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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 85 (1997), S. 231-236 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Glossina fuscipes fuscipes ; vegetation ; biconical trap ; temperature ; light ; relative humidity ; monitor lizard
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Glossina fuscipes fuscipes Newstead was sampled in isolated thickets and forest patches near Lake Victoria, Kenya using unbaited biconical traps, between March 1992 and June 1993. Traps set at 1 m from the forest edge caught 3.3 times as many males and 5 times as many females as those set inside or 10 m away. The corresponding figures at 1 m from the edge of thicket were about 1.43 and 1.64 times, respectively. Hourly catches of males and females were positively correlated with temperature, light intensity and host (monitor lizard) prevalence, and negatively correlated with relative humidity. Light intensity and temperature were the most important variables affecting the catches of each sex. The results are discussed in relation to control and monitoring of G. f. fuscipes using traps.
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  • 2
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 83 (1997), S. 171-180 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: within-plant heterogeneity ; tent caterpillars ; temperature ; circular statistics ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The caterpillars of Yponomeuta mahalebella Latr. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) are monophagous on Prunus mahaleb (Rosaceae) leaves. Adult females deposit eggs in batches, which determines larval gregarious behaviour. Coupled with gregarious behaviour, caterpillars spin silk tents within they will feed until pupation. Distribution of tents in the field, their effect in microenvironmental larval growth conditions and the consequences for adult body mass and survival of larvae were studied. There was a significant trend for tents to be placed with a southward orientation. Within-plant tent orientation was related to the sun-shade pattern experienced, which was the main effect determining thermal differences between the inside and the outside of the tent. These differences appeared to affect larval growth and survival, with higher survival of larvae and heavier adults emerging from tents oriented to the south-east and east, respectively.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: point of fire origin ; fire ; temperature ; plaster ; concrete ; thermal ; damage ; biotite ; magnetization ; susceptibility ; N-rays ; P-rays ; X-rays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Magnetic susceptibility (MS) measurements were taken to determine fire exposure patterns on noncombustible structural members and compartment boundaries. These measurements led on-site fire investigators to the cause of combustion and the point of fire origin. Thermal damage to walls and to ceilings was estimated quantitatively by measuring MS and two-valent Fe ion concentration in building materials such as concrete and plaster. It was shown that these effects are preconditioned by thermochemical transformations in the mineral biotite, which is present as a component of common building materials. For the first time, the effect of a substantial and irreversible increase in biotite magnetization exposed to powerful flows of N- and P-rays was found. It is hoped that the presence of this “magnetic trace” of radiation in building materials will allow investigators to use the magnetometric method at nuclear power plant catastrophes such as that in Chernobyl. It was also shown that the influence of N- and P-rays on biotite's magnetic properties greatly differs from the thermal influence on biotite.
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  • 4
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 82 (1997), S. 159-166 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Diaeretiella rapae ; reproduction ; life-tables ; temperature ; Diuraphis noxia ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh), a polyphagous and cosmopolitan parasite of aphids, was imported from China to the USA for biological control of Diuraphis noxia (Mordwilko), a pest of small grains. We studied several aspects of its biology on D. noxia hosts in the laboratory at 3 constant temperatures, 10.0, 21.1, and 26.7 °C. Females lived significantly longer than males at all 3 temperatures, and longevity was greatest at 10 °C, followed by 21.1 and 26.7 °C. Fecundity (= number of mummies) did not differ significantly among the 3 temperatures studied. The ovarian egg-load was 129.1 ± 9.3, and was significantly affected by the size of adult females. A pre-oviposition period ± 0.26 days) was detected at 10 °C, but not at the other temperatures. Pre-imaginal survivorship was similar among temperatures, while R o and T c decreased with temperature, and r m increased with temperature. The offspring sex ratio (proportion females) was lowest at 26.7 °C, and similar between 10.0 and 21.1 °C. In addition, the offspring sex ratio significantly declined with the age of the female parent. The suitability of D. rapae for colonization against D. noxia in North America is discussed in relation to its responses to temperature and the climate of its home range.
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  • 5
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 82 (1997), S. 319-333 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: chlorogenic acid ; light availability ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Manduca sexta ; protein ; rutin ; temperature ; tomatine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We examined how light availability influenced the defensive chemistry of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum: Solanaceae). Tomato plants were grown either in full sunlight or under shade cloth rated at 73%. Leaves from plants grown in full sunlight were tougher, had higher concentrations of allelochemicals (chlorogenic acid, rutin and tomatine), and had less protein than leaves from plants grown in shade. We determined how these differences in host plant quality due to light availability affected the behavior and growth of a Solanaceae specialist, Manduca sexta. Both in the greenhouse and in the field, caterpillars on shade-grown plants grew heavier in a shorter amount of time than those on plants that had previously been grown in full sunlight. In contrast, the effects of previous light availability to plants on caterpillar behavior appeared to be minor. To further investigate how light availability to plants influenced herbivore growth, we examined the effects of leaf-powder diets made from tomato leaves of different ages (new, intermediate, or mature) grown in full sunlight or shade on caterpillar performance. Caterpillars fed diets made from plants grown in shade consumed less but grew faster than larvae fed diets made from tomato plants grown in full sunlight. Caterpillars fed diets made from new leaves grew larger in less time than caterpillars fed diets made from intermediate aged leaves. Caterpillars did not survive on the mature leaf powder diets. There were plant-light treatment by larval thermal regime interactions. For example, at 26:15 °C , plant-light treatment had no effect on stadium duration, but at 21:10 °C, stadium duration was prolonged with the full sunlight-new leaf diet compared with the shaded-new leaf diet. In a second diet experiment, we examined the interactive effects of protein and some tomato allelochemicals (rutin, chlorogenic acid and tomatine) on the performance of caterpillars. There were food quality by thermal regime interactions. For instance, at 26:15 °C , neither protein nor allelochemical concentration influenced stadium duration, whereas at 21:10 °C, stadium duration was prolonged with the low protein-high allelochemical diet, which simulated full sunlight leaves. In sum, light availability to plants affected defensive chemistry and protein concentration. The difference in food quality was great enough to influence the growth of a specialist insect herbivore, but the effects were temperature-dependent.
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  • 6
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 84 (1997), S. 255-265 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Delia radicum ; postdiapause development ; temperature ; Diptera ; Anthomyiidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Canadian populations of D. radicum differ in their response to temperature during postdiapause development. Populations that are primarily of the early-emerging type ( $$\left( { \leqslant 256DD_{04} } \right)$$ ) (St-Jean, Quebec; London, Ontario) have high values for the parameters describing this response: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOuamaaBa% aaleaacaWGTbaabeaakiabg2da9aaa!38F2!$$R_m = $$ 12.7–13.3; $$T_m = $$ 28.0–31.8 °C ; Tσ = 10.3–14.2 ( $$R_m $$ , the maximum developmental rate at the temperature, $$T_m $$ [ °C ] where the developmental rate is highest, and Tσ , the parameter which gives the shape of the truncated normal curve fitted to the data), a low degree-day requirement for emergence (160–232 $$DD_{04} $$ ), and may lack a developmental delay at temperatures above ca. 21 °C . Populations of the late-emerging type (Kildare, Prince Edward Island) have low parameter values ( $$ R_m = 2.5$$ , $$T_m = 19.3$$ °C ; Tσ = 6.4), high degree-day requirements (530 $$DD_{04} $$ ), and a developmental delay at high temperatures. The parameters for the early-emergers in the population from Winnipeg, Manitoba (74% early) were intermediate ( $$R_m = 9.1$$ , $$T_m = 27.1$$ °C , Tσ = 10.7, $$ DD_{04} = 246 $$ ), but resembled the early rather than the late type. This population varied from 31 to 90% early type over a 10-year period and the rate of postdiapause development at 20 °C was directly related to the percentage early. In the year with the most rapid development (90% early), development was significantly slower than in the populations from other locations with predominantly early populations, and the year with the slowest development (31% early) showed significantly faster development than that from Kildare, Prince Edward Island (100% late). Therefore the parameters for early and late types of development will not be accurate for use in mixed populations, and the parameters in mixed populations will change among years. Populations of D. radicum in North America and Europe (67 locations by years) varied from 0–100% early. At Winnipeg, the percentage early was directly related to the annual temperature accumulation ( $$DD_{05} $$ ) during the growing season. The calculation of developmental parameters for the early-emergers of mixed populations provides a more accurate basis for estimating the times of first emergence and the first peak of emergence than parameters based on the whole population. Since postdiapause developmental rates vary both among and annually within locations, developmental models should be designed to include such variations.
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  • 7
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 27 (1997), S. 1275-1282 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: Carbon monoxide ; Pt-Ru/C catalyst ; Tafel slopes ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract CO electrooxidation on a Pt–Ru/C catalyst was investigated in sulphuric acid electrolyte. The physico-chemical properties of the Pt–Ru/C catalyst were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The influence of temperature, CO partial pressure and proton concentration on the electrochemical oxidation rate was investigated by steady-state galvanostatic polarization measurements. The apparent activation energy decreased from 70 to 30kJmol−1 as the overpotential increased from 0.5 to 0.9V vs NHE. The reaction order with respect to carbon monoxide increased, passing from 0.4 to 1, with the increase of the overpotential from 0.5 to 0.7V vs NHE; a reaction order close to −1 with respect to the protonic concentration was observed, irrespective of the potential. Tafel slopes of about 136mVdec−1 were determined for oxidation of CO and CO/N2 mixtures.
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  • 8
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 27 (1997), S. 1328-1332 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: metal hydride ; capacity ; temperature ; performance ; enthalpy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of temperature on the performance of a LaNi4.76Sn0.24 metal hydride electrode was investigated in the temperature range of 0 to 50°C. The electrode showed a maximum discharge capacity at 25°C. The total resistance increases with a decrease of temperature from 50°C to 0°C. The apparent activation enthalpies at different states of charge were determined by evaluating the polarization resistance at different temperatures. It was found that the apparent activation enthalpy is an indicator of the relative reaction rate of the charge-transfer reaction and hydrogen absorption.
