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  • Other Sources  (1,432)
  • NASA Technical Reports  (1,432)
  • FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER  (907)
  • INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY  (525)
  • 1985-1989  (847)
  • 1980-1984  (585)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1987  (847)
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  • Other Sources  (1,432)
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  • NASA Technical Reports  (1,432)
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  • 1985-1989  (847)
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  • 1
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    Requirements for CFD validation experiments (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: A list of requirements for computational fluid dynamics verification is analyzed and evaluated. Requirements include: clearly defined physics and modeling, sensitivity studies, range, validation to real conditions, duplication of key experiments and computations, and combining experiments and computations. All results are presented in viewgraph format.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 716-722
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  • 2
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    CFD validation experiments at the Lockheed-Georgia Company (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Information is given in viewgraph form on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) validation experiments at the Lockheed-Georgia Company. Topics covered include validation experiments on a generic fighter configuration, a transport configuration, and a generic hypersonic vehicle configuration; computational procedures; surface and pressure measurements on wings; laser velocimeter measurements of a multi-element airfoil system; the flowfield around a stiffened airfoil; laser velocimeter surveys of a circulation control wing; circulation control for high lift; and high angle of attack aerodynamic evaluations.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 497-535
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  • 3
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    CFD activities at NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center (validation) (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Computational fluid dynamics objectives are presented for Marshall Space Flight Center. Topics covered include: codes in use, applications to hardware development, and the Center's benchmark plan for the future. All results are presented in viewgraph format.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 758-782
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  • 4
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    Remarks on CFD validation: A Boeing Commercial Airplane Company perspective (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Requirements and meaning of validation of computational fluid dynamics codes are discussed. Topics covered include: validating a code, validating a user, and calibrating a code. All results are presented in viewgraph format.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 745-757
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  • 5
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    Research on complex turbulent flows at the UW (overall effort) (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Development of a pressure-strain model, an algebraic stress model, and wall functions appropriate for flows with spanwise variations in the local wall shear stress are accomplished. Furthermore, a hot-wire measurement technique was also developed for determining the local mean velocity and Reynolds stresses in a complex flow. Experiments were performed on supersonic and subsonic turbulent flow in a square duct, flow about a strut-endwall, flow within a transition duct, and on co-flowing annular jets with swirl. All results are presented in a viewgraph format.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 692-715
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  • 6
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    Validation of CFD for aircraft design: A Boeing view (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Information is given in viewgraph form on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for aircraft design. Topics covered include CFD validation for advanced systems, cavity flow, transonic flow, separated flow, boundary layer interaction, hypersonic flow, heat transfer, zonal modeling, the mathematical foundation for Navier-Stokes simulation, hypersonic inlets, and the role of wind tunnel tests.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 462-496
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  • 7
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    Confined separated-swirling flows in diffusing ducts (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The objective is to establish a detailed experimental data base for evaluation of Navier-Stokes codes for confined separated flows in diffusing s-ducts. The computational thrusts include the following: (1) extension and validation of the LeRC parabolized Navier-Stokes solver, PEPSIG, into the separated flow regime using 'flare' type approximations; (2) evaluation and extensions of state-of-the-art turbulence models for confined separated flow with and without swirl; and (3) evaluation and validation of LeRC time marching 3-D Navier-Stokes code, PROTEUS, into confined separate flow regime. Various aspects of the study are presented in viewgraph form.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 373-389
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  • 8
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    Validation of computational aeroelasticity (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The topics are presented in viewgraph form and include the following: codes for computational aeroelasticity validation; the benchmark transonic flutter (BTF) model; BTF testing; the BTF model program; features of transonic flutter; characteristics of attached and separated flow for complete aircraft; and the benchmark aeroelastic model program.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 316-327
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  • 9
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    Three dimensional flows in multistage compressors (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Current multi-stage turbomachinery design/analysis methods are based on a time-averaged, axisymmetric representation of the flow field. The actual flow field is asymmetric and unsteady due to blade row interactions. The Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes solvers are limited to single-stage machines for existing computers. Therefore, advanced multi-stage compressors will operate far off-design for portions of the flight regime. The objectives are to provide an experimentally validated average-passage calculation of multistage compressor blade row interactions and an experimentally validated time-accurate calculation of multi-stage compressor blade row interactions. Various aspects of this investigation are presented in viewgraph form.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 353-372
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  • 10
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    Low speed aerodynamics CFD code validation (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The objective of the research project is to develop and validate analytical methods for low-speed aerodynamics. The experimental needs for computational methods are presented. All data and results are presented in viewgraph format.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 192-209
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  • 11
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    Flow physics (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: A discussion is presented on the coupling of computational analysis and experiment. It is believed that this coupling is critical in developing new aerodynamic insights. Additionally, new methods for analyzing and interpreting data are discussed. These methods need to be developed in small-scale research studies and then applied to large-scale technology programs. The specific objectives of this program are threefold: (1) provide definitive data sets for the assessment of numerical simulations to the Navier-Stokes equations; (2) incorporate advanced instrumentation to measure the spatial and temporal structure of fluid flows; and (3) develop true parallelism between computational and experimental research using the 'scientific workstation' concept. The discussion is presented in viewgraph form.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 78-97
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  • 12
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    Verification of 3D viscous/turbulent codes for internal flows (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: A computational fluid dynamics code is validated using data obtained through a nonintrusive laser Doppler velocimeter. A space marching technique and a parabolic marching technique are use to calculate the flow in a compressor using compressible and incompressible flow assumptions. In a viewgraph format, both computational fluid dynamics techniques and experimental data are compared to each other.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 649-691
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  • 13
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    CFD validation experiments at UTRC (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Wind tunnel tests are performed in order to validate a computational fluid dynamics code. A large scale, two dimensional separation bubble is created on a flat plate, and low speed, turbulent flow is used. Extensive data sets are obtained with a nonintrusive laser velocimeter in addition to wall static pressure, total pressure, and hot-film measurements. All data and results are presented in a viewgraph format.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 616-648
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  • 14
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    General Dynamics' perspective on CFD code calibration/validation (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Information is given in viewgraph form on General Dynamics' perspective on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code calibration and validation. Topics covered include a hypersonic blunted cone, a hypersonic wedge/cylinder, a wing vortex defined by Mach contours, pressure distributions, and 3D turbulent flow behind a 2D flat plate as measured in a water tunnel with a laser Doppler velocimeter.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 559-577
