ALBERT

Beschreibung: In the current era of a strongly competitive business environment, it is more difficult for companies to attract customers. Consumer neuroscience has growing potential here, as it reveals internal consumer preferences by using innovative methods and tools, which can effectively examine consumer behavior and attract new customers. In particular, smell has a great ability to subconsciously influence customers and, thus, support profitability. This paper examines the importance of consumer neuroscience and its modern technologies used for exploring human perceptions to influence customers and benefit from the aromatization of business spaces. We focused our analysis on various service sectors. Despite the potential of the examined issue, there are a limited number of studies in the field of service providers that use neuroscience tools to examine the effect of aromas on human emotions. Most studies took place in laboratory conditions, and the used methodological procedures varied widely. Our analysis showed that, in spite of the positive impact of aromatization in the majority of aromatized spaces, service companies still do not use the potential of consumer neuroscience and aroma marketing to a sufficient degree. Innovative methods and tools, in particular, are still very underused.

Beschreibung: The Kuroshio is the strongest warm current in the western North Pacific, which plays a crucial role in climate and human activities. In terms of this, the accurate acquisition of ocean surface current velocity and direction in the Kuroshio region is of great research value. Gaofen-3 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) provides data support for the study of ocean surface current measurements in the Kuroshio region, but no relevant experimental result has been published yet. In this paper, four available stripmap mode SARs’ data acquired by Gaofen-3 in the Kuroshio region are used for measuring the ocean surface current field. In general, the Doppler centroid anomaly (DCA) estimation is a common method to infer ocean surface currents from single-antenna stripmap data, but only the radial velocity component can be retrieved. In order to measure current vectors, a novel method combining the sub-aperture processing and the least squares (LS) technology is suggested and demonstrated by applying to the Gaofen-3 SAR data processing. The experiment’s results agree well with model-derived ocean current data, indicating that the Gaofen-3 SAR has the capability to accurately retrieve the ocean surface current field in the Kuroshio region and motivate further research by providing more data.

Beschreibung: Since mineral supplements for horses commonly contain macro minerals, although the requirement for such is usually covered by roughage-based diets, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different dietary calcium levels on mineral serum concentrations and bone metabolism. The trial was conducted in 30 young warmblood stallions (2–3 years) that were divided into two groups for a five-month feeding trial. The groups were fed a hay- and oat-based diet and were either supplied with high (Ca-High) or moderate (Ca-Moderate) calcium excess. While in Ca-High calcium supply was about 2–2.5-fold of the requirement, in Ca-Moderate calcium requirements were slightly surpassed (1.5–1.6-fold). In order to monitor the effects of the different calcium supply, blood samples were taken during the trial and analysed for levels of macro and trace elements as well as concentrations of two bone markers. In Ca-Moderate a trend towards higher phosphorus serum levels compared to Ca-High was observed which was significant at the end of the trial (p = 0.0002). Furthermore, results showed no influence of the diet on bone markers. Results support the idea that forage-based rations for horses do not necessarily have to be supplemented with macro minerals but with trace elements.

Beschreibung: Transport infrastructure (TI) plays a crucial role in socioeconomic development. The increase of TI inequality, an all-pervading phenomenon in both developed and developing countries, has been an obstacle to sustainable economic growth. The relationship between TI inequality and economic growth has attracted considerable interest over the past three decades. However, the relationship remains obscure, and people find it impossible to utilize to develop economies. This study collected a panel of empirical data from 1982 to 2015 from China to calculate the Gini coefficient and conduct the Granger causality test. The data analysis results show that TI inequality is not always conducive to economic growth. A softening TI inequality helps address the issues of uneven economic growth across regions in the long term. The short-term effects of improving TI inequality at the national level are reflected in the network effect. In addition, the “social filters” facilitate the region to absorb the economic benefits brought by the improvement of TI inequality. These findings offer a way to address the increase of TI inequality and shed light on the ways to improve transport investment from the perspective of economic growth.

Beschreibung: This case series study aimed to evaluate the safety, feasibility, and positive outcome of the neurorehabilitation multimodal protocol (NRMP) in 16 chronic post-surgical IVDD Hansen type I dogs, with OFS 0/DPP− (n = 9) and OFS 1/DPP+ (n = 7). All were enrolled in the NRMP for a maximum of 90 days and were clinically discharged after achieving ambulation. The NRMP was based on locomotor training, functional electrical stimulation, transcutaneous electrical spinal cord stimulation, and 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) pharmacological management. In the Deep Pain Perception (DPP)+ dogs, 100% recovered ambulation within a mean period of 47 days, reaching OFS ≥11, which suggests that a longer period of time is needed for recovery. At follow-up, all dogs presented a positive evolution with voluntary micturition. Of the DPP− dogs admitted, all achieved a flexion/extension locomotor pattern within 30 days, and after starting the 4-AP, two dogs were discharged at outcome day 45, with 78% obtaining Spinal Reflex Locomotion (SRL) and automatic micturition within a mean period of 62 days. At follow-up, all dogs maintained their neurological status. After the NRMP, ambulatory status was achieved in 88% (14/16) of dogs, without concurrent events. Thus, an NRMP may be an important therapeutic option to reduce the need for euthanasia in the clinical setting.

Beschreibung: Increasing the bearing capacity of reinforced concrete structures, reducing material consumption, and ensuring quality are critical in modern construction. The article presents an experimental study of the ultimate compressive strains of short fiber basalt reinforced concrete columns and provides recommendations for increasing the bearing capacity using steel reinforcement bars with greater strength. The columns were tested in an upright position using a hydraulic press. Strains were measured with dial indicators and a strain gauge station. It was shown that the addition of 10% coarse basalt fiber increased the ultimate compressibility of concrete on ordinary crushed stone by 19.8%, and expanded clay concrete by 26.1%, which led to the strain hardening of concrete under compression by 9.0% and 12%, respectively. Ultimate compressive strains in fiber-reinforced concrete short columns with combined reinforcement increased 1.42 times in columns on a lightweight aggregate and 1.19 times on heavy aggregate. An increase in the ultimate compressibility of concrete makes it possible to use steel reinforcement with greater strength in compressed elements as the concrete crushing during compression occurs primarily due to the reaching of critical values by tensile stresses in the transverse direction. This makes it possible to manufacture structures with a higher load-bearing capacity and less material consumption. A practical example of the application of the proposed approach is given.

Beschreibung: The threshing of frozen corn is accompanied by breakage and adherence, which influence the cleaning performance when the corn-cleaning mixture is separated and cleaned. In order to reduce the impurity ratio and loss ratio during frozen corn cleaning and provide theoretical support for frozen corn combine harvesting, this study employed a self-made air-screen cleaning system with adjustable parameters. The optimal process parameters of frozen corn cleaning were determined by using the response surface method (RSM). The influences of the fan speed (FS), vibrational frequency (VF), and screen opening (SO) on the cleaning performance were explored. The results showed that all three process parameters had significant effects on the impurity ratio (IR) and loss ratio (LR). The fan speed had the most significant impact. The cleaning performance was optimal when the fan speed was 102.7 rad/s, the vibration frequency was 6.42 Hz, and the screen opening was 21.9 mm, corresponding to a 0.80% impurity ratio and a 0.61% loss ratio. The predicted values of the regression models were consistent with the experimental results with a relative error of less than 5%. The reliability and accuracy of regression models were established and confirmed.

Beschreibung: The muskrat is a neozoon species that has occupied many countries of continental North Europe after its introduction from north America as fur animals. Due to its burrowing activity it damages river and canal banks and structures of flood control. For this reason, the eradication of this alien species is recommended. Muskrats are also of parasitological interest since they can act as suitable intermediate hosts for Echinococcus multilocularis. On the other hand, little is known on the other helminths that infect muskrats. A total of 130 muskrats of different age groups trapped in different habitats in the Barnim district of the Brandenburg state by a professional hunter were examined for parasites and seven trematodes (Echinostoma sp., Notocotylus noyeri, Plagiorchis elegans, Plagiorchis arvicolae, Psilosostoma simillimum, P. spiculigerum, Opisthorchis felineus and four larval cestode species (Hydatigera taeniaeformis, Taenia martis, Taenia polyacantha, Taenia crassiceps) were detected. Larval stages of E. multilocularis were not found. O. felineus was found for the first time in muskrats in Germany. All the named parasites were present in Europe prior to the introduction of muskrats. With a prevalence of 48.9%, Strobilocercus fasciolaris, the larval stage of the cat tapeworm, H. taeniaeformis, was the most frequent parasite found in adult muskrats.

Beschreibung: Water uptake is a seminal process in seed germination. Salt and polyethylene glycol (PEG) are known to retard seed germination rates and percentages, which is often attributed to osmotic effects. Here, we quantified water uptake in wheat seeds killed with a hot needle, finding evidence of three distinct water uptake pools. The fast pool was unaffected by salt, and likely represents cell walls and other apoplastic material. Water uptake into the medium and slow pools was slowed by salt addition, with the medium pool thought to be cellular, while the slow pool is presumably related to endosperm hydration. Salt caused a minor decrease in the water uptake rates and maximum seed water content, while PEG strongly suppressed both parameters. Seeds transferred between water and salt solutions followed the water uptake trajectories of the solution into which they were transferred. Seeds transferred from PEG to water achieved final seed water contents similar to water control seeds, while seeds transferred from water to PEG achieved significantly higher final water contents than PEG controls. This work confirms that salt and PEG have distinct effects on water uptake by wheat seeds.

Beschreibung: Power Factor Correction (PFC) single-phase AC/DC converters are used in several power electronics applications as full wave control rectifiers improving power quality and providing high standards of efficiency. Many papers dealing with the description or use of such topologies have been published in recent years; however, a review that describes and organizes their specific details has not been reported in the technical literature. Therefore, this paper presents an extensive review of PFC single-phase AC/DC converters operating with the Boost converter topology for low and medium voltage as well as and power appliances. A categorization of bridge, semi-bridgeless, and bridgeless, in accordance with the construction characteristics, was carried out in order to unify the technical terminology. Benefits and disadvantages are described and analyzed in detail. Furthermore, a comparison performance in terms of PFC, Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), power capacity, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), number of elements, and efficiency is included.