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  • 9
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    Journal of solution chemistry 17 (1988), S. 581-599 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Copper ; oxidation ; NaCl solutions ; ionic strength ; speciation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The rates of oxidation of Cu(I) in air saturated solutions was measured as a function of pH, temperature (5–45°C), and ionic strength (0.5 to 6m) in NaCl and NaCl−NaClO4 solutions. In pure NaCl solutions, the effect of pH is independent of ionic strength and temperature. The overall rate constant is given by logk=12.32+0.12(pH)−2064/T−3.69I1/2+ 0.73I The energy of activitation was 39±2 kJ-mol−1 and is independent of ionic strength. At a constant ionic strength (I=1, 3 and 6m) in NaCl−NaClO4 mixtures the Cl− dependence of the rates is attributed to the oxidation of the various forms of Cu(I) in the solution. The rate constants for the oxidation of the various species are found to be functions of ionic strength. At a constant ionic strength (I=1) in NaCl−NaClO4 solutions, the effect of temperature is independent of the chloride concentration. The effect of Mg2+ and HCO 3 − on the oxidation rate was determined as a function of chloride concentration (1 to 6m) at 25°C and pH=8. The addition of Mg2+ causes the rate to decrease and the addition of HCO 3 − causes the rate to increase. The possible causes of these effects are discussed. Empirical equations for the rate of oxidation of Cu(I) in Na-Mg-Cl-HCO3 solutions as a function of composition are used to make reliable estimates of the oxidation in seawater and Red Sea waters.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Keywords: porous carbons ; activation ; oxidation ; surface oxygen groups ; LTPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract A styrene/divinylbenzene copolymer has been used as precursor for making porous carbons with bimodal pore size distributions (i.e., with both microporosity and mesoporosity). Pretreatment of the as-received copolymer by mild oxidation in air, significantly increased the carbon yield after carbonization. Reactivity studies of the polymer-based chars to CO2 clearly show the influences of some important factors such as carbonization temperature, heating rate, soak time on char reactivities. Bimodal porous carbons were prepared by carbonization of the preoxidized styrene/divinylbenzene copolymer in N2, followed by activation in CO2 at different temperatures to different levels of burnoff. The pore structures of the porous carbons produced have been characterized by various techniques such as gas adsorption and mercury porosimetry. The surfaces of the porous carbons produced, and a commercial carbon adsorbent, have been modified with HNO3 and H2O2 treatment at various conditions. Characterization of the surface oxygen functionality, both quantitatively and qualitatively, has been achieved using techniques such as Linear Temperature Programed Desorption (LTPD) and selective neutralization of bases.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1572-8765
    Keywords: carbonado ; diamond ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of carbonado type synthesized polycrystalline diamonds produced from graphite together with catalytic Ni-Mo alloy doped with TiB2 and BNcub was investigated. It was found that the addition of these boron compounds increases the oxidation resistance of the carbonado type synthesized polycrystalline diamonds. The oxidation mechanism acting on the carbonado type synthesized polycrystalline diamonds and the role of boron compounds in increasing the resistance to the oxygen reaction are discussed.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: fluorination ; alumina ; platinum catalysts ; oxidation ; oxidation of benzene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Platinum supported on fluorinated alumina is more active for the total oxidation of benzene than is the catalyst with the same Pt loading supported on hydrophilic unfluorinated alumina. The Pt-F/alumina catalyst contains well-dispersed small Pt particles, in contrast to Pt/alumina. The high dispersion is a consequence of a strong metal-support interaction.
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  • 13
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 48 (1988), S. 73-84 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Liriomyza trifolii ; Agromyzidae ; Diptera ; temperature ; thresholds ; life history ; feeding ; intrinsic rate of increase ; tomato ; host-plant suitability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La vitesse de développement, la mortalité, l'alimentation, la fécondité et la longévité de L. trifolii (Burgess) élevés sur plants de tomates du cultivar ‘Moneydor’ ont été examinées au laboratoire sous 3 températures constantes (15°C, 20°C et 25°C) et une thermopériode (16/22°C, moyenne 19,5°C). Les taux de développement et les seuils de chaque stade ont été déterminés à partir des droites de régressions. Aucune corrélation n'a été mise en évidence entre ces variables biologiques et la taille des pupes. De plus, certaines données sur la biologie de L. trifolii sont fournies et discutées. Le taux intrinsèque d'accroissement, rm a varié de-0,0023 oeuf viable/femelle/jour à 15°C à 0,1254 oeuf viable/femelle/jour à 25°C et la reproduction nette de 1 oeuf femelle viable/femelle à 15°C à 26 oeufs femelles viables/femelle à 25°C. La durée d'une génération a varié de 48 jours à 15°C à 24 j à 25°C. 90% de la ponte a eu lieu dans les 115 premiers degrés jours de la vie imaginale à 20 et 25°C. La fécondité et la longévité étaient fortement liées au nombre de piqûres nutritionnelles. Ces résultats montrent que la tomate est un hôte convenable permettant aux populations de L. trifolii de se développer lorsque la température est supérieure à 16°C.
    Notes: Abstract The effects of three constant (15°C, 20°C and 25°C) and one alternating (16–22°C, mean 19.5°C) temperatures on development, mortality, feeding, fecundity and longevity of Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) on tomato plants cv. ‘Moneydor’ were examined in the laboratory. Development rates and thresholds for each instar were estimated by means of linear regression. No correlation was found between life history variables and pupal length. Further, data on the biology of L. trifolii are given and discussed. The intrinsic rate of increase, rm, varied from-0.0023 viable female eggs/⧫/day at 15°C to 0.1254 eggs/⧫/day at 25°C and net reproduction from one viable female egg/⧫ at 15°C to 26 eggs/⧫ at 20°C. Generation time varied from 48 days at 15°C to 24 days at 25°C. Ninety % oviposition occurred within the first 115 degree-days of adult life at both 20°C and 25°C. Fecundity and longevity were highly correlated with the number of feeding punctures. The data indicate that tomato is a suitable host plant allowing populations of L. trifolii to increase if temperatures are above 16°C.
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  • 14
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 44 (1988), S. 203-208 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Lactate dehydrogenase ; glycolytic enzyme ; subcellular localization ; membrane binding ; mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rabbit liver mitochondrial fraction shows lactate dehydrogenase activity. The enzyme can be released from particles by increasing the pH and the ionic strength of the medium. There is a narrow range of pH (6.8–7.4) and ionic strength (20–50 mM NaCl) in which the solubilization sharply increases. It has been shown that divalent anions (SO 4 2− ) and cations (Mg2+, Ca2+) are highly effective specific solubilizing agents. NADH (1.5 mM) and ATP (1.0 mM) were effective in solubilizing 50% of the enzyme bound, whereas the same concentrations of the analogs NAD+ and ADP had little effect. Cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase bound to the mitochondrial fraction and a saturation of particles by enzyme was observed in all experiments performed. The in vitro binding requires a short period of incubation between the enzyme and particles and the binding is independent of the temperature in the 0–37°C range. Binding was prevented by 0.15 M NaCl. The bound enzyme is approximately 20% less active than the soluble one. The results described give support to the proposal that rabbit liver lactate dehydrogenase has an ambiquitous behavior, like other glycolytic enzymes, which have not a fixed intracellular localization.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: composantes phéromonales ; diffusion ; température ; vent ; Z9-12:Ac ; 12:Ac ; Z9-14:Ac ; pheromonal components ; diffusion ; temperature ; wind ; Z9-12:Ac ; 12:Ac ; Z9-14:Ac
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary To determine the effect of various factors influencing the emission rate of pheromones from slow release dispensers, laboratory tests were undertaken with two types of rubber (Michelin) and one type of plastic trilaminate (Hercon®) dispenser. The effects of chain length, and the presence of double bonds were tested with three pheromonal compounds, Z9-12: Ac, 12: Ac and Z9-14: Ac impregnated on both types of rubber dispenser. The influences of temperature, wind velocity, humidity and percent loading were also tested. Data obtained indicated that chain length has a greater effect than the presence of a double bond. Amongst the climatic factors tested, wind speed has a greater effect than temperature while humidity has a minimal effect.
    Notes: Abstract Deux types de diffuseurs en caoutchouc (Michelin) et en plastique polystratifié (Hercon®) sont testés en laboratoire pour étudier quelques aspects des phénomènes de diffusion. Trois composantes phéromonales, le Z9-12: Ac, le 12: Ac et le Z9-14: Ac imprégnées dans ces différents supports servent à détermineer le rôle joué par la longueur de la chaîne de la molécule et la présence de doubles liaisons sur la vitesse de diffusion. L'influence de la température, de la vitesse du vent et de l'humidité est déterminée en cellules climatisées. Parmi les facteurs relatifs à la structure chimique, l'influence de la longueur de la chaîne est prédominante par rapport à la présence d'une double liaison. Parmi les facteurs climatiques, le vent agit plus que la température sur la diffusion, alors que l'humidité paraît secondaire.
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  • 16
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 44 (1987), S. 257-262 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Heteroptera ; Pyrrhocoris apterus ; adult size ; egg weight ; starvation ; temperature ; pollution ; crowding ; duration of development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Körpergrösse bei den Imagines eines Wildstammes der Feuerwanze Pyrrhocoris apterus wurde teilweise durch die Veränderlichkeit der Eigrösse determiniert, teilweise auch durch Hungern der Larven, niedrige Temperatur und metabolischen Produkten beeinflusst. Der Effekt letzterer Faktoren stieg mit deren Dauer und war je grösser desto näher sich die Wirkungsperiode zur Imaginalhäutung befand. Unterschiedliche Photoperioden wirkten auf die Körperlänge nicht. Wurden die Larven zwischen der ungünstigen Periode und der Imaginalhäutung noch den optimalen Bedingungen ausgesetzt, kompensierten sich die negativen Einflüsse weitgehend. Zu einer drastischen Verkleinerung der Imagines kam es nur, wenn das letzte Larven-stadium mit Hunger beeinflusst wurde und bis zur Imaginalhäutung keinen Zutritt zum Futter hatte. Minimales Gewicht, wo die Metamorphose der Larven noch möglich war, wurde zu 18 mg festgestellt.