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  • 15
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    Effects of transition on steady and unsteady aerodynamics (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The dynamic characteristics of an oscillating airfoil are presented through graphical data derived from wind tunnel tests. The parameters examined include: transition position, boundary layer effects, lift coefficient, moment coefficient, free stream velocity, and Reynolds number.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 593-615
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  • 16
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    CFD validation experiments at McDonnell Aircraft Company (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Information is given in viewgraph form on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) validation experiments at McDonnell Aircraft Company. Topics covered include a high speed research model, a supersonic persistence fighter model, a generic fighter wing model, surface grids, force and moment predictions, surface pressure predictions, forebody models with 65 degree clipped delta wings, and the low aspect ratio wing/body experiment.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 537-558
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  • 17
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    Current CFD efforts in projectile aerodynamics (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Information is given in viewgraph form on current computational fluid dynamics (CFD) efforts in projectile aerodynamics. Topics covered include spinning projectiles, fin stabilized projectiles, model geometry, the variation of base drag with base bleed, the variation of normal force with Mach number, and chordwise pressure distribution.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 433-461
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  • 18
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    Heat transfer in 3D flow regions generated by intersecting surfaces (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The objective is to validate code capabilities to model and predict the critical physics associated with heat transfer in highly 3-D flows. Various aspects of this study are presented in viewgraph form and include the following: LeRC 3-D viscous codes; the 3-D compressible flow tunnel; RVC3D laminar horseshoe vortex calculation; the 3-D heat transfer code validation experiment; and measurements in 3-D compressible flow tunnel.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 390-401
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  • 19
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    High-speed code validation (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The topics are presented in viewgraph form and include the following: NFL body experiment; high-speed validation problems; 3-D Euler/Navier-Stokes inlet code; two-strut inlet configuration; pressure contours in two longitudinal planes; sidewall pressure distribution; pressure distribution on strut inner surface; inlet/forebody tests in 60 inch helium tunnel; pressure distributions on elliptical missile; code validations; small scale test apparatus; CARS nonintrusive measurements; optimized cone-derived waverider study; etc.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 210-243
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  • 20
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    Hypersonic flow code validation activity: Real gas flows (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Validation activities and facility types are discussed for six different flow codes: (1) perfect gas; (2) real gas; (3) nozzle/plume; (4) combustion; (5) thermochemical nonequilibrium; and (6) boundary layer and transition. All data and results are presented in viewgraph format.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 112-136
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  • 21
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    A review of transonic code validation research activities (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: It is established that Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code validation is an integral part of all flow testing. Specific attention is given to the development of new methods/instruments to obtain time varying 3-D data. Additionally, a discussion concerning wind tunnels and small test facilities is presented. All results and data are presented in viewgraph form.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 137-191
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  • 22
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    Experimental fluid dynamics. Part 1: Brief overview. Part 2: Flow modeling and verification experiments: RFE (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The role of experiment in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is discussed. Flow modeling of complex physics and determination of accuracy limits (confidence) are two ways in which experimentation can be used to develop CFD. The results of this discussion are presented in viewgraph form.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 56-77
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  • 23
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    The validation of numerical computations (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Information is given in viewgraph form on the validation of computational fluid dynamics codes. Topics covered include the types of validation required, aerodynamic heating to a slender 5 degree cone, heat transfer on cones with isentropic compression surfaces, the validation of turbulence data, modeling of thermodynamic and transport properties, real gas code validation, the Flight Dynamics Laboratory validation efforts, and reacting gas experimental data in low density flow.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 415-432
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  • 24
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    Planar compressible reacting shear layer (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Information on the planar compressible reacting shear layer is given in viewgraph form. topics covered include heat transfer in 3D flow regions, chemical reacting flows, an unsteady 2D compressible reacting code (MRVC2D), a plane mixing layer, and critical needs in shear layer physics.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 402-414
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  • 25
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    Overview of CFD validation experiments (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The topics are presented in viewgraph form and include the following: fundamental physics validation experiments; applied physics validation experiments; physical flow phenomena; boundary layer tunnel; boundary layer research; centrifugal compressors; centrifugal compressor flow phenomena; turbomachinery computational fluid dynamics (CFD) validation; inlet, duct, and nozzle CFD validation; and chemical reacting flows CFD validation.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 328-352
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  • 26
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    High enthalpy detailed aerothermal loads (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The topics are presented in viewgraph form and include the following: motivation, approach, planned experimental activities, shock-on-lip studies, and mass addition cooling studies.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 299-315
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  • 27
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    Overview of hypersonic CFD code calibration studies (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The topics are presented in viewgraph form and include the following: definitions of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code validation; climate in hypersonics and LaRC when first 'designed' CFD code calibration studied was initiated; methodology from the experimentalist's perspective; hypersonic facilities; measurement techniques; and CFD code calibration studies.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 244-298
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  • 28
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    Fighter-like vortical flow experiments/computations (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The objective of this research project is to determine the ability of Euler and Navier-Stokes codes to predict vortex/shock-dominated flow that is representative of modern fighter aircraft. The motivation for this project is fourfold: (1) current fighter aircraft are capable of operating beyond C(sub L(sub MAX)); (2) high angle-of-attack vortex/shock-dominated flows are not well understood; (3) current design methods are of the trial-and-error type; and (4) current data bases are inadequate for Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) validation. All data and results are presented in viewgraph format.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 98-111
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  • 29
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    Needs and status of CFD code validation (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The two types of Computational Fluid Dynamics code validations, solution-to-solution comparison and solution-to-experiment comparison, are discussed. It is suggested that to develop more detailed experiments the following things are necessary: (1) further development of turbulence models; (2) better methods for numerical validation of CFD codes; (3) evaluation of disagreements; and (4) continued determination of experimental scatter. All data and results are presented in viewgraph form.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 42-55
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  • 30
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    Sparsely-sampled phase-insensitive two-dimensional arrays: Spatial interpolation and signal-dependent aperture (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-10-30
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NDE at NASA Langley. Advancing the State-of-the-Art and Providing a Quantitative Science Base for Materials Characterization; 10 p
