotation spectrum. - 5.4.2 Listed data. - 5.4.3 Continuum absorption. - 5.5 Carbon dioxide. - 5.5.1 The vibration-rotation spectrum. - 5.5.2 Listed data. - 5.5.3 The collision-induced rotation spectrum. - 5.6 Ozone. - 5.6.1 Electronic bands. - 5.6.2 The vibration-rotation spectrum. - 5.7 Nitrous oxide, carbon monoxide, and methane. - 5.7.1 Nitrous oxide. - 5.7.2 Carbon monoxide. - 5.7.3 Methane. - Bibliography. - 6. RADIATION CALCULATIONS IN A CLEAR ATMOSPHERE. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.1.1 Line-by-line calculations. - 6.1.2 The angular integration. - 6.1.3 The frequency integration. - 6.2 Transmission through a nonhomogeneous atmosphere. - 6.2.1 Exact solutions for constant mixing ratio. - 6.2.2 Scaling approximations. - 6.2.3 The H-C-G approximation. - 6.2.4 Correlated k. - 6.3 Topics concerning heating rates. - 6.3.1 The Chapman layer. - 6.3.2 The Curtis matrix. - 6.3.3 Calculations for the middle atmosphere. - 6.4 Approximate methods. - 6.4.1 Exchange of radiation with the boundaries. - 6.4.2 Use of emissivities. - 6.4.3 Radiation charts. - 6.5 The inverse problem for thermal radiation. - 6.5.1 The Kernel functions. - 6.5.2 A "physical" approach to retrieval. - 6.5.3 Linear analysis. - Bibliography. - 7. EXTINCTION BY MOLECULES AND DROPLETS. - 7.1 The problem in terms of the electromagnetic theory. - 7.2 Scattering functions. - 7.3 Rayleigh's solution for small particles. - 7.4 Large particles as |m̃| → 1,300. - 7.5 Geometric optics. - 7.6 The Mie theory. - 7.7 Nonspherical particles. - Bibliography. - 8. RADIATIVE TRANSFER IN A SCATTERING ATMOSPHERE. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Integrodifferential equation. - 8.2.1 Fourier series expansion. - 8.2.2 Discrete ordinates. - 8.2.3 Feautrier method. - 8.3 Interaction principle. - 8.3.1 Adding two layers. - 8.3.2 The star semigroup. - 8.3.3 Doubling and adding. - 8.3.4 Invariant imbedding. - 8.3.5 X, Y, and H functions. - 8.4 Miscellaneous methods. - 8.4.1 Successive orders of scattering. - 8.4.2 The integral equation. - 8.4.3 Monte Carlo. - 8.4.4 Distribution of path lengths. - 8.4.5 Low-order approximations for anisotropic scattering. - 8.5 Numerical results. - 8.5.1 The diffusion exponent. - 8.5.2 X, Y, and H functions. - 8.5.3 Internal radiation field. - 8.5.4 Scattering by haze. - 8.5.5 Convergence of successive scatterings. - 8.5.6 The accuracy of low-order approximations. - 8.6 Applications. - 8.6.1 Solar and thermal fluxes in stratocumulus clouds. - 8.6.2 Polarization of light reflected from Venus. - 8.6.3 Scattered light in the stratosphere. - 8.6.4 Scattered light in clear water. - 8.6.5 CO2 lines in the reflection spectrum of Venus. - 8.6.6 The color and polarization of skylight. - Bibliography. - 9. ATMOSPHERES IN RADIATIVE EQUILIBRIUM. - 9.1 Introduction. - 9.2 An elementary solution. - 9.2.1 Without solar absorption. - 9.2.2 Absorption of solar radiation. - 9.3 Nongrey atmospheres. - 9.3.1 Models without pressure broadening. - 9.3.2 Pressure broadening. - 9.3.3 Numerical methods. - 9.4 The troposphere and the stratosphere. - 9.4.1 Introductio. - 9.4.2 The troposphere and the stratosphere. - 9.4.3 Convective models. - 9.4.4 Nonlocal dissipation. - 9.4.5 Semiconvection. - 9.5 The runaway greenhouse. - 9.5.1 History of ideas. - 9.5.2 Simpson's paradox. - 9.5.3 An evolving atmosphere. - 9.5.4 Influence of the tropospheric lapse rate. - Bibliography. - 10. EVOLUTION OF A THERMAL DISTURBANCE. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 The radiation eigenvalue problem. - 10.2.1 The integral equation. - 10.2.2 Spiegel's solution. - 10.2.3 Two-stream solution for a scattering atmosphere. - 10.2.4 Effect of boundaries. - 10.3 Numerical results. - 10.3.1 Ni(∞) for atmospheric bands. - 10.3.2 Special absorption laws. - 10.3.3 Radiative relaxation for earth and Mars. - 10.3.4 Nonequilibrium source functions. - 10.4 Planetary-scale relaxation. - 10.4.1 The planetary relaxation rate. - 10.4.2 The temperature of a nonrotating atmosphere. - 10.5 The Newtonian cooling approximation. - 10.5.1 Transparent and boundary-exchange approximations. - 10.5.2 Internal gravity waves. - 10.6 Solar radiation in the middle atmosphere. - Bibliography. - Appendix 1. Physical constants. - Appendix 2. Spectroscopic units. - Appendix 3. A model atmosphere. - Appendix 4. Properties of water vapor. - Appendix 5. The Planck function. - Appendix 6. The exponential integrals. - Appendix 7. The Ladenburg and Reiche function. - Appendix 8. The Elsasser function. - Appendix 9. The physical state of the sun. - 9.1 The quiet sun. - 9.2 The solar spectrum. - 9.3 The intensity of solar radiation. -