    Notes: Abstract The determination of body size (length or weight) of teneral adults of Pyrrhocoris apterus L. was investigated. About 50% of size variation was determined already in the egg stage (average egg weight adult length correlations were 0.67 in males and 0.71 in females). During the larval development, starvation, low temperature, and pollution by excreta combined with crowding reduced adult size and usually increased the development length. The effects were directly proportionate to the length of the stress period, and increased with larval age. Photoperiod or intrinsic variation of development time did not affect adult size. The effects of stress were largely compensated when it was followed by a period of compensation growth at optimum conditions. A dramatic reduction of size appeared when last inster larvae starved and moulted to adults without access to food. Average adult weight was then reduced by up to 48%. Threshold weight for adult moulting was 18 mg, being attained after 1–2 day feeding of the last instar.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Dacus tryoni ; fruit fly ; frosts ; cold ; survival ; winter ; step ; ramp ; cooling ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'aptitude à survivre à une ou plusieurs expositions à des températures inférieures à zéro dépend à la fois de leur sévérité et du laps de temps entre les expositions. L'effet d'une température minimale déterminée dépend de sa valeur, de sa durée et du type de refroidissement: brutal (step) ou progressif (ramp). Les effets de toute température minimale peuvent être exprimés en termes de LE50 (temps nécessaire pour obtenir une mortalité de 50% avec une exposition unique). Lorsque le temps d'application de la température minimale correspond à 35% du LE50, il n'y a pas de mortalité, de même dans le cas de répétitions quotidiennes. Lorsque le minimum est subi pendant 44% du LE50, il provoque environ 14% de mortalité après la première exposition, avec 3% supplémentaire après chaque exposition quotidienne, mais l'augmentation est nulle si l'exposition au froid n'a lieu que tous les 3 jours. Lorsque le minimum est subi pendant 88% de LE50, la mortalité après la première exposition est d'environ 40% et de même importance à chaque nouvelle exposition, même si elles sont espacées de 7 j. Lorsque la durée d'exposition au minimum correspond à 125% et à 150% de LE50, les mortalités sont respectivement d'environ 80% et 100% à la première exposition. La température maximale quotidienne, entre 15 et 25°C, semble avoir peu d'influence sur la mortalité provoquée par des expositions répétées à-5°C. Les mouches d'âges différents résistent de la même façon jusqu'à 6 expositions répétées à-6°C, mais au-delà les mouches âgées sont plus sensibles que les jeunes. Dans la mesure où, dans la nature, la durée d'exposition à la température minimale est connue et où la température dans le sol peut être calculée ou mesurée, ces résultats peuvent permettre d'interpréter la mortalité provoquée par le gel.
    Notes: Abstract Ability to survive exposure to single or repeated periods at a subzero temperature is related to the temperature experienced, whether it is approached quickly or slowly, the time for which it prevails and the interval between exposures. The severity of any low temperature can be expressed in terms of LE50 (time required to kill 50% of individuals with one exposure). Minima enduring for 35% LE50 do not cause any mortality, even when repeated daily. Minima enduring for 44% LE50 cause ca 14% mortality on the first occurrence but no more if repeated at 3 day intervals, but 3% more per occasion if repeated daily. Minima enduring for 88% LE50 cause ca 40% mortality on first occurrence and an equal amount at each recurrence even if each is 7 days apart. Minima enduring for 125% LE50 and over 150% LE50 cause respectively ca 80% and 100% mortality respectively on first occurrence. The daily maximum temperature (in the range 15°C to 25°C) appears to have little relevance to the mortality caused by a repeated minimum of -5°C. Flies of different ages have a similar ability to survive a repeated minimum of -6°C for up to six exposures, but thereafter old flies are more susceptible than young ones. These results can be related to mortality caused by frosty conditions in the field so long as the time spent at the minimum is known and the temperature on the ground can be measured or calculated.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Encyrtidae ; parasitoids ; Pseudococcidae ; mealybugs ; Anagyrus pseudococci ; Leptomastix dactylopii ; Leptomastidea abnormis ; temperature ; predicting development ; thresholds ; temperate glasshouses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les vitesses de développement de 3 parasitoïdes de cochenilles ont été étudiées dans les conditions de température de serre, avec thermopériode ou en température constante. En conditions constantes, la vitesse augmente jusqu'à 35°C, mais est létale à 40°C. Avec thermopériode, une thermophase de 40°C peut être tolérée pendant 12 heures. Les vitesses de développement sous thermopériodes pourraient être calculées à partir des données obtenues en conditions constantes, modifiées en fonction des durées respectives des cryophases et thermophases. Une méthode originale est présentée pour obtenir les seuils inférieurs de développement, en utilisant des thermopériodes, et pour calculer les vitesses de développement à températures élevées. Une méthode de régression polynomiale, non vérifiée préalablement, a été utilisée pour prévoir les durées moyennes des développements sous serre. Ces estimations sont beaucoup plus sûres que les prédictions basées sur le concept de degré-jour (Do), lorsque les températures extrêmes durent longtemps, mais en serre chaude elles ne présentent aucune différence significative. De plus, une méthode d'évaluation des 95% d'émergences, a donné de bonnes estimations des premières et dermières émergences en conditions périodiques.
    Notes: Abstract Developmental rates of three encyrtid mealybug parasitoids were examined under constant, cycling and glasshouse temperatures. Under constant conditions the rate of development increased with rising temperature up to 35°C, but a constant 40°C was lethal. Under cycling conditions, 12 h periods at 40°C could be tolerated. Developmental rates under cycling conditions could be calculated from constant temperature data, by incrementing development on an h/h basis. A new technique was developed to determine the lower thresholds for development, using cycling regimes and to calculate the rates of development over short periods at high temperature. A previously untested polynomial regression technique was used to predict mean developmental periods under glasshouse conditions. These predictions were considerably more accurate than day-degree (Do) predictions when substantial periods at extreme temperatures were involved, but not significantly different from day-degree predictions under ‘hot-house’ conditions. In addition a method was developed to calculate a 95% range for emergence, which gave consistently good estimates of first and last eclosion observed under fluctuating conditions.
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  • 19
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 47 (1988), S. 173-182 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Bembidion lampros ; Pterostichus cupreus ; Carabidae ; Coleoptera ; behaviour ; temperature ; searching ; consumption ; cereal aphid ; Rhopalosiphum padi ; prey ; density ; barley
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les taux maximum de consommation de R. padi L. à différentes températures ont été déterminés au laboratoire chez deux carabes, B. lampros Herbstet P. cupreus L. La consommation moyenne a augmenté avec la température chez les deux espèces, B. lampros consommant un maximum de 15,9 larves des stades 1 à 3 et 9,1 pucerons adultes aptères, à 25°C. P. cupreus a été particulièrement vorace et a consommé 125,3 adultes aptères par jour à 20°C. Le comportement des deux espèces a été observé en filmant en vidéo des carabes à jeun, maintenus à différentes températures constantes, dans des enceintes semées en orge de printemps. Des éléments du comportement, communs aux deux espèces, ont été définis: 1) immabilité, 2) marche et course, 3) recherche, 4) affrontement. P. cupreus a été plus actif à toutes les températures, B. lamprosa été inactif au-dessous de 10°C. La part de temps consacrée à la recherche, le nombre de plantes prospectées, et la vitesse ont augmenté avec la température chez les deux espèces. Dans des enceintes similaires colonisées par R. padi, P. cupreus a significativement augmenté le temps consacré à la recherche dans les enceintes, parallèlement à l'augmentation de la densité des pucerons. Après la découverte d'une colonie de pucerons, P. cupreus escalade et prospecte la plante et ses voisines immédiates; tandis que les plantes des enceintes sans pucerons sont rarement escaladées. B. lampros n'a pas été observé escaladant des plantes d'enceintes avec ou sans pucerons, et il n'a pas accru son temps de prospection en fonction de la densité de pucerons. Les quelques B. lampros qui ont capturé des pucerons l'ont fait lorsque ceux-ci marchaient sur la surface du sol. La discussion a porté sur l'efficacité relative des deux carabes comme prédateurs de R. padi, et les résultats ont été comparés à ceux d'études du même type, menées ailleurs, avec des prédateurs de Sitobion avenae sur blé d'hiver.
    Notes: Abstract Maximum consumption rates were determined for two carabids, Bembidion lampros Herbst. and Pterostichus cupreus L., feeding on the cereal aphid Rhopalosiphum padi L. at different temperatures in the laboratory. Mean daily consumption increased with increasing temperature for both species, B. lampros consuming a maximum of 16 1–3 instar nymphs and 9 apterous adult aphids at 25°C. P. cupreus was particularly voracious and consumed 125 apterous adult R. padi per day at 20°C. The behaviour of both species was analysed by video filming starved beetles, maintained at different constant temperatures, in arenas sown with spring barley. The behavioural components (1) still; (2) run/walk; (3) search and (4) confrontation were identified and were common to both species. P. cupreus was more active over the temperature range tested; B. lampros was inactive under 10°C. The proportion of time spent searching, number of plants searched, and velocity increased with increasing temperature for both species. When observed in similar arenas seeded with R. padi colonies, individuals of P. cupreus significantly increased their time spent searching in arenas with increasing aphid density. Following discovery of an aphid colony, individuals climbed and searched the host plant and its nearest neighbours. Plants in aphid free arenas were rarely climbed. B. lampros was not observed climbing in either aphid free arenas or in arenas with increasing aphid densities, and did not significantly increase its time spent searching in response to increased prey density. The few B. lampros that found aphids caught them walking on the soil surface. The relative efficiences of these two carabids as predators of R. padi are discussed, and the results are compared with similar studies elsewhere with predators of Sitobion avenae on winter wheat.