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  • 31
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    Mercury cadmium telluride short- and medium-wavelength infrared staring focal plane arrays (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Short and medium IR wavelength 64 x 64 hybrid focal plane arrays (FPAs) have been developed using sapphire-grown HgCdTe. The short wavelength arrays were developed for a prototype airborne imaging spectrometer, while those of medium wavelength are suitable for tactical missile seekers and strategic surveillance systems. Attention is presently given to results obtained for these FPAs' current-voltage characteristics, as well as for their characterization at different temperatures. The detector arrays were also mated to a multiplexer and characterized under different operating conditions. The unit cell size used is 52 x 52 microns.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering (ISSN 0091-3286); 26; 201-208
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  • 32
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    Efficiency characteristics of crescent-shaped wings and caudal fins (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Caudal (tail) fins of fish and aquatic mammals that cruise long distances, and wings of certain birds, often have the shape of a crescent moon. This study investigates how the crescent shape contributes to the traveling performance of these animals. A steady-flow theory (Maskew, 1982) that correctly models the trailing wake was used to analyze lifting surface efficiency, which is dependent on the level of induced (or vortex) drag for a given lift and span of the lifting surface. This analysis shows that backward curvature of a wing improves induced efficiency to a value greater than that of the flat untwisted wing of elliptical shape considered optimal in classical wing theory (Prandt, 1921 and Munk, 1921). This increase of induced efficiency results from the nonplanar trailing vortex sheet produced by the crescent-shaped wing at a given angle of attack.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 325; 435-437
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  • 33
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    Phase closure with a rotational shear interferometer (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A simple and efficient way is proposed for achieving phase closure in an optical telescope (to enable recovering Fourier transform phases that would otherwise be corrupted by atmospheric and instrumental errors), by means of rotational shear interferometry. In a rotational shear interferometer, one images the telescope aperture onto the interferometer and then interferes the aperture with itself in a rotated orientation. To achieve the maximum frequency content permitted by the telescope, the shear has to be 180 deg, but better dynamic range and SNR are possible for lower frequencies. Drawbacks of the proposed method compared to radio astronomy are noted, and different approaches are indicated as to how to collect and use the phase closure data. Phase closure can be realized on existing telescopes and existing interferometers with special modifications. Although not all base lines are possible, the extra constraints provided by the closure phases greatly reduce the ambiguity now existing in phaseless image reconstruction.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 26; 197-199
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  • 34
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    Time dependent boundary conditions for hyperbolic systems (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Nonreflecting boundary conditions are defined for multidimensional fluid dynamics problems where waves enter and leave the interior of a domain modeled by hyperbolic equations. Separate equations are defined for each type of incoming and outgoing wave. Temporally varying problems are considered in terms of a nonreflecting boundary condition which permit the amplitude of incoming waves to remain constant over time. Conservative expressions are presented that include dissipative terms. Applications of the computational techniques are illustrated with sample results for a traveling shock wave, a shock tube, a spherical explosion and expansion problems on one- and two-dimensions.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Computational Physics (ISSN 0021-9991); 68; 1-24
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  • 35
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    Influence of oscillation-induced diffusion on heat transfer in a uniformly heated channel (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An analysis of the effect of flow oscillations on laminar flow heat transfer in a channel with uniform heat addition is presented. It is shown that the effect of flow oscillations will be to reduce the channel heat transfer coefficient. This effect is due to the fact that the heat addition along the channel wall produces an increasing fluid temperature along the channel length. The flow oscillations interacting with this positive temperature gradient will induce a heat flow back toward the channel inlet. This will tend to inhibit the heat transfer process and will raise the wall temperature required to transfer away a given amount of heat at the channel wall.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: ASME, Transactions, Journal of Heat Transfer (ISSN 0022-1481); 109; 244-247
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    Effect of flow oscillations on axial energy transport in a porous material (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The effects of flow oscillations on axial energy diffusion in a porous medium, in which the flow is continuously disrupted by the irregularities of the porous structure, are analyzed. The formulation employs an internal heat transfer coefficient that couples the fluid and solid temperatures. The final relationship shows that the axial energy transport per unit cross-sectional area and time is directly proportional to the axial temperature gradient and the square of the maximum fluid displacement.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: ASME, Transactions, Journal of Heat Transfer (ISSN 0022-1481); 109; 242-244
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    Experimental study of a three-dimensional, shear-driven, turbulent boundary layer (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 25; 35-42
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  • 38
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    A model for fully developed turbulence (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A model for stationary, fully developed turbulence is presented in which the turbulent spectral energy function is completely determined once the time scale for the energy fed into the eddy interaction is known. The form of the eddy correlation time scale determining the turbulent viscosity is suggested by the basic equation of the model itself, up to a dimensionless constant that is fixed by demanding that the coefficient of the spectrum in the Heisenberg-Kolmogoroff inertial range of wavenunmbers be the experimental value. The model makes quantitative predictions that are compared with data on turbulent convection; the k-epsilon and Smagorinsky relations; the spectral function, transfer term, and dissipation term; the skewness factor; the Kolmogoroff and Batchelor constants; and the inertial-conductive and inertial-convective ranges.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 30; 3391-341
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    Simultaneous sampling technique for two spectral sources (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A technique is described that uses a bundle of fiber optics to simultaneously sample a dye laser and a spectral lamp. By the use of a real-time display with this technique, the two signals can be superimposed, and the effect of any spectral adjustments can be immediately accessed. In the NASA's CARS system used for combustion diagnostics, the dye laser mixes with a simultaneously pulsed Nd:YAG laser at 532 nm to probe the vibrational levels of nitrogen. An illustration of the oscilloscopic display of the system is presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Spectroscopy (ISSN 0003-7028); 41; 6, 19
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  • 40
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    Extrapolation of velocity for inviscid solid boundary conditions (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The present examination of an extrapolation of velocity along an arbitrary direction in the case of inviscid solid boundary conditions demonstrates the error associated with the arbitrary direction and establishes that the most appropriate procedure lies in the extrapolation of the velocity components that are tangential to the body surface. It is noted that, in a typical calculation, mesh lines generally cluster together and are therefore parallel or nearly parallel to the body surface.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 25; 1513-151
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  • 41
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    Finite element flux-corrected transport (FEM-FCT) for the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A high resolution finite element method for the solution of problems involving high speed compressible flows is presented. The method uses the concepts of flux-corrected transport and is presented in a form which is suitable for implementation on completely unstructured triangular or tetrahedral meshes. Transient and steady-state examples are solved to illustrate the performance of the algorithm.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids (ISSN 0271-2091); 7; 1093-110
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  • 42
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    Effects of various implicit operators on a flux vector splitting method (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 25; 1162
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  • 43