Beschreibung: Evaluation and monitoring of wireless sensor networks (WSN) and the parameters defining their operations and design, such as energy consumption, latency, and stability, is a complex task due to interaction with real devices. For greater control of these variables, the use of simulators arises as an alternative. Cooja is a WSN simulator/emulator which handles the devices’ controllers and multiple communication protocol implementations, such as RPL (RPL is one of the most used protocol in IoT). However, Cooja does not consider either the implementation of an energy model (it has infinite energy consumption) nor the visual behavior of the topology construction, although these aspects are crucial for effective network analysis and decision taking. This paper presents the design and the implementation of ViTool-BC, a software built on top of Cooja, which allows the creation of different energy estimation models and also to visualize in real time the behavior of WSN topology construction. In addition, ViTool-BC offers a heat map of energy consumption traces. Therefore, this tool helps researchers to monitor in real time the topology construction, node disconnection, and battery depletion, aspects to be considered in the analysis of the available routing protocols in Cooja.

Beschreibung: The south of Portugal is one of the regions that will be most affected by the impacts of climate change (CC), with an expected increase in water scarcity. Irrigated super-intensive olive orchards occupy a large area of the used agricultural surface in the Alentejo region, south of Portugal, making it necessary to adapt this crop to the effects of CC. This study assessed the impacts of CC and defined adaptation measures concerning irrigation management of the super-intensive olive orchard. To compute the crop irrigation requirement (CIR), the soil water balance model ISAREG was combined with climate data relative to the reference period 1971–2000 and to the representative concentration pathways RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 for the periods 2011–2040, 2041–2070, and 2071–2100. The growing degree-days (GDD) approach was used to estimate olive phenology for these CC scenarios. Unchanged irrigation management with an average CIR increase up to 16% in RCP4.5 and 31% in RCP8.5 is expected. By adopting higher levels of water deficit, water savings of up to 22% can be realized. The results showed that the anticipated CIR increase for the CC scenarios can be mitigated through regulated deficit irrigation strategies.

Beschreibung: 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), a key precursor in the biosynthesis of porphyrins, can improve plant tolerance to various environmental stresses. However, it is unclear whether ALA can improve tolerance in poplar. Here, we investigated the effects of ALA on poplars under drought and salt stresses. ALA pretreatment exhibited less morphological damage, reduced leaf malonaldehyde content (MDA) and electrolyte leakage (EL), and increased leaf relative water content (RWC), proline (PRO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD) content under stresses. Furthermore, exogenous ALA mitigated the decrease in photosynthetic capacity, and restored the chlorophyll content (Chl), net CO2 assimilation rate, stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), maximal photochemical quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm), actual quantum yield of photosynthesis (YII), and electron transfer rate (ETR) of poplar under various stresses. qRT-PCR showed that ALA up-regulated the expression of antiporters and aquaporins genes, which are associated with Na+ exclusion in the leaf cells and the transport activity of aquaporins. In summary, ALA pretreatment significantly improved the stress tolerance of poplar, decreasing the degree of membrane lipid peroxidation and promoting the photosynthesis and antioxidant capacity of leaves. In addition, our results showed that ALA might mediate Na+ transporter and aquaporins activity, thereby increasing the salt tolerance of poplar.

Beschreibung: Mountains are reservoirs for a tremendous biodiversity which was fostered by a suite of factors acting in concert throughout evolutionary times. These factors can be climatic, geological, or biotic, but the way they combine through time to generate diversity remains unknown. Here, we investigate these factors as correlates of diversification of three closely related sections of Gentiana in the European Alpine System. Based upon phylogenetic approaches coupled with divergence dating and ancestral state reconstructions, we attempted to identify the role of bedrock preferences, chromosome numbers coupled with relative genome sizes estimates, as well as morphological features through time. We also investigated extant climatic preferences using a heavily curated set of occurrence records individually selected for superior precision, and quantified rates of climatic niche evolution in each section. We found that a number of phylogenetic incongruences derail the identification of correlates of diversification, yet a number of patterns persist regardless of the topology considered. All the studied correlates are likely to have contributed to the diversification of Gentiana in Europe, however, their respective importance varied through time and across clades. Chromosomal variation and divergence of climatic preferences appear to correlate with diversification throughout the evolution of European Gentiana (Oligocene to present), whereas shifts in bedrock preferences appear to have been more defining during recent diversification (Pliocene). Overall, a complex interaction among climatic, geological and biotic attributes appear to have supported the diversification of Gentiana across the mountains of Europe, which based upon phylogenetic as well as other evidence, was probably also bolstered by hybridization.

Beschreibung: A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of different herbicides for controlling wild onion (Asphodelus tenuifolius) in cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) during the rabi seasons (2018–2019 and 2019–2020) at Agricultural Research Station, Agriculture University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan. The experiment comprised eight herbicidal weed management treatments for wild onion applied to cumin in a three-replication randomized block design. Among the herbicidal weed management treatments, early post-emergence (8 DAS) application of oxyfluorfen 200 g/ha resulted in the lowest weed density and dry matter of Asphodilus tenuifolius, with maximum weed (Asphodilus tenuifolius) control efficiency at 40 days after sowing (DAS) during both experimental years. Likewise, the highest total efficiency of weed control was recorded with the application of oxyfluorfen 200 g/ha at 8 DAS. Oxyflourfen 200 g/ha used early post emergence (8 DAS) reduced the weed index more effectively than the other herbicides. It also recorded the highest number of branches/plant, plant height, umbels/plant, umbellates/umbel, seeds/umbellates, and seed yield. However, application of oxyflourfen @ 200 g/ha 8 DAS–early POE and pendimethalin 38.7 CS 500 g/ha + oxyfluorfen @ 150 g/ha 8 DAS–early POE were statistically similar in terms of plant growth, yield, and yield attributes. The net returns (366.49 USD/ha in 2018–2019 and 175.72 USD/ha in 2019–2020) and B:C ratio (1.70 and 1.33 in 2018–2019 and 2019–2020, respectively) were also superior, with oxyfluorfen 200 g/ha applied early post emergence.

Beschreibung: Cervical laminoplasty is a valuable procedure for myelopathy but it is associated with complications such as increased kyphosis. The effect of ligament damage during cervical laminoplasty on biomechanics is not well understood. We developed the C2–C7 cervical spine finite element model and simulated C3–C6 double-door laminoplasty. Three models were created (a) intact, (b) laminoplasty-pre (model assuming that the ligamentum flavum (LF) between C3–C6 was preserved during surgery), and (c) laminoplasty-res (model assuming that the LF between C3–C6 was resected during surgery). The models were subjected to physiological loading, and the range of motion (ROM), intervertebral nucleus stress, and facet contact forces were analyzed under flexion/extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation. The maximum change in ROM was observed under flexion motion. Under flexion, ROM in the laminoplasty-pre model increased by 100.2%, 111.8%, and 98.6% compared to the intact model at C3–C4, C4–C5, and C5–C6, respectively. The ROM in laminoplasty-res further increased by 105.2%, 116.8%, and 101.8% compared to the intact model at C3–C4, C4–C5, and C5–C6, respectively. The maximum stress in the annulus/nucleus was observed under left bending at the C4–C5 segment where an increase of 139.5% and 229.6% compared to the intact model was observed for laminoplasty-pre and laminoplasty-res model, respectively. The highest facet contact forces were observed at C4–C5 under axial rotation, where an increase of 500.7% and 500.7% was observed compared to the intact model for laminoplasty-pre and laminoplasty-res, respectively. The posterior ligaments of the cervical spine play a vital role in restoring/stabilizing the cervical spine. When laminoplasty is performed, the surgeon needs to be careful not to injure the posterior soft tissue, including ligaments such as LF.

Beschreibung: This study evaluated the effects of the duration of ZH supplementation and days on feed (DOF) on performance, carcass characteristics, and saleable meat yield of Nellore young bulls. The fixed effects included the duration (0, 20, 30, or 40 d before slaughter plus a 3 d ZH withdrawal period—8.33 mg of ZH/kg of DM) and DOF (90 and 117 d). Feed efficiency (G:F) linearly increased when the duration of ZH supplementation increased (p 〈 0.01). Nellore bulls fed ZH had greater HCW (p 〈 0.01), dressing percentage (p 〈 0.01) and Longissimus muscle area (LMA) (p 〈 0.01), but less 12th-rib fat (p = 0.04) than the control group. The hot carcass weight (HCW) (p 〈 0.01), and dressing percentage increased linearly (p 〈 0.01) with the increase of duration of ZH supplementation. The HCW, ossification, and 12th-rib fat increased with DOF (p 〈 0.01). The ZH supplemented group had most of the individual cuts of hindquarters and total saleable meat increased compared with the control. Zilpaterol hydrochloride was effective in improving hot carcass weight, hindquarter, and saleable meat yields of Nellore bulls when fed for at least 20 d before slaughter, independently of days on feed.

Beschreibung: Healthy, weaned, coccidial-free male rabbits from two breeds (New Zealand white (NZ) and V-line (VL)) were divided into 10 equal groups (5 groups each for NZ and VL) (3 replicates/group, 6 rabbits/replicate, 18 rabbits/group). All rabbits were inoculated with 5 × 104 Eimeria spp. oocysts (E. intestinalis (67%), E. magna (22%), and E. media (11%)) except for the rabbits in the first group (G1), which were inoculated with a sterile solution and served as a negative control. The remaining four groups were treated as follows: G2, no treatment/positive control, G3, treated with neem leaf extract, G4, treated with pomegranate peel extract (PPE), and G5, treated with a combination of neem leaf extract and PPE. For both breeds, our results showed that the use of neem leaf and/or pomegranate peel extract resulted in improved growth performance, with a significant improvement in relative feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the positive control groups, which recorded the worst values, as well as a significant (p ≤ 0.05) reduction in mean oocyst count compared to the positive control groups. We also observed downregulation of mRNA levels of IL-1βα, IL6, and TNF-α in the herbal treatment groups compared with the mRNA levels of these genes in the positive control groups. Herbal treatment with neem leaf and/or pomegranate peel extracts had positive effects on the NZ and VL rabbits experimentally infected with mixed Eimeria species, as evidenced by their healthy appearance, good appetite, no mortalities, an anticoccidial index 〉 120, and a significantly higher total return and net profit when compared to the positive control groups of both breeds. In NZ rabbits, the treatment with neem leaf extract alone (G3) or in combination with PPE (G5) recorded the most efficient economic anticoccidial activity.