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 95-100 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Ilione albiseta ; Pherbellia cinerella ; Diptera ; Sciomyzidae ; larva ; pupa ; temperature ; Lymnaea truncatula ; snails ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'action de la température a été examinée à 14, 17, 20, 23 et 26°C. Les 2 espèces sont prédatrices de L. truncatula, vecteur de la douve du foie en Irlande, où elle provoque à l'àgriculture une perte évaluée à 10 millions de livres par an. Les données recuellies en conditions contrôlées du laboratoire doivent permettre de définir les conditions optimales pour l'élevage continu de ces espèces. Ceci est indispensable pour évaluer, dans la nature leurs potentialités pour la lutte biologique. Ilione albiseta: C'est à 23°C que le développement des larves de premier et second stades sont les plus brefs; la survie du premier stade est totale à toutes les températures constantes examinées. La durée moyenne du 3ème stade décroît de 104 jours à 17°C jusqu'à 27,5 jours à 26°C. Le taux de survie total est plus élevé à 17°C qu'à 26°C. La durée moyenne de la nymphose diminue quand la température croît, et ceci se produit aussi à la température ambiante extérieure. On réduit de moitié la durée du développement de l'éclosion de l'oeuf à l'apparition de l'adulte, entre la nature et le laboratoire, en utilisant respectivement: 23°, 17° et 26°C pour les premier et second stades, le troisième stade, la nymphé. Cela devrait aider à multiplier la souche pour la lutte biologique. Pherbellia cinerella: Avec élévation de la température la durée du développement larvaire diminue, mais aussi le nombre de larves parvenant à la pupaison (100% à 14° et 33,3% à 26°C). La nymphose tendait à être plus brève aux températures les plus élevées.
    Notes: Abstract The duration of larval and pupal stages of two species of predatory flies was investigated at five constant temperatures. Ilione albiseta (Scopoli): Mean duration of first and second instars was shortest at 23°C and there was 100% survival of first instar larvae at all temperatures. Mean third instar larval duration decreased from 104 days at 17°C to 27.5 days at 26°C. Total percentage larval survival was greatest at 17°C and least at 26°C. Mean pupal duration decreased as temperature increased and this occurred also under outdoor conditions. Pherbellia cinerella (Fallén): As temperature increased mean larval duration decreased but the percentage of larvae pupating also decreased (100% at 14°C, 33.3% at 26°C). There was a trend for shorter mean pupal durations at higher temperatures.
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  • 21
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 46 (1988), S. 47-54 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Sitophilus ; S. oryzae ; S. zeamais ; rice weevil ; maize weevil ; geographical strains ; digestion ; amylase ; diet ; barley ; corn ; maize ; rice ; wheat ; amylase inhibitors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La transformation de rang des valeur d'activité spécifique de l'α-amylase de 4 souches de S. oryzae et de 4 souches de S. zeamais montre que les niveaux les plus élevés de ces enzymes prédominantes s'observent chez les adultes nourris d'orge mondé ou de riz brun á grains longs. Des niveaux intermédiaires d'activité ont été obtenus chez les insectes élevés sur maïs jaune, et les niveaux les plus faibles chez ceux élevés sur blé. Bien que les extraits préparés à partir d'orge présentent une activité inhibitrice de deux isoamylases purifiées de S. oryzae, les niveaux des inhibiteurs naturels α-amylase de ces deux enzymes sont environ respectivement 2,2 et 6,1 fois plus concentrés dans le blé. L'ingestion de ces inhibiteurs d'amylase et la formation d'un complexe enzyme inactive/inhibiteur avec l'amylase secrétée antérieurement, peut rendre compte de la plus faible activité de l'amylase chez les charançons consommant du blé. Le niveau d'amylase de S. oryzae est 2 fois plus élevé que celui de S. zeamais pour toutes les souches élevées sur un régime donné. Des niveaux d'activité significativement différents ont été trouvés suivant les souches pour chacune des deux espèces. Puisque l'amylase est la principale hydrolase digestive de ces espèces, l'intensité de la modification des teneurs en amylase par la consommation de céréales peut indiquer leur adéquation comme hôtes potentiels.
    Notes: Abstract Rank transformation of specific activity values of α-amylase across four strains of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and four strains of S. zeamais Motschulsky indicates that levels of these predominant enzymes are highest in adults feeding on hulled barley or long-grain brown rice. Intermediate activity levels are found in weevils feeding on yellow corn (maize) and lowest levels are found in wheat-fed weevils. Although extracts prepared from barley contain inhibitory activity against two purified isoamylases from S. oryzae, levels of the naturally-occurring α-amylase inhibitors against these two enzymes are about 2.2-fold and 6.1-fold, respectively, more concentrated in wheat. Ingestion of these amylase inhibitors and formation of an inactive enzyme:inhibitor complex with previously secreted amylase may account for the lower activity of amylase in weevils of both species feeding on wheat. Amylase levels across all strains feeding on a given diet are about 2-fold higher in S. oryzae than in S. zeamais. Significant differences in activity levels were also found between strains in both species. Since α-amylase is a predominant digestive hydrolase in these species, the degree to which cereal diets affect amylase levels may indicate their suitability as potential hosts.
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  • 22
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    Archive of applied mechanics 67 (1997), S. 331-338 
    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Keywords: Key words frictional heating ; wear ; contact pressure ; temperature ; brake system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary A transient contact problem with frictional heating and wear for two nonuniform sliding half-spaces is considered. One of the two half-spaces is assumed to be slightly curved to give a Hertzian initial pressure distribution: the other is a rigid nonconductor. Under the assumption that the contact pressure distribution could be described by Hertz formulas during all the process of interaction, the problem is formulated in terms of one integral equation of Volterra type with unknown radius of contact area. A numerical solution of this equation is obtained using a piecewise-constant presentation of an unknown function. The influence of operating parameters on the contact temperature and the radius of the contact area is studied.
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  • 23
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 336-339 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Amino acids ; protein ; metabolism ; meal feeding ; oxidation ; breath test ; Aminosäuren ; Protein ; Stoffwechsel ; Fütterung ; Oxidation ; Atemtest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die aktuellen Mengen an freien Aminosäuren im Blut reichen nur aus, um die Ganzkörper-Proteinsynthese für einige Minuten aufrecht zu erhalten. Das zeigt, daß die freien Aminosäurenkonzentrationen in der Zirkulation klein und konstant gehalten werden im Vergleich zu den Mengen der Aminosäuren, die täglich aufgenommen und über die Körperproteine umgesetzt werden. Das Verschwinden der Aminosäuren exogenen oder endogenen Ursprungs aus dem freien Aminosäuren-Pool, findet hauptsächlich durch die Proteinsynthese und den Aminosäurenabbau statt. Die Partitionierung der Nahrungs-Aminosäuren zwischen diesen beiden Prozessen im Kurzzeitbereich werden als bedeutsam für die Ökonomie der Ganzkörper-Aminosäuren angesehen. Eine Verbesserung der Aminosäurenökonomie könnte durch solche nutritiven Maßnahmen erreicht werden, welche die Clearance der Nahrungsaminosäuren durch die Proteinsynthese anstelle des Aminosäurenabbaus begünstigen. Diese nutritiven Maßnahmen sollten sich an den „Schwellenwerten“ des Abbaus der individuellen Aminosäuren orientieren.
    Notes: Summary Actual amounts of free amino acids in the blood are sufficient to support whole body protein synthesis for some minutes only. This indicates that the levels of free amino acids in the circulation are kept small and constant relative to the amounts of amino acids supplied by daily intake and turnover of body proteins. The clearance of the amino acids originating from either endogenous or exogenous sources is mainly due to protein synthesis and metabolic degradation. The partitioning of dietary amino acids between these processes, on the short term, is supposed to play an important role in whole body amino acid economy. Therefore whole body amino acid economy could be improved by nutritional measures that favour the clearance of dietary amino acids by protein synthesis instead of by metabolic degradation. These nutritional measures should to be focused on threshold values for metabolic degradation of individual amino acids.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: silicon carbide ; surface ; oxidation ; FT-IR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The surface of ultrafine silicon carbide powders, prepared by a laser-driven gas-phase reaction was studied as a self-supporting disk by FT infrared spectrometry. After evacuation silicon and carbon atoms located at the surface give rise tovSiH andvCH bands. When heating in oxygen, subtraction spectra showed features which could be strictly correlated with a progressive growth of a silica layer: SiH and CH bands were replaced by new bands characteristic of amorphous silica and the typical band of surface silanol groups on silica (3745 cm−1) simultaneously increased.