Note: Zugl.: Kiel, Univ., Diss., 1985

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: In kyrill. Schr.

Note: Contents: List of Figures. - List of Tables. - 1. Introduction. - a. An Overview of Principal Component Analysis (PCA). - b. Outline of the Book. - c. A Brief History of PCA. - d. Acknowledgments. - 2. Algebraic Foundations of PCA. - a. Introductory Example: Bivariate Data Sets. - Monterey, California air temperatures. - Centering and rotating the data set. - Variances in the rotated frame. - Principal angles. - Principal variances. - Principal covariance. - Principal directions. - Principal components; principal directions as basis vectors. - Matrix representation. - The PCA property. - Invariance of the total variance under rotation. - Principal variances for standardized data sets. - PCA and estimates of the statistical parameters of normal populations. - PCA and the construction of Monte Carlo experiments. - Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the covariance and scatter matrices. - b. Principal Component Analysis: Real-valued Scalar Fields. - t-centering the data set. - The scatter probe and the scatter matrix. - The eigenstructures of PCA. - The basic data set representations; analysis and synthesis formulas. - The PCA property. - Second-order properties of PCA; the total scatter . - The singular value decomposition (SVD) of a data set. - Second-order properties of PCA; correlations. - PCA characterized by the PCA property. - The asymptotic PCA property and dynamical systems. - PCA of spatial composites of data sets. - PCA of temporal composites of data sets. - c. Principal Component Analysis: Complex-valued Scalar Fields, and Beyond. - PCA of complex-valued data sets (C-PCA). - Complex algebra conventions. - The scatter probe and scatter matrix for C-PCA. - Derivation of the eigenstructures of C-PCA. - The fundamental formulas of C-PCA. - Generalization of PCA to quaternion-valued data sets (Q-PCA). - Matrix representations of complex and quaternion numbers. - PCA of matrix-valued data sets (M-PCA). - Reduction of M-PCA to C-PCA form. - d. Bibliographic Notes and Miscellaneous Topics. - Alternate interpretation of the scatter probe. - Numerical calculations of eigenstructures of a scatter matrix. - Some elementary properties of eigenstructures of a scatter matrix. - Sample space vs. state space: choosing the dual computation. - PCA for continuous domains. - PCA for continuous domains: the viewpoint of empirical orthogonal functions. - The sixteen possible domain pairs for PCA: abstract PCA. - 3. Dynamical Origins of PCA. - a. One-dimensional Hannonic Motion. - A spring-linked-mass model; general form. - A spring-linked-mass model; special form. - A numerical example of the asymptotic PCA property. - Further investigations of the asymptotic PCA property and of EOF's. - b. Two-dimensional Wave Motion. - Solution of a two-dimensional damped-wave model. - Demonstration of the asymptotic PCA property (forcing and friction absent). - Demonstration of the asymptotic PCA property (forcing and friction present). - Physical basis for eigenframe rotations. - c. Dynamical Origins of Linear Regression (LR). - From continuous to discrete solutions to the regression model. - The linear regression procedure. - Comparison of LRA and PCA. - d. Random Processes and Karhunen-Loeve Analysis. - Origins of random processes in linear settings. - Karhunen-Loeve representation of random data sets and comparison with PCA. - e. Stationary Processes and PCA. - Derivation of the PCA representation of a one-dimensional stationary process via a simple wave model. - Connections between PCA and stationary processes: the case of one dimension. - Connections between PGA and stationary processes: extension to two dimensions. - f. Bibliographic Notes. - 4. Extensions of PCA to Multivariate Fields. - a. Categories of Data and Modes of Analysis. - Examples. - Generalized notation: the concepts of "individual" and "variable" in PCA. - b. Local PCA of a General Vector Field. - The PCA formalism. - Squared