Beschreibung: The short form of the leptin receptor (LRa) plays a key role in the transport of leptin to the central nervous system (CNS). Here, the resistin (RSTN)-mediated expression of LRa in the preoptic area (POA), ventromedial and dorsomedial nuclei (VMH/DMH),arcuate nucleus (ARC) and the anterior pituitary gland (AP)was analyzed considering the photoperiodic (experiment 1) and nutritional status (experiment 2) of ewes. In experiment 1, 30 sheep were fed normally and received one injection of saline or two doses of RSTN one hour prior to euthanasia. RSTN increased LRa expression mainly in the ARC and AP during long days (LD) and only in the AP during short days (SD). In experiment 2, an altered diet for 5 months created lean or fat sheep. Twenty sheep were divided into four groups: the lean and fat groups were given saline, while the lean-R and fat-R groups received RSTN one hour prior to euthanasia. Changes in adiposity influenced the effect of RSTN on LRa mRNA transcript levels in the POA, ARC and AP and without detection of LRa in the VMH/DMH. Overall, both photoperiodic and nutritional signals influence the effects of RSTN on leptin transport to the CNS and are involved in the adaptive/pathological phenomenon of leptin resistance in sheep.

Beschreibung: Understanding the natural resources of native flora in a particular area is essential to be able to identify, record, and update existing records concerning the flora of that area, especially medicinal plants. Until recently, there has been very little scientific documentation on the biological diversity of Aljumum flora. The current study aimed to document medicinal plants among the flora of this region and determine the traditional usages that are documented in the literature. In the flowering season from November 2019 to May 2020, we conducted more than 80 field trips to the study area. The results reported 90 species belonging to 79 genera and 34 families in the Aljumum region, which constitute 82 species of medicinal plants from a total of 2253 known species in Saudi Arabia. The most distributed species were Calotropis procera, Panicum turgidum, and Aerva javanica (5.31%); within four endemic families, we found Fabaceae (32.35%), Poaceae (20.58%), and Asteraceae and Brassicaceae (17.64%). The present study reviews a collection of medicinal plants in Aljumum used in ethnomedicine. Additionally, these natural resources should be preserved, and therefore, conservation programs should be established to protect the natural diversity of the plant species in this region with sustainable environmental management.

Beschreibung: Ionic liquids represent a class of highly tunable organic compounds responsible for many applications in the domain of wood-based materials. It has often been emphasized that the use of ionic liquids derives from their high affinity for lignocellulose and their good penetration ability into wood structures. This paper discusses the sorption ability of different types of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids with lateral alkyl chains, ranging from ethyl to hexyl into spruce and beech wood, as a function of their cation molecular mass, anion type (chloride, tetrafluoroborate, acetate), and intrinsic properties (surface tension and kinematic viscosity) at room temperature. All the studied ionic liquids present high relative uptake values at the equilibrium, ranging from 11.2% to 69.7%. The bulk diffusion coefficients of the ionic liquids into the wood range from 2 × 10−3 to 28 × 10−3 mm2/min, being higher in the longitudinal direction for both types of wood. The value of the diffusion coefficients for 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride is only 25% lower than that for water, despite the obvious differences in viscosity and surface tension, demonstrating a good penetration ability and the potential for wood industry-related applications (as impregnation compound carriers and preservatives).

Beschreibung: The comprehensive intelligent development of the manufacturing industry puts forward new requirements for the quality inspection of industrial products. This paper summarizes the current research status of machine learning methods in surface defect detection, a key part in the quality inspection of industrial products. First, according to the use of surface features, the application of traditional machine vision surface defect detection methods in industrial product surface defect detection is summarized from three aspects: texture features, color features, and shape features. Secondly, the research status of industrial product surface defect detection based on deep learning technology in recent years is discussed from three aspects: supervised method, unsupervised method, and weak supervised method. Then, the common key problems and their solutions in industrial surface defect detection are systematically summarized; the key problems include real-time problem, small sample problem, small target problem, unbalanced sample problem. Lastly, the commonly used datasets of industrial surface defects in recent years are more comprehensively summarized, and the latest research methods on the MVTec AD dataset are compared, so as to provide some reference for the further research and development of industrial surface defect detection technology.

Beschreibung: One important type of animal welfare concern is “natural living” (i.e., that animals are able to express natural behaviours that are important to them, and to engage with aspects of the natural world that they find important). The aims of this narrative review were to describe the behavioural development of calves (Bos taurus) in natural settings and use this to identify characteristics of natural systems that may be important to consider relative to this natural living conception of animal welfare. At birth, calves are licked by their mothers and soon stand to suckle for colostrum, and during the milk-feeding period, calves spend much of their time lying down. In natural systems, calves perform a variety of social behaviours with herd-mates, and slowly transition from their mother’s milk to eating solid food, by gradually increasing time spent grazing and ruminating. In contrast, on most commercial dairy systems, dairy calves are removed from their mothers at birth, housed individually, fed restricted amounts of milk and weaned abruptly at a young age. The results of this review suggest that accommodating key natural behaviours, for example through the use of teat feeding of milk, social housing, and gradual weaning, can help address welfare concerns.

Beschreibung: The aim of the present research was to analyze the farmers’ intention towards participation in the management and conservation of wetlands through the lens of the extended theory of planned behavior (TPB). To do this, a cross-sectional survey of Iranian farmers was carried out. To select the samples, a multi-stage random sampling process with a proportional assignment was employed. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability were verified using various quantitative and qualitative indicators. The results of the extended TPB using structural equation modeling showed that four variables, namely moral norms of participation in management and conservation (MNPMC), attitude towards participation in management and conservation (APMC), subjective norms towards participation in management and conservation (SNPMC), and self-concept about participation in management and conservation (SCPMC) had positive and significant impacts on intention towards participation in management and conservation (IPMC). The results also revealed that that entering MNPMC and SCPMC into TPB could increase its explanatory power. Also, the fit indicators supported the extended TPB. From a practical point of view, the present study provides justifications and insights for the use of MNPMC, APMC, SNPMC, and SCPMC in policies and programs intended to encourage farmers and local communities to participate in wetlands management and conservation.

Beschreibung: To secure full benefits without jeopardizing project feasibility, sustainability standards in high-rise building design should be included at all phases of the decision-making process. However, there are limited empirical studies on the influence of building information modeling (BIM) implementation in high-rise buildings. Implementing BIM is a viable technique to improve high-rise building sustainability performance. Therefore, the aim of this research is to explore the influence of BIM implementation in high-rise buildings by integrating the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) approaches. Following a detailed review of the literature to identify critical success factors (CSFs) for BIM implementation, empirical evidence was gathered through a questionnaire survey with 205 stakeholders in construction projects. The EFA revealed five components, namely, productivity, visualization, coordination, sustainability, and safety improvement, all of which have a significant impact on the long-term construction of high-rise buildings. Moreover, SEM was conducted to develop the model for high-rise buildings. However, it has been revealed that awareness and usage level of BIM technology in high-rise buildings still appears to be limited. This scenario paves the way for future researchers to develop more models in the domain of high-rise buildings in order to improve sustainable development.

Beschreibung: “Spot the Difference” is a well-known game where players must find subtle differences between two almost identical pictures. If “Spot the Difference” is designed for videos, what is the difference between videos and pictures? If the performance of videos is measured by an eye tracker, what scan paths will be conducted? In this study, we explored this game using a video to conduct a visual performance evaluation. Twenty-five subjects were recruited in a full-factorial experiment to investigate the effect of background (with background, without background), video type (animation, text), and arrangement (left-to-right, top-to-bottom) on searching, eye tracking performance, and visual fatigue. The results showed that the video type had a significant effect on the accuracy and subjective visual fatigue, with the accuracy and subjective visual fatigue for animation being better than for text. The results also indicated that the arrangement had a significant effect on the number of fixations, where top-to-bottom arrangement brought a higher number of fixations. The background had a significant effect on accuracy and subjective visual fatigue, where the accuracy and subjective visual fatigue without a background was better than with a background. For the analysis of the scan path, a denser scan path was found in text than in animation, in top-to-bottom arrangement than in left-to-right arrangement, and without a background than with a background. In the future, game manufacturers should use the results of this research to design different “Spot the Difference” videos. When designing a simple game, an animation without a background and involving a left-to-right arrangement was recommended. When designing a difficult game, the opposite settings should be used.

Beschreibung: Currently, the route planning functions in 2D/3D campus navigation systems in the market are unable to process indoor and outdoor localization information simultaneously, and the UI experiences are not optimal because they are limited by the service platforms. An ARCore-based augmented reality campus navigation system is designed in this paper in order to solve the relevant problems. Firstly, the proposed campus navigation system uses ARCore to enhance reality by presenting 3D information in real scenes. Secondly, a visual inertial ranging algorithm is proposed for real-time locating and map generating in mobile devices. Finally, rich Unity3D scripts are designed in order to enhance users’ autonomy and enjoyment during navigation experience. In this paper, indoor navigation and outdoor navigation experiments are carried out at the Lingang campus of Shanghai University of Electric Power. Compared with the AR outdoor navigation system of Gaode, the proposed AR system can achieve increased precise outdoor localization by deploying the visual inertia odometer on the mobile phone and realizes the augmented reality function of 3D information and real scene, thus enriching the user’s interactive experience. Furthermore, four groups of students have been selected for system testing and evaluation. Compared with traditional systems, such as Gaode map or Internet media, experimental results show that our system could facilitate the effectiveness and usability of learning on campus.

Beschreibung: This paper presents a novel architecture for detecting mathematical formulas in document images, which is an important step for reliable information extraction in several domains. Recently, Cascade Mask R-CNN networks have been introduced to solve object detection in computer vision. In this paper, we suggest a couple of modifications to the existing Cascade Mask R-CNN architecture: First, the proposed network uses deformable convolutions instead of conventional convolutions in the backbone network to spot areas of interest better. Second, it uses a dual backbone of ResNeXt-101, having composite connections at the parallel stages. Finally, our proposed network is end-to-end trainable. We evaluate the proposed approach on the ICDAR-2017 POD and Marmot datasets. The proposed approach demonstrates state-of-the-art performance on ICDAR-2017 POD at a higher IoU threshold with an f1-score of 0.917, reducing the relative error by 7.8%. Moreover, we accomplished correct detection accuracy of 81.3% on embedded formulas on the Marmot dataset, which results in a relative error reduction of 30%.

Beschreibung: Collecting data allows researchers to store and analyze important information about activities, events, and situations. Gathering this information can also help us make decisions, control processes, and analyze what happens and when it happens. In fact, a scientific investigation is the way scientists use the scientific method to collect the data and evidence that they plan to analyze. Neuroscience and other related activities are set to collect their own big datasets, but to exploit their full potential, we need ways to standardize, integrate, and synthesize diverse types of data. Although the use of low-cost ElectroEncephaloGraphy (EEG) devices has increased, such as those whose price is below 300 USD, their role in neuroscience research activities has not been well supported; there are weaknesses in collecting the data and information. The primary objective of this paper was to describe a tool for data management and visualization, called MuseStudio, for low-cost devices; specifically, our tool is related to the Muse brain-sensing headband, a personal meditation assistant with additional possibilities. MuseStudio was developed in Python following the best practices in data analysis and is fully compatible with the Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS), which specifies how brain data must be managed. Our open-source tool can import and export data from Muse devices and allows viewing real-time brain data, and the BIDS exporting capabilities can be successfully validated following the available guidelines. Moreover, these and other functional and nonfunctional features were validated by involving five experts as validators through the DESMET method, and a latency analysis was also performed and discussed. The results of these validation activities were successful at collecting and managing electroencephalogram data.