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    Microchimica acta 125 (1997), S. 401-406 
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: fullerenes ; intercalation ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The investigation of structural and electronic properties of the novel family of fullerenes depends on the existence of pure reference materials. Sublimation of the van-der Waals solids is a suitable purification method. Little attention has been paid to the question about the air stability of such sublimed samples in form of crystals or thin films. A combination of thermal desorption spectroscopy, thermal analysis and diffuse reflectance FT-IR spectroscopy is used to show the extent to which oxygen from dry air is intercalated into fullerenes and which detrimental reactivity occurs from attempts to thermally remove („nneal”) air-exposed samples. The conclusion is that any fullerene sample exposed to air will be transformed in part into a polymeric non-fullerene carbon upon thermal treatment to above 400 K irrespective of its initial purity.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Anthracnose ; guava ; Colletotrichum glososporioides ; temperature ; free moisture ; inoculum density
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The influence of environmental factors (temperature and humidity), inoculum density on infection by Colletotrichum glososporioides and development of anthracnose lesions were determined on uninjured, sand-injured and punctured fruits. The optical temperature for severe infection was 30 °C, whereas the disease incidence was less at 20 and 35 °C. Inoculated guavas that received 1–60 h of continuous free moisture developed lesions, but the disease was minimal (0–7%) after 1–6 h free moisture. Infection rates of uninjured, sand-injured and punctured fruits receiving 60 h of free moisture were 34, 70 and 100%, respectively. Disease incidence increased as inoculum density increased from 101 to 106 conidia/ml. In field conditions, the development of anthracnose lesions was greater on punctured guavas than on uninjured or sand-injured ones, in both rainy and winter seasons. In general, the number of lesions was highest in sand-injured fruits, followed by punctured and uninjured fruits. In rainy season the number of lesions on injured and uninjured fruits was greater than similarly treated guavas in winter.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Antagonism ; biocontrol ; ginger ; postharvest rot ; Sclerotium rolfsii ; Trichoderma ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Sclerotium rolfsii is a destructive soil-borne and postharvest plant pathogen. Use of the antagonistic fungus Trichoderma sp. has been earlier reported by us to successfully control this pathogen under postharvest conditions. In the present paper we report on the effects of temperature on the growth and biocontrol potential of Trichoderma sp. on S. rolfsii. Experimental results indicated that S. rolfsii and Trichoderma sp. have different temperature optima for growth: 30–35 °C for the pathogen and 25–30 °C for the antagonist. In dual culture, Trichoderma overgrew S. rolfsii at 25 °C and 30 °C, but at 35 °C and 37 °C, S. rolfsii overgrew the colony of Trichoderma. Trichoderma produced higher concentration of fungitoxic metabolites in broth culture at higher temperatures. In bioassays using ginger slices and whole rhizomes, it has been demonstrated that Trichoderma is not very effective in suppressing S. rolfsii at temperatures above 30 °C. In light of these results, possible mechanisms of biocontrol of S. rolfsii as a postharvest pathogen has been discussed. Storage temperature has been suggested as a critical factor in biocontrol of S. rolfsii.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: odors ; volatiles ; microflora ; fungi ; wheat ; seasonality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The fungal odor compounds 3-methyl-l-butanol, l-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone were monitored in nine experimental bins in Winnipeg, Manitoba containing a hard red spring wheat during the autumn, winter and summer seasons of 1984–85. Quality changes were associated with seed-borne microflora and moisture content in both ventilated and non-ventilated bins containing wheat of 15.6 and 18.2% initial moisture content. All three odor compounds occurred in considerably greater amounts in bulk wheat in non-ventilated than in ventilated bins, particularly in those with wheat having 18.2% moisture content. The presence of these compounds usually coincided with infection of the seeds by the fungi Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler, Aspergillus repens DeBarry, A. versicolor (Vuill.) Tiraboschi, Penicillium crustosum Thom, P. oxalicum Currie and Thom, P. aurantiogriseum Dierckx, and P. citrinum Thom. High production of all three odor compounds in damp wheat stored in non-ventilated bins was associated with heavy fungal infection of the seeds and reduction in seed germinability. High initial moisture content of the harvested grain accelerated the production of all three fungal volatiles in non-ventilated bins.
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  • 29
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 12 (1987), S. 201-218 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: relative effectiveness ; apatites ; wheat ; initial and residual effectiveness ; bicarbonate extractable phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The initial and residual agronomic effectiveness of six apatite rock phosphates from India, one from the USA (North Carolina) and one from Australia (Queensland) were evaluated in a pot trial with wheat on a lateritic soil. All of the Indian rock phosphates were very poor sources of phosphorus. Values of initial effectiveness relative to monocalcium phosphate ranged from 〈 0.0001 to 0.02 and from 〈 0.0001 to 0.008 for measurements based on yield and phosphorus uptake respectively. The residual effectiveness relative to freshly applied monocalcium phosphate was determined by growing a second crop on the fertilized soils. The effectiveness of the Indian rock phosphates remained very low ranging from 〈 0.0001 to 0.002 and from 〈 0.0001 to 0.0004 for yield and phosphorus uptake respectively. Queensland and North Carolina rock phosphates were much superior to the Indian sources with initial effectiveness values in terms of yield of 0.08 and 0.37 and residual effectiveness values of 0.02 and 0.15 respectively. For each crop there was a single relationship between yield and phosphorus uptake (i.e. internal efficiency) for all phosphorus sources showing that variations in yield response were due solely to differences in phosphorus availability. Sodium bicarbonate extractable phosphorus values for fertilized soils sampled shortly after fertilization were not predictive of yield unless different calibration curves were used for the different phosphorus fertilizers.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 12 (1987), S. 255-261 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrification ; nitrification inhibitor ; fertilizer N ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The transformations of urea, ammonium sulfate and dicyandiamide (DCD) were studied in an Inceptisol and three Andisols from Costa Rica, considering the influence of temperature and DCD as a nitrification inhibitor. Nitrification was very slow with or without DCD in the strongly acid Inceptisol. A higher urea dose resulting in higher pH was well nitrified without DCD and appreciably retarded by DCD. In Andisols nitrification was retarded as long as a higher DCD level existed. Higher temperatures accelerated the DCD-breakdown and were followed by a quicker nitrification. The decomposition of DCD was slower compared with the Inceptisol. According to these experiments DCD is suitable as a nitrification inhibitor in tropical soils.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 13 (1987), S. 191-197 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: chemical extractants ; critical levels ; semi-arid region soils ; wheat ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To find critical tissue levels of Zn for wheat, and to evaluate various chemical extractants, a screen-house experiment was conducted on 21 diverse soils representing semi-arid regions in Haryana State, India. The extractants differed in the amounts of Zn extracted and the order was: 0.1 N HC1 〉 EDTA-NH4OAc 〉 EDTA-(NH4)2CO3 〉 DTPA + CaCl2. The amounts (mg kg−1) of extractable Zn associated with a yield reduction of 20% were: DTPA + CaCl2, 0.60; EDTA — (NH4)2CO3, 0.80; EDTA-NH4OAc, 0.92 and 0.1 N HCl, 1.20. The corresponding critical Zn concentration in ten weeks old plants was found to be 17 mg gm−1. The DTPA + CaCl2 method gave the best correlation (r = 0.85) between extracted Zn and Bray's per cent yield. It is recommended for assessing Zn status of soils of semi-arid region.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 13 (1987), S. 255-267 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: urea ; ammonium nitrate ; model ; temperature ; rainfall ; grassland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Direct and residual effects of urea and calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) on dry matter (DM) response were measured at a total of 12 application times in early spring over three years. The variation in the direct effect was described by models that included temperature and long-term rainfall for CAN and, additionally, short-term rainfall for urea. The operative temperature was the accumulated mean daily air temperature for combined intervals pre-application and postapplication of N. The effect of rainfall was apparent only when the data were adjusted for temperature. Simulation studies with the models indicated that, although the influence of temperature was dominant, rainfall modified it strongly in terms of the relative efficiencies of the two N sources and the magnitude of response. For instance, the temperature-induced increase in DM response to urea between cold and normal years was 402 kg ha−1 for a specified period, whereas differences between dry and wet years were decreases of 166 and 259 kg ha−1 in the case of urea and CAN, respectively. Short-term rainfall had a positive effect on response to urea. The experimental values varied widely both between and within years. The direct effect of the application of urea at 50 kg N ha−1 varied from 0 to 750 kg DM ha−1, and the residual effect varied from 0 to 1620 kg DM ha−1. The corresponding values for apparent N recovery varied from 0.1 to 45% and from 7 to 68%, respectively. The efficiency of urea was comparable to, and in instances better than, CAN.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 147-151 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: time of zinc application ; wheat ; zinc sulphate ; zinc oxide ; zinc uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments with wheat were conducted for two years on flood plain alluvial soils to study the effectiveness of soil application of zinc sulphate and zinc oxide at 0, 15, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days after sowing. Yield and zinc uptake of wheat increased significantly with the application of zinc. Delaying the application of both zinc sulphate and zinc oxide up to 45 days of sowing did not adversly affect the zinc nutrition of wheat. However, delaying the application for 75 or 90 days after sowing eliminated the response. Zinc sulphate, when applied within 60 days of sowing performed better than zinc oxide. In a laboratory study, zinc sulphate maintained a higher level of zinc in the soil solution than zinc oxide at least over a 3-week period.
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  • 34
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 137-146 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Ammonium-nitrate-potassium interaction ; accumulation of reduced nitrogen ; wheat ; nitrification inhibitor ; grain ; stover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A greenhouse experiment with wheat in 3L pots filled with a sandy loam soil in a factorial design was conducted to determine the effect of potassium on nitrogen utilization. Nitrogen was applied in three NH4-N/NO3-N ratios, 0/100, 25/75 and 50/50, at three levels: 0.75, 1.50 and 3.00gN/pot, and potassium was applied at three levels: 0, 0.5 and 1.0gK/pot. The higher levels of nitrate nitrogen with or without potassium reduced dry matter yields drastically, while the same levels of a NH4-N/NO3-N mixture of 50/50 with applied potassium reduced yields only slightly. Highest grain yield and total yield were obtained with a 25/75 mixture of ammonium/nitrate nitrogen with added potassium. Potassium addition to soil increased the utilization of nitrogen fertilizers, particularly when the ratio of ammonium to nitrate was increased. The highest uptake of reduced nitrogen was at the highest level of the ammonium to nitrate nitrogen ratio (50/50) when potassium was applied. Tillering was enhanced by an increased ammonium ratio in the nitrogen mixture, and by potassium.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: farmyard manure ; maize ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; rice ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments with rice-wheat rotation were conducted during five consecutive years on a coarse-textured low organic matter soil. By amending the soil with 12t FYM ha−1, the yield of wetland rice in the absence of fertilizers was increased by 32 per cent. Application of 80 kg N ha−1 as urea could increase the grain yield of rice equivalent to 120 kg N ha−1 on the unamended soil. Although the soil under test was low in Olsen's P, rice did not respond to the application of phosphorus on both amended and unamended soils. For producing equivalent grain yield, fertilizer requirement of maize grown on soils amended with 6 and 12 t FYM ha−1 could be reduced, respectively to 50 and 25 per cent of the dose recommended for unamended soil (120 kg N + 26.2 kg P + 25 kg K ha−1). Grain yield of wheat grown after rice on soils amended with FYM was significantly higher than that obtained on unamended soil. In contrast, grain yield of wheat which followed maize did not differ significantly on amended or unamended soils.