correlations. - Variational origin of the scatter matrix. - Examples. - c. Global PCA of a General Vector Field: Time-Modulation Form. - The PGA formalism. - Squared correlations. - Degeneracy of global PGA to local PGA. - Variational origin of the scatter matrix. - d. Global PCA of a General Vector Field: Space-Modulation Form. - The PCA formalism. - Squared correlations. - Variational origin of the scatter matrix. - e. PCA of Spectral Components of a General Vector Field. - Fourier analysis of the vector field components. - The scatter matrix in the spectral setting. - Example of spectral PCA of a windfield. - f. Bibliographic Notes and Miscellaneous Topics. - The eight modes of analysis and Cattell's classifications. - Time-modulation PGA as a special case of matrix-valued PGA. - Applications to the PGA of wind fields. - Distinction between time-modulation PGA and complex PGA. - Applications to the PGA of storm tracks. - 5. Selection Rules for PCA. - a. Random Reference Data Sets. - b. Dynamical Origins of the Dominant-Variance Selection Rules. - A dynamical model. - Rationale for selection rules. - c. Rule A4. - Statistical basis and discussion. - Choice of λ0. - d. Rule N . - Statistical basis and discussion. - Adjustments for correlated data: effective sample size. - Asymptotic eigenvalues for large data sets. - e. Rule M. - f. Comments on Dominant-Variance Rules . - g. Dynamical Origins of the Time-History Selection Rules. - h. Rule KS2. - The white spectrum and the cumulative periodogram. - Statement of Rule KS2. - i. Rules AMPλ. - Fisher's test. - Siegel's test. - Statement of Rules AMPλ. - j. Rule Q. - k. Selection Rules for Vector-Valued Fields. - Local PCA rules. - Global PCA (time-modulated) rules. - Global PCA (space-modulated) rules. - I. A Space-map Selection Rule. - Canonic direction angles. - Differential relations between unit vectors and canonic direction angles. - An r-tile metric for comparing canonic direction angles. - Statistical aspects: critical values for class errors. - Statement of the selection rule. - m. Bibliographic Notes and Miscellaneous Topics. - Puzzles and problems underlying Rule N; the logarithmic eigenvalue curve. - Numerical intractability of the classical formulas for the eigenvalues of a random matrix. - Monte Carlo approaches to the eigenvalue distribution problem. - Comparison of Monte Carlo methods and asymptotic formulas for eigenvalue distributions. - The problem of closely spaced eigenvalues; tests for equal eigenvalues. - The generalized basis for dominant variance selection rules. - Parallel work in atomic physics. - 6. Factor Analysis (FA) and PCA. - a. Comparison of PCA, LRA, and FA. - Similarities between PCA, LRA, and FA. - Dissimilarities between PCA, LRA, and FA. - The usual algebraic form of FA; its PC and LR interpretations. - b. The Central Problems of FA. - The matrix formulation of FA. - The detailed sub-problems of FA. - c. Bibliographic Notes. - The selection rule problem in FA. - The parameter estimation problem in FA. - 7. Diagnostic Procedures via PCA and FA. - a. Dual Interpretations of a Data Set: State Space and Sample Space. - b. Interpreting E-frames in PCA State Space. - Example: graphical display of eigenvectors. - Rationales for interpreting eigenmaps and time series. - PCA as a means, rather than an end. - c. Informative and Uninformative E-frames in PCA State Space. - d. Rotating E-frames in PCA State Space (varimax). - A two-dimensional example of the varimax procedure. - The general varimax procedure. - The loss of the PCA property for rotated E-frames. - e. Projections onto E-frames in PCA State Space (procrustes). - Derivation of the procrustes technique. - Some observations on the generality of the procrustes technique. - f. Interpreting A-frames in PCA Sample Space. - g. Rotating A-frames in PCA Sample Space (varimax). - h. Projections onto A-frames in PCA Sample Space (procrustes). - i. Detecting Clusters of Points in PCA State or Sample Spaces. - Minimal spanning trees. - Defining cluster pairs, and te

