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  • Articles  (61,299)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (61,299)
  • Springer  (61,299)
  • 1995-1999  (30,760)
  • 1990-1994  (30,539)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (55,168)
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  • Articles  (61,299)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Orientation and crystallisation mechanisms during fast drawing of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 42 (1999), S. 357-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Synchrotron radiation has been used to record the diffraction patterns from Poly(ethylene terephthalate) for a range of draw rates (0.1 to 10sec−1) and temperatures (90 to 120°C). The patterns were analysed to derive the development of the 〈P 2(cosθ)〉 order parameter and the rates of crystallisation. The effects of temperature and draw rate can be unified with a WLF time-temperature shift factor. Comparison with estimates of chain relaxation processes show that, when the draw rate is faster than the chain retraction process, the onset of crystallisation is delayed until the end of drawing. Crystallisation is very sensitive to both temperature and orientation and has an approximate 4th power dependence on 〈P2(cosθ)〉.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050475
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide)/polystyrene blends: thermodynamic interactions from glass transition data (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 42 (1999), S. 441-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The glass transition temperatures of several blends of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) and polystyrene have been measured by DSC, and the T g -composition data have been described on the basis of a thermodynamic treatment. A negative enthalpy of mixing and a positive entropy of mixing have been found, in agreement with the well known miscibility of the blend. The presence of a singolarity point in the T g -composition plot has been evidenced and considered at the light of a theoretical treatment recently proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050487
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and properties of new AB-type semi-crystalline poly(ether imide)s (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 157-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Two AB-type poly(ether imide)s were prepared by one-pot polyimidization in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone(NMP)/pyridine or N,N-dimethylacetamide(DMAc)/Et3N solution in the presence of triphenylphosphite(TPP) activator. The polymers were obtained with inherent viscosities of 1.16(5a) and 0.54(5b) dL/g and were highly thermostable up to at least 552°C with 5% weight loss. The polymers showed chemical resistance against chloroform even at higher temperature but could readily be dissolved in m-cresol and concentrated sulfuric acid. Wide-angle X-ray diffractograms revealed that the polymers were semi-crystalline.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050547
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of novel organocobalt poly(arylene-vinylene)s containing (cyclobutadiene)cobalt moieties in the main chain (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 165-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Organocobalt poly(arylene-vinylene)s composed of 1,2- or 1,3- linkage at their cyclobutadiene moieties (3 and 4, respectively) were prepared by the Heck reaction of p-divinylbenzene with (cyclobutadiene)cobalt-containing monomers having two aryl bromide moieties (1 and 2, respectively). The number average molecular weights (M n) of the obtained organocobalt poly(arylene-vinylene)s (3 and 4) were 4,100 and 4,000, respectively (GPC, on the basis of polystyrene). UV-vis spectra of 3 and 4 exhibited main π-π* absorption peaks at 362 and 397 nm, respectively, which were ca. 60 nm bathochromically shifted from those of the corresponding monomeric units. Both polymers were found to show thermotropic liquid crystallinity in the range of room temperature to ca. 80 °C by employing differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the optical measurement using crossed polarizers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050548
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vinyltrimethoxysilane-co-2-vinylpyridine copolymer Synthesis and monomer reactivity ratios (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 171-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Copolymers containing vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMOS) and 2-vinylpyridine (2VPy) at different compositions were synthesized and characterized. The monomer reactivity ratios r1 and r2 were estimated by using the classical Fineman-Ross and Kelen Tüdos linear fitting procedures. Moreover, these parameters were also estimated using a nonlinear computational fitting known as Reactivity Ratios Error in Variable Method (RREVM). Attempts to obtain the corresponding copolymer with vinyltrimethylsilane (VTMS) were performed but only hompolymerization 2VPy is observed due to the non-reactivity of VTMS under this conditions. The results were analysed in terms of the relative comonomeric structures and compared with similar related systems. The reactivities are interpreted in terms of the resonance and stabilization effects together with the chemical structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050549
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of alkoxycarbene-containing polymers and their application as polymeric catalysts for phenylacetylene polymerization (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 177-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Polymers having Fischer-type alkoxycarbenes in the side chain were synthesized by the reaction of pendant hydroxy groups with pentacarbonyltungsten acetoxyphenylcarbene [(CO)5W=C(Ph)O2CCH3, 2]. Namely, copolymers of methyl methacrylate with 4-hydroxybutyl methacrylate [poly(MMA-co-HBMA), 3b] were prepared and subjected to the reaction with 2 derived from tetramethylammonium salt of pentacarbonyltungsten hydroxyphenylcarbene [(CO)5W=C(Ph)ON(CH3)4, 1] with acetyl chloride. Soluble copolymers (4b) with pendant metal-carbene segments were obtained, and 1H NMR and UV spectroscopic analyses indicated that the metal-carbene moiety was introduced onto 20–70% of hydroxy groups of the copolymers. In contrast, the introduction of carbene moiety into a copolymer of MMA with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate [poly(MMA-co-HEMA), 3a] was unsuccessful because no reaction with 2 took place. The formed polymer (4b) served as a polymeric catalyst for the polymerization of phenylacetylene under the photo-irradiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050550
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of poly(N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethylene) as a polymer homolog of N,N-dimethylacetamide (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 183-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A novel polymer homolog of N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) having amide groups on all main chain carbons, poly(N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethylene) 1, was prepared by heating poly(di-t-butyl fumarate) 2 at 180 °C for 2 hours followed by treatment with hexamethylphosphoramide at 180 °C for 5 hours. The structure of the obtained polymer 1 was confirmed by 1H-, 13C-NMR and IR spectroscopy. The polymer 1 actually showed the properties based on its repeating structures. 1 had the amphiphilicity and was soluble both in protic and aprotic solvents. Furthermore, 1 showed the miscibility with commodity polymers such as poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone), poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(vinyl chloride). In comparison with another polymer homolog of DMAc, poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline), the polymer 1 exhibited better miscibility with poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050551
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polyamides containing α-aminoacids and hydrophilic oxyethylene groups along the chain (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 191-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Biocompatible and potentially biodegradable polyamides (PAs) containing in the chain both peptide bonds and hydrophilic triethyleneoxide segments have been prepared by interfacial polycondensation of sebacoyl dichloride with amide-diamines derived from the 4,7,10-trioxa-1,13-tridecanediamine and α-aminoacids such as glycine, L-valine and L-phenylalanine. These PAs exhibit moderate inherent viscosity values and show limited solubilities in CHCl3, DMF and DMSO. 1H-NMR and FTIR spectroscopy analysis confirmed the expected structures. DSC and X-rays diffraction spectra indicated crystallinity degrees from 19 to 31%. The melting temperatures range between 135–238 °C. Liquid water absorption measurements indicate a high equilibrium weight-uptake when a glycine residue is present in the amide-diamine moiety. In vitro tests carried out using cultures of human fibroblasts showed the biocompatibility of the prepared PAs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050552
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New catalyst systems for polymerization of substituted acetylenes: W(NO)2(O2CR)2-MCl4(M=Ti, Sn) (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 199-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary W(NO)2(O2CR)2 - Lewis acid (LA) catalysts (LA=TiCl4, SnCl4; R=-CH(C2H5)(CH2)3CH3) induce substituted acetylenes (phenylacetylene, propargyl ether, 1,6-heptadiyne, diphenylacetylene) to polymerize or oligomerize. Their catalytic ability strongly depends on the Lewis acid and solvent. The polymerization reactions of phenylacetylene always accompany the cycolotrimerization reactions. In the system with TiCl4 in CH2Cl2 the yield of polymer equals to 56% at 80% conversion of a monomer. However, in the system with SnCl4 in benzene, 42% cyclotrimers arise at 57% conversion of phenylacetylene. The mechanism of these reactions as well as the structure of the obtained polymers were determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050553
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Catalyst effect on the transesterification reactions between polycarbonate and polycaprolactone-B-polydimethylsiloxane triblock copolymers (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 207-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Transesterification reactions between bisphenol-A polycarbonate and polydimethylsiloxane-polycaprolactone block copolymers were studied in melt at 270°C. Influence of the composition of reaction mixture and the catalyst type on the formation and properties of the products obtained were investigated by spectroscopic, chromatographic and thermal methods. Both of the catalysts used, zinc acetate and lanthanum acetylacetonate are very efficient transesterification catalysts for the system studied. GPC and DSC results clearly show the formation of novel polymers displaying combined properties of the polycarbonate and the silicone-ester copolymer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050554
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Termination mechanism of polymethyl methacrylate and polystyrene studied by ultrasonic degradation technique (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 215-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A new method for determining the dominant termination mechanism in radical polymerization based on ultrasonic scission of long chains is used to study the termination of polystyrene and polymethyl methacrylate. The method is extended to obtain the disproportionation/combination ratio. Long dead polymer chains in solution were broken by ultrasound. The chain radicals thus formed were then allowed to terminate in the presence and absence of a chain terminating agent (radical trap). The resulting molecular weights are compared to find the dominant termination mechanism. It is found that the dominant mechanism in polystyrene is combination and that in polymethyl methacrylate is disproportionation. These results are in accordance with those quoted in the literature and obtained by other methods.The effectiveness of the radical trap used (2-chloroethyl benzene) was tested by NMR and it was found that when the trapping agent is present it terminates 100% of the polymethyl methacrylate chains. The time evolution of the degree of polymerization was compared to simulations based on Schmid's model. The disproportionation/combination ratios were found for polymethyl methacrylate as 2 and for polystyrene as 1/7 respectively through simulation studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050555