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  • 36
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 165-176 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Low-grade phosphate rock ; acid extracts ; P fertiliser ; available P ; wheat ; soil pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Low grade phosphate rock (PR), containing high amounts of oxides of iron and aluminium is neither suitable for fertiliser production nor useful for direct application to annual crops. The fertiliser effectiveness of P extracted by H2SO4 from a low-grade phosphate rock, PR (Christmas Island C-grade PR) was evaluated for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on a calcareous loam (pH 8.4) and a non-calcareous loam (pH 6.9) in field and glasshouse experiments. Superphosphate was used to compare the performance of the acid extracts of PR. In the non-calcareous loam soil, crop establishment and yield were significantly reduced by the acid extracts of PR due to increased acidity. In the calcareous soil, however, the acid extracts of PR performed as well as superphosphate; similar or even higher crop yields were obtained with the former, especially when applied near the seed. The acid extracts of low-grade PR may, therefore, have a role in calcareous soils, where the extract can be applied directly or added in the irrigation waters to supply P to crops.
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  • 37
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 251-266 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Zinc ; controlled-release ; diffusion ; pH ; temperature ; phosphate ; clay ; sand ; moisture content
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The emission and movement of zinc from planar arrangements of controlled-release (C.R.) thermoplastic matrix zinc fertilizer formulations was studied in cylindrical diffusion cells packed with a clay or a sand. The influences of a number of soil characteristics known to affect zinc diffusion were also investigated. Zinc emission was initially (over 2 days) very rapid. The rate declined markedly thereafter. Morphologically distinct C.R. zinc formulations released zinc at different rates. Zinc moved appreciably and consistently further in the sand than in the clay. Of the soil characteristics studied, increasing phosphate levels had no effect upon zinc emission or mobility in either soil. Increasing pH in the sand did not affect zinc emission, but decreased zinc mobility. Conversely, in the two soils, increasing temperature stimulated zinc emission, but had little influence on zinc mobility. At higher water contents, zinc release was increased in both soils. However, zinc movement was only increased in the sand.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Ceratocystis ; DNA ; mitochondria ; restriction profiles ; Sporothrix
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Restriction profiles by HaeIII of mitochondrial DNA were studied for classification and distinction of Sporothrix schenckii (100 strains), S. schenckii var. luriei (1), S. curviconia (1), S. inflata (7), Ceratocystis stenoceras (17) and C. minor (7). These 6 species showed unique restriction profiles which could be discriminated from each other. S. schenckii was further separable into 11 types, S. inflata into 4 types, C. stenoceras into 4 types and C. minor into 7 types based on restriction profile heterogeneity.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 16 (1988), S. 137-155 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Superphosphate ; rock phosphate ; wheat ; oats ; barley ; field experiment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nine soil tests for phosphate were evaluated for predicting the yield and P content of wheat, barley and oats grown on a sandy soil in Western Australia: Olsen, modified Olsen 1 (soil:solution ratio 1:5), modified Olsen 2 (soil:solution ratio 1:50), Colwell, Bray 1, Bray 2, modified Bray 2T (shaking time 10 minutes), modified Bray 2C (pH 3.7) and lactate. The soil had been fertilized 5 years previously with 20 levels each of superphosphate (OSP, range 0 to 400 kg P ha−1) and Queensland rock phosphate (QRP, range 0 to 20 000 kg P ha−1). For each species and fertilizer taken separately, all the tests, except for lactate, gave a good prediction of yield. When data for OSP and QRP were pooled, Bray 2 and modified Bray 2T tests were unsatisfactory predictors of both yield and P content. A linear relationship (P 〈 0.05) between mean soil tests value (χ) and the standard deviation (σ χ ) of the test value was observed for each soil test. For QRP, the results for lactate were the most variable (i.e.σχ/χ was greatest) followed by modified Olsen 2 〉 Bray 1 〉 Bray 2 〉 Olsen 〉 modified Bray 2C 〉 modified Olsen 1 〉 modified Bray 2T 〉 Colwell. The order for OSP fertilized soil was Bray 1 〉 modified Bray 2T 〉 Bray 2 〉 Olsen 〉 Colwell 〉 modified Bray 2C 〉 modified Olsen 1 〉 lactate 〉 modified Olsen 2. For combined OSP and QRP data, the results of the Olsen 1 and Colwell extractions were the least variable. Errors in the prediction of yield (σ Y ) for all crops resulting from an error in soil test values (σχ) were calculated. For OSP-fertilized soil variability in values for the Bray-1 test provided the highest error (about 16%) in the prediction of the yield, followed by Bray 2 (12%) 〉 Bray 2T (10%) 〉 Olsen (8%) 〉 Colwell (7%) 〉 modified Bray 2C (6%) 〉 lactate (4%). Maximum error was at yields of about 65% of maximum yield. For soil fertilized with QRP, lactate provided the highest error (about 10%) in the prediction of yield, followed by the other tests (〈 6%). Maximum error was at yields of about 35% of maximum yield. The Colwell soil test gave the most accurate overall prediction of yield for both fertilizers.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 49 (1997), S. 91-95 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: greenhouse effect ; land use ; methane ; oxidation ; soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Intact core samples from soils with different textures and land use were tested for their capacity to oxidise methane. The soil cores were taken from arable land, grassland and forest. It was found that coarse textured soils (6.74–16.38 µg CH4 m-2 h-1) showed a higher methane uptake rate than fine textured soils (4.66–5.34 µg CH4 m-2 h-1). Increasing soil tortuosity was thought to reduce the methane oxidation rate in fine textured soils. The oxidation rate of forest soils (16.32–16.38 µg CH4 m-2 h-1), even with a pH below 4.5, was very pronounced and higher than arable land (11.40–14.47 µg CH4 m-2 h-1) and grassland (6.74–9.30 µg CH4 m-2 h-1). Within the same textural class arable land showed a faster methane uptake rate than grassland. In grassland with a fine texture, even methane production was observed. Nitrogen availability and turnover in these land use systems were thought to cause the different oxidation rates. Decreasing the moisture content slowed down the oxidation rate in all soils. This could be caused by an increased N turnover and a starvation of the methanotrophic bacteria.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 49 (1997), S. 59-70 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: land use ; methane ; nitrogen fertilizer ; oxidation ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Aerobic soils are an important sink for methane (CH4) contributing up to 15% of annual global CH4 destruction. However, the sink strength is significantly affected by land management, nitrogen (N) fertilizers and acidity. We tested these effects on samples taken from the Broadbalk Continuous Wheat, Park Grass permanent grassland and Broadbalk and Geescroft Wilderness experiments at Rothamsted. The rates of uptake from the atmosphere of both enhanced (10 ppmv) and ambient (2 ppmv) concentrations of CH4 were measured in laboratory incubations of soil cores under controlled conditions. The most rapid rates of uptake were measured in soil from deciduous woodland at pH 7 (measured in water); acidic (pH 4) woodland soil showed no net CH4 oxidation. While disturbance of the cores used in the experiments did not affect the rate of CH4 uptake, extended (150 years) cultivation of land for arable crops reduced uptake rate by 85% compared to that in the soil under calcareous woodland. The long-term application of ammonium- (NH4) based fertilizer, but not nitrate- (NO3) based fertilizer, completely inhibited CH4 uptake, but the application for the same period of farmyard manure that contained more N than the fertilizer had no inhibitory effect. Although the effects of agricultural practice on the oxidation of CH4 in soil are significant, the differences in oxidation rates between land use types are even greater. The likely effects of forest clearance, agricultural intensification and anthropogenic emissions of CH4 over the last 2500 years have been estimated for the United Kingdom. The calculations indicate that 54% of the current CH4 uptake by UK soils is the result of increased CH4 mixing ratio. They also indicate that land use change has decreased the potential sink strength by 62% or 37 kt CH4 g-1. In countries with much larger land areas than the UK, such as China, aerobic soil is likely to be a more significant factor in calculating net fluxes of CH4. It is important that the impacts of different agricultural managements and land use systems are understood and quantified so that the best possible estimate of CH4 sinks is calculated for comparison with sources.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: bioluminescence ; Pseudomonas ; root colonization ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The bioluminescently marked Pseudomonas fluorescens strain 5RL, has been used previously to follow colonisation of soy bean roots (De Weger et al. [1991] Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:36-41). In the present paper the method has been further developed and optimized for wheat roots and it is used to get a quick overview of the colonisation patterns of many different root systems at the same time. Colonisation was followed on wheat plants grown in our gnotobiotic sand system (Simons et al., 1996. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 9: 600–607) and the following results were obtained. (i) A spatio-temporal analysis of the colonisation of wheat roots showed that 4 days after planting the highest bacterial activity was observed at the upper part of the root. After 6 days the high bacterial activity at the upper part was further increased, whereas spot-like activities were observed on the lower root parts, possibly due to micro-colonies. (ii) Bacterial mutations causing lack of motility or auxotrophy for amino acids resulted in impaired colonisation of the lower root parts, indicating that motility and prototrophy for the involved amino acid(s) are important factors for wheat root colonisation by strain 5RL. (iii) Coinoculation of strain 5RL with other wild type Pseudomonas strains on the root influenced the colonisation pattern observed for strain 5RL. Colonisation was not visually affected when the competing strain was a poor root coloniser, but was severely reduced when the competing strain was a good root coloniser. The results show that the spatio-temporal colonisation of wheat root by P. fluorescens strain 5RL and derivatives is similar to that of strain WCS365 on tomato. The advantage of the use of lux-marked strains is that the results are obtained much quicker than when conventional methods are used and that the result is supplied as an image of the colonisation pattern of many different roots.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1572-9508
    Keywords: X-ray ; calibration ; filters ; interference ; oxidation
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We report on UV/Visible transmission measurements of aluminum coated Lexan filters designed as UV blocking filters for soft x-ray detectors. Transmission of the filters in the 2300-8000 Å wavelength range is significantly higher than expected. It cannot be accounted for applying a simple slab model of the transmission and adopting material properties reported in the literature. We show that this is due to interference effects which are strongly dependent on the filter geometry, and to oxidation of exposed aluminum surfaces and/or chemical interaction with the plastic support. The results of this work have led to the redesign of the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility High Resolution Camera UV blocking filters.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Middle atmosphere ; temperature ; neutral and ion composition ; turbulent transfer ; model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Using a numerical model for temperature and neutral and ion composition behaviour at middle atmospheric heights, an analysis has been made of the dependence of atmospheric structural parameters on temperature, solar activity, and on turbulent transfer intensity. For mesospheric heights, an inverse dependence of the nitric oxide density on the temperature has been found. It is thus possible to explain experimentally obtained temperature variations over a cyclc of solar activity at mesospheric and lower thermospheric heights. Numerical simulation results indicate that the temperature in the height range ∼75–120 km depends considerably on both the absolute values of turbulent transfer coefficients and their vertical gradients.