Beschreibung: The number of people diagnosed with epilepsy as a common brain disease accounts for about 1% of the world’s total population. Seizure prediction is an important study that can improve the lives of patients with epilepsy, and, in recent years, it has attracted more and more attention. In this paper, we propose a novel hybrid deep learning model that combines a Dense Convolutional Network (DenseNet) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) for epileptic seizure prediction using EEG data. The proposed method first converts the EEG data into the time-frequency domain through Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) for use in the input of the model. Then, we train the previously transformed image through a hybrid model combining Densenet and LSTM. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, experiments are conducted for each preictal length of 5, 10, and 15 min using the CHB-MIT scalp EEG dataset. As a result, we obtained a prediction accuracy of 93.28%, a sensitivity of 92.92%, a specificity of 93.65%, a false positive rate of 0.063 per hour, and an F1-score of 0.923 when the preictal length was 5 min. Finally, as the proposed method is compared to previous studies, it is confirmed that the seizure prediction performance was improved significantly.

Beschreibung: A previous study revealed low survival rates for Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) summer-planted seedlings grown in Hiko-V-120 containers. This study examines nursery practices that could potentially prevent deterioration of the seedling water balance after planting to improve the survival rate of this species, which has a low drought tolerance. During summer planting, we tested (1) drought hardening or high-potassium fertilization for two months before planting, (2) antitranspirant or topping treatment at planting, and (3) the use of the JFA-150 container with a larger capacity and lower growing density than the Hiko-V-120 container. Drought hardening increased seedling drought tolerance because of the low leaf:root ratio, due to lower leaf mass production, resulting in increased survival from 74% to 93% in Hiko-V-120 containers. When JFA-150 containers were used, the leaf:root ratio was lower because of higher root mass, resulting in an increase in survival to 87%, with the highest survival of 97% when combined with drought hardening. The application of antitranspirant increased survival to over 90%, whereas topping did not, probably because of severer competition from weeds. High-potassium fertilization did not affect seedling traits or survival. For better survival of summer-planted container-grown Japanese larch seedlings, it is recommended that they be grown in containers providing sufficient cell volume and density for root growth while the seedlings are in the nursery and that irrigation be withheld for two months before planting. In addition, to obtain higher survival, an antitranspirant can be applied at planting at a cost.

Beschreibung: Contagious agalactia is associated with mastitis, keratoconjunctivitis, arthritis, pneumonia, and septicemia in small ruminants in countries with large dairy industries worldwide. The causative agents belong to four (sub)species of the Mycoplasma genus that have remained essentially susceptible to antimicrobials, including to the widely-used tetracycline family. However, some clinical isolates have been detected that show increased minimum inhibitory concentrations of tetracyclines, although they do not harbor the mutation in the 16SrRNA gene usually associated with resistance. The present work aimed to assess whether efflux pumps, infrequently described in mycoplasmas, could participate in the observed moderate loss of susceptibility. General efflux mechanisms were measured (i) using the fluorescence property of ethidium bromide when accumulated intracellularly and intercalated in the mycoplasma genomes, its active extrusion resulting in a temperature-dependent decrease in fluorescence and (ii) monitoring the growth inhibition of mycoplasmas by subinhibitory concentrations of tetracycline with or without reserpine, a known inhibitor of efflux in other bacteria. Both methods revealed non-specific efflux phenomena in most of the isolates tested, although their efficacy was difficult to quantify. This property could contribute to the acquisition of mutations conferring resistance by maintaining intracellular concentrations of tetracyclines at subinhibitory levels.

Beschreibung: Reliable estimations of parameter values and associated uncertainties are crucial for crop model applications in agro-environmental research. However, estimating many parameters simultaneously for different types of response variables is difficult. This becomes more complicated for grapevines with different phenotypes between varieties and training systems. Our study aims to evaluate how a standard least square approach can be used to calibrate a complex grapevine model for simulating both the phenology (flowering and harvest date) and yield of four different variety–training systems in the Douro Demarcated Region, northern Portugal. An objective function is defined to search for the best-fit parameters that result in the minimum value of the unweighted sum of the normalized Root Mean Squared Error (nRMSE) of the studied variables. Parameter uncertainties are estimated as how a given parameter value can determine the total prediction variability caused by variations in the other parameter combinations. The results indicate that the best-estimated parameters show a satisfactory predictive performance, with a mean bias of −2 to 4 days for phenology and −232 to 159 kg/ha for yield. The corresponding variance in the observed data was generally well reproduced, except for one occasion. These parameters are a good trade-off to achieve results close to the best possible fit of each response variable. No parameter combinations can achieve minimum errors simultaneously for phenology and yield, where the best fit to one variable can lead to a poor fit to another. The proposed parameter uncertainty analysis is particularly useful to select the best-fit parameter values when several choices with equal performance occur. A global sensitivity analysis is applied where the fruit-setting parameters are identified as key determinants for yield simulations. Overall, the approach (including uncertainty analysis) is relatively simple and straightforward without specific pre-conditions (e.g., model continuity), which can be easily applied for other models and crops. However, a challenge has been identified, which is associated with the appropriate assumption of the model errors, where a combination of various calibration approaches might be essential to have a more robust parameter estimation.

Beschreibung: This paper presents a modified NSGA-II algorithm based on the spatial density (SD) operator, combined with computer graphics-based surface parameterisation methods and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. This was done to optimise the multi-objective aerodynamic design of a centrifugal impeller for a 100-kW vehicle-mounted fuel cell and improve the multi-conditions aerodynamic performance of the centrifugal impeller of the vehicle-mounted fuel cell (FC). The optimisation objectives are to maximise the isentropic efficiency of the rated and common operating conditions. The optimisation results showed that the efficiency of rated working conditions had an increase of 1.29%, mass flow increase of 8.8%, pressure ratio increase of 0.74% and comprehensive margin increase of 6.2%. The efficiency of common working conditions had an increase of 1.2%, mass flow increase of 9.1%, pressure ratio increase of 0.24% and comprehensive margin increase of 10%. The optimisation effect is obvious under the premise of satisfying the constraints, which proves the optimisation method’s engineering effectiveness and provides technical support and methodological research for the multi-objective aerodynamic design optimisation of centrifugal impellers for vehicle-mounted FCs.

Beschreibung: Urban greenery is widely acknowledged as a key element for creating livable urban environments and improving residents’ quality of life. However, only a few current studies on the subject of urban greenery focus on a human visual perspective and take street greenery into consideration. Street greenery is an indispensable component of urban vegetation to which residents have a higher frequency of access. Additionally, few studies focused on the disparity of the green view at a micro-level, such as at a county or community level. This study explored the spatial distribution of street greenery and its influential factors using the green view index (GVI) as the main evaluation indicator. Compared to other traditional indicators of greenery, such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and accessibility, GVI is recognized as a human-oriented indicator to evaluate the quantity of greenery viewed by human eyes in daily life. The downtown area of Shanghai was chosen as the case study, as it reflects the common phenomenon of street greenery in many megacities globally. In addition, county/jiedao (the same administrative area as county in China) level was selected as the minimum geographical unit to evaluate the disparity of GVI and its influential factors to fill the knowledge gap. We analyzed 233,000 pieces of street-view images from Baidu Map and other correlated data. The results showed (1) the street greenery of 70% of the downtown area of Shanghai is less than the recommended comforFogre visual environment; (2) street greenery is spatially clustered in Huangpu district, Xuhui district, college town, and the Century Park of Shanghai; (3) street-greenery distribution is positively correlated with housing price and street network density, and negatively correlated with the ratio of society vulnerability; however, it is uncorrelated to population density. According to these findings, local municipalities could improve urban planning and design by introducing a more human-oriented green-space policy that improves social equity.

Beschreibung: The aim of this study was to determine the basic chemical composition, the content of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity in currant leaves. The leaves of black, red and white currant shrubs were collected in May, and in the beginning of June, July and August, for two years between 2018 and 2019. The proximate analysis, including dry matter, protein, fat, ash and total carbohydrates, was determined. In addition, the content of the polyphenols and the total antioxidant activity using ABTS, DPPH and FRAP assays were conducted. The highest concentration of protein was detected in the whitecurrant leaves harvested in May in both years, while the highest content of crude fat was found in the blackcurrant leaves harvested in both years, with the exception of the August harvest. Extracts from the blackcurrant leaves collected in June/July 2019 had the highest antioxidant activity that was measured by the ABTS method (about 7000 µmol Trolox/g DM) and confirmed by other methods, while extracts from the whitecurrant leaves produced from the August 2018 collection had the lowest antioxidant activity (1884 µmol Trolox/g DM). Currant leaves are a rich source of bioactive compounds and contain higher amounts of polyphenols as compared with currant fruits. These compounds may play a very important role in the risk reduction and even prevention of the most chronic non-communicable diseases. Therefore, further research is needed to identify currant leaves as a source of bioactives for functional foods and natural health products. The highest antioxidant activity was in the redcurrant leaves from all the harvest times in 2018 as measured by the ABTS and FRAP methods. On the contrary, blackcurrant leaves from all the harvest times in 2019 had the highest antioxidant activity.

Beschreibung: Climate change has inherent multidisciplinary characteristics, and predicting the future of a single field of work has a limit. Therefore, this study proposes a water-centric nexus approach for the agriculture and forest sectors for improving the response to climate change in the Korean Peninsula. Two spatial models, i.e., Environmental Policy Integrated Climate and Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs, were used to assess the extent of changes in agricultural water demand, forest water supply, and their balance at the watershed level in the current and future climatic conditions. Climate changed has increased the agricultural water demand and forest water supply significantly in all future scenarios and periods. Comparing the results with RCP8.5 2070s and the baseline, the agricultural water demand and forest water supply increased by 35% and 28%, respectively. Water balance assessment at the main watershed level in the Korean Peninsula revealed that although most scenarios of the future water supply increases offset the demand growth, a risk to water balance exists in case of a low forest ratio or smaller watershed. For instance, the western plains, which are the granary regions of South and North Korea, indicate a higher risk than other areas. These results show that the land-use balance can be an essential factor in a water-centric adaptation to climate change. Ultimately, the water-centric nexus approach can make synergies by overcoming increasing water demands attributable to climate change.