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    A note on the generation of Tollmien-Schlichting waves by sudden surface-curvature change (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This note is primarily concerned with the generation of spatially growing Tollmien-Schlichting waves by the interaction of very long-wavelength free-stream disturbances with a discontinuity in the curvature of a bounding surface (whose slope may or may not be continuous). The theory is combined with a numerical solution of the local Orr-Sommerfeld equation, and the result is used to predict the Tollmien-Schlichting amplitude in a relevant experiment carried out by Leehey and Shapiro (1980). The calculated results are in satisfactory agreement with their observations.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 181; 519-525
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  • 44
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    Petrov-Galerkin methods for natural convection in directional solidification of binary alloys (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A Petrov-Galerkin finite element method is presented for calculation of the steady, axisymmetric thermosolutal convection and interface morphology in a model for vertical Bridgman crystal growth of nondilute binary alloys. The Petrov-Galerkin method is based on the formulation for biquadratic elements developed by Heinrich and Zienkiewicz and is introduced into the calculation of the velocity, temperature and concentration fields. The algebraic system is solved simultaneously for the field variables and interface shape by Newton's method. The results of the Petrov-Galerkin method are compared critically with those of Galerkin's method using the same finite element grids. Significant improvements in accuracy are found with the Petrov-Galerkin method only when the mesh is refined and when the formulation of the residual equations is modified to account for the mixed boundary conditions that arise at the solidification interface. Calculations for alloys with stable and unstable solute gradients show the occurrence of classical flow transitions and morphological instabilities in the solidification system.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids (ISSN 0271-2091); 7; 761-791
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  • 45
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    Four-shooter - A large format charge-coupled device camera for the Hale telescope (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Hale telescope has employed an astronomical camera using four 800x800 CCDs in an optical arrangement that allows the imaging of a contiguous 1600-pixel-square region of the sky; reimaging optics are then used to yield a scale of 0.33 arcsec/pixel. Optical coatings are incorporated to yield a throughput at peak efficiency of nearly 50 percent, including telescope losses. This camera can be used in a scanning mode, in which the telescope tracking rate is offset and the charge is clocked in the chips in such a way that the charge image remains aligned with the optical image. Attention is given to the results of a survey for high-redshift quasars using this equipment, which has produced images for the most distant galaxy clusters yet discovered.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering (ISSN 0091-3286); 26; 779-787
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    Scientific charge-coupled devices (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The charge-coupled device dominates an ever-increasing variety of scientific imaging and spectroscopy applications. Recent experience indicates, however, that the full potential of CCD performance lies well beyond that realized in devices currently available.Test data suggest that major improvements are feasible in spectral response, charge collection, charge transfer, and readout noise. These properties, their measurement in existing CCDs, and their potential for future improvement are discussed in this paper.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering (ISSN 0091-3286); 26; 692-714
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    Charge-coupled-device response to electron beam energies of less than 1 keV up to 20 keV (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Recent developments of backside treatment for the backside-illuminated scientifc CCD imagers have shown near-theoretical efficiency even at the short wavelength region of the spectrum. By using SEM performance comparisons of backside-treated and untreated CCDs to an electron flux varying from 1 to 100 pA and beam energy ranging from less than 1 keV up to 20 keV are obtained. The theoretical analysis, the SEM testing procedure, and the quantum efficiency measurement results are presented. It is shown, for example, that the average quantum efficiency increases from less than 1 percent for an untreated CCD to nearly 40 percent for a backside-treated CCD at a beam energy of 1 kev.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering (ISSN 0091-3286); 26; 686-691
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    'Oxide-free' tip for scanning tunneling microscopy (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A new tip for scanning tunneling microscopy and a tip repair procedure that allows one to reproducibly obtain atomic images of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite with previously inoperable tips are reported. The tips are shown to be relatively oxide-free and highly resistant to oxidation. The tips are fabricated with graphite by two distinct methods.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Physics Letters (ISSN 0003-6951); 51; 305-307
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  • 49
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    Separation of variables solution for non-linear radiative cooling (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A separation of variables solution has been obtained for transient radiative cooling of an absorbing-scattering plane layer. The solution applies after an initial transient period required for adjustment of the temperature and scattering source function distributions. The layer emittance, equal to the instantaneous heat loss divided by the fourth power of the instantaneous mean temperature, becomes constant. This emittance is a function of only the optical thickness of the layer and the scattering albedo; its behavior as a function of these quantities is considerably different than for a layer at constant temperature.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer (ISSN 0017-9310); 30; 959-965
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  • 50
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    Shear flow instability generated by non-homogeneous external forcing (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An experiment has been designed and conducted in order to ascertain whether instability waves can be generated by nonhomogeneous forcing, using a biconvex vane located outside the mixing layer whose oscillation was induced by an electromagnetic shaker through a linkage. The vane was oscillated at 20 Hz, and the resulting spectra were computed by a spectrum analyzer. The data are judged to provide an example of instability waves generated solely through nonhomogeneous forcing.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Sound and Vibration (ISSN 0022-460X); 116; 188-190
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    A thermal emission spectrometer for field use (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A field portable spectrometer has been built at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory which is suitable for collecting data relevant to remote sensing applications in the 4.7- to 5.6- and 8- to 12-micrometer atmospheric windows. The instrument employs a single cooled HgCdTe detector and a continuously variable filter wheel analyzer. The spectral range covered is 5- to 14.5-micrometers and the resolution is approximately 1.5 percent of the wavelength. A description of the hardware is followed by a discussion of the data processing steps leading to emissivity and radiance spectra. A section is devoted to the evaluation of the instrument performance with respect to spectral resolution, radiometric precision, and accuracy. Several examples of spectra acquired in the field are included.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0099-1112); 53; 627-632
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    Surface contamination monitoring by the measurement of scattering distribution functions (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper describes the use of Bidirectional Scattering Distribution Functions (BSDF) to quantify surface degradation, thus providing an effective method for contamination monitoring. This approach to contamination monitoring is based on the use of witness surfaces (mirrors or glass slides) located next to the critical surfaces. Contaminant accretion can be monitored during all phases of spacecraft fabrication, assembly, and testing. The method can be applied in other areas of contamination control such as monitoring of clean room environments. The BSDF can also prove extremely useful in establishing contamination control requirements and acceptability criteria. This paper describes the apparatus adopted to perform BSDF measurements and discusses some practical aspects of data collection. The results obtained in contamination monitoring programs performed at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center are presented. Some possible new applications of this monitoring technique are also addressed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Environmental Sciences (ISSN 0022-0906); 30; 34-37
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  • 53
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    Energy-gap spectroscopy of superconductors using a tunneling microscope (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A unique scanning tunneling microscope (STM) system has been developed for spectroscopy of the superconducting energy gap. High-resolution control of tunnel current and voltage allows for measurement of superconducting properties at tunnel resistance levels 100-1000 greater than that achieved in prior work. The previously used STM methods for superconductor spectroscopy are compared to those developed for the work reported here. Superconducting energy-gap spectra are reported for three superconductors, Pb, PbBi, and NbN, over a range of tunnel resistance. The measured spectra are compared directly to theory.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Physics Letters (ISSN 0003-6951); 50; 1921-192
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  • 54