Note: Contents: Preface Contributors 1. Stable Isotopes: History, Units, and Instrumentation / J. R. Ehleringer and P. W. Rundel Section I Ecophysiological Studies in Plants 2.Carbon Isotope Fractionation and Plant Water-Use Efficiency / G. D. Farquhar, K. T. Hubick, A. G. Condon, and R. A. Richards 3. Carbon Isotope Ratios and Physiological Processes in Aridland Plants / J. R. Ehleringer 4. Stable Carbon Isotope Ratio as an Index of Water-Use Efficiency in C3 Halophytes - Possible Relationship to Strategies for Osmotic Adjustment / R. D. Guy, P. G. Warne, and D. M. Reid 5. Stable Carbon Isotopes in Vernal Pool Aquatics of Differing Photosynthetic Pathways / J. E. Keeley 6. Studies of Mechanisms Affecting the Fractionation of Carbon Isotopes in Photosynthesis / J. A. Berry 7. Intertree Variability of δ13C in Tree Rings / S. W. Leavitt, and A. Long 8. Hydrogen Isotope Fractionation in Plant Tissues / H. Ziegler 9. Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotope Ratios in Plant Cellulose: Mechanisms and Applications / L. Da Silveira Lobo Sternberg 10. Stable Hydrogen Isotope Ratios in Plants: A Review of Current Theory and Some Potential Applications / J. W. C. White Section II Animal Food Webs and Feeding Ecology 11. Stable Carbon Isotopes in Terrestrial Ecosystem Research / L. L. Tieszen and T. W. Boutton 12. δ13C Measurements as Indicators of Carbon Flow in Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems / B. Fry and E. B. Sherr 13. Natural Carbon Isotope Tracers in Arctic Aquatic Food Webs / D. M. Schell and P. J. Ziemann 14. Some Problems and Potentials of Strontium Isotope Analysis for Human and Animal Ecology / J. E. Ericson 15. Natural Isotope Abundances in Bowhead Whale (Balaena mysticetus) Baleen: Markers of Aging and Habitat Usage / D. M. Schell, S. M. Saupe, and N. Haubenstock 16. Doubly-Labeled Water Studies of Vertebrate Physiological Ecology / K. A. NAGY 17. A δ13C and δ15N Tracer Study of Nutrition in Aquaculture: Penaeus vannamei in a Pond Growout System / P. L. Parker, R. K. Anderson, and A. Lawrence Section III Ecosystem Process Studies 18. Stable Isotope Ratios and the Dynamics of Caliche in Desert Soils / W. H. Schlesinger, G. M. Marion, and P. J. Fonteyn 19. The Use of Stable Isotopes in Assessing the Effect of Agriculture on Arid and Semi-Arid Soils / R. Amundson 20. Estimates of N2 Fixation in Ecosystems: The Need for and Basis of the 15N Natural Abundance Method / G. Shearer and D. H. Kohl 21. The Use of Variation in the Natural Abundance of 15N to Assess Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation by Woody Plants / R. A. Virginia, W. M. Jarrell, P. W. Rundel, G. Shearer, and D. H. Kohl 22. 13C/12C Ratios in Atmospheric Methane and Some of Its Sources / S. C. Tyler 23. Temperature-Dependent Hydrogen Isotope Fractionation in Cyanobacterial Sheaths: Applications to Studies of Modern and Precambrian Stromatolites / G. E. Strathearn 24. Sulfur Isotope Studies of the Pedosphere and Biosphere / H. R. Krouse 25. Sulfate Fertilization and Changes in Stable Sulfur Isotopic Compositions of Lake Sediments / B. Fry 26. The Use of Stable Sulfur and Nitrogen Isotopes in Studies of Plant Responses to Air Pollution / W. E. Winner, V. S. Berg, and P. J. Langston-Unkefer 27. The Use of Stable Sulfur Isotope Ratios in Air Pollution Studies: An Ecosystem Approach in South Florida / L. L. Jackson and L. P. Gough 28. 87Sr/86Sr Ratios Measure the Sources and Flow of Strontium in Terrestrial Ecosystems / W. C. Graustein Index