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  • 45
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 439-440 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Neurospora crassa ; conidia ; heat-shock ; mitochondria ; cyanide-insensitive respiration ; guanosine 5′-monophosphate (GMP)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In mitochondria of heat-shocked conidia ofNeurospora exogenous NADH and succinate were oxidized mainly via the alternative, hydroxamate-sensitive pathway (70%) and only 30% via the cytochromic, cyanide-sensitive pathway which was predominant in untreated conidia; the alternative oxidase pathway was markedly stimulated by guanosine 5′-monophosphate (GMP).
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  • 46
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 35 (1988), S. 441-442 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: debrisoquine ; oxidation ; diurnal variation ; metabolic ratio ; oxidative phenotype
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A study was performed to show whether debrisoquine phenotyping could be performed as an overnight procedure. Phenotyping of 33 normal volunteers was carried out during the day and night. A good correlation was observed between the day-and night-time metabolic ratios, although wide variation was observed in 3 subjects.
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  • 47
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    Archives of microbiology 167 (1997), S. 106-111 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key wordsNitrosomonas ; Anaerobic ammonia ; oxidation ; Anaerobic cell growth ; Nitrogen dioxide ; Nitric oxide ; Nitrous oxide ; Dinitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nitrosomonas eutropha, an obligately lithoautotrophic bacterium, was able to nitrify and denitrify simultaneously under anoxic conditions when gaseous nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was supplemented to the atmosphere. In the presence of gaseous NO2, ammonia was oxidized, nitrite and nitric oxide (NO) were formed, and hydroxylamine occurred as an intermediate. Between 40 and 60% of the produced nitrite was denitrified to dinitrogen (N2). Nitrous oxide (N2O) was shown to be an intermediate of denitrification. Under an N2 atmosphere supplemented with 25 ppm NO2 and 300 ppm CO2, the amount of cell protein increased by 0.87 mg protein per mmol ammonia oxidized, and the cell number of N. eutropha increased by 5.8 × 109 cells per mmol ammonia oxidized. In addition, the ATP and NADH content increased by 4.3 μmol ATP (g protein)–1 and 6.3 μmol NADH (g protein)–1 and was about the same in both anaerobically and aerobically grown cells. Without NO2, the ATP content decreased by 0.7 μmol (g protein)–1, and the NADH content decreased by 1.2 μmol (g protein)–1. NO was shown to inhibit anaerobic ammonia oxidation.
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  • 48
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 48 (1997), S. 989-996 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: sol-gel ; TG ; thermal decomposition ; Y-Ba-Cu superconductors
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A precursor of Y-Ba-Cu oxides was prepared by a modified alkoxide sol-gel method and its thermal decomposition in air was studied by on-line coupled TG-FTIR and High Resolution Thermogravimetric measurements. A continuous more or less stepwise weight loss was observed between room temperature and 600°C at which all organic compounds had evolved and were progressively oxidized as the temperature increased leaving only Y and Cu oxides and bariumcarbonate. Between 700 and 800°C a final weight loss was observed due to the decomposition of bariumcarbonate into oxide.
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  • 49
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 48 (1997), S. 1051-1067 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: reaction mechanisms ; sol-gel ; superconductors ; thermoanalytical techniques
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The high temperature superconducting compound YBa2Cu3O72212;δ (Y-123) is synthesised by sol-gel process using various precursors viz., acetate, acetate-citrate, nitrate-citrate and acrylamide. The phase purity of the final product depends on the homogeneity of the gels which intern depends on the bonding of the metal ions in the gels. The samples prepared by acrylamide and nitrate-citrate gel routes yielded phase pure Y-123 compound with better superconducting properties. The mechanism of formation of Y-123 in all these four gel routes is established by characterising the gels and intermediate phases using TG, DTA and XRD techniques. Kinetic analysis is carried out on the mass loss data using the method proposed by Phadni's and Deshpande. Avrami-Erofeev nuclei growth in case of acrylamide, diffusion controlled process in nitrate-citrate and phase boundary reaction mechanisms in case of acetate-citrate gels are found to be responsible for the formation of Y-123 phase.
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 49 (1997), S. 745-753 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: DSC ; kerogen ; oxidation ; pyrolysis ; type determination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The rate of pyrolysis and oxidation of 8 different samples of oil shale kerogen concentrate (KC) were investigated using DSC analysis. Recently performed thermogravimetric studies (TG and DTG) with the same samples of KC indicated that the activation energy of the pyrolysis of specific KCs increases with increasing paraffinic structure in the KC. An opposite effect, i.e. a decrease of the activation energy with an increase of paraffinic structure was determined in the case of KC oxidation. In this study, using the standard ASTM E-698 method based on the determined temperature at which the maximum heat effect could be observed (exo in the case of oxidation and endo in the case of pyrolysis), an activation energy for the pyrolysis, as well as for the oxidation process was determined and also successfully correlated with the content of paraffinic structure of KC. Thus, the higher content of paraffinic structure in KCs indicates that higher values of the activation energy could be determined either in the case of pyrolysis or oxidation followed by DSC analysis.
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 49 (1997), S. 857-862 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: analytical methods ; kinetics ; powder milk ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This work present comparative results on powder milk storage quality, obtained from analytical methods. Protein content was determined conventional (Kjeldahl) and colorimetric with biuret reagent at 540 nm and integral quality by thermogravimetric and biological methods. A method was developed for the protein separation of powder milk. Powder milk was submitted to degradation processes at 45, 60 and 80°C for 20 days. The results indicated that protein content values were inconsistent if determinations by Kjeldahl and colorimetric methods and biological tests were compared. There is evidence of thermal decomposition of powder milk as detected by biological and thermogravimetric methods.
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 49 (1997), S. 1017-1023 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: degradation ; microcalorimetry ; moisture ; oxidation ; permeability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The use of isothermal microcalorimetry (MC) as a sensitive monitor for slow reactions is demonstrated in a number of examples. In Example 1 the spontaneous decomposition of a nitrate ester propellant is studied and the absolute degradation rate estimated. Example 2 illustrates how MC can be used for comparing the rate of oxidative ageing at different O2 concentrations. Synergetic effects between oxygen and moisture in accelerated ageing of nitrile rubber are evaluated from a so-called 4-point test in Example 3. The last example shows a simple MC technique for rapid determination of moisture permeability through a polymeric sealant.
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 48 (1997), S. 657-664 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: nickel powders ; oxidation ; thermal analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Monodispersed fine metal nickel powders of uniform shape and high purity are increasingly required for specific uses in many technological areas, especially in the preparation of electronic materials such as the manufacture of conductive inks and pastes and the formation of catalysts. Metallic nickel powders were prepared in ethylene glycol by the reduction of a nickel solution. Hydrazine was used as a reducing agent. Metal powders were characterized by chemical analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetry (TG), derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Particle size distributions were determined using laser light scattering. The reactivity and purity of these fine nickel powders were tested by repeated oxidation and reduction of nickel powders in oxidative and reductive atmospheres.
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  • 54
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 49 (1997), S. 1501-1507 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: calcium sulphide ; gypsum ; oxidation ; phosphogypsum ; reduction ; stability ; thermogravimetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Using a heating rate of 2°C min−1, CaS reacts with oxygen in air from 700°C to form CaSO4, with a complete conversion at 1100°C. Synthesis of CaS from the reaction between CaSO4 containing compounds and carbon compounds in air would not be possible, as the carbon reacts from 600°C with oxygen in the air to give CO2. Heating stoichiometric amounts of carbon and pure CaSO4, synthetic gypsum or phosphogypsum in a nitrogen atmosphere, results in the formation of CaS from 850°C. Using a heating rate of 10°C min−1, the formation of CaS is completed at 1080°C. Addition of 5% Fe2O3 as a catalyst lowers the starting temperature of the reaction to 750°C. Activation energy values at different fraction reaction values (α) differ between 340 and 400 kJ mol−1. The relationship between the activation energy values and conversion (α) indicates that the reaction proceeds via multiple steps.