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Poly(β-malic acid) derivatives with non-charged hydrophilic lateral groups: synthesis and characterization (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 297-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Poly((3-hydroxypropyl β malate) has been synthesized starting from aspartic acid and benzyloxy-1-propanol as precursors. This new polymer was characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, size exclusion chromatography and differential scanning calorimetry. Homopolymer is soluble in water. Two kinds of amphiphilic copolymers were also prepared and characterized. Such polymers have been synthesized with a view to preparing non-charged degradable associating networks or drug carriers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050614
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and properties of poly(phenylacetylene)s with pendant imino groups (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 305-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Polymerization of phenylacetylenes containing imino groups with a variety of transition metal catalysts was investigated. The monomers employed were N-(4-ethynylbenzylidene)aniline (1), N-(3-ethynylbenzylidene)aniline (2), N-(4-ethynylbenzylidene)-2,6-diisopropylaniline (3), N-(4-ethynylbenzylidene)-4-hexylaniline (4), N-(4-ethynylbenzylidene)butylamine (5), and N-(4-ethynylbenzylidene)octylamine (6). All of the monomers smoothly polymerized with [(nbd)RhCl]2-Et3N to give polymers in excellent yields, whereas no polymerization took place with W, Mo, and Fe catalysts. The produced polymers were orange to red solids and soluble in common organic solvents except for poly(1). UV-vis spectra of the polymers indicated that the main chains possess a similar degree of conjugation to that of poly(phenylacetylene). However, the stability of polymer backbone toward oxidative cleavage in solution remarkably improved, which is contributed by the electron-withdrawing character of imino groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050615
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Controlled polymerization of methylmethacrylate and ethylacrylate using tris(4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine) copper(II) hexafluorophosphate complexes and aluminium isopropoxide (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 319-326 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The radical polymerization of methylmethacrylate and ethylacrylate was carried out in the presence of tris(4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine) copper(II) hexafluorophosphate complexes and aluminium isopropoxide. The molecular weight of the synthesized polyethylacrylates increased proportionally with conversion, whereas the polymerization of methylmethacrylate revealed a nonlinear behavior. The polydispersities of the molecular weight distributions observed were between 1.09 and 1.34. Poly(styrene-block-polymethylmethacrylate) was synthesized by sequential monomer addition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050617
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and the properties of novel cycloaliphatic-aromatic polyamides having pendent N,N'-diphenyl imido groups (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 311-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: ABSTRACT : We have investigated a novel monomer having two pendent phenyl imido groups for preparing new cycloaliphatic-aromatic polyamides. Novel polyamides were synthesized by direct polycondensation reaction of N,N'-diphenyl-2,3,5,6-diimido cyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylic acid(PICA) and various aromatic diamines such as p-phenylene diamine, 4,4'-oxydianiline and 4,4'-methylene dianiline. A direct polycondensation was carried out by a Yamazaki method which is typical of using triphenyl phosphite, lithium chloride, and pyridine. Inherent viscosity of these resulting polyamides are ranged 0.20 ∼ 0.45 dl/g. A transparent flexible and tough film was casted. The glass transition temperature of the polyamide from the PICA and 4,4'-oxydianiline is 147 °C. The decomposition temperature of these polyamides are ranged from 350 ∼ 360 °C and the ash contents of them orders MDA 〉 p-PDA 〉 ODA according to kinds of the using diamines. And the solubilities of these polyamides are good in aprotic solvents such as DMAc, NMP, DMF.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050616
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chain transfer reaction in metallocene catalyzed ethylene copolymerization with allyltrimethylsilane (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 333-340 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary In order to investigate the polymerization behavior of allytrimethylsilane as a comonomer, ethylene was copolymerized with allyltrimethylsilane at 80°C in toluene using methylaluminoxane (MAO) activated metallocene catalysts. The catalytic activity of the polymerization strongly depended on both the type of the catalysts and the concentration of allyltrimethylsilane. End group analysis of the copolymers by means of 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy revealed that allyltrimethylsilane rather act as a chain transfer agent in the copolymerization, even though considerable amount of allyltrimethylsilane was incorporated in the polymer chain with rac-Et(Ind)2ZrCl2 catalysts. The chain transfer reaction influence strongly the molecular weight and comonomer content of the copolymers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050619
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Poly[N-(hydroxyethyl)ethyleneimine-co-phenyl succinic anhydride] Synthesis and structure (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 341-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Five copolymers from N-(hydroxyethyl)ethyleneimine as nucleophilic monomer and phenylsuccinic anhydride (PhSAn) as electrophilic monomer, were synthesized according to the spontaneous copolymerization concept. These copolymers were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. The copolymer composition determined from the 1H-NMR spectra showed that the copolymers are not alternating. According to all the data, it was suggested a copolymer structure which includes ester and anhydride bonds. The molecular weights determined by vapor pressure osmometry ranged between 5.100 and 6.100 g/mol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050620
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of the photopolymerization kinetics of triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate initiated by camphorquinone/N-phenylglycine and camphorquinone/D,L-α-phenylglycine (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 349-355 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary This work describes the kinetics of triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDM) polymerization, photoinitiated by camphorquinone (CQ) / N-phenylglycine (NPG) and CQ /D,L α-phenylglycine (α-PG), in air and/or in N2. The rates of polymerization (Rp), double bond conversion (p), monomer conversion (pmax), at different concentration of NPG and α-PG were measured and analysed. It was found that CQ/NPG is much more effective photoinitiator system than CQ/α-PG, regarding to the different their chemical structure and H-atom donor ability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050621
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal properties and flammability of acrylic nanocomposites based upon organophilic layered silicates (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 395-402 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Thermal and mechanical properties of poly(methylmethacrylate-co-dodecylmethacrylate) nanocomposites based upon exfoliated organophilic layered silicates, were investigated as a function of the silicate and comonomer content. Layered silicates such as sodium bentonite were rendered organophilic by means of ion-exchanging sodium cations for N,N,N,N-dioctadecyl-dimethyl-ammonium cations. Silicate exfoliation was enhanced by means of 5 and 10 wt.-% dodecyl-methacrylate (LMA) addition to afford translucent reinforced acrylic nanocomposites. In contrast to conventional filled acrylic polymers, only 10 wt.-% organophilic silicate was sufficient to increase Young's modulus from 2200 to 4030 MPa, glass temperature from 72 to 80 °C and degradation temperature from 220 to 256 °C with respect to the neat MMA/LMA (90 wt.-%/10 wt.-%) copolymer. Flammability studies, performed on a cone calorimeter, revealed that the maximum heat release rate of MMA/LMA copolymer nanocomposite decreased from 837 kW/m2 to 566 kW/m2. The nanocomposite morphology was examined by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050627
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A synthesis of O-diethylaminoethyl chitosan and its binding ability of cholate and deoxycholate anion in vitro (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 42 (1999), S. 25-32 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The aim of this study was to investigate the bile salts adsorption behavior of the diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-chitosan, in vitro. In order to prepare the DEAE-chitosan, where the DEAE groups are specifically introduced onto 6-OH groups of chitosan with minimal by-product, DEAE-chitin was prepared by reacting chitin with N,N-diethylaminoethyl chloride, and direct N-deacetylation of DEAE-chitin was carried out in 10% of an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution containing sodium borohydride. DEAE chitosan samples were incubated with cholic acid sodium salt and deoxycholic acid sodium salt in a tromethane buffer solution (pH 7.5) for 1 hour, and the bile salts adsorption performances of the samples were examined by HPLC. The modified chitosan samples showed improved bile salts adsorption performances compared to chitosan, and the absorption amount of bile salt to the samples increased with increase in the DEAE groups introduced. In most cases, the adsorption amount of deoxycholate to the samples was greater than that of cholate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050430
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ambient temperature synthesis and characterization of bile acid polymers (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 42 (1999), S. 41-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Room temperature polymerization of three naturally occurring bile acids, cholic, lithocholic and deoxycholic, was carried out using a mixture of diisopropyl carbodiimide (DIPC), and a 1:1 salt of dimethyl amino pyridine and p-toluenesulfonic acid (DMAP/PTSA). The corresponding polymers were characterized by IR, NMR, Thermal Analysis and X-ray diffraction. Molecular weights were calculated by gel permeation chromatography in the range 50,000–60,000, using polystyrene standards. The polymers were also characterized by mass spectrometry, using matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight, MALDI-TOF.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050432
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    Synthesis and properties of poly(phenylacetylene)s having dialkylamino groups (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 42 (1999), S. 55-60 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Poly(phenylacetylene)s bearing dialkylamino groups were prepared by the polymerization of p-(N,N-dialkylamino)phenylacetylenes with [Rh(nbd)Cl]2, and their electrochemical behavior was examined. Rh-catalyzed polymerization of p-(N,N-diethylamino)phenylacetylene (DEAPA) and p-(N,N-di-n-butylamino)phenylacetylene (DBAPA) in toluene in the presence of triethylamine gave good yields of the polymers (86 and 90%, respectively). Poly(DEAPA) was soluble in chloroform and dichloromethane, and poly(DBAPA) dissolved in various solvents such as toluene, THF, dichloromethane and chloroform. Poly(DEAPA) and poly(DBAPA) showed onset temperatures at 248 and 190°C, respectively, and absorptions around 300–400 nm. Electrochemical doping of the polymer films resulted in the shift of the absorptions to a region around 680 nm, which accompanied a color change of the polymer films from green ocher to deep blue.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050434