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    Comparison of generalized Reynolds and Navier Stokes equations for flow of a power law fluid (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper compares a finite element solution of a modified Reynolds equation with a finite difference solution of the Navier-Stokes equation for a power law fluid. Both the finite element and finite difference formulation are reviewed. Solutions to spiral flow in parallel and conical geometries are compared. Comparison with experimental results are also given. The effects of the assumptions used in the Reynolds equation are discussed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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    Finite difference solution for a generalized Reynolds equation with homogeneous two-phase flow (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An attempt is made to relate elements of two-phase flow and kinetic theory to the modified generalized Reynolds equation and to the energy equation, in order to arrive at a unified model simulating the pressure and flows in journal bearings, hydrostatic journal bearings, or squeeze film dampers when a two-phase situation occurs due to sudden fluid depressurization and heat generation. The numerical examples presented furnish a test of the algorithm for constant properties, and give insight into the effect of the shaft fluid heat transfer coefficient on the temperature profiles. The different level of pressures achievable for a given angular velocity depends on whether the bearing is thermal or nonisothermal; upwind differencing is noted to be essential for the derivation of a realistic profile.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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    Compressible flow in a diffusing S-duct with flow separation (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Local flow velocity vectors, as well as static and total pressures along ten radial traverses, were obtained at six stations for secondary flows in a diffusing 30-30-deg S-duct with circular cross section. The strong secondary flow measured in the first bend continued into the second with new vorticity produced in the opposite direction. Contour plots representing the transverse velocity field, as well as total and static pressure contours, have been obtained. As a result of the secondary flow and subsequent separation, substantial total pressure distortion is noted to occur at the duct exit.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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    Flow visualization study of the effect of injection hole geometry on an inclined jet in crossflow (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A flow visualization was studied by using neutrally buoyant, helium-filled soap bubbles, to determine the effect of injection hole geometry on the trajectory of an air jet in a crossflow and to investigate the mechanisms involved in jet deflection. Experimental variables were the blowing rate, and the injection hole geometry cusp facing upstream (CUS), cusp facing downstream (CDS), round, swirl passage, and oblong. It is indicated that jet deflection is governed by both the pressure drag forces and the entrainment of free-stream fluid into the jet flow. For injection hole geometries with similar cross-sectional areas and similar mass flow rates, the jet configuration with the larger aspect ratio experienced a greater deflection. Entrainment arises from lateral shearing forces on the sides of the jet, which set up a dual vortex motion within the jet and thereby cause some of the main-stream fluid momentum to be swept into the jet flow. This additional momentum forces the jet nearer the surface. Of the jet configurations, the oblong, CDS, and CUS configurations exhibited the largest deflections. The results correlate well with film cooling effectiveness data, which suggests a need to determine the jet exit configuration of optimum aspect ratio to provide maximum film cooling effectiveness.
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    Gas particle radiator (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The performance of a new space radiator concept, the gas particle radiator (GPR), is studied. The GPR uses a gas containing submicron particles as the radiating medium contained between the radiator's emitting surface and a transparent window. For a modest volume fraction of submicron particles and gas thickness, it is found that the emissivity is determined by the window transmittance. The window must have a high transmittance in the infrared and be structurally strong enough to contain the gas-particle mixture. When the GPR is compared to a proposed titanium wall, potassium heat pipe radiator, with both radiators operating at a power level of 1.01 MW at 775 K, it is found that the GPR mass is 31 percent lower than that of the heat pipe radiator.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer (ISSN 0887-8722); 1; 285-288
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    Heat transfer in shrouded rectangular cavities (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer (ISSN 0887-8722); 1; 247-252
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    Radiative cooling of a layer with nonuniform velocity - A separable solution (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Analyzed here is the cooling of a flowing plane layer filled with hot particles or liquid droplets that emit, absorb, and scatter radiation. The velocity distribution is nonuniform across the layer and the specified shape of this distribution affects the layer temperature distribution and emittance. The velocity distribution determined is one that will cause the layer to cool at a uniform temperature. Thus, if the layer initially has a uniform temperature, it will retain the same emittance throughout its length. A separable solution is found that applies in a 'fully developed' region following an initial cooling length. In this developed region, the solution shows that there is a constant emittance based on the local heat loss and local bulk mean layer temperature. This emittance is a function of the velocity distribution, optical thickness, and scattering albedo.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer (ISSN 0887-8722); 1; 228-232
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    A barely implicit correction for flux-corrected transport (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: In virtue of adding one elliptic equation that must be implicitly solved, the 'barely implicit correction' method presented removes the stringent sidestep limit imposed by sound speed in the explicit methods. The barely implicit method is presently combined with a flux-corrected transport algorithm, which has been rendered fourth-order by the appropriate subtraction of corrected fluxes, in order to accurately represent the sharp gradients in subsonic flows. The multigrid MGRID technique (DeVore, 1984) is used to efficiently solve the elliptic pressure equation.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Computational Physics (ISSN 0021-9991); 71; 1-20
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    Reconstruction techniques of holograms from Spacelab 3 (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Fluid transport effects in a ground-based laboratory are fairly well known. Bouyancy driven transport occurs when there is a local density change in the fluid. In a low-g environment these density changes become less important, and other transport mechanisms dominate. To better understand fluid flows in a low-g environment, a fluid experiment system (FES) was designed to fly aboard the Shuttle orbiter in Spacelab. The FES is a holographic system designed for acquisition of the maximum amount of data from an experiment. The FES flew for the first time in May 1985 on Spacelab 3 for investigation of triglycine sulfate (TGS) crystal growth in low-g. This paper describes the FES optical system. The reconstruction techniques of the holograms are examined in detail, and the multiuser and reflight capabilities are discussed. Proposed future experiments are mentioned.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 26; 2465-247
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    Multichannel optical correlator/convolver utilizing the magnetooptic spatial light modulator (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The paper describes a multichannel correlator/convolver architecture utilizing an acoustooptic light modulator for the one dimensional channel and a magnetooptic spatial light modulator (MOSLM) for the second two-dimensional parallel channel. The MOSLM allows greater parallelism to be implemented in this correlator/convolver design than was previously reported. The implementation of 24 parallel channels with a 48 x 48 device is demonstrated. Experimental data are presented and the ways of increasing the number of parallel channels using commercially available MOSLMs and other previously discussed techniques, such as frequency multiplexing, are discussed. It is shown that over 2000 parallel channels are possible at 32-bit accuracy. A technique for obtaining a limited gray scale is also discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 26; 2479-248
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    Precision ozone calibration system based on vapor pressures of ozone (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A precision ozone calibration system for stratospheric research has been developed and evaluated. Vapor pressures above solid ozone are mixed with a carrier gas (N2) to produce stratospheric ozone mixing ratios at total pressures of 1 to cover 20 torr. The uncertainty in the ozone mixing ratios is approximately + or - 1.5 percent, the stability of ozone is + or - 0.3 percent. Experiments to be calibrated may sample the gas mixture over a wide range of flow rates; the maximum throughput of gas with corrections of less than 1 percent to ozone is about 200 torr 1/min. A mass spectrometer system continuously monitors the purity and stability of the N2-O3 gas mixture.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments (ISSN 0034-6748); 58; 1063-106
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    An experimental investigation of air-assist non-swirl atomizer sprays (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Detailed measurements and comparisons were made of air-assist nonswirl atomizer sprays currently being used in aircraft icing research. The critical liquid to air mass flowrate ratio to achieve a good quality of atomization and the most suitable mean dropsize correlation equation has been determined. Two of the most sophisticated and effective instruments, the Laser Diffraction particle sizer (Malvern) and Phase/Doppler particle analyzer (Aerometrics), have been successfully employed in spray characterization over a wide range of operating conditions. Results obtained by line-of-sight measurements using the Laser Diffraction sizer are compared with point measurements obtained by using the Phase/Doppler analyzer as well as with photographs. The accuracy and limitations of using the various instruments for spray characterization are discussed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Atomisation and Spray Technology (ISSN 0266-3481); 3; 1, 19; 13-36