Beschreibung: With the wide increase in global forestry resources trade, the demand for wood is increasing day by day, especially rare wood. Finding a computer-based method that can identify wood species has strong practical value and very important significance for regulating the wood trade market and protecting the interests of all parties, which is one of the important problems to be solved by the wood industry. This article firstly studies the establishment of wood microscopic images dataset through a combination of traditional image amplification technology and Mix-up technology expansion strategy. Then with the traditional Faster Region-based Convolutional Neural Networks (Faster RCNN) model, the receptive field enhancement Spatial Pyramid Pooling (SPP) module and the multi-scale feature fusion of Feature Pyramid Networks (FPN) module are introduced to construct a microscopic image identification model based on the migration learning fusion model and analyzes the three factors (Mix-up, Enhanced SPP and FPN modules) affecting the wood microscopic image detection model. The experimental results show that the proposed approach can identify 10 kinds of wood microscopic images, and the accuracy rate has increased from 77.8% to 83.8%, which provides convenient conditions for further in-depth study of the microscopic characteristics of wood cells and is of great significance to the field of wood science.

Beschreibung: Sex differences in a variety of cognitive traits have long been reported in various species, including dogs. However, only a few canine studies have taken the possible effect of reproductive hormones into account. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sex and reproductive status of pet dogs (N = 1032) on two cognitive traits: inhibitory control and social cognition. Inhibitory control was assessed using the cylinder test, and the dogs’ tendency to initiate social contact with a human during a problem-solving situation was assessed using the unsolvable task. Female dogs had a significantly higher success rate in the cylinder test compared to males, and they spent significantly more time in human-directed behavior during the unsolvable task. In contrast, males spent significantly more time in independent behavior during the unsolvable task. Reproductive status had no significant effect on the results of the cylinder test or the unsolvable task. Our results showed that female dogs asked for more help/used a more cooperative strategy during a problem-solving situation and had greater inhibitory control compared to males. According to our results, it seems likely that these sex differences were not influenced to a large extent by reproductive hormones.

Beschreibung: With the increasing integration of non-linear electronic loads, the diagnosis and classification of power quality are becoming crucial for power grid signal management. This paper presents a novel diagnosis strategy based on unsupervised learning, namely residual denoising convolutional auto-encoder (RDCA), which extracts features from the complex power quality disturbances (PQDs) automatically. Firstly, the time–frequency analysis is applied to isolate frequency domain information. Then, the RDCA with a weight residual structure is utilized to extract the useful features in the contaminated PQD data, where the performance is improved using the residual structure. A single-layer convolutional neural network (SCNN) with an added batch normalization layer is proposed to classify the features. Furthermore, combining with RDCA and SCNN, we further propose a classification framework to classify complex PQDs. To provide a reasonable interpretation of the RDCA, visual analysis is employed to gain insight into the model, leading to a better understanding of the features from different layers. The simulation and experimental tests are conducted to verify the practicability and robustness of the RDCA.

Beschreibung: Construction projects usually involve signing various contracts with specific billing procedures. In practice, dealing with complex contract structures causes significant problems, especially with regard to timely payment and guaranteed cash flow. Furthermore, a lack of transparency leads to a loss of trust. As a result, late or non-payment is a common problem in the construction industry. This paper presents the concept of implementing smart contracts for automated, transparent, and traceable payment processing for construction projects. Automated billing is achieved by combining Building Information Modeling (BIM) approaches with blockchain-based smart contracts. Thereby, parts of traditional construction contracts are transferred to a smart contract. The smart contract is set up using digital BIM-based tender documents and contains all of the relevant data for financial transactions. Once the contracted construction work has been accepted by the client, payments can be made automatically via authorized financial institutions. This paper describes the framework, referred to as BIMcontracts, the container-based data exchange, and the digital contract management workflow. It discusses the industry-specific requirements for blockchain and data storage and explains which technical and software architectural decisions were made. A case study is used to demonstrate the current implementation of the concept.

Beschreibung: The advent of chip calorimetry has enabled an unprecedented extension of the capability of differential scanning calorimetry to explore new domains of materials behavior. In this paper, we highlight some of our recent work: the application of heating and cooling rates above 104 K/s allows for the clear determination of the glass transition temperature, Tg, in systems where Tg and the onset temperature for crystallization, Tx, overlap; the evaluation of the delay time for crystal nucleation; the discovery of new polyamorphous materials; and the in-situ formation of glass in liquid crystals. From these application examples, it is evident that chip calorimetry has the potential to reveal new reaction and transformation behavior and to develop a new understanding.

Beschreibung: Heritabilities of workability (WT) traits—milking speed (MS) and temperament (MT)—as well as genetic and phenotypic correlations between these traits in the population of Polish Holstein-Friesian (PHF) cows were estimated. The estimation of genetic parameters was performed twice: first with the use of pedigree data; and second with the use of pedigree and genomic data. Phenotypic data from routinely conducted MS and MT evaluations for 1,045,511 cows born from 2004 to 2013 were available; the cows were evaluated from 2011 to 2015. The main dataset was reduced based on imposed restrictions (e.g., on age of calving, stage of lactation and day of first trial milking). The dataset prepared in this manner comprised 391,615 cows. It was then reduced to daughters of 10% randomly selected sires for computational reasons. Finally, for genetic parameter estimation, 13,280 records of cows were used. The linear observation model included additive random effects of animal, fixed effects of herd-year-season of calving subclass (HYS) and lactation phase, fixed regressions on cow age at calving and the percent of HF breed genes in the cow genotype. Heritabilities estimated based on pedigree data were 0.12 (±0.0067) for MS and 0.08 (±0.0063) for MT, the genetic correlation between MS and MT was estimated at 0.05 (±0.0002) and the phenotypic correlation coefficient was estimated at 0.14 (±0.0004). The inclusion of genomic information of sire bulls had no clear effect on the size of the estimated WT genetic parameters. The heritabilities of MS and MT were 0.11 (±0.0065) and 0.09 (±0.0012), respectively. The genetic and phenotypic correlation coefficients were 0.07 (±0.0003) and 0.12 (±0.0005), respectively. The sizes of the obtained heritabilities of WT and of the genetic and phenotypic correlation between these traits indicate the possibility of effective population improvement for both WT traits.

Beschreibung: Optical turbulence, as determined by the widely accepted practice of profiling the temperature structure constant, CT2, via the measurement of ambient atmospheric temperature gradients, can be found to differ quite significantly when characterizing such gradients via thermal-couple differential temperature sensors as compared to doing so with acoustic probes such as those commonly used in sonic anemometry. Similar inconsistencies are observed when comparing optical turbulence strength derived via CT2 as compared to those through direct optical or imaging measurements of small fluctuations of the index of refraction of air (i.e., scintillation). These irregularities are especially apparent in stable atmospheric layers and during diurnal quiescent periods. Our research demonstrates that when care is taken to properly remove large-scale index of refraction gradients, the sonic anemometer-derived velocity structure constant, Cv2, coupled with the similarly derived turbulence-driven index of refraction and vertical wind shear gradients, provides a refractive index structure constant, Cn2, that can more closely match the optical turbulence strengths inferred by more direct means such as scintillometers or differential image motion techniques. The research also illustrates the utility and robustness of quantifying Cn2 from CT2 at a point using a single sonic anemometer and establishes a clear set of equations to calculate volumetric Cn2 data using instrumentation that measures wind velocities with more spatial/temporal fidelity than temperature.

Beschreibung: Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) has become a promising technology for the production of hydrochar and carbon spheres. Several studies indicate a strong dependency of the reaction conditions on the sphere diameter. The usage of additives, such as salts, is one possibility to increase the size of the spheres. However, the growth mechanism which leads to larger particles is not fully understood. In this work, kinetic studies of HTC with fructose were performed with different salts as additives. The growth of the particles (the increase in size) has been compared to the formation rates (increase in yield) of hydrochar by using the reaction rate constants from the kinetic model. The results indicate that the acceleration of the growth rate is independent of the formation rate. It is therefore assumed that coagulation, as a growth mechanism, took place. With longer reaction times, the particles reached a stable particle size, independently from the added salts; therefore, it was assumed that the particles underwent some sort of solidification. The state of matter can therefore be described as an intermediate state between liquid and solid, similar to mesophase pitch. Experiments with a stirrer resulted in squashed particles, which supports the model, that the particles exhibit emulsion-like behavior.

Beschreibung: This paper reviews recent progress on different high-speed optical short- and medium-reach transmission systems. Furthermore, a comprehensive tutorial on high-performance, low-cost, and advanced optical transceiver (TRx) paradigms is presented. In this context, recent advances in high-performance digital signal processing algorithms and innovative optoelectronic components are extensively discussed. Moreover, based on the growing increase in the dynamic environment and the heterogeneous nature of different applications and services to be supported by the systems, we discuss the reconfigurable and sliceable TRxs that can be employed. The associated technical challenges of various system algorithms are reviewed, and we proffer viable solutions to address them.

Beschreibung: In this paper, a coordinated multipoint joint transmission (CoMP-JT) framework at mmWave for a cyclic prefix (CP)-free multiuser OFDM wireless communication system is developed and analyzed. The aim is to provide high-quality service to cell-edge users; otherwise, the cell-users would suffer from significant signal degradation due to undesired interference. The impact of complex Hadamard transform with block diagonalization channel precoding for multiuser interference reduction and designed subcarrier mapping for out-of-band (OOB) reduction are investigated. In addition, the paper studied the input back-off-aided high-power amplifier for peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction and forward error correction channel coding for improved bit error rate (BER) for cell-edge users at mmWave frequencies. Moreover, signal-to-interference-noise ratio and ergodic achievable rate are estimated both in the presence and absence of CoMP-JT-based transmission technique to verify their significance in terms of transmitted power. Numerical investigations showed an OOB reduction of 312 dB, PAPR reduction from 17.50 dB to 7.66 dB, and improved BER of 1×10−3 in 16-QAM for a signal-to-noise ratio of −6 dB. Hence, the simulation results demonstrated the effectiveness of the developed system.

Beschreibung: Cheese is a worldwide produced and consumed commodity. There are many varieties of cheese from soft to hard, white to yellow, and fresh to aged after ripening. Especially, each category has its own producing technology. Many countries have labeled their most traditional cheese as Protective Designation of Origin (PDO). Moreover, several studies using advanced technologies, such as proteomics, have been performed to enhance labeling. In this review, broadly diffused and marketed, as well as Mediterranean countries’ special interest in Mediterranean diet-related PDO cheeses have been chosen as a reference. The aim of this work was to highlight the use of proteomics methods to examine how cheese proteins and peptides rearrange after ripening and use of starters. Further, we aimed to examine what kind of proteins are produced. Finally, we focused on bioactive molecules in cheeses and distinction of the original product from its counterfeit.