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    Hydrogenation of poly(vinyl cinnamate) thin layer (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 42 (1999), S. 149-152 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Hydrogenation of poly(vinyl cinnamate) was performed with RhH(CO)(PPh3)3 catalyst with intent to clarify the photoalignment mechanism of liquid crystals on poly(vinyl cinnamate) alignment layer. The hydrogenated cinnamate side group shows the characteristic peaks at 2.9 ppm and 2.5 ppm in 1H-NMR spectrum, and a decreasing peak at 280 nm in UV spectrum. This reaction can reveal the role of dimerized or residual cinnamate groups in the applications of the polymeric layer for electronic devices.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050446
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  • 24
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    Ru(0) complex catalyzed polyaddition New synthesis of poly(alkylenebenzoxazole) and poly(alkylenebenzimidazole) (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 42 (1999), S. 141-147 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The reactions of α,ω-diyne, HC≡C(CH2)mC≡CH (m = 6 and 8), with 3,3'-diaminobenzidine and with 3,3'-diamino-4,4'-dihydroxybiphenyl in the presence of RU3(CO)12-PPh3 catalyst give the corresponding poly(alkylenebenzoxazole)s and poly(alkylenebenzimidazole)s, respectively. The former polymers obtained from the equimolar reaction of the monomers are partly soluble in polar organic solvents such as DMF, DMSO, and NMP, while the poly(benzimidazole)s are soluble in these solvents. GPC measurement shows the molecular weights of the polymers, M n of 4.8−14.1×103 and M w of 6.4−19.7×103.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050445
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    On the preparation and characterization of chitosan hydrochloride (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 42 (1999), S. 159-166 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The procedures for the purification of commercial chitosan samples as hydrochlorides and in the neutralized form are described. Thermal analysis reveals that, independently of the purification method, all samples are highly pure. The agreement between values of degrees of acetylation determined by conductimetric titrations and by 1H nmr spectroscopy is very good. The aqueous solutions of both forms of purified chitosan were free of aggregation as evaluated by their Huggins constants. The potential use of solutions of chitosan hydrochloride in acid-free aqueous NaCl for the studies aiming to characterize the solution behavior of chitosan is demonstrated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050448
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    Synthesis and properties of nonlinear optical chromophores and polymers containing 6-nitroquinoline as π-electron acceptor (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 42 (1999), S. 175-181 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Two nonlinear optical (NLO) methacrylate monomers, 2-methyl-acrylic acid 2-(ethyl-{4-[2-(6-nitro-quinolin-2-yl)-vinyl]-phenyl}-amino)-ethyl ester (5) and 2-methyl-acrylic acid 6-{3-[2-(6-nitro-quinolin-2-yl)-vinyl]-carbazol-9-yl}-hexyl ester (7) were newly synthesized and copolymerized with methylmethacrylate to give NLO polymers, P1 and P2. These polymers were well soluble in organic solvents and showed glass transition temperatures at 145 °C and 114 °C, respectively. The number average molecular weights (Mn) were 26,600 for P1 and 9,300 for P2. The SHG coefficients (d33) of corona-poled films of P1 and P2 measured with 1.064 μm Nd-YAG laser were 32.2 pm/V and 17.6 pm/V, respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050450
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    A novel π-conjugated polymer : poly(3,4-bis(phenylene)-3-cyclobutene-1,2-dione) (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 42 (1999), S. 183-190 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: ABSTRACT: We have investigated a new 1,2-type aromatic dibromide monomer for preparing a modified π -conjugated poly(p-phenylenevinylene). A novel π -conjugated poly(p-phenylenevinylene) was prepared by dehalogenation polycondensation of a dibromoaromatic compound with a squaric unit as a monomer with zerovalent nickel [Ni(0)] complex. The monomer and the polymer were characterized by FT-IR, 1H-NMR, Elemental Anaylsis, TGA, DSC, GPC and UV-Visible. The resultant polymer had good solubility to polar aprotic, solvents, e.g. DMF, DMAc, DMSO and NMP and solvatochromism in DMAc.
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    Mechanochemical synthesis and characterization of poly(vinyl chloride)-block-poly(vinyl alcohol) copolymers by ultrasonic irradiation (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 42 (1999), S. 197-204 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Mechanical degradation and mechanochemical reaction in heterogeneous systems of the solid poly(vinyl chloride)-poly(vinyl alcohol) aqueous solutions have been studied by ultrasonic irradiation at 30 °C. The rate of decrease in the viscosity-average degree of polymerization of the degraded poly(vinyl chloride) was much faster than that of the degraded poly(vinyl alcohol). Mechanochemical reaction occurred by free radicals produced from the chain scissions of both polymers by ultrasonic waves. The copolymer was obtained and the molar ratio of the vinyl chloride and the vinyl alcohol units in its copolymer can be determined. In addition, the changes in the composition of the total block copolymer, the unreacted poly(vinyl chloride), and the unreacted poly(vinyl alcohol) were obtained.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050453
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    Fracture toughness of polysulfone/epoxy semi-IPN with morphology spectrum (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 42 (1999), S. 221-227 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The fracture toughness of the semi-IPN's of crosslinked epoxy and linear polysulfone(PSf) having morphology spectrum was investigated. The epoxy resin was based on diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A(DGEBA) and diaminodiphenylsulfone(DDS). The morphology spectrum, which has the gradual change of the morphological feature resulting from the concentration gradient of PSf in the epoxy resin can be obtained by inserting a PSf film in DGEBA/DDS mixture before cure. The relative rate of the dissolution of the PSf in the epoxy oligomer and the rate of curing reaction determine the concentration gradient of the PSf. In the region where the PSf concentration is less then 5%, sea(epoxy)-island(PSf) morphology is observed. As the concentration of PSf increases, the morphology changes to nodular structure, inverted sea-island, and PSf/epoxy homogeneous phase. Up to overall 10wt% of PSf, the fracture toughness of the PSf modified epoxy with morphology spectrum was higher than that of the counterpart with uniform concentration of PSf. These results were ascribed to the plastic deformation of the continuous PSf rich phase which was present in the morphology spectrum.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050456
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    Polymerization of allylbenzene with metallocene catalysts (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 42 (1999), S. 265-272 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Homopolymerization of allylbenzene was carried out with various metallocene/methylaluminoxane (MAO) catalysts. Different polymerization behavior was observed depending upon the catalysts empolyed. rac-Et(Ind)2ZrCl2 and rac-Me2Si(Ind)2ZrCl2 gave semicrystalline polyallylbenzenes while i-Pr(CpFlu)ZrCl2 and CpTiCl3 did not give any polymeric product. The Cp2ZrCl2 gave amorphous polyallylbenzene with low molecular weight. The effect of temperature on the polymerization was investigated with a constant Al/Zr ratio. The temperature showing maximum catalyst activity is higher for the ansa metallocene catalysts than Cp2ZrCl2 catalyst. The IR and NMR spectra indicated that the polyallylbenzene consisted of allylbenzene repeating unit and no isomerization occurred.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050462
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    Synthesis of poly(ethyl vinyl ethers) containing two dipolar electronic systems and their properties (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 42 (1999), S. 237-244 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary 5-Nitro-2-(2′-vinyloxyethoxy)benzylidenemalononitrile (2a), methyl 5-nitro-2-(2′-vinyloxyethoxy)benzylidenecyanoacetate (2b), 3-nitro-4-(2′-vinyloxyethoxy)benzylidenemalononitrile (4a), and methyl 3-nitro-4-(2′-vinyloxyethoxy)benzylidenecyanoacetate (4b) were prepared by the condensation of 5-nitro-2-(2′-vinyloxyethoxy)benzaldehyde (1) and 3-nitro-4-(2′-vinyloxyethoxy)benzaldehyde (3) with malononitrile or methyl cyanoacetate, respectively. Vinyl ether monomers 2a-b and 4a-b were polymerized with boron trifluoride etherate as a cationic initiator to yield poly(vinyl ethers) 5-6 having nitrooxybenzylidenemalononitrile and nitrooxycyanocinnamate, which is effective chromophore for second-order nonlinear optical applications. Polymers 5-6 were soluble in common organic solvents such as acetone and DMSO. T g values of the resulting polymer were in the range of 70–81°C. Electrooptic coefficient (r33) of the poled polymer films were in the range of 19–27 pm/V, which was improved by introducing of nitro group. Polymers 5–6 showed a thermal stability up to 300°C in TGA thermograms, which is acceptable for NLO device applications.
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    Coupling reactions of activated oligo(ɛ-caprolactone)s (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 42 (1999), S. 257-264 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Oligo(ɛ-caprolactone)s functionalised with acid groups were prepared by reacting hydroxyl terminated oligo(ɛ-caprolactone)s with succinic anhydride, maleic anhydride or glutaric anhydride. Quantitative conversion of the hydroxyl functionality was achieved in the melt at 130 °C. The resulting acid terminated oligo(ɛ-caprolactone)s were characterised by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The reactivity of these oligomers was enhanced by conversion of the acid functionality in an acid chloride functionality using thionyl chloride or an anhydride functionality using acetic anhydride. It was shown that these activated oligo(ɛ-caprolactone)s can be used for coupling reactions with compounds containing alcohol- or amino functionalities.
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    Novel non-alternating copolymers synthesized by spontaneous copolymerization of p-chlorophenylmaleimide with 2-methyl-2-oxazoline (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 42 (1999), S. 281-286 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Keywords: Keywords: Nucleophilic and electrophilic monomers; spontaneous copolymerization; non-alternating copolymers.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The copolymerization of p-chlorophenylmaleimide (1) as electrophilic monomer with 2-methyl-2-oxazoline (2) as nucleophilic monomer without initiator in solution under different experimental conditions was investigated. Copolymers were characterized by FT-IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The copolymer composition was determined from 1H-NMR spectra. Molecular weights ranged between 1700 and 5400 g/mol by vapor pressure osmometry.
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    Study on the alcoholysis of aromatic polyesters and related esters using a high-pressure calorimeter (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 42 (1999), S. 295-300 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The heat of base-catalyzed alcoholysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylate) (PEN) as well as several related aromatic and aliphatic esters has been measured using a high-pressure calorimeter. The process is essentially thermoneutral, and heats of CH3ONa-catalyzed methanolysis of PET and PEN are +1.8±0.6 and +9.3±0.2 kJ/mol-carboxyl group, respectively. Furthermore, the heats of Zn(OCOCH3)2-catalyzed alcoholysis of PET with ethylene glycol and benzyl alcohol are also calculated as +5.8±0.2 and +6.6±0.8 kJ/mol-carboxyl group, respectively. These values are comparable to those for ethyl esters of p-substituted benzoic acids and propionic acid.