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    Numerical simulation and comparison with experiment for self-excited oscillations in a diffuser flow (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 25; 936-943
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    Time-dependent behavior of a reattaching shear layer (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 25; 914-919
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  • 68
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    Computer controlled facility for measurement of the bidirectional scattering distribution function (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A computer controlled facility for measurement of the bidirectional scattering distribution function is described, with application to the evaluation of spacecraft surface contamination in optical and thermal control systems. An automatic detector/sampleholder allows a 360-deg detector scan around the sample for a complete bidirectional reflectance and transmittance distribution function characterization. The system demonstrates reduced data acquisition and reduction cycle time, and improved accuracy.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 26; 25
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  • 69
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    Transient radiative cooling of a droplet-filled layer (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A proposed lightweight radiator system for waste heat dissipation in space would eject streams of coolant in the form of small, hot liquid droplets. The droplets would lose radiative energy by direct exposure to the very low-temperature environment of space, and would then be collected for reuse. The cooling behavior of a layer composed of many small droplets was studied by numerical solution of the radiative integral equations. Since there is mutual interference for radiative energy dissipation, an array droplet will cool more slowly than if each drop is exposed individually. Since liquid metal droplets may be used, the study includes results for conditions with high scattering. For optically thin regions, especially with high scattering, the temperature distribution is sufficiently uniform that the cooling can be computed using the approximation of a constant layer emittance. For optically thick layers starting at uniform temperature, the temperature distributions become nonuniform with time. It was found that the cooling process goes through a starting transient; a constant emittance condition is then achieved where the emittance is lower than that for a layer at uniform temperature.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: ASME, Transactions, Journal of Heat Transfer (ISSN 0022-1481); 109; 159-164
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  • 70
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    A numerical model for supersonic reacting mixing layers (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A current research effort is underway at the NASA Langley Research Center to achieve a detailed understanding of important phenomena present when a supersonic flow undergoes a chemical reaction. A computer program has been developed to study the details of such flows. The program has been constructed to consider the multicomponent diffusion and convection of important species, the finite-rate reaction of these species, and the resulting interaction between the fluid mechanics and chemistry. Code results from the analysis of a spatially developing and reacting mixing layer are presented, and conclusions are drawn regarding the structure of the evolving layer and its associated flame.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering (ISSN 0045-7825); 64; 39-60
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  • 71
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    Torsion effect on fully developed flow in a helical pipe (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Two techniques, a series expansion method of perturbed Poiseuille flow valid for low Dean numbers and a solution of the complete Navier-Stokes equation applicable to intermediate Dean values, are used to investigate the torsion effect on the fully developed laminar flow in a helical pipe of constant circular cross section. For the secondary flow patterns, the results show that the presence of torsion can produce a significant effect if the ratio of the curvature to the torsion is of order unity. The secondary flow is distorted in these cases. It is noted that the torsion effect is, however, usually small, and that the secondary flow has the usual pattern of a pair of counter-rotating vortices of nearly equal strength.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 184; 335-356
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  • 72
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    Scaling of the bursting frequency in turbulent boundary layers at low Reynolds numbers (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The frequency of occurrence of the bursting process near a wall was studied by investigating turbulent velocity fields obtained from numerical simulation of a flat-plate boundary layer with zero pressure gradient. Computations were carried out for three different Reynolds numbers based on the momentum thickness: 300, 670, and 1410. It is shown that the frequency scaled by the inner variables is essentially independent of the Reynolds number.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 30; 3326-332
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  • 73
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    Spectral methods and their implementation to solution of aerodynamic and fluid mechanic problems (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Fundamental concepts underlying spectral collocation methods, especially pertaining to their use in the solution of partial differential equations, are outlined. Theoretical accuracy results are reviewed and compared with results from test problems. A number of practical aspects of the construction and use of spectral methods are detailed, along with several solution schemes which have found utility in applications of spectral methods to practical problems. Results from a few of the successful applications of spectral methods to problems of aerodynamic and fluid mechanic interest are then outlined, followed by a discussion of the problem areas in spectral methods and the current research under way to overcome these difficulties.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids (ISSN 0271-2091); 7; 1159-118
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  • 74
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    30-micron heterodyne receiver (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Advantages and constraints of remote measurements using heterodyne spectroscopy near 30 microns are discussed. The state of the art of wideband HgCdTe photomixers and PbSnSe diode-laser local oscillators being developed for FIR heterodyne receivers is described. The first compact 30-micron heterodyne radiometer was built, and initial results at 28-microns show about 2-percent mixer efficiency for a 500-MHz-bandwidth receiver. Factors limiting receiver performance are discussed, along with the projected sensitivity of new interdigitated-electrode HgCdTe photoconductor mixers being developed for operation up to 200 microns.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: International Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves (ISSN 0195-9271); 8; 1269-127
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  • 75
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    Second-order upwind differencing in a recirculating flow (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The accuracy and stability of the second order upwind differencing scheme was investigated. The solution algorithm employed is based on a coupled solution of the nonlinear finite difference equations by the multigrid technique. Calculations have been made of the driven cavity flow for several Reynolds numbers and finite difference grids. In comparison with the hybrid differencing, the second order upwind differencing is somewhat more accurate but it is not monotonically accurate with mesh refinement. Also, the convergence of the solution algorithm deteriorates with the use of the second order upwind differencing.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 25; 1435-144
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  • 76
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    Roll-up of vorticity in adverse-pressure-gradient boundary layers (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: It is shown how the unsteady, nonlinear critical-layer equation determines the evolution of instability waves in a weak adverse-pressure-gradient boundary layer. Numerical solutions show that the nonlinearity halts the growth of these inviscidly unstable waves. The stabilizing effect of nonlinearity, in the present case, can be described as a consequence of either the increase (toward zero) of the phase jump across the critical layer or the roll-up of the critical-layer disturbance vorticity.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 183; 325-342
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  • 77
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    Third-order resonance effects and the nonlinear stability of drop oscillations (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The three-dimensional nonlinear oscillations of an isolated, inviscid drop with surface tension are studied by a multiple timescale analysis and pre-averaging applied to the variational principle for the appropriate Lagrangian. Amplitude equations are derived which describe the generic cubic resonance caused by the spatial degeneracy of the eigenfrequencies of the linear normal modes. This resonant coupling leads to the instability of the finite amplitude axisymmetric oscillations to small nonaxisymmetric perturbations, as is demonstrated here for the three- and four-lobed normal modes. Solutions to the interaction equations that describe finite amplitude, nonaxisymmetric traveling-wave solutions are also obtained and their stability is investigated. A nongeneric cubic resonance between the two-lobed and four-lobed oscillatory modes leads to quasi-periodic motions.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 183; 95-121