Beschreibung: This research deals with determination of the loading of an open container during operating modes. The special feature of this container is its convex walls. This engineering solution increases the useful capacity of a container by 8% in comparison to that of the prototype. The elastic elements in the bearing structure of a container were introduced to decrease the dynamic loads. The dynamic loads in the vertical plane were dumped by means of the dry friction forces between the components of the cross bearers of the container’s base. The dynamic loads in the longitudinal plane were dumped by means of the dry friction forces between the horizontal parts of fittings and fixed lashing components. This study presents the modelling of the dynamic loading of a container in a vertical plane. The dynamic loads of a container in the longitudinal plane were determined with a mathematical model. The authors determined the basic strength characteristics of the bearing structure of a container; and found that the maximum stresses to a container were about 200 MPa, concentrated near the front fittings. The maximum displacements were recorded in the cross bearers of the base and amounted to about 4 mm.

Beschreibung: This work aimed to (i) determine the reliability of a portable Bluetooth colourimeter for fruit colour measurements; (ii) characterise the changes in quantitative skin colour attributes in a nectarine cultivar in response to time from harvest; and (iii) determine the influence of row orientation and training system on nectarine skin colour. The skin colour attributes measured with the colourimeter, namely L*, a* and b*, were calibrated and validated against a reference spectrophotometer. C* and h° were obtained from a* and b*. Skin colour was measured in situ from 42 days before to 6 days after harvest on ‘Majestic Pearl’ nectarines subjected to different row orientations and training systems. Validation models showed high reliability of colour estimations. The trends of colour attributes over time were characterised by cubic regression models, with h° proving to be the best parameter to describe changes of colour over time, with a clear link to the maturation process. No significant effects of row orientation and training system on skin colour were observed at harvest. Overall, the device proved reliable for fruit colour detection. Results of this study highlight the potential of h° as a quantitative index to monitor ripening prior to harvest in ‘Majestic Pearl’ nectarines.

Beschreibung: Agrivoltaic (AV) systems integrate the production of agricultural crops and electric power on the same land area through the installation of solar panels several meters above the soil surface. It has been demonstrated that AV can increase land productivity and contribute to the expansion of renewable energy production. Its utilization is expected to affect crop production by altering microclimatic conditions but has so far hardly been investigated. The present study aimed to determine for the first time how changes in microclimatic conditions through AV affect selected agricultural crops within an organic crop rotation. For this purpose, an AV research plant was installed near Lake Constance in south-west Germany in 2016. A field experiment was established with four crops (celeriac, winter wheat, potato and grass-clover) cultivated both underneath the AV system and on an adjacent reference site without solar panels. Microclimatic parameters, crop development and harvestable yields were monitored in 2017 and 2018. Overall, an alteration in microclimatic conditions and crop production under AV was confirmed. Photosynthetic active radiation was on average reduced by about 30% under AV. During summertime, soil temperature was decreased under AV in both years. Furthermore, reduced soil moisture and air temperatures as well as an altered rain distribution have been found under AV. In both years, plant height of all crops was increased under AV. In 2017 and 2018, yield ranges of the crops cultivated under AV compared to the reference site were −19 to +3% for winter wheat, −20 to +11% for potato and −8 to −5% for grass-clover. In the hot, dry summer 2018, crop yields of winter wheat and potato were increased by AV by 2.7% and 11%, respectively. These findings show that yield reductions under AV are likely, but under hot and dry weather conditions, growing conditions can become favorable.

Beschreibung: The paper presents the results of a study on improving the safety of navigation, during maneuvers in restricted areas, with the use of an augmented virtuality navigation information display. The augmented virtuality solution has been developed by one of the authors and has been described in a previous paper. A set of simulation scenarios has been proposed to study various maneuvers with different types of ships. Models of existing areas and existing ships have been used so the study can be recreated and reevaluated with different types of interfaces. The study is focused on comparing safe maneuvering areas with different information sources used. The results showed that augmented virtuality solution can indeed decrease the safe maneuvering areas and thus increase the safety of navigation for maneuvers in restricted areas.

Beschreibung: Cucumber, a widely cultivated vegetable, is mostly grown under greenhouse conditions. In recent years, the overuse of inorganic fertilizers for higher yield attainment adversely has affected human health and the environment. Therefore, a greenhouse experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of different nutrient sources (poultry manure (PM) and mineral fertilizer (MF)) on productivity-enhancing parameters of cucumber via univariate and multivariate analyses. Amounts of PM and MF (NPK15:15:15) were added to coco-peat per cubic meter by weight/volume (w/v) ratios as follows: T1 (control), 60 kg PM; T2, 30 kg PM + 3 kg MF; T3, 30 kg PM + 5 kg MF, and T4, 30 kg PM + 7 kg MF. The univariate analysis performed on the collected data illustrated the significant enhancement in growth and productivity for the integrated use of PM and MF. Multivariate analyses (correlation, clustering, and Principal Component Analysis) validated the results of univariate analysis by differentiating treatments into two groups. The three treatments obtained a distinguished group from T1 (Control) and did not show significant differences among each other, with a maximum yield increase by T2 (74.6%). According to these results, T2 could improve cucumber productivity under greenhouse conditions. It can be taken as recommendations for better quality and yield enhancement in future improvement programs and cucumber-related farming communities.

Beschreibung: Nutraceutical industrial fenugreek seed spent (NIFGS), a relatively low-cost material abundantly available with little toxicity is used in crystal violet (CV) dye remediation from aqueous media and reported in the present study. To access the adsorption capacity, the factors affecting it are kinetics and the equilibrium thermodynamics. All the experiments were designed at approximately pH 7. The adsorption isotherm model proposed by Langmuir fits better than the Freundlich isotherm model. Kinetic studies data confirm the pseudo-second order model. It is evident from thermodynamic parameter values that the process of adsorption is endothermic, physical and dynamic. The process optimization of independent variables that influence adsorption was carried out using response surface methodology (RSM) through bi-level fractional factorial experimental design (FEED). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was implemented to investigate the combined effect of parameters influencing adsorption. The possibilities of using dye-adsorbed NIFGS (“sludge”) for the fabrication of the composites using plastic waste are suggested.

Beschreibung: Italian dry-cured ham production requires pigs to be slaughtered at 160 ± 16 kg at 9 months of age (control, C). The study explored three alternatives, based on different feeding conditions: (1) allowing pigs to express their growth potential by letting them reach 160 ± 16 kg slaughter weight (SW) at younger slaughter age (SA) (younger Age, YA); (2) allowing pigs to express their growth potential by maximizing their SW at 9 months SA (greater weight, GW); (3) increasing the SA required to reach 160 ± 16 kg SW (older age, OA). Pigs (336 C21 Goland, 95 kg initial body weight) were slaughtered on average at 257, 230, 257, and 273 d SA and 172.7, 172.3, 192.9, and 169.3 SW kg for the four treatments, respectively. C pigs had an average daily gain (ADG) of 715 g/d and feed efficiency (FE) of 0.265 (gain to feed). Compared to C, YA pigs had higher ADG (+32%), FE (+7.5%), and better ham adiposity; GW pigs had higher carcass weight (+12%), ADG (+25%), trimmed ham weight (+10.9%), and better ham adiposity. OA treatment affected ADG (−16.4%), FE (−16.6%), and trimmed ham weight (−3.6%). YA and GW could be promising alternatives to C as they improved FE and ham quality traits.

Beschreibung: Many factors govern the flow of deposited nitrogen (N) through forest ecosystems and into stream water. At the Fernow Experimental Forest in WV, stream water nitrate (NO3−) export from a long-term reference watershed (WS 4) increased in approximately 1980 and has remained elevated despite more recent reductions in chronic N deposition. Long-term changes in species composition may have altered forest N demand and the retention of deposited N. In particular, the abundance and importance value of Acer saccharum have increased since the 1950s, and this species is thought to have a low affinity for NO3−. We measured the relative uptake of NO3− and ammonium (NH4+) by six important temperate broadleaf tree species and estimated stand uptake of total N, NO3−, and NH4+. We then used records of stream water NO3− and stand composition to evaluate the potential impact of changes in species composition on NO3− export. Surprisingly, the tree species we examined all used both mineral N forms approximately equally. Overall, the total N taken up by the stand into aboveground tissues increased from 1959 through 2001 (30.9 to 35.2 kg N ha−1 yr−1). However, changes in species composition may have altered the net supply of NO3− in the soil since A. saccharum is associated with high nitrification rates. Increases in A. saccharum importance value could result in an increase of 3.9 kg NO3−-N ha−1 yr−1 produced via nitrification. Thus, shifting forest species composition resulted in partially offsetting changes in NO3− supply and demand, with a small net increase of 1.2 kg N ha−1 yr−1 in NO3− available for leaching. Given the persistence of high stream water NO3− export and relatively abrupt (~9 year) change in stream water NO3− concentration circa 1980, patterns of NO3− export appear to be driven by long-term deposition with a lag in the recovery of stream water NO3− after more recent declines in atmospheric N input.

Beschreibung: Biochar, a pyrogenic carbon, has been receiving incremental attention for potential contribution to soil health, agricultural productivity enhancement while mitigating climate change by sequestering carbon and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, it is not well-known to us how far rice husk biochar (RHB) application rates could increase phosphorus (P) bioavailability and plant performance when co-applied with P and lime. Here, we present data of a pot experiment consisting of eleven treatments to evaluate RHB, lime, and phosphorus effect on soil phosphorus availability, CO2 emission, nutrient uptake, and yield performance of maize. Co-application of RHB (10 and 15 t ha−1) and lime (100% and 75%) was made with different rates of P (100%, 75%, and 50%). Our result revealed that, at harvest, the combined application of RHB, lime, and phosphorus fertilizer significantly increased soil pH, P availability and decreased Al and Fe toxicity relative to the control while increasing maize yield. The maximum soil pH increased by 36.75%, the highest available P increased by 158.75%, whilst, the exchangeable Al content reduced by 96.84% compared to the control treatment. However, the difference in biomass production and yield among different lime, RHB, and P were minimal, with the largest grain yield (15.50 t ha−1) was recorded in the T6 treatments (75% lime + 10 t ha−1 RHB + 100% Triple superphosphate). The increment in biomass and grain yield could have occurred due to lime and RHB mediated changes in soil properties, including enhancement of soil pH, availability of P, and other nutrients. This increased availability then increased nutrient uptake and biomass production. Our results suggest that the combined application of lime and RHB could bring favorable changes in soil properties while sacrificing some carbon from soils.