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    Chain transfer reactions in metallocene catalyzed polymerization of allylbenzene (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 42 (1999), S. 301-307 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Allylbenzene was polymerized in the presence of two types of homogeneous zirconocene catalysts (co-catalyst methylaluiminoxane). Selective chain termination through β-hydride elimination or chain transfer to aluminum was observed depending upon the catalysts employed. The rac-Et(Ind)2ZrCl2, and rac-Me2Si(Ind)2ZrCl2, catalysts gave the polyallylbenzenes with saturated end groups due to chain transfer to aluminum, while the Cp2ZrCl2 catalyst gave the polyallylbenzenes with vinylidene end groups due to β-hydride elimination.
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    Radical polymerization of methacryloyl isocyanate containing 1-adamantanol (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 42 (1999), S. 373-378 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Radical polymerization of the methacryloyl isocyanate containing 1-adamantanol (Ad-MAI) with AIBN in different solvents at 60°C was investigated. It is observed that polymerization is slower in polar solvents than in nonpolar ones. The rate of polymerization for Ad-MAI was found to be slower than those of Adph-MAI and MMA both in photopolymerization and in thermal polymerization. Copolymerization of Ad-MAI (M1) with styrene (M2) in benzene was studied at 60°C. The monomer reactivity ratio was calculated to be r1=1.53 and r2=0.76 according to the method of Fineman-Ross. The prominent glass transition temperature for poly(Ad-MAI) was observed at 142°C from global TSC spectrum.
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    Comb-shaped chitosan derivatives having oligo(ethylene glycol) side chains (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 42 (1999), S. 387-393 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Monoaldehydes have been synthesized from tri- and tetra(ethylene glycol) monosubstituted derivatives and introduced into chitosan by the reductive alkylation technique to give comb-shaped polysaccharide hybrids. The reaction of chitosan with the aldehydes in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride proceeded efficiently to give chitosan derivatives having oligo(ethylene glycol) side chains at the amino groups. The products were characterized by high affinity for organic solvents as well as water in sharp contrast to the original chitin and chitosan. They showed significant adsorption capacity toward metal cations.
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    Synthesis and properties of nonlinear optical polymers based on poly(ether imides) for electrooptical devices (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 42 (1999), S. 403-409 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary : Nonlinear optical poly(ether imides) with an adequate thermal stability has been synthesized by direct coupling of hydroxy poly(ether imides) and NLO chromophores with a quantitative yield. The resultant amorphous NLO poly(ether imides) exhibited good solubility in common organic solvents, providing optical-quality thin films by spin coating. The glass transition temperatures of the polymers are at around 180 °C. The electrooptic coefficients (r33, @1.3μm) of PEI-DR1 was 12.3 pm/V with an electrical poling field of 100 V/μm and it decayed about 10 % over 10 months at 90 °C under atmospheric conditions.
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    A novel gas sensor from crystalline polymer-grafted carbon black: responsibility of electric resistance of composite from crystalline polymer-grafted carbon black against solvent vapor (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 42 (1999), S. 425-431 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Crystalline polymers, such as poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL), poly(ethylene adipate) (PEA), and polyethylene (PE), were successfully grafted onto carbon black surface by direct condensation of terminal groups of these polymers with carboxyl groups on the surface using N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide as a condensing agent. The electric resistance of a composite prepared from these crystalline polymer-grafted carbon black drastically increased to 104–105 times of initial resistance in good solvent vapor of grafted polymer and returned to initial resistance when it was transferred into dry air. However, the change of electric resistance of the composite hardly observed in poor solvent vapor. These results suggest that these composite can be applied as a novel gas sensor.
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    Corona poling of liquid crystalline polymers with nitroazobenzene side chains (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 42 (1999), S. 575-578 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The orientational behavior of liquid crystalline polymers with para-nitro azobenzene as side chains under electric field was studied by UV-visible spectroscopy. The results showed that λmax of the poled polymer films was around 394nm, compared to that of the unpoled films, the absorption decreased due to poling. The orientational parameters increased linearly with the increase of the electric field. The temporal stability of the poled polymer film is good at room temperature. This kind of materials showed promise application as nonlinear optical component in photorefractive polymers
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    Rheo-optical fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of diol-modified diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A epoxy resins (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 42 (1999), S. 579-586 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The molecular orientation behaviour of epoxy networks on the basis of the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) and various linear aliphatic diols was studied by rheo-optical FTIR spectroscopy. Uniaxial deformation was performed above and below the glass transition temperature. The influence of diol chain length and molar ratio on the mechanical properties and the orientation parameter will be discussed.
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    Electro-optic studies on novel chiral liquid crystalline polysiloxanes with the N* phase (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 42 (1999), S. 603-609 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The electro-optical response of two novel side chain liquid crystalline polysiloxane copolymers containing chiral pendant groups was investigated. It was found that both copolymers possessed N* phase with a long pitch and therefore the origin of the electro-optical response detected in this phase was considered to be the electroclinic effect.
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    Novel blends of alternating propene-carbon monoxide copolymers and styrenic copolymers (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 42 (1999), S. 611-618 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Alternating propene-carbon monoxide copolymers (P-CO) were melt-blended with polystyrene, poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (SAN), and with poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) (SMA). P-CO forms homogeneously miscible blends with SAN containing 25 wt% AN at the investigated blend compositions. The transparent blends have single, intermediate glass transition temperatures that fit the Fox equation. The elastic properties of P-CO at room temperature disappear upon blending with SAN because the T g is driven above RT. Polystyrene and SMA are not miscible with P-CO and form heterogeneous blends with two glass transitions. This demonstrates that both the polarity of the styrenic copolymer and the nature of the comonomer govern its phase behavior.
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    Polymerization of methyl methacrylate using organocalcium compounds (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 42 (1999), S. 635-639 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary We have studied the polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) using biscyclopentadienylcalcium (Cp2Ca) and bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)calcium (Cp2 *Ca) as initiators. Polymerizations initiated with CP2Ca produced poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA, with %rr = 80. This polymerization was conducted in 1,2-dimethoxyethane at 0°C; monomer conversion was 57% after 19 h. Lindsell and co-workers reported a much higher syndiotacticity for the same initiator. While 80%rr is higher than a free radical polymerization of MMA at the same temperature, the broad polydispersity and low conversions make this polymerization method unattractive. Use of the more soluble initiator Cp2 *Ca significantly increases monomer conversion but produces PMMA with lower syndiotacticity.
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    Cationic photopolymerisation of divinylethers systems containing hydroxyvinylethers (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 42 (1999), S. 641-648 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Diethyleneglycoldivinylether (DVE2) and triethyleneglycoldivinylether (DVE3) were photopolymerised together with monovinylethers and hydroxyalkylvinylethers, in order to study the curing reaction and to evaluate the properties of the films obtained. In the presence of the monovinylethers, the flexibility of the cured films increased and the Tg values decreased. In the presence of a hydroxyalkylvinyl ether, a stronger plasticisation effect was obtained and attributed to a chain transfer reaction involving -OH groups.
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    Synthesis of Congo Red linked with alkyl amide polymer and its optical ion-sensing property (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 42 (1999), S. 655-660 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The synthesis and metal ion responsive properties of Congo Red-based polyamide are reported. The polymer was prepared by simple interfacial polymerization between Congo Red and sebacoyl chloride. The polymer showed decrease in electronic absorption when exposed to metal ions. The absorbance tends to decrease linearly in a measurable range according to metal ion concentration. It is found that the polymer showed high sensitivity toward Ca2+ and Fe3+.
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    Synthesis and properties of poly(amide-imide)s with different microstructures based on trimellitimide and 4,4'-diphenyl ether (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 42 (1999), S. 661-668 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Poly(amide-imide)s(PAIs) with different microstructures were prepared based on trimellitimide and 4,4'-diphenylether with varying the reaction conditions. The microstructures of PAIs were examined by 500MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The head-to tail (HT-) PAI showed a sharp peak in WAXD curve, a large shift at around 1670 cm−1 for −C=O stretching in FT-IR spectra, and poor solubility in organic solvents, high density, Tg, tensile strength and modulus compared to head-to-head (HH-) PAI and copolymers of HT and HH. These results might be due to the higher packing tendency of the HT PAI than HH PAI or copolymers.
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    Synthesis of conjugated polyphenylacetylenes with redox active ferrocenyl end-groups (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 42 (1999), S. 683-688 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Metathesis polymerization has been employed for the synthesis of polyphenylacetylene (PPA) containing redox-active ferrocene groups at both ends. Two reversible one electron oxidation waves were detected in CV. The ΔE values decreased with increase in chain length of the polymer, indicating that the metal-metal interaction decreases by increasing the chain length.
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    Preparation and sensor properties of poly (o-toluidine) film (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 42 (1999), S. 693-699 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Keywords: Key Words: poly(o-toluidine); enzyme electrode; amperometric biosensor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary An amperometric biosensor for glucose was constructed in a one-step procedure by the electropolymerization of o-toluidine in the presence of glucose oxidase on Pt substrates in KCl aqueous electrolyte at a potential of 0.5 V vs Ag / AgCl. The amperometric responses of the prepared polymeric biosensor to the glucose were measured at a potential of 0.7 V in PBS solution. Results showed that this polymeric sensor exhibited a fast amperometric response time (4–5 s) and a linear range up to 6 mM glucose with poor stability. Also, it was seen that biosensor responded successfully to glucose injections in the presence of some interfering species such as lactose, sucrose and urea.