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  • 78
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    Multispecies coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering instrument for turbulent combustion (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A nonintrusive diagnostic system is described which permits simultaneous measurement of temperature, nitrogen number density, and oxygen number density in hostile combustion environments. This system is pumped by a 10-Hz neodymium YAG laser, and signals are detected with an intensified photodiode array and dual photomultipliers. The system utilizes a folded BOXCARS beam arrangement, two probe dye lasers, dynamic range expansion, polarization rejection of nonresonant background, and multiplexing of the signal beams.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments (ISSN 0034-6748); 58; 2075-208
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  • 79
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    Image processing by four-wave mixing in photorefractive GaAs (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Three image processing experiments were performed by degenerate four-wave mixing in photorefractive GaAs. The experiments were imaging by phase conjugation, edge enhancement, and autocorrelation. The results show that undoped, semiinsulating, liquid-encapsulated Czochralski-grown GaAs crystals can be used as effective optical processing media despite their small electrooptic coefficient.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Physics Letters (ISSN 0003-6951); 51; 1481-148
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  • 80
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    Pressure gradient alignment with strain rate and scalar gradient in simulated Navier-Stokes turbulence (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: In a simulated turbulent shear flow the pressure gradient caused by velocity fluctuations alone has increased probability for alignment with the most compressive strain direction, which is similar to passive scalar-gradient behavior. The pressure-gradient component depending on the mean shear indicates no correlation with the strain directions.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 30; 3293
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  • 81
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    The structure of a turbulent shear layer embedded in turbulence (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Measurements are reported on the growth rate and the turbulent characteristics of a two-dimensional, free shear layer generated by a nonuniform array of parallel turbulent jets and wakes. Although bounded by roughly isotropic turbulence and not having any detectable initial periodicity, this layer develops weak, plane, periodic vortices that grow in relative strength and scale downstream. Their scale and frequency match those reported for shear layers that begin with strong vortices.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 30; 3025-303
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  • 82
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    Higher eigenmodes in the Blasius boundary-layer stability problem (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The higher spatial-stability eigenmodes for the Blasius boundary layer are examined by using asymptotic theory, and an infinite number of modes are found. The asymptotic results are shown to be in close agreement with results from a direct numerical solution of the Orr-Sommerfeld problem. The asymptotic theory would therefore provide an efficient tool in exploratory searches for the eigenvalues.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 30; 2947-295
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  • 83
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    Numerical simulations of turbulent spots in plane Poiseuille and boundary-layer flow (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Direct numerical simulations of turbulent spots in plane Poiseuille and boundary-layer flows are performed. Mature, self-similar spots are obtained. The propagation velocities and spreading angles are found to compare well with corresponding experiments. The difference in shape of the two spots is also clearly discernible: the turbulent parts are contained within arrowhead regions that point in opposite directions for the two cases. The wing-tip region of the Poiseuille spot is also found to consist of a large-amplitude semiturbulent wave packet.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 30; 2914-291
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  • 84
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    Radiative cooling of a solidifying droplet layer including absorption and scattering (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A simple solution for the transient cooling of a solidifying layer filled with drops that can emit and scatter radiation is discussed, with application to a liquid drop radiator proposed for the Space Station (Mattick and Hertzberg, 1981). The layer remains at uniform temperature during solidification, and the outer portions rapidly lose heat, producing a variation along the length of the layer in the distribution of liquid concentration across the layer. The analysis is used to obtain both the amount of energy dissipated by the two-phase system at uniform temperature and the velocity distribution necessary to maintain a uniform liquid fraction across the entire layer at all locations along the layer length.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer (ISSN 0017-9310); 30; 1762-176
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  • 85
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    Influence of ventilated shrouds on the convective heat transfer to a circular cylinder (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Convective heat transfer to shrouded cylinders in transverse flow has been studied over the Reynolds number range 2000-20,000. The influence of shroud ventilation, relative shroud diameters, and orientation of the ventilation holes was studied. In some cases, average inner-cylinder Nusselt numbers were found to exceed the comparable bare-cylinder values by as much as 50 percent. Cylinder heat convection was influenced more by the degree of ventilation and shroud diameter than by hole orientation. An equivalent inner bare cylinder diameter, based on degree of shroud ventilation and shroud diameter, was developed which can be useful in shroud design studies.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer (ISSN 0017-9310); 30; 1685-169
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  • 86
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    Generalized approach to cooling charge-coupled devices using thermoelectric coolers (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper is concerned with the use of thermoelectric coolers (TECs) to cool charge-coupled devices (CCDs). Heat inputs to the CCD from the warmer environment are identified, and generalized graphs are used to approximate the major heat inputs. A method of choosing and estimating the power consumption of the TEC is discussed. This method includes the use of TEC performance information supplied by the manufacturer and equations derived from this information. Parameters of the equations are tabulated to enable the reader to use the TEC performance equations for choosing and estimating the power needed for specific TEC applications.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Optical Engineering (ISSN 0091-3286); 26; 965-971
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  • 87
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    Airborne tracking sunphotometer (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An airborne tracking sunphotometer, mounted on the outside top surface of an aircaft has been developed to provide unresricted viewing of the sun. This instrument will substantially increase the data that scientists can gather for atmospheric studies. The instrument has six wavelength channels and an automatic data gathering system. The instrument's optical features, tracking capability, mechanical features, and data gathering system are described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology (ISSN 0739-0572); 4; 336-339
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  • 88
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    Report of the Special Panel on statistical particle bias problems in laser anemometry (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An account is given of the findings contained in a concensus document compiled by a group of experts on laser anemometry concerning statistical particle bias and its possible remedies. Emphasis is placed on the systematic character of this bias, rather than its magnitude. Since bias errors are a function of flow velocity and turbulence intensity, the measured results may contain apparent trends due solely to the measurement process. Attention is given to the panel's attempt to clear up terminological confusions in the matter of rates, scales, and magnitudes, as well as to its suggested processing methods for the elimination of velocity bias and the remedy of angle bias.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: ASME, Transactions, Journal of Fluids Engineering (ISSN 0098-2202); 109; 89-93
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  • 89
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    In situ ozone instrumentation for 10-Hz measurements - Development and evaluation (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The development of the fast-response ozone detector for the Electra aircraft is described. The selection of a technique to meet the design goal of 10-Hz detection is examined in terms of detection principles, instrument sampling parameters, signal conditioning, and aircraft and sampling environment. An instrument which employs a NO technique for detection of ozone with a reaction chamber volume of 16 cu cm, a pressure of 60 torr, and a sample flow of 1000 standard cu cm/min was developed. Laboratory and flight testings of the detector were conducted in order to evaluate its performance. The data reveal that the fast-response ozone detector is highly reliable with a response of 0.1 sec to 90 percent of reading, has a lower detection limit of 1 ppbv, and an S/N of 20 at 20 ppbv ozone.