Beschreibung: In their daily activity planning, travelers always considers time and space constraints such as working or education hours and distances to facilities that can restrict the location and time-of-day choices of other activities. In the field of population synthesis, current demand models lack dynamic consistency and often fail to capture the angle of activity choices at different times of the day. This article presents a method for synthetic population generation with a focus on activity-time choice. Activity-time choice consists mainly in the activity’s starting time and its duration, and we consider daily planning with some mandatory home-based activity: the chain of other subsequent activities a traveler can participate in depends on their possible end-time and duration as well as the travel distance from one another and opening hours of commodities. We are interested in a suburban area with sparse data available on population, where a discrete choice model based on utilities cannot be implemented due to the lack of microeconomic data. Our method applies activity-hours distributions extracted from the public census, with a limited corpus, to draw the time of a potential next activity based on the end-time of the previous one, predicted travel times, and the successor activities the agent wants to participate in during the day. We show that our method is able to construct plannings for 126k agents over five municipalities, with chains of activity made of work, education, shopping, leisure, restaurant and kindergarten, which fit adequately real-world time distributions.

Beschreibung: The introduction of new species in forest management must be undertaken with a degree of care, to help prevent the spread of invasive species. However, new species with higher profitability are needed to increase forest products value and the resilience of rural populations. Paulownia tomentosa has an extremely fast growth. The objective and novelty of this work was to study the potential use of young Paulownia trees grown in Portugal by using heat treatment to improve its properties, thereby allowing higher value applications of the wood. The average chemical composition of untreated and heat-treated wood was determined. The extractive content was determined by successive Soxhlet extraction with dichloromethane (DCM), ethanol and water as solvents. The composition of lipophilic extracts was performed by injection in GC-MS with mass detection. Insoluble and soluble lignin, holocellulose and α-cellulose were also determined. Physical (density and water absorption and dimensional stability) and mechanical properties (bending strength and bending stiffness) and termite resistance was also determined. Results showed that extractive content increased in all solvents, lignin and α-cellulose also increased and hemicelluloses decreased. Compounds derived from the thermal degradation of lignin were found in heat-treated wood extractions. Dimensional stability improved but there was a decrease in mechanical properties. Resistance against termites was better for untreated wood than for heat-treated wood, possibly due to the thermal degradation of some toxic extractives.

Beschreibung: Transfer learning is a growing field that can address the variability of activity recognition problems by reusing the knowledge from previous experiences to recognise activities from different conditions, resulting in the leveraging of resources such as training and labelling efforts. Although integrating ubiquitous sensing technology and transfer learning seem promising, there are some research opportunities that, if addressed, could accelerate the development of activity recognition. This paper presents TL-FmRADLs; a framework that converges the feature fusion strategy with a teacher/learner approach over the active learning technique to automatise the self-training process of the learner models. Evaluation TL-FmRADLs is conducted over InSync; an open access dataset introduced for the first time in this paper. Results show promising effects towards mitigating the insufficiency of labelled data available by enabling the learner model to outperform the teacher’s performance.

Beschreibung: Intraoral ultrasonography has been widely employed for the preoperative assessment of tumor margins due to its capability to evaluate depth of invasion (DOI) and tumor thickness (TT). Recently, a novel ultrasonographic technique, ultra-high frequency ultrasound (UHFUS) has been increasingly applied to the study of oral lesions. This study evaluates the potential application of intraoral UHFUS to assess DOI and TT parameters of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) lesions. Patients clinically suspected of OSCC lesions were enrolled and underwent an intraoral UHFUS examination preoperatively. The parameters of TT, DOI, echogenicity, and vascularization were assessed. The parameters of TT and DOI as evaluated by means of UHFUS were compared to histology, which was set as the benchmark. Ten patients in total were enrolled. UHFUS-based DOI and TT measurements were found to positively correlate with histology (p 〈 0.05), although UHFUS provided a slight overestimation of DOI. No differences were found in terms of echogenicity or vascularization depending on the site of the lesion. According to these preliminary results, UHFUS could support the preoperative assessment of TT and DOI, potentially enhancing the clinical evaluation of OSCC.

Beschreibung: The low-power wide-area (LPWA) technologies, which enable cost and energy-efficient wireless connectivity for massive deployments of autonomous machines, have enabled and boosted the development of many new Internet of things (IoT) applications; however, the security of LPWA technologies in general, and specifically those operating in the license-free frequency bands, have received somewhat limited attention so far. This paper focuses specifically on the security and privacy aspects of one of the most popular license-free-band LPWA technologies, which is named LoRaWAN. The paper’s key contributions are the details of the design and experimental validation of a security-focused testbed, based on the combination of software-defined radio (SDR) and GNU Radio software with a standalone LoRaWAN transceiver. By implementing the two practical man-in-the-middle attacks (i.e., the replay and bit-flipping attacks through intercepting the over-the-air activation procedure by an external to the network attacker device), we demonstrate that the developed testbed enables practical experiments for on-air security in real-life conditions. This makes the designed testbed perspective for validating the novel security solutions and approaches and draws attention to some of the relevant security challenges extant in LoRaWAN.

Beschreibung: This paper describes the physical and tensile properties of corn bracts during a whole harvest period by using two corn cultivars, aiming to realize efficient peeling with minimum energy performance and decrease the incidence of ear damage. The value range and change rule of tensile properties were obtained by combining mechanical experiments and numerical statistics. Meanwhile, mathematical models were established for tensile properties depending on bract moisture content and bract thickness. The experimental results show that the tensile properties of leaf blade were affected by the orientation between pulling force and longitudinal vein, and that parallel orientation was greater than perpendicular. Further, the tensile properties of leaf sheaths depended on the angle between pulling force and natural growth direction of the bract in the following order: 0° 〉 90° 〉 180°. A larger pulling force angle can improve the probability of bract fracturing at the root of leaf sheaths, which helps reduce bract residue on the peduncle. In addition, the fracture mechanisms of leaf blades and sheaths were expressed from physiological and morphological perspectives. The experimental results are believed to be able to provide theoretical guidance by which to design and optimize corn-peeling devices.

Beschreibung: The accurate and timely assessment of pasture quantity and quality (i.e., nutritive characteristics) is vital for effective pasture management. Remotely sensed data can be used to predict pasture quantity and quality. This study investigated the ability of Sentinel-2 multispectral bands, convolved from proximal hyperspectral data, in predicting various pasture quality and quantity parameters. Field data (quantitative and spectral) were gathered for experimental plots representing four pasture types—perennial ryegrass monoculture and three mixtures of swards representing increasing species diversity. Spectral reflectance data at the canopy level were used to generate Sentinel-2 bands and calculate normalised difference indices with each possible band pair. The suitability of these indices for prediction of pasture parameters was assessed. Pasture quantity parameters (biomass and Leaf Area Index) had a stronger influence on overall reflectance than the quality parameters. Indices involving the 1610 nm band were optimal for acid detergent fibre, crude protein, organic matter and water-soluble carbohydrate concentration, while being less affected by biomass or LAI. The study emphasises the importance of accounting for the quantity parameters in the spectral data-based models for pasture quality predictions. These explorative findings inform the development of future pasture quantity and quality models, particularly focusing on diverse swards.

Beschreibung: In the current work a new equation for initial damage assessment of limestone based on plane strain theory is proposed. Detailed investigations of the static and dynamic characteristics of limestone with different initial damage degree, using longitudinal wave speed, and static-dynamic compression tests are performed. This study investigated the static and dynamic characteristics of limestone with different initial damage degree, using longitudinal wave speed, and static-dynamic compression tests. Experimental results show that the degree of initial damage decreases with increasing longitudinal wave speed, which reaches the minimum when the longitudinal wave speed is approximately 6000 m/s, and the smaller the longitudinal wave velocity, the greater the degree of initial damage. The static and dynamic compressive strengths of limestone increase with the longitudinal wave velocity and strain rate, but the elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio do not change significantly. Finally, based on the experimental results, the definitions of damage threshold value and strain softening are proposed, which further verify the influence of strain rate and initial damage on rock compression characteristics. The present study sheds light on the importance of initial damage for the mechanical state of rock in underground engineering.

Beschreibung: Capabilities of the attenuated total reflection (ATR) at THz wavelengths for increased sub-surface depth characterisation of (bio-)materials are presented. The penetration depth of a THz evanescent wave in biological samples is dependent on the wavelength and temperature and can reach 0.1–0.5 mm depth, due to the strong refractive index change ∼0.4 of the ice-water transition; this is quite significant and important when studying biological samples. Technical challenges are discussed when using ATR for uneven, heterogeneous, high refractive index samples with the possibility of frustrated total internal reflection (a breakdown of the ATR reflection mode into transmission mode). Local field enhancements at the interface are discussed with numerical/analytical examples. Maxwell’s scaling is used to model the behaviour of absorber–scatterer inside the materials at the interface with the ATR prism for realistic complex refractive indices of bio-materials. The modality of ATR with a polarisation analysis is proposed, and its principle is illustrated, opening an invitation for its experimental validation. The sensitivity of the polarised ATR mode to the refractive index between the sample and ATR prism is numerically modelled and experimentally verified for background (air) spectra. The design principles of polarisation active optical elements and spectral filters are outlined. The results and proposed concepts are based on experimental conditions at the THz beamline of the Australian Synchrotron.