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    Study of the miscibility of poly(ethyl methacrylate-co-4-vinylpyridine)/poly(styrene-co-cinnamic acid) blends (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 42 (1999), S. 701-708 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The miscibility of a series of poly(ethyl methacrylate-co-4-vinylpyridine) with poly(styrene-co-cinnamic acid), is investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. The results show that each blend is miscible as ascertained by a single composition dependent glass transition temperature. The Tg's of the blends exhibit positive deviations from the weight average Tg's of the blend components. The thermograms data exploited according to the Kwei and Schneider approaches suggest the occurrence of strong specific intermolecular attractive interactions within the binary systems. The strength of these interactions, as estimated from the Kwei q-values, increases with the proton donor and proton acceptor contents in the copolymers.
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    Thermosensitive networks based on high molecular weight polyoxyethylene and N-isopropylacrylamide (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 42 (1999), S. 709-716 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary γ- and UV-irradiation was successfully used for the preparation of mixed networks on the basis of high molecular weight polyoxyethylene (POE) and/or N-isopropylacrylamide and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm). These gels preserve the swelling transition temperature of the pure PNIPAAm and shrink faster above this temperature due to the hydrophilic POE chains. It was found that in a collapsed state these gels retain alkaline organic salts from aqueous solutions.
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    Solid particle erosion of electrically insulating silicon and EPDM rubber compounds (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 42 (1999), S. 717-724 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Jet erosion tests of outdoor insulating silicone and EPDM rubbers were carried out by means of a modified sandblasting equipment. The presence of relatively large, non-reinforcing filler particles increased the erosion rate of the silicone rubber compounds. The erosive wear of highly filled compounds strongly depended on the incident angle of the eroding particles. Rubbers with low amount or very finely dispersed reinforcing filler showed a good resistance to solid particle erosion. The mechanisms of material removal were studied by scanning electron microscopy and discussed.
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    Polymerization of cyclic monomers 9. Synthesis and radical polymerization of spirocyclic 2-vinylcyclopropanes (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 1-7 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary 6,6-Diethyl- (1a) and 6-methyl-6-propyl-5,7-dioxa-4,8-dioxo-1-vinylspiro[2.5]octane (1b) were synthesized by the acetalization of 2-vinylcyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxylic acid with 2- or 3-pentanone. The new monomers were characterized by IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The radical polymerization of the monomers 1a and 1b, in addition of 6,6-methyl-5,7-dioxa-4,8-dioxo-1-vinylspiro[2.5]octane (1c) and (exo/endo)-7-ethoxycarbonyl-2-oxo-7-vinyl-bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane (1d), was carried out in bulk with 2,2`-azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as the initiator. The polymer yield with 1d was only low. The polymerization of the monomers 1a and 1c resulted in cross-linked polymers, whereas in case of the polymerization of monomer 1b soluble polymers in a high yield were obtained.
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    Synthesis of a star-shaped polymer by coordination of 2,2'-bipyridyl-terminated poly(propylene glycol) with ruthenium ion (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 9-12 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The Ru(II)-centered star-shaped polymer was prepared by coordination of 2,2'-bipyridyl-terminated poly(propylene glycol) with ruthenium ion. The structure was confirmed by GPC analysis and UV/Vis spectrum. The resulting polymer complex was well-soluble in various organic solvents and water.
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    Synthesis and properties of poly(p-phenylenevinylene-co-sulfonylene) for a blue light-emitting diode (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 13-20 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Novel class of p-phenylenevinylene copolymer with sulfonylene group in the main chain (PPVS) was synthesized through the Wittig reaction of bis(bromomethyl-p-phenyl)-sulfone triphenylphosphonium salt with terephthaldehyde. PPVS was highly soluble in common organic solvents and showed strong blue-shifted fluorescence because the polar sulfonylene group provided better solubility and limited π-conjugation in polymer chain. A single layer device with PPVS sandwiched between indium-tin-oxide (ITO) and aluminum electrodes showed a blue electroluminescence (EL) peaked at 470 nm under the threshold voltage of 14 V. HOMO and LUMO levels of PPVS were found to be 0.46 and 0.28 eV, respectively, lower than those of poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV).
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    Polyelectrolyte complex between chitosan and poly(2-acryloylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid) (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 67-73 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A new polyelectrolyte complex between chitosan and poly(2-acryloylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid) (PAMPS) was prepared by mixing aqueous solutions of its components or by free radical polymerization on chitosan template. The complex formation was sensitive to the ionic strength of the medium. The complex was stable in acidic and neutral medium and dissociated at pH 〉 8. Its composition did not depend on pH values of the medium and the way of preparation. The mixing dilute aqueous solutions of chitosan and PAMPS resulted in the formation of nanoparticles with mean particle diameter 250 nm and monomodal distribution.
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    A method for comparing the nucleation ability of PTFE, iPP and sPP on PE (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 75-80 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: SUMMARY Heterogeneous nucleation is not only a commonly encountered phenomenon of polymer crystallization, but also a fundamentally important research topic for understanding polymer crystallization. Both, polymer epitaxy and transcrystallization are well known mechanisms for surface induced oriented nucleation, but they only have been studied separately with respect to the nucleation abilities of one polymer to another. A new experimental procedure is established to combine transcrystallization and heteroepitaxy of one polymer on two different polymeric substrates. This provides a new way for comparing the relative nucleation onset of one polymer nucleated simultaneously onto two different substrates.
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    Assignment of 13C NMR chemical shift and microstructure of copolymers of 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether-maleic anhydride and n-butyl vinyl ether-maleic anhydride (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 81-85 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The chemical shift in the 13C NMR spectra of copolymers of 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether (CEVE) and maleic anhydride (MA), and of n-butyl vinyl ether (BVE) and MA is assigned. It is found that both copolymers are made of completely alternating monomer unit sequences and that the proportion of cis linkage configuration at the cyclic MA units is 45 % and 47 % in the CEVE-MA copolymer and in the BVE-MA copolymer, respectively. Depending on the relative orientation of the cyclic anhydride group, quasi “isotactic” and quasi “syndiotactic” tacticity are considered, with quasi “syndiotactic” diads shielding the vinyl ether carbons more effectively.
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    IRS study of ethylene polymerization catalyst SiO2/MAO/zirconocene (1999)
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    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 87-92 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Lewis acidic sites (LAS) of silica, modified with TMA and MAO samples differed by TMA content, have been characterized by IR spectroscopy (CO adsorption as probe molecule at 77 K). Two types of LAS were found on the surface of silica modified with MAO and TMA: M LAS of moderate strength (νCO= 2204−2212 cm−1) and weak W LAS (νCO= 2194 cm−1). The concentration of these acidic sites has been estimated. It was shown by IRS study Cp2ZrMe2 interacts both with W LAS and M LAS. Correlation between the amount of M LAS and the activity of ethylene polymerization has been found.
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    Lithographic results of electron beam photoresists prepared by living free radical polymerization (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 93-100 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A new family of random copolymers composed of chloromethylstyrene and a silicon based styrenic monomer was prepared using living radical polymerization. The lithographic efficiency of the resulting electron beam resists was examined. A pronounced improvement on the lithographic resolution and image quality of resists with a narrow molecular mass distribution was observed and is described.
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    Chitosan gel beads as drug carriers 2. Release of 8-hydroxy-7-iodoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid and 2,5-dihydroxybenzenesulfonic acid (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 101-107 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary It is shown that chitosan gel beads are suitable carriers of 8-hydroxy-7-iodoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid (SQ) and 2,5-dihydroxybenzenesulfonic acid (DHBSA) - substances applied in medicine. Drug release has been investigated with respect to the nature of the crosslinking agent (epichlorohydrin or glutaraldehyde) and pH of the medium. Considerable differences in the release rate of DHBSA and SQ have been found. The total amount of the desorbed SQ, as well as the release rate of the drug depends on pH of the medium - they decrease from alkaline to acidic medium. The antimicrobial and antimycotic activity of the loaded with SQ beads is demonstrated.
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    Alternating boration copolymerization between diyne and bisallene (1999)
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    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 117-120 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Alternating boration copolymerization between 1,4-diallenylbenzene (2) and 2,7-diethynylfluorene (3) was examined using diphenylbromoborane (1) to give the corresponding copolymer (4). The organoboron copolymer obtained was characterized by 1H-, 11B-NMR, IR, and UV-vis absorption spectra.
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    Controlled radical polymerization of styrene utilizing excellent radical capturing ability of diphenyl ditelluride (1999)
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    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 143-150 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The radical polymerization of styrene was investigated in the presence of diphenyl ditelluride (DPDTe) under varied conditions. In the polymerization without any radical initiator at higher temperature (125°C), the addition of DPDTe surely decreased the polymer molecular weight (M n) while the polydispersity (M w/M n) was rather broad. The polymerization with benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as the initiator was also uncontrollable to afford polymers with broad M w/M n probably due to the redox side reaction of BPO with DPDTe. On the contrary, the precision control of M n and the initiating end structure could be achieved by the polymerization with 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), that is, M n increased in proportion to the molar ratio of monomer to initiator suggesting the suppression of bimolecular chain termination reactions by the excellent radical capturing ability of DPDTe.
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    Phase transition in swollen gels 27. Effect of negative charge concentration on swelling and mechanical behaviour of poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) gels (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 109-116 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Ionized networks of copolymers of N-vinylcaprolactam with charged comonomer, sodium itaconate (mole fraction of ionic comonomer xs= 0−0.1) and of a crosslinker, 3,3'-(ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) were prepared by radiation polymerization in water/ethanol mixture (H2O/Et = 0.3/0.7 by vol.) and their swelling; mechanical behaviour in water was investigated as a function of temperature. On heating, a decrease in the swelling degree was observed. Increasing xs shifts the volume transition temperature Ttr from the swollen to shrinked state to higher temperatures; in all cases, this transition is continuous. The observed decrease in swelling with temperature is accompanied by an increase in equilibrium modulus, so that mechanical behaviour is predominantly determined by swelling. The swelling of hydrogels can be in the first approximation described by the theory of polyelectrolyte networks in which repulsion of charges on the chain and finite chain extensibility were considered. In accord with this theory, as the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter χ= 0.522 for the uncharged network swollen in water, no jumpwise change in volume with increasing temperature was observed.