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 49 (1997), S. 1161-1170 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: basicity ; dinitramides ; kinetics ; oxidation ; tanδ ; transition temperatures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The dinitramide salts of ammonia (ADN), hexamethylenetetramine (HDN), potassium (KDN), and sodium (NaDN) showed a linear relationship between the DSC rate of decomposition at the peak maximum and the DEA tanδ value at the low temperature transition peak. As the cation basicity increased in the series ADN〈HDN〈KDN〈NaDN, there was an increase in the low temperature transition peak, the energy barrier for relaxation, and the decomposition peak temperature, and a decrease in the tanδ value at the low temperature transition peak, specific heat capacity, and the rate and enthalpy of decomposition. The more basic salts were more thermally stable (i.e., higher decomposition temperature) and less energetic (i.e., lower enthalpy of decomposition). The more internal free volume (disorder) present in these salts, the higher the rates of relaxation and decomposition. Five aluminum powders of different surface areas were analyzed by DSC in platinum sample pans, and it was found that the enthalpy and rate of oxidation increased as the particle size of Al decreased while the enthalpy of the Al melt decreased. TG showed a two-step weight gain in the oxidation of Al with plateaus in the 650 and 1130°C regions and the percent weight gain increased as the particle size of Al decreased. Variable DSC and TG heating rate studies showed that the activation energies for the first step in the oxidation process increased as the particle size of Al increased.
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  • 56
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 50 (1997), S. 105-115 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: BiSCCO synthesis ; fluorine substitution ; sol-gel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sol-gel citrate technology was used to prepare BiSCCO 2223 and 2212 superconducting phases. Fluorine in the initial mixture was shown to enhance considerably formation of the 2223 phase. Fluorine substitution of up to three F atoms per Bi(Pb)SCCO 2223 formula was achieved by treatment of the sample in 80 Torr ClF3 atmosphere. A number of experimental methods have been used to characterize the samples and to trace the phase transformations in the sol-gel process: DTA/TG, XRD, atomic absorption, potentiometry with fluoride selective electrode, magnetic susceptibility measurements.
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  • 57
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    Journal of sol gel science and technology 10 (1997), S. 309-316 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: lactate dehydrogenase ; sol-gel ; biosensor ; lactic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Physical adsorption and physical entrapment techniques have been utilized for the immobilization of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) on tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) derived sol-gel films. The enzyme (LDH) activity has been assayed as a function of time, temperature, pH and pyruvate concentration. The results of photometric measurements used for monitoring the reaction yield a response time of about 1 min, linearity over a concentration range of 0–1.5 × 10-3 M and detection limit of 5 × 10-5 M. The TEOS sol-gel films containing LDH have been found to be stable for about 30 days at temperatures 4 to 10°C.
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  • 58
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    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 16 (1997), S. 91-100 
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: LASER ultrasound ; anisotropic material ; group velocity ; stiffness coefficients ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Ultrasonic waves are generated through a composite material by means of a noncontact technique. It uses a Nd:Yag LASER for the generation and an interferometric probe for the detection of acoustic waveforms. From a suitable set of experimental data, an inversion scheme is used for the recovering of four stiffness coefficients. They characterize the elasticity in a principal plane of symmetry of the material which exhibits an orthorhombic symmetry. The measurements are performed at various temperatures, elevated by steps up to 300°C for two specimen. The sensitivity of the method appears convenient to measure the temperature induced stiffness changes. The anisotropic degradation of the material properties are then pointed out.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: iron oxide ; structural control ; complexing agent ; thin film ; sol-gel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The structure of iron oxide was controlled by regulating the hydrolytic polymerization of aquo iron complexes with organic polydentate ligands such as diols. Iron oxides were prepared by calcining the precursor polymers obtained from iron nitrate nonahydrate and diols. When the diols were 1,2-pentanediol, 1,2-hexanediol and 1,2-octanediol, α -Fe2O3 with corundum structure appeared exclusively or as the main crystalline phase, in spite of the amount of diol used and the calcination temperature. In the case of 1,2-decanediol and 1,2-dodecanediol, when five moles of the diols were used to one mole of iron nitrate and the calcination temperatures were below 400° C, γ -Fe2O3 with spinel structure appeared as the main phase and, when less than five moles of the diols were used, α -Fe2O3 appeared exclusively or as the main phase, irrespective of the calcination temperature. This tendency was also observed in thin films. Thus, a transparent magnetic film composed of γ -Fe2O3 could be prepared by applying a benzene solution of the iron polymer, obtained with 5 equivalents of 1,2-decanediol, on quartz and calcining the gel film at 350° C.
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  • 60
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    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 83-88 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: sol-gel ; gelation modelling ; TiO2 gels ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We present here an experimental and numerical study of the chemical and aggregative mechanisms for titanium alkoxide in a reverse micellar medium. NMR experiments were done to study the first step of the sol-gel process: hydrolysis of titanium isopropoxide. Light and X-ray scattering experiments were then conducted to characterize the clustering of aggregates and aggregation kinetics. Fractal dimension, measured by U.S.A.X.S., varies with the hydrolysis ratio and the hydration of the surfactant. This evolution was explained by polydispersity of the hydrolysis which depends on the surfactant concentration. This hypothesis was tested through a numerical simulation of irreversible aggregation using a chemically limited aggregation model. The hydrolyzed sites are distributed among the monomers by a random procedure governed by a polydispersity parameter p , varying from 0 to 1. The total number of hydrolyzed sites is governed by a parameter q belonging to the interval [0, 1]. The p -q evolution of the fractal dimension coincides rather well with the experimental data in all the region of the two dimensional phase space.
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  • 61
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    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 107-110 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: sol-gel ; zinc aluminate ; spinel structure ; catalyst support
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract ZnAl2O4 was prepared by hydrolyzing a mixture of aluminum alkoxide with zinc nitrate dissolved in hexylene glycol and calcining at 800°C. The results are compared with those obtained by wet mixing and coprecipitation. The sol-gel method produces solids whose surface areas and pore volumes are 100% larger and with a more homogeneous pore size distribution.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: mullite ; organic ligand ; hydrolytic polymerization ; sol-gel
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The preparation of mullite by the sol-gel method using organic polydentate ligands and the effect of the raw materials and organic polydentate ligands on the formation of mullite were investigated. Two series of samples were prepared using tetraethoxyorthosilicate (TEOS) and aluminum nitrate nonahydrate, or dibutoxyethylacetoacetatoaluminum (Al(OBu)2(AcAcEt)) as the silica and alumina sources, respectively, and using ethylene glycol (EG), 1,3-propanediol (PD), 1,3-butanediol (BD), 2-methyl-2, 4-pentanediol (MPD), diethlene glycol monoethyl ether (DEME) and ethoxyethanol as the ligands. When the alumina source was aluminum nitrate nonahydrate, mullite was apt to appear in the order of EG 〉 PD 〉 MPD. When Al(OBu)2(AcAcEt) was the alumina source, the tendency toward the appearance of mullite crystalline phase was EG 〉 BD 〉 DEME 〉 MPD. Between the two alumina sources, aluminum nitrate nonahydrate gave mullite much easier than Al(OBu)2(AcAcEt). These relationships were discussed from the viewpoints of the coordination ability of the ligands and the miscibility between the silica and alumina.
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  • 63
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    Journal of sol gel science and technology 9 (1997), S. 279-283 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: AgTCNQ ; photochromism ; sol-gel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Preparation and photochromic behavior of ormosil containing encapsulated AgTCNQ molecules were studied in this paper. The ormosil resulted from hydrolysis and polycondensation of glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, dimethyldimethoxysilane and methyltrimethoxysilane. The time to add AgNO3 water solution into the resultant sol was a key factor to synthesize AgTCNQ molecules inside ormosil matrix. AgTCNQ molecules encapsulated in the ormosil showed different photochromic behavior compared with pure AgTCNQ film: normal photochromic reaction can be realized, while reverse photochromic reaction can not. The “cage” model was used to explain this phenomenon.
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    Journal of sol gel science and technology 9 (1997), S. 239-249 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: sol-gel ; alumina-gel ; multicomponent ; mullite ; phase transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The capacity of the sol-gel process of producing highly pure, homogeneous alumina-silica based materials had been demonstrated in the last few years. However, a full understanding on the mechanisms associated to sol formation and sol to gel transition has not yet been achieved and is required for the development of a new generation of nano-structurally tailored materials that will significantly enhance the technological importance of the sol-gel process. In this work, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and aluminum isopropoxide were used to prepare materials within the entire silica-alumina system. Process parameters, such as gelation time, were correlated to variables of the initial stage of the process, such as pH, temperature of hydrolysis and water/alkoxide ratio. The obtained gels were dried at 105°C and subsequently heat treated at 500 and 1100°C for 3 hours. X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the materials and phase transformations. Structural information obtained from phase characterization and phase transformations was correlated to the effects of the process variables on sol formation and gelation, providing insights related to the mechanisms involved. The influence of temperature of aluminum isopropoxide hydrolysis on peptization and gelation of the mixtures was noted. The different behavior of mixtures hydrolyzed at low and high temperatures was suggested to be caused by different mechanisms of surface charge formation on the structurally different aluminum hydroxides. Monophasic and diphasic mullite xerogels were produced by changing temperature of aluminum isopropoxide hydrolysis, and led to formation of mullite and Al−Si spinel phases respectively, when treated at 1100°C.
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    Oxidation of metals 28 (1987), S. 195-211 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Uranium ; corrosion ; oxidation ; liquid metal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The reactions of water vapor and oxygen with liquid uranium were studied by modulated molecular-beam mass spectrometric methods. Equivalent pressures of the reactant fluxes on the surface ranged from 6×10 −6 to 2×10−4 torr. Temperatures up to 1570 K were investigated. The metal surface was kept clean during reaction by mechanical removal of the oxide formed with a tungsten needle. For the clean liquid uranium surface, a water reaction probability of ∼0.4 was deduced both from measurement of the reaction-product hydrogen signal and by the temperature dependence of the scattered reactant signal. Based solely on the latter measure, a reaction probability of 0.6 was estimated for oxygen. The reaction probabilities on the clean surface were temperatureindependent. They decreased as the coverage of the surface by islands of oxide increased and, for water, appeared to approach a value of 0.08 for a surface completely covered with an oxide estimated to be 500 Å thick. Bombardment of the surface during reaction with argon ions produced an increase in the reactivity on solid uranium but had a negligible effect on the reaction probability for the liquid.
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  • 66
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    Oxidation of