Beschreibung: The physical-geographical features of the mountainous area of Montenegro cause difficulties in farmers’ life and work. The organization of the agricultural production faces a number of problems that limit the overall development of rural areas. Some agricultural crops, such as raspberry, have found optimal growth conditions and produce appropriate yields associated with good fruit quality in such mountainous area. The Willamette variety dominates the production and has broadly expanded, as some new varieties, most notably, Tulameen, Fertȍdi Zamatos, and Glen Ample. The aim of this paper was to examine the biological and production characteristics of two raspberry varieties—one floricane (Tulameen) and one primocane (Polka)—grown in two localities. We confirmed the general rule that at lower altitudes, these varieties (570 m a.s.l, Bijelo Polje) are characterized by earlier vegetation, flowering, and fruit ripening in comparison to plants at higher altitude (1040 m a.s.l, Mojkovac). The Tulameen variety started flowering on 15 May in Bijelo Polje (the flowering phenophase lasted for 29 days, until 12 June) and on 25 May in Mojkovac (the flowering phenophase lasted for 27 days, until 20 June). That is a delay of 11 days in relation to different locations. The Polka variety started flowering on 25 June in Bijelo Polje (57 days, until 20 August) and on 1 July in Mojkovac (flowering for 67 days, until 5 September). That is a delay of 7 days. The Tulameen variety started maturation on 14 June in Bijelo Polje (maturation lasted for 27 days, until 10 July) and on 22 June in Mojkovac (26 days, until 17 July), with a delay of 9 days. The Polka variety started maturation on 23 July in Bijelo Polje (the maturation phenophase lasted for 55 days, until 15 September) and on 5 August in Mojkovac (52 days, until 25 September), with a delay of 14 days. The results showed that the Polka variety had significantly higher total phenol content than the Tulameen variety (4.43 and 4.03 mg, respectively). In terms of locality, the Mojkovac raspberries had higher total phenol content than the Bijelo Polje raspberries. Polka raspberries also had a higher content of total flavonoids than Tulameen, whereas differences between localities in regard to the content of total flavonoids in the fruit were not significant. The content of condensed tannins and gallotannins in the raspberry fruit was similar in relation to both varieties and localities. Finally, the total antioxidant capacity was significantly higher in the Polka compared to the Tulameen variety, whereas the differences between localities were not statistically significant.

Beschreibung: The COVID-19 pandemic has become both a challenge and an opportunity to implement certain changes in the world of education. One of the most important differences has been online evaluation, which had, until now, been marginal in most prestigious universities. This study compared the academic achievement of the last cohort that performed classroom assessment and the first group that was graded for an official degree using synchronous online evaluation. Other variables measured were the self-assessment of students in this second group, in order to understand how it affected their perception of the process using three different indicators: stress, difficulty, and fairness. Nine hundred and nineteen students participated in the study. The results indicate that online assessment resulted in grades that were 10% higher while enjoying the same degree of validity and reliability. In addition, stress and difficulty levels were also in line with the on-site experience, as was the perception that the results were fair. The results allow us to conclude that online evaluation, when proctored, provides the same guarantees as desktop exams, with the added bonus of certain advantages which strongly support their continued use, especially in degrees with many students who may come from many different locations.

Beschreibung: The steel–concrete composite structures consist of two different material parts, which are connected with reliable shear connectors to enable the combined action of the steel and concrete members. The shear connectors may experience either one-directional repeated cyclic loadings or fully reversed cyclic loadings depending on the structural functions and acting loadings. It is essential for structural engineers to estimate the residual shear strength of the shear connectors after action of repeated loads. The characteristics of deteriorating shear capacities of Y-type perfobond rib shear connectors under repeated loads were investigated to estimate the energy dissipating capacity as well as the residual shear strength after repeated loads. To perform the repeated load experiments four different intensities of repeated loads were selected based on the monotonic push-out tests which were performed with 15 specimens with five different design variables. The selected load levels range from 35% to 65% of the representative ultimate shear strength under the monotonic load. In total, 12 specimens were tested under five different repeated load types which were applied to observe the energy dissipating characteristics under various load intensities. It was found that the dissipated energy per cycle becomes stable and converges with the increasing number of cycles. A design formula to estimate the residual shear strength after the repeated loads was proposed, which is based on the residual shear strength factor and the nominal ultimate shear strength of the fresh Y-type perfobond rib shear connectors. The design residual shear strength was computed from the number of repeated loads and the energy dissipation amount per cycle. The reduction factor for the design residual shear strength was also proposed considering the target reliability level. The various reduction factors for the design residual shear strength were derived based on the probabilistic characteristics of the residual shear strength as well as the energy dissipation due to repeated loads.

Beschreibung: We consider the development of ligand-assisted growth processes for generating shape-anisotropic nanomaterials. Using statistical mechanics, we analyze the conditions under which ligand-assisted growth of shape-anisotropic crystalline nanomaterials from solution can take place. Depending on ligand-facet interaction energy and crystal facet area, molecular ligands can form compact layers on some facets leaving other facets free. The growth process is then restricted to free facets and may result in significant anisotropy in crystal shape. Our study uncovers the conditions for ligand-assisted growth of nanoplatelets and nanowires from isotropic or anisotropic seed nanocrystals of cuboid shape. We show that in contrast to nanoplatelets, ligand-assisted growth of nanowires requires certain anisotropy in the ligand-facet interaction energy.

Beschreibung: The black soil of Northeast China has a strong adhesion ability because of its unique physical properties, and the soil often adheres to the surface of the grouser shoes of tracked vehicles during the operation. The adhesion performance depends largely on structure parameters of the grouser shoes. The grouser height, the grouser thickness, and the grouser splayed angle were selected as structure parameters. The adhesion force and adhesive soil mass were selected as indicators of adhesion performance. Therefore, the mathematical model between structure parameters and response indicators was established by the response surface method (RSM). The optimal parameters combination was that the grouser height was 20 mm, grouser thickness was 6.34 mm, and grouser splayed angle was 40.45°. The average data of verification experiments occurred when the adhesion force reached 1.11 kPa and adhesive soil mass reached 22.68 g. Compared with the average value of un-optimized experiment results, the adhesion force and adhesive soil mass reduced by 12.84% and 4.63%, respectively. The relative error of the predicted values and measured values was less than 5%, proving the reliability of the regression models. This study could provide a reference method for parameters optimization, and a new structure of the grouser shoes of tracked vehicles will be designed to reduce adhesion.

Beschreibung: Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) has been associated with the use of different drugs administered in the treatment of malignant neoplasms or metastases and in antiresorptive therapies. Since 2010, denosumab, a monoclonal antibody whose mechanism of action is to prevent the activation of the RANK receptor on the surface of osteoclasts, has been associated with osteonecrosis of the jaw. Primary intraosseous squamous cell carcinoma (PIOSCC) is a rare neoplasm characterised by the presence of squamous cells within the maxillary or mandibular bone without an initial clinical association with the oral mucosa. We present a case of a PIOSCC in an osteonecrosis of the jaw related to a patient who received antiresorptive treatment with denosumab outlining the clinical and histopathological features of MRONJ and PIOSCC.

Beschreibung: Gram negative organisms are frequently isolated from Caretta caretta turtles, which can act as reservoir species for resistant microorganisms in the aquatic environment. C. caretta, which have no history of treatment with antimicrobials, are useful sentinel species for resistant microbes. In this culture-based study, commensal bacteria isolated from oral and cloacal samples of 98 healthy C. caretta were compared to clinical isolates from the wounds of 102 injured animals, in order to investigate the presence of AMR bacteria in free-living loggerheads from the Adriatic Sea. A total of 410 isolates were cultured. Escherichia coli and genera such as Serratia, Moraxella, Kluyvera, Salmonella were isolated only in healthy animals, while Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Klebsiella and Morganella were isolated only from the wounds of the injured animals. When tested for susceptibility to ampicillin, amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, ceftazidime, cefuroxime, gentamicin, doxycycline, ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin, the clinical isolates showed highly significant differences in AMR rates vs. commensal isolates for all the drugs tested, except for doxycycline. The detection of high AMR rates in loggerheads is of clinical and microbiological significance since it impacts both the choice of a proper antibiotic therapy and the implementation of conservation programs.

Beschreibung: The chemical composition of plant components of three maize hybrids harvested at the beginning of six reproductive stages of maturity was compared. The hybrids evaluated included Maximus VIP3, Defender VIP and Feroz VIP, which were evaluated at each of following stages: R1 (grain formation), R2 (milky grain), R3 (pasty grain), R4 (floury grain), R5 (hard grain) and R6 (ripe grain). The advancement in maturation was linearly related to the crude protein (CP) content of the stem, whole plant, and leaves, and there was a difference among the hybrids. Between R4 and R5 stages, Maximus and Defender presented the highest CP contents for husk (6.58 and 5.42% for Maximus; 5.54 and 5.17% for Defender). The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of the leaves showed a quadratic relationship with the advancement of maturation but did not differ among the hybrids. For all the hybrids, the NDF content in the husk and cobs increased linearly during the reproductive stages (〉77 and 78%, respectively, for the three hybrids in R6). Defender had the lowest NDF content of the cob in R3. The acid detergent lignin contents did not differ among stages in the stems, and showed a linear decrease throughout the whole plant, though the contents did not differ among the hybrids. Due to the differences observed, recommendations for harvest based on the maturity stage for each hybrid should be taken into consideration. There seems to be no important distinction among hybrids for harvesting and use of straw. Despite the reduction in grain yield, an early harvest for earlage or snaplage can provide lower lignin content in husk and cob, as well as higher protein content in the husk, favoring the nutritional value of the vegetative fraction (husk and/or cob).

Beschreibung: Rice production in Tanzania, with 67% of its territory considered semi-dry and having average annual rainfall of 300 mm, must be increased to feed an ever-growing population. Water for irrigation and low soil fertility are among the main challenges. One way to decrease water consumption in paddy fields is to change the irrigation regime for rice production, replacing continuous flooding with alternate wetting and drying. In order to assess the impact of different irrigation regimes and nitrogen fertilizer applications on growth, yield, and water productivity of rice, a greenhouse pot experiment with soil from lowland rice ecology was conducted at Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania during the 2019 cropping season. The experiment was split-plot based on randomized complete block design with 12 treatments and 3 replications. Water regimes were the main factors comparing continuous flooding (CF) and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) with nitrogen fertilizer levels as the subfactor, comparing absolute control (no fertilizer) with 0 (P and K fertilizers), 60, 90, 120, and 150 kg Nha−1. Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) significantly improved water productivity by 8.3% over CF (p 〈 0.05). Water productivity (WP) ranged from 0.6 to 1.5 kg of rice per m3 of water. Average water use ranged from 36 to 82 L per season, and water saving was up to 34.3%. Alternate wetting and drying significantly improved yields (p 〈 0.05) by 13.3%, and the yield ranged from 21.8 to 118.2 g pot−1. The combination of AWD water management and 60 kg N ha−1 nitrogen fertilization application was found to be the optimal management, however there was no significant difference between 60 and 90 kg N ha−1, in which case 60 kg N ha−1 is recommended because it lowers costs and raises net income. Nitrogen levels significantly affected water productivity, water use, and number of irrigations. Nitrogen levels had significant effect (p 〈 0.05) on plant height, number of tillers, flag leaf area, chlorophyll content, total tillers, number of productive tillers, panicle weight, panicle length, 1000-grain weight, straw yield, grain yield, and grain harvest index. The results showed that less water can be used to produce more crops under alternative wetting and drying irrigation practices. The results are important for water-scarce areas, providing useful information to policy makers, farmers, agricultural departments, and water management boards in devising future climate-smart adaptation and mitigation strategies.