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    Living polymerization of hexaethylcyclotrisiloxane (1999)
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    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 129-134 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Living polymerization of hexaethylcyclotrisiloxane was achieved with nBuLi-(nBuO)3PO at room temperature to produce living poly(diethylsiloxane). The molecular weight of the polymer increased in direct proportion to monomer conversion and to the reciprocal to the initial nBuLi concentration. Molecular weight distribution remained 1.1–1.2 during the polymerization. The polymerization was completed only after 1 day despite no solvent was used. When a compound containing SiOH groups was added to the polymerization system, the number of polymer chain agreed with a sum of nBuLi and SiOH groups.
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    Coupling and linking reactions of living polyisobutylene by allylsilanes (1999)
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    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 121-128 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The reactions of living polyisobutylene (PIB+) with different allylsilanes, as potential linking and coupling agents, have been studied. Quantitative monoaddition of 2-Phenylallyltrimethylsilane to living PIB+ yielded macromonomer (I), however coupling was absent. Rapid and quantitative coupling has been observed with 1,3-bis[2-(3-trimethylsilyl)-propenyl]benzene (bTPB). Using 1-(2-propenyl)-3-[2-(3-trimethylsilyl)-propenyl]benzene (PTPB) star polymers with an average of four arms have been prepared with high efficiency. The study of this linking reaction revealed that star formation takes place in two well separated steps. In the first step a macromonomer is formed in situ by the rapid reaction of PIB+ with the allyltrimethylsilyl functionality. Subsequent reaction of this macromonomer with the remaining electrophilic PIB+ ends followed by interchain reactions results in the formation of star polymers.
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    Synthesis of poly(cyclodiborazane)s by hydroboration polymerization of dicyano compounds with tripylborane (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 151-155 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Hydroboration polymerizaton of dicyano compounds was examined by using tripylborane, which is known as a fairly stable hydroborating agent, to give the corresponding poly(cyclodiborazane)s in good yields. The number average molecular weights of the obtained polymers were in the range of several thousands. These polymers exhibited high stability toward air and moisture.
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    Synthesis and characterization of partially crosslinked poly(N-vinylcarbazole-vinylalcohol) copolymers with polypyridyl Ru(II) luminophores: Potential materials for electroluminescence (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 135-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A novel difunctionalized 5,5'-dibromomethylene-2,2' bipyridine ligand was prepared and covalently bound with concurrent crosslinking by a post-polymer modification method to (N-vinylcarbazole-vinylalcohol) copolymer. The electrochemistry and UV-vis spectroscopy results both confirm the covalent attachment of ruthenium transition metal complex to the polymer backbone. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicate high thermal stability of the copolymer. The copolymer is also highly phosphorescent making it a potential polymeric material for transition metal based electroluminescent devices.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050544
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    Metal ion extraction behavior of poly([2(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride-co-acrylic acid) resin (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 277-283 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: SUMMARY The crosslinked poly([2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethyl ammonium chloride-co-acrylic acid) was tested as adsorbent for Cd(II), Hg(II), Zn(II), Pb(II), Cr(III), and U(VI) by batch equilibrium procedure. At pH 5.0 the adsorbent retained 74% (1.865 meq/g) of U(VI) with a maximum capacity of load of 2.7 meq/g (108 mg/g). The resin-U(VI) equilibrium was achieved around of 1 h which is considered adequate for a heterogeneous reaction. It showed a high selectivity for U(VI) respect to all the other metal ions both from competitive and non-competitive conditions. The recovery of the resin was over 65% by H2SO4 and Na2CO3.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050563
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    Crystallization in blends of isotactic polypropylene with polyethylene-b-poly(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-polyethylene block copolymer (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 285-289 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this study, isothermal crystallization in blends of isotactic polypropylene (i-PP) with polyethylene-b-poly(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-polyethylene block copolymer (CEBC) was investigated using a polarized photometer, polarized microscope and differential scanning calorimeter. Half time of crystallizaiton (τ1/2) is increasing with increasing CEBC content in i-PP/CEBC blends. Avrami index and rate constant of crystal growth decrease with increasing CEBC content in i-PP/CEBC blends. On the contrary, heat of fusion of i-PP crystal in the blends is almost constant against the variation of CEBC content in i-PP/CEBC blends. Hence, it is pointed out that blending i-PP with CEBC caused only retardation of rate of crystalline growth and change in mechanism of crystalline growth from three dimensional to two dimensional growth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050564
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    Synthesis of polyisoprene-poly(methyl methacrylate) block copolymers by using polyisoprene as a macro-iniferter (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 327-332 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Polyisoprene (PI) was pre-polymerized by using benzyl diethyldithiocarbamate (BDC) as an iniferter. The obtained PI was subsequently used to react with methyl methacrylate (MMA) in order to investigate whether the relevant block copolymers can be achieved. Results from 1H-NMR and GPC reveal that the PI-PMMA block copolymers were formed. This suggests that polymerization of isoprene through the use of BDC proceeded via a (psuedo) “living” mechanism.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050618
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    Morphology of fibers formed via thermally induced phase separation of polypropylene and liquid paraffin blend in stress-field (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 291-296 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Phase diagram obtained from small angle light scattering (SALS) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of polypropylene/liquid paraffin blend system indicates that the melts undergo solid-liquid phase separation upon cooling and liquid paraffin is expelled out of crystalline region of polypropylene. Fibers spun under high take-up draw ratio are found to be hard-elastic. Long periods in the meridional direction are observed on the curves of small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and the yield point of fibers decreases with the increase in liquid paraffin content, which indicates such fibers have row-nucleated lamellar structure perpendicular to the fiber direction. The feasibility of preparing microporous membranes by stretching such fibers is investigated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050565
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    High resolution solid state 13C NMR investigation of the deoxycholic acid / ferrocene inclusion compound (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 365-369 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The molecular mobility of deoxycholic acid (DCA) / ferrocene inclusion compound has been investigated by high resolution solid state 13C NMR spectroscopy. Compared to the single crystal of ferrocene, the molecular mobility of the ferrocene in the inclusion compound is enhanced because it is included in the large cavity of DCA. It is found that the relaxation time measurement by solid state 13C NMR can provide powerful evidence to confirm the formation of the inclusion compound.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050623
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    Study on the interaction of diarylbutadiynes with free radicals: Interaction with propagating radicals of some vinyl monomers (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 357-364 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In order to study the nature of interaction of arylbutadiynes with transient free radicals, polymerization and copolymerization of some vinyl monomers such as methyl methacrylate (MMA), styrene (ST), methacrylonitrile (MAN), vinylidene chloride (VCl2), ethyl acrylate (EA) and acrylonitrile (AN), were carried out in the presence of diphenylbutadiyne (DPB), 4,4'-butadiynylene-N,N,N',N'-tetra-n-butyl-dibenzamide (BBA), and 4,4'-dibromodiphenylbutadiyne (BPB). MMA gave an intense ESR signal at the polymerization temperature when the polymerization system became viscous, and the number of radicals increased with polymerization time. Strong signals of polyEA and polyMAN radicals were also observed in the presence of DPB when the polymerization system became almost solid. This is a unique case where active transient propagating radicals such as that of polyEA can be detected at polymerization temperature. The rates of polymerization decreased by the presence of the diacetylenes, but the molecular weights did not change with the diacetylene concentrations. UV spectroscopy revealed that there was no diacetylene unit bonded to the obtained polymers, indicating that degradative chain transfer is not the case. The monomer reactivity ratios for MMA-ST and MMA-AN systems did not vary significantly in the presence of the diacetylenes, although some difference was observed. It seems that some arylbutadiynes interact with free radicals but do not form bonds.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050622
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    Local order and strain-induced orientation in poly(butadiene) networks studied by 2H NMR (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 371-378 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Deuterium nmr has been employed to determine the average orientation of chain segment in poly(butadiene) networks. The nmr spectrum lineshape reveals the orientation distribution of network vectors due to the crosslinks, whereas the observed splitting gives information about the orientation due to segmental interactions. Both the lineshape and the splitting have been fitted simultaneously for a range of deformed poly(butadiene) networks varied in crosslink density and precursor chain length. From the fitting parameters the separate contribution to the average orientation arising from network constraints and interaction are calculated. These are used to estimate the effective molecular weight between topological constraints and the size of the segmental interaction. It could be shown that the latter remains constant as the crosslink density is varied. This is a strong evidence of the recently published theoretical framework.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050624
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    Preparation, MALDI-TOF analysis, and micelle-like behavior of alkyl-modified poly(propylene imine) dendrimers (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 379-386 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary MALDI-TOF mass spectral analysis was used to characterize the novel unimolecular micelles that result from functionalization of the chain ends of poly(propylene imine) dendrimers with C10 alkanoyl or C12 alkyl groups.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050625
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    Complexes of chitosan and poly(methacrylic acid) studied by fluorescence techniques (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 387-394 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Fluorescence techniques have been used to study the interactions of poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) with chitosan(CS) in aqueous solution. These studies show that PMAA and CS form complexes within a pH range of 3 to 10 and along with complexing with CS, the conformation of PMAA at pH 4 changed from a hypercoiled to a loose coiled form. However, this conformational change is not complete since the optimal ratio for the complex formation is 0.5:1(CS:PMAA, in residue unit). PMAA/CS complexes at pH 4 were largely disrupted with the addition of NaCl, most likely due to screening of the electrostatic attraction between ionized carboxyl groups of PMAA and protonated amino groups of CS.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050626
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    Graft polymerization of N,N-dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate onto polycarbonates by the preirradiation method (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 403-408 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Radiation-induced graft polymerization of N,N-dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate (DMAEMA) from solutions in carbon tetrachloride or in chloroform onto bisphenol A-derived polycarbonate (PC-1) and allyl diglycol carbonate (PC-2), respectively, was carried out by method of preirradiation in air. It has been found essential difference in transparency and durability of the modified PC-1 and PC-2. Effects of preirradiation dose as well as temperature and time of graft polymerization on effectiveness of DMAEMA grafting onto PC-2 were investigated, the optimal values of dose and temperature are 500 kGy and 55°C, respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050628
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    Deposition of high fluorine content macromolecular thin layers under continuous-flow-system corona discharge conditions (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 409-416 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary High fluorine content macromolecular layers were deposited on polyethylene (PE) film surfaces under an originally designed, continuos-flow-system plasma reactor conditions. Survey and angle resolution, ESCA data and ATR-FTIR results indicate that the plasma-created films are thin and have a fairly uniform structure. The fluorinated layers have a 60% relative fluorine atomic concentration, and are mainly composed of CF2-CF, and C-CF3 groups. AFM images collected from virgin and plasma-exposed PE surfaces show a significantly rougher surface of the plasma-treated substrates. Applications can be envisaged for creating Teflon-like coatings on various polymeric film surfaces using a continuous plasma process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050629