Note: CONTENTS Introduction / J. C. Davis Integrating Geological Datasets With a Raster-Based Geographic In/ormation System / G. F. Bonham-Carter Integration of Geological Datasets for Gold Exploration in Nova Scotia / G. F. Bonham-Carter, F. P. Agterberg, and D. F. Wright GIS and Computer-Mapping Aspects of the Austrian Stream-Sediment Geochemical Sampling Project / G. Hausberger Power to the People! PC and Workstation Mapping and Database Systems / M. J. McCullagh Three-Dimensional Display of Geologic Data / J. N. Van Driel

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgements. - Chapter 1 Introduction. - 1.1 The Static Structure of the Middle Atmosphere. - 1.2 Zonal Mean Temperature and Wind Distributions. - 1.3 Composition of the Middle Atmosphere. - 1.4 The Vertical Distribution of Eddy Amplitudes. - 1.5 Observational Techniques. - References. - Chapter 2 Radiative Processes and Remote Sounding. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Fundamentals. - 2.3 Gaseous Absorption Spectra. - 2.4 Transmission Functions. - 2.5 Infrared Radiative Exchange and Radiative Damping. - 2.6 Departure from Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium. - 2.7 Absorption of Solar Radiation. - 2.8 Radiative Equilibrium Temperature and Heating-Rate Distributions. - 2.9 Remote Sounding. - References. - Chapter 3 Basic Dynamics. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 The Beta-Plane Approximation and Quasi-Geostrophic Theory. - 3.3 The Eulerian-Mean Equations. - 3.4 Linearized Disturbances to Zonal-Mean Flows. - 3.5 The Transformed Eulerian-Mean Equations. - 3.6 The Generalized Eliassen-Palm Theorem and the Charney-Drazin Nonacceleration Theorem. - 3.7 The Lagrangian Approach. - 3.8 Isentropic Coordinates. - 3.9 The Zonal-Mean Equations in Isentropic Coordinates. - Appendix 3A. Derivation of Some Equations in Isentropic Coordinates. - Appendix 3B. Boundary Conditions on the Residual Circulation. - References. - Chapter 4 Linear Wave Theory. - 4.1 Introduction and Classification of Wave Types. - 4.2 Wave Disturbances to a Resting Spherical Atmosphere. - 4.3 Atmospheric Thermal Tides. - 4.4 Free Traveling Planetary Waves. - 4.5 Forced Planetary Waves. - 4.6 Gravity Waves. - 4.7 Equatorial Waves. - Appendix 4A. Ray-Tracing Theory and Wave Action in a Slowly Varying Medium. - References. - Chapter 5 Extratropical Planetary-Scale Circulations. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 The Observed Annual Cycle. - 5.3 Detailed Linear Models of Stationary Planetary Waves in the Middle Atmosphere. - 5.4 Detailed Linear Models of Free Traveling Planetary Waves in the Atmosphere. - 5.5 Barotropic and Baroclinic Instability. - 5.6 Planetary-Wave Critical Layers. - References. - Chapter 6 Stratospheric Sudden Warmings. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Observed Features of Sudden Warmings. - 6.3 Theoretical Modeling of Sudden Warmings. - 6.4 Conclusions. - References. - Chapter 7 The Extratropical Zonal-Mean Circulation. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Some Simple Zonally Averaged Models of the Middle Atmosphere. - 7.3 The Upper Mesosphere. - 7.4 The Winter Polar Stratosphere. - 7. 5 Interpretation and Generalization. - References. - Chapter 8 Equatorial Circulations. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 The Observed Structure of the Equatorial Quasi-Biennial Oscillation. - 8.3 Theory of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation. - 8.4 Observed Structure of the Equatorial Semiannual Oscillations. - 8.5 Dynamics of the Equatorial Semiannual Oscillations. - 8.6 Inertial Instability in the Equatorial Zone. - References. - Chapter 9 Tracer Transport in the Middle Atmosphere. - 9.1 Introduction: Types of Tracers. - 9.2 Long-Lived Chemical Tracers. - 9.3 Transport in the Meridional Plane. - 9.4 Formulations of Eddy and Mean-Flow Transport. - 9.5 Dispersive Wave Transport: Irreversible Mixing of Tracers. - 9.6 Troposphere-Stratosphere Exchange. - 9.7 Transport Modeling. - Appendix 9A. The Transformed Eulerian-Mean Transport for Small-Arnplitude Eddies. - References. - Chapter 10 The Ozone Layer. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 The Climatology of Ozone. - 10.3 Elementary Aspects of Photochemical Modeling. - 10.4 Photochemistry of Ozone: Catalytic Cycles. - 10.5 Models of the Natural and Perturbed Ozone Layer. - Appendix 10A. The Continuity Equation for Chemical Species. - References. - Chapter 11 General Circulation Modeling. - 11.1 Models of the Lower Stratosphere. - 11.2 The GFDL SKYHI Model. - 11.3 Forecasting of Sudden Stratospheric Warmings. - 11.4 Transport Modeling. - References. - Chapter 12 Interaction between the Middle Atmosphere and the Lower Atmosphere. - 12.1 Introduction. - 12.2 Radiative Links: Deductions from Simple Models. - 12.3 Radiative Links: Deductions from GCMs. - 12.4 Dynamical Links: Vertically Propagating Planetary Waves. - 12.5 Interannual Variability in the Stratosphere. - References. - Bibliography. - Index.

Note: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 1989

Note: Zugl.: Frankfurt(Main), Univ., Diss., 1989

Note: Inhalt: Die Entstehung der Expedition. - Über die Kapverden und Kapstadt zu den Kerguelen. - Auf den Kerguelen. - Zu unbekannten Küsten. - Einrichtung und Betrieb der Winterstation. - Gaußberg und Inlandeis. - Freuden und Leiden der Winternacht. - Frühjahrsschlittenreisen. - Antarktischer Sommer. - Drift im Scholleneis. - Heimwärts. - Nachwort des Herausgebers.