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  • 90
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    The generation of Tollmien-Schlichting waves by long wavelength free stream disturbances (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The paper is primarily concerned with explaining how very long wavelength free stream disturbances are able to generate very short wavelength Tollmien-Schlichting waves in laminar boundary layers. Consideration is given to the case where the disturbances are of small amplitude and have harmonic time dependence and where the Mach number is effectively zero. It is shown that the free stream wavelength reduction occurs as a result of nonparallel flow effects which can arise from: (1) the slow viscous growth of the boundary layer, and (2) small but abrupt changes in surface geometry that produce only very weak static pressure variations. Analyses of these two mechanisms are carried out by linearizing the unsteady motion about an appropriate steady flow and asymptotically expanding the result in inverse powers of an appropriate Reynolds number. The analyses are compared with each other and with available experimental data, and they are used to explain the physics of the two mechanisms.
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  • 91
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    Vortex breakdown simulation based on a nonlinear inviscid model (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: It is shown that the inviscid equations governing steady axisymmetric flow with swirl, admit solutions with closed streamlines. Results are obtained using two different numerical algorithms. The first is based on a multigrid method for nonlinear eigenvalue problems, while the second is based on a least squares formulation.
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  • 92
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    Spray drop size and velocity measurements using the Phase/Doppler Particle Analyzer (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Detailed measurements of the drop size and velocity distributions were obtained for a swirl chamber pressure atomizer. These data were obtained with the Phase/Doppler Particle Analyzer manufactured by Aerometrics, Inc. Direct measurements of the size distributions revealed the evolving characteristics of the spray. Size velocity correlations were used to evaluate the effect of velocity relaxation on the size distributions. The simultaneous measurement of drop size and velocity was of major importance in accurately describing the changes in the local drop size distributions and mass flux.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: International Journal of Turbo and Jet-Engines (ISSN 0334-0082); 4; 3-4,; 207-215
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  • 93
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    Moire interferometry, 1986 (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Current capabilities of moire interferometry are described. Several examples illustrate this whole-field optical technique for measurements of in-plane displacements. Sensitivity corresponds to moire measurements with gratings of 2400 lines/mm. The examples are taken from studies of composite members, material anomalies, plasticity, joints, micromechanics and strain concentrations. The abundance of high-sensitivity displacement information permits calculation of normal strains and shear strains in the field, including critical zones of very high gradients.
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    The effect of flow oscillations on cavity drag (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An experimental investigation of flow over an axisymmetric cavity shows that self-sustained, periodic oscillations of the cavity shear layer are associated with low cavity drag. In this low-drag mode the flow regulates itself to fix the mean-shear-layer stagnation point at the downstream corner. Above a critical value of the cavity width-to-depth ratio there is an abrupt and large increase of drag due to the onset of the 'wake mode' of instability. It is also shown by measurement of the momentum balance how the drag of the cavity is related to the state of the shear layer, as defined by the mean momentum transport and the Reynolds stress, and how these are related to the amplifying oscillations in the shear layer. The cavity shear layer is found to be different, in several respects, from a free shear layer.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 177; 501-530
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  • 95
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    Wave-measurement capabilities of the surface contour radar and the airborne oceanographic lidar (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The 36-gigahertz surface contour radar and the airborne oceanographic lidar were used in the SIR-B underflight mission off the coast of Chile in October 1984. The two systems and some of their wave-measurement capabilities are described. The surface contour radar can determine the directional wave spectrum and eliminate the 180-degree ambiguity in wave propagation direction that is inherent in some other techniques such as stereophotography and the radar ocean wave spectrometer. The Airborne Oceanographic Lidar can acquire profile data on the waves and produce a spectrum that is close to the nondirectional ocean-wave spectrum for ground tracks parallel to the wave propagation direction.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest (ISSN 0270-5214); 8; 74-81
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  • 96
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    An anemometer for highly turbulent or recirculating flows (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An anemometer which determines flow velocity by ionizing air and sensing the convective displacement of the ions is described. It is suited to measurement in low speed, highly unsteady gas flows. Comparisons to hot wire spectra suggest the corona anemometer has adequate frequency response to make it a useful tool for fluid dynamics measurement.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Experiments in Fluids (ISSN 0723-4864); 5; 3, 19
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  • 97
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    Computation of shock wave reflection by circular cylinders (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 25; 683-689
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  • 98
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    The role of three-dimensional shapes in the break-up of charged drops (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The nonlinear dynamics of nonaxisymmetric inviscid charged conducting drops near the Rayleigh charge limit (R = 4) is investigated analytically. It is shown that only axisymmetric spheroid drops bifurcate from the sphere family when the charge is increased, that oblate spheroids at R greater than 4 are unstable to nonaxisymmetric disturbances governing drop breakup, and that prolate spheroids at R less than 4 are unstable only to axisymmetric disturbances tending to increase the length of the drop along its symmetry axis. The effects of external electric fields and rigid-body rotation are also analyzed, and the solutions for the amplitude equations at R just less than 4 (equivalent to the dynamical equations of the Henon-Heiles Hamiltonian) are explored.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Proceedings, Series A - Mathematical and Physical Sciences (ISSN 0080-4630); 410; 1838,; 209-227
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    Fast-response, high-precision carbon monoxide sensor using a tunable diode laser absorption technique (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A tunable diode laser instrument, denoted as DACOM (Differential Absorption CO Measurement), has been developed to meet the fast-response, high-precision CO measurement needs of the GTE (Global Tropospheric Experiment) program. Under the GTE program, DACOM participated in the three field missions of CITE 1 (Chemical Instrumentation Test and Evaluation 1), a project involving the intercomparison of trace gas measurement techniques. DACOM performance, including analyses of measurement error sources, is discussed for the ground-based mission at Wallops Island, VA (summer 1983), and two missions on the NASA CV-990 (fall 1983 and spring 1984). Examples of fast-response (about 1 s), high-precision (+ or - 1 part per billion by volume, + or - 1.5 percent of reading) airborne data are included to illustrate the capability of this instrument.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 2071-208
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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    Effects of multiple rows and noncircular orifices on dilution jet mixing (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Propulsion and Power (ISSN 0748-4658); 3; 219-226
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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