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    On the fine emulsion polymerization of styrene with non-ionic emulsifier (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 417-424 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The fine emulsion polymerizations of styrene initiated by a redox system ammonium peroxodisulfate/sodium thiosulfite stabilized by a non-ionic emulsifier were kinetically investigated. The dependence of the rate of polymerization on conversion or the emulsifier concentration was described by a curve with maximum at medium conversion. The maximum rate of polymerization is proportional to the − 0.45th and 1.5th power of initiator and emulsifier concentration, the number of particles to the 0.32nd and 1.3rd power of initiator and emulsifier concentration and the molecular weight to the − 0.62th and −0.97th power of initiator and emulsifier concentration, respectively. The results show a strong decrease in turbidity at around 20% conversion when emulsion turns into translucent latex. Deviation from the micellar nucleation model was attributed to the solubility of emulsifier in monomer, high level of nonmicellar aggregates, thick interfacial layer and transfer emulsion to microemulsion. The strong decrease of molecular weight with increasing emulsifier concentration is attributed to chain transfer events promoted by the high level of emulsifier at the reaction loci.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050630
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    Heterogeneities during the formation of poly(sodium acrylate) hydrogels (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 425-431 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary In situ fluorescence and light scattering techniques were used to study the formation of heterogeneities during the free-radical crosslinking polymerization of sodium acrylate (NaAc) in the presence of N,N'-methylene(bisacrylamide) (BAAm) as a crosslinker. Pyranine was used as a fluorescence probe in the experiments. The reactions were carried out at room temperature and at a monomer concentration of 20.6 w/v% in water. It was found that the gel forming system became turbid at the start of the reaction; continuing polymerization and crosslinking reactions turned the opaque gels into slightly opaque and finally transparent gels. Two peaks were observed both in the scattered and emitted light intensities versus the reaction time plots. The first peak corresponds to the formation and growth of the phase separated domains whereas the second peak reflects the macrogelation point in the reaction system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050631
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    Bilayer films composed of wheat gluten and functionalized polyethylene: Permeability and other physical properties (1999)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 43 (1999), S. 441-448 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Bilayer films composed of a wheat gluten layer and a functionalized polyolefin film were performed by hot press process with the aim to improve the moisture barrier property of hydrophilic gluten films. An ethylene/acrylic ester/maleic anhydride terpolymer (Lotader 3410) and an ethylene/glycidyl methacrylate copolymer (Lotader GMA) were used. The use of both Lotader products had no incidence on film opacity, and was effective to reduce dispersion in water and water vapor permeability. In the presence of the terpolymer, the mechanical properties were enhanced and the wide range selectivity of gluten films was preserved.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050633
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    Evaluation of Product and Process Design Robustness (1999)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 11 (1999), S. 20-30 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Key words:Convex robustness – Monte Carlo simulation – Probabilistic design – Robust design methodology – Robust process optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract: Critical design decisions are commonly made throughout the product development process assuming known material and process behavior. However, stochastic variation during manufacture can inadvertently result in inferior or unacceptable product performance and reduced production yields. Stochastic simulations have been developed to estimate the end-use performance distribution prior to the commitment of hard tooling. This article proposes a definition for integrated product and process robustness, and extends existing stochastic methods to model the important role of the manufacturing flexibility in elimination of defects and product optimization. The goal is to enable the designer to understand and account for not only the negative effects of manufacturing variation, but also the positive impact of manufacturing flexibility wherein instantaneous corrections in the manufacturing process can frequently improve the product quality and eliminate flaws in the product design. Then, a methodology is introduced and contrasted with conventional development methods in the evaluation of best practices for development of a molded plastic component.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001630050002
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    Design Support Using Distributed Web-Based AI Tools (1999)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 11 (1999), S. 31-44 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Key words:AI as text – Design knowledge – Design support – Distributed design
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract: Currently, designers are faced with searching through a ‘sea’ of on-line knowledge to support their decision making activities. This paper describes WebCADET, which is a reimplementation of the stand-alone CADET – a Knowledge-Based System (KBS) for product design evaluation. WebCADET aims to provide effective and efficient support for designers during their searches for design knowledge. WebCADET uses the ‘AI as text’ approach, where KBSs can be seen as a medium to facilitate the communication of design knowledge between designers. The development of WebCADET to include practical support via World Wide Web-based functionality, which illustrates the potential of the ‘AI as text’ approach, is described in the paper.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001630050003
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    A Theory of Complexity, Periodicity and the Design Axioms (1999)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 11 (1999), S. 116-132 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Key words:Axiomatic design – Complexity – Design axioms – Periodicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract: One of the topics that has received the attention of mathematicians, scientists and engineers is the notion of complexity. The subject is still being debated, as it lacks a common definition of complexity, concrete theories that can predict complex phenomena, and the mathematical tools that can deal with problems involving complexity. In axiomatic design, complexity is defined only when specific functional requirements or the exact nature of the query are defined. Complexity is defined as a measure of uncertainty in achieving a set of specific functions or functional requirements. Complexity is related to information, which is defined in terms of the probability of success of achieving the Functional Requirements (FRs). There are two classes of complexity: time-dependent complexity and time-independent complexity. There are two orthogonal components of time-independent complexity, i.e., real complexity and imaginary complexity. The vector sum is called absolute complexity. Real complexity of coupled design is larger than that of uncoupled or decoupled designs. Imaginary complexity can be reduced when the design matrix is known. As an example of time-independent imaginary complexity, the design of a printing machine based on xerography is discussed. There are two kinds of time-dependent real complexity: time-dependent combinatorial complexity and time-dependent periodic complexity. Using a robot-scheduling problem as an example, it is shown that a coupled design with a combinatorial complexity can be reduced to a decoupled design with periodic complexity. The introduction of periodicity simplifies the design by making it deterministic, which requires much less information. Whenever a combinatorial complexity is converted to a periodic complexity, complexity and uncertainty is reduced and design simplified.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00003883
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    Influences on Solution Search Processes in Design Organisations (1999)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 11 (1999), S. 158-171 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Key words:Closure – Fixation – Organisation – Search
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract: A study was conducted of what influenced solution search activity in three design organisations. The influences were analysed in terms of how they affected search, whether their effect tended to be conservative or innovative, and the directness of the evidence they provided. Overall, the environment was found to provide more innovative influences than conservative ones. Innovative influences were mostly connected with the triggering of search activity, while conservative influences were mostly linked with restricting the search space of potential solutions. Also, search candidates were often evaluated in terms of their associations rather than their intrinsic merits, and ultimately this makes human judgment an essential component of search and evaluation activity. Finally, the environment provides many ‘seeds’ for effects like design fixation and functional fixedness but also provides strong incentives to positively avoid these effects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001630050012
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    A Mathematical Framework for the Key Characteristic Process (1999)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 11 (1999), S. 145-157 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Key words:Key characteristics, Process verification, Quality monitoring – Variation modeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract: To maximize product quality, a product design team selects concepts and dimensions to minimize a product’s sensitivity to variation. However, even for the most robust products, it is rarely possible to transition a product into production without encountering any variation-related problems. In a complex product, it is not economically or logistically feasible to control and/or monitor the thousands of tolerances specified in a product’s drawing set. To address this problem, many organizations are using Key Characteristic (KCs) methods to identify where excess variation will most significantly affect product quality, and what product features and tolerances require special attention from manufacturing. As simple as this principle seems, most companies struggle to effectively implement KC methods because no quantitative methods to prioritize KCs exist. This paper develops a mathematical definition of a KC based on a variation propagation model. In addition, it develops a quantitative effectiveness measure used to prioritize where verification, variation reduction, and on-going monitoring should be applied. The effectiveness measure incorporates the cost of control, the benefit of control, and the expected change in process capability. The methods are illustrated using an automotive door assembly.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001630050011
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    Automatic Meshing and Remeshing in the Simultaneous Engineering Context (1999)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 11 (1999), S. 55-66 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Key words:Advancing front techniques – CAD/CAM – Mesh generation – Nodal density – Remeshing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract: This paper presents a method to integrate in a better way the finite element method in the CAD/CAM process for two-dimensional problems, through efficient and automatic meshing and remeshing procedures. During the design step, the lack of integration between geometric modeling and numerical analysis remains a crucial problem and it still tends to restrain the use of finite element methods to a small number of engineers. Here we tackle the problem of the automatic remeshing of an object in the context of minor changes in its geometry and topology without restarting the mesh generation from the beginning. We have developed a mesh generator that is able to adapt a previous mesh, through two complementary strategies (for 2D cases) to a new geometry without destroying the whole initial discretization. We also present the possible extension of these concepts to three-dimensional problems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001630050005
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    Designing Assemblies (1999)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 11 (1999), S. 229-253 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Key words:Assembly – Assembly sequence analysis – Feature-based design of assemblies – Kinematic assembly – Kinematic constraint – Screw theory – Tolerance analysis of assemblies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. This paper presents a theory to support the design of assemblies. It brings together prior work in a new synthesis, resulting in a top-down process for designing assemblies so that they deliver geometric Key Characteristics (KCs) that achieve top level customer requirements. The theory applies to assemblies that take the form of mechanisms (e.g. engines) or structures (e.g. aircraft fuselages), but has less relevance to assemblies that take the form of connective or distributive systems (e.g. hydraulic piping). The theory shows how kinematically constrained (statically determinate) assemblies can be unambiguously designed to satisfy geometrically-defined customer requirements. The top-down process presented here begins by creating a kinematic constraint structure and a systematic scheme by which parts are located in space relative to each other, followed by declaration of assembly features that join parts in such a way as to create the desired constraint relationships. This process captures design intent by creating a connective data model that contains information to support relevant analyses such as variation buildup, constraint analysis, and establishment of constraint-consistent assembly sequences. Adjustable assemblies, assemblies built using fixtures, and selective assemblies can also be described by this theory. Problems arising from multiple KCs and KC conflict can be identified. Issues unresolved by the theory are also noted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001630050017