Note: Heidelberg, Univ., Diss., 1988 , Inhaltsangabe: 1 Einleitung. - 1.1 Das Backgroundaerosol. - 1.2 Das Aerosol der Antarktis. - 2 Voraussetzungen und Grundlagen. - 2.1 Logistische Voraussetzungen: das Spurenstoffobservatorium. - 2.2 Meßtechnik: Schwermetallanalyse im Ultraspurenbereich. - 2.2.1 Schwermetallanalyse von Aerosolproben. - 2.2.2 Prinzip der Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie (AAS). - 3 Experimentelles. - 3.1 Probenvorbereitung und Filterbesaugung. - 3.2 Filterextraktion. - 3.3 AAS-Schwermetallanalyse. - 3.4 Überprüfung der Messungen. - 3.4.1 Nullpunktsdrift, Nachweisgrenzen und Reproduzierbarkeit. - 3.4.2 Standardüberprüfung. - 3.4.3 Matrixeffekt. - 3.4.4 Ausbeute der Extraktion. - 3.4.5 Beitrag des Filterblanks. - 3.4.6 Doppelmessungen. - 3.4.7 Zusammenstellung der Messfehler. - 4 Meßergebnisse. - 4.1 Berechnung der Luftkonzentrationen. - 4.2 Aussortieren kontaminierter Filter. - 4.2.1 Pb-Kontaminationen. - 4.2.2 Zn-Kontaminationen. - 4.3 Darstellung der Jahresgänge. - 4.4 Häufigkeitsverteilung der Konzentrationen. - 4.5 Mittelwerte und jahreszeitliche Schwankungen. - 5 Diskussion. - 5.1 Kontaminationen durch den Stationsbetrieb: theoretische Abschätzungen. - 5.1.1 Motorschlitten. - 5.1.2 Dieselgeneratorbetrieb. - 5.1.3 Müllverbrennung. - 5.1.4 Zusammenfassung. - 5.2 Quantitative Bewertung der Luftkonzentrationen. - 5.2.1 Charakterisierung des Meßortes. - 5.2.2 Literaturvergleich. - 5.3 Kurzfristige Variationen. - 6 Mineralstaubtransport und Schwermetall-Geochemie. - 6.1 Mineralstaubtransport in die Antarktis. - 6.2 Beiträge verschiedener Quellen zum Schwermetallbackground an der G.v.N.-Station. - 6.2.1 Maritimer Beitrag. - 6.2.2 Beitrag des Mineralstaubs. - 6.2.3 Vulkanischer Beitrag. - 6.2.4 Anthropogene Pb-Quellen. - 6.3 Anreicherungsfaktoren für Pb und Zn: kritische Betrachtungen. - 6.4 Pb-Flüsse. - 6.4.1 Berechnung des Pb-Flusses und der Pb-Konzentration im Oberflächenschnee an der G.v.N.-Station. - 6.4.2 Betrachtung der globalen atmosphärischen Pb-Flüsse. - 7 Ausblick. - Literaturverzeichnis.

Note: Aus dem Russischen übersetzt

Note: CONTENTS: Preface / G. L. Johnson and K. Kaminuma. - Crustal inhomogeneities and seismicity near the margins of the North Atlantic Ocean / S. Gregersen. - Seismicity and tectonics of the far western Aleutian Islands / J. T. Newberry, D. L. Laclair and K. Fujita. - Present-day plate interactions in northeast Asia: North American, Eurasian, and Okhotsk plates / D. B. Cook, K. Fujita and C. A. McMullen. - Regional variations in the crustal structure of Northern Canada from surface wave dispersion / S. J. Chiou and B. J. Mitchell. - Shear wave constraints on crustal structure of the Pole Abyssal Plane / S. B. Ojo, H. R. Jackson and G. L. Duckworth. - Results from an aeromagnetic investigation of the Nares Strait region / L. C. Kovacs, S. P. Srivastava and H. R. Jackson. - A 30 million year cycle in arctic volcanism? / G. L. Johnson and J. E. Rich. - The Alpha Ridge: gravity, seismic and magnetic evidence for a homogenous, mafic crust / J. R. Weber. - Terrestrial heat flow from project CESAR, Alpha Ridge, Arctic Ocean / A. Taylor, A. Judge and V. Alien. - First samples of acoustic basement recovered from the Alpha Ridge, Arctic Ocean: new constraints for the origin of the ridge / N. A. Van Wagoner, M.-C. Williamson, P. T. Robinson and I. L. Gibson. - Alpha Ridge and Iceland-Products of the same plume? / D. A. Forsyth, P. Morel-a-l'Huissier, I. Asudeh and A. G. Green.

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Zugl.: Kiel, Univ., Diss., 1988