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  • 90
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    A Taxonomy for Design Requirements from Corporate Customers (1999)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 11 (1999), S. 103-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Key words:Design – QFD – Requirements – Taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract: We have developed a taxonomy that classifies those needs of a corporation that impact product design. We call these needs corporate requirements. In contrast to the consumer or end-user requirements, corporate requirements come from internal sources such as marketing, finance, manufacturing, and service. This taxonomy allows for an organized method of gathering, managing, and retrieving the requirements. The taxonomy also helps to facilitate a broader, clearer form of Quality Function Deployment. Generic in nature, this taxonomy provides a template with which to create taxonomies for a given product within a given company or industry. We include an industrial case study to demonstrate this concept.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00003882
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  • 91
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    A standard manufacturing information model to support design for manufacturing in virtual enterprises (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 10 (1999), S. 49-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Information modelling ; information management ; supply chain ; design-for-manufacturing ; agile manufacturing ; STEP ; EXPRESS ; virtual enterprises
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Manufacturing enterprises are being forced into greater collaboration with customers and suppliers in order to produce quality products in smaller batches, shorter lead times and with greater variety. Consequently, the design-for-manufacturing task must be conducted in these virtual and distributed enterprises across traditional organizational boundaries. This paper proposes the use of standard information models to support the product realization process. While extensive work has been performed in developing product data models little effort has been performed in developing a manufacturing model. The design-for-manufacturing stages are identified with their requisite information requirements. Different approaches used to model various aspects of manufacturing processes are reviewed and found inadequate for supporting the entire design-for-manufacturing task. The development of a standard manufacturing systems information model written in EXPRESS and based upon the modelling me thodology adhered to by standard for the exchange of product (STEP) is proposed to fill the void. Initial developments in this area are discussed, the model is illustrated with an example, and the potential benefits to manufacturing are reviewed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008916530350
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  • 92
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    Intelligent modelling and optimization of the gas tungsten arc welding process (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 10 (1999), S. 73-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Counter-propagation ; modelling ; simulated annealing ; optimization ; gas tungsten arc welding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes an application of neural networks and simulated annealing (SA) algorithm to model and optimize the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process. The relationships between welding process parameters and weld pool features are established based on neural networks. In this study, the counter-propagation network (CPN) is selected to model the GTAW process due to the CPN equipped with good learning ability. An SA optimization algorithm is then applied to the CPN for searching for the welding process parameters with optimal weld pool features. Experimental results have shown that GTAW performance can be enhanced by using this approach.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008920631259
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  • 93
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    Information structuring for use and reuse of mechanical analysis models in engineering design (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 10 (1999), S. 61-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Mechanical analysis ; mechanical models ; information structuring ; reuse ; engineering design
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Nowadays, in an industrial context, cost and delay reduction, as well as quality improvement are of major interest in engineering design. Therefore, in order to make a decision as early as possible and according to the product specifications, mechanical analysis is used more and more, and earlier and earlier in the engineering process. Then, a multitude of mechanical models are elaborated during engineering design, and management difficulties appear with engineering changes or evolution of specifications. Moreover, when the designer is faced with design or modelling options, previous analysis could answer the choice of options for decision making. Then, the reuse of a previous analysis must be envisaged. The paper presented deals with the aim and the different use of mechanical analysis in embodiment design. Afterwards, different levels of models handled by the designer during the engineering process are proposed. A particular type of analysis, namely ’instructional' is identif ied in a further step and its interest in a reuse context is emphasized. Finally, information structuring is proposed in order to allow mechanical analysis reuse during engineering design.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008968514421
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  • 94
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    Multi-agent approach and stochastic optimization: random events in manufacturing systems (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 10 (1999), S. 81-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Manufacturing systems ; multi-agents technology ; planning ; random events ; breakdowns ; stochastic algorithms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract We propose a method to solve industrial problems and to take into account random events. It is called the triple coupling. It is based on stochastic algorithms, a simulation model and the multi-agents model of artificial intelligence. The method we propose is easy to use and allows us to take into account most of the constraints found in manufacturing systems. Experts look for solutions to increasing the capacity of production. But the production can be disturbed by random events experienced by the system. Industrial experts need schedules which prevent the consequences of random events. Minimizing such consequences is very important to increasing system delivery. Capital investment is often very high in factories and the cost of the investment goes on regardless of whether the resources are running or not. The multi-agent approach is used to determine schedules for which the consequences of random events are low, and a stochastic algorithm is proposed which permits us to optimize a random variable. We prove that this algorithm finds, with probability one, the schedule of the production for which the consequences of random events are the lowest. We propose to measure the consequences of random events using an influence ratio. Our approach has been used to study the consequences of random events in Peugeot sand foundries of Sept-Fons (France). A benchmark test is presented to prove the efficiency of our solution. For the Peugeot sand foundry of Sept-Fond, random events increase the production time by about 20% compared with the production time without any random events occurring. We have determined schedules of production for which the consequences of random events are about 0.5%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008972615329
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  • 95
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    Guest Editorial (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 10 (1999), S. 1-2 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008968924127
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  • 96
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    Guest Editorial (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 10 (1999), S. 119-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008976818152
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  • 97
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    A genetic algorithm approach to piping route path planning (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 10 (1999), S. 103-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Pipe route planning ; genetic algorithm ; optimization ; conceptual design ; computer-aided design
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A genetic algorithm (GA) approach to support interactive planning of a piping route path in plant layout design is presented. To present this approach, the paper mainly describes the basic ideas used in the methodology, which include the definition of genes to deal with pipe routes, the concept of spatial potential energy, the method of generating initial individuals for GA optimization, the zone concept in route generation using GAs, the evaluation of crossover methods, and definition and application of fitness functions. The prototype system that has been developed based on the methodology gives designers an environment to design a piping route path in an interactive and collaborative manner with a very simple operation. The GA optimization technique generates a route path through evolution of genes that represent the pipe route. A designer evaluates the route path, modifies it, conducts another GA optimization and/or repeats the procedure until the appropriate route is desig ned. The paper also presents some simulation results using the prototype system to show the validity of this approach.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008924832167
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  • 98
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    Design of parts for cellular manufacturing using neural network-based approach (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 10 (1999), S. 251-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Feature-based design for manufacture ; feature recognition ; feature families formation ; cell grouping ; neural networks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A neural network approach is applied to the problem of integrating design and manufacturing engineering. The self organising map (SOM) neural network recognizes products and parts which are modeled as boundary representation (B-rep) solids using a modified face complexity code scheme adopted, and forms the necessary feature families. Based on the part features, machines, tools and fixtures are selected. These information are then fed into a four layer feed-forward neural network that provides a designer with the desired features that meet the current manufacturing constraints for design of a new product or part. The proposed methodology does not involve training of the neural networks used and is seen to be a significant potential for application in concurrent engineering where design and manufacturing are integrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008947824050
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  • 99
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    Web-based morphological charts for concept design in collaborative product development (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 10 (1999), S. 267-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Morphological chart analysis ; World Wide Web ; Internet ; Intranet ; collaborative product development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Morphological Chart Analysis is one of the formal design tools enabling collaborative product development. It is widely accepted in the textbooks and by practitioners as an effective technique for conceptual design of products, processes, and systems. This paper proposes to exploit the Web technology to implement the morphological chart analysis method on the Internet/Intranet. A prototype system, consisting of a concept browser/editor, a functional analyzer, a concept generator, a concept assessor, and all linked to a central concept database, is demonstrated. Parties concerned in product development are able to contribute in different locations to the same project. In addition to project team members, even experienced customers and potential suppliers are able to contribute their ideas to the concept base using the concept browser/editor. The incorporation of various decision-making activities of concept design into one integrated Web-based system allows the designer to choose the most appropriate idea from potential alternatives in an objective and systematic way.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008999908120
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  • 100
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    An intelligent search method for project scheduling problems (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 10 (1999), S. 279-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Project scheduling ; heuristic learning ; heuristic search ; optimal solution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract We develop an approach for implementing a real time admissible heuristic search algorithm for solving project scheduling problems with resource constraints. This algorithm is characterized by the complete heuristic learning process: state selection, heuristic learning, and search path review. The implementation approach is based on the network structure and the activity status of a project; which consists of definition of states, state transition operator, heuristic estimation, and state transition cost. The performance analysis with a benchmark problem shows that, the accumulation of heuristic learning during the search process leads to the re-scheduling of more promising activities, and finds an optimal schedule efficiently.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008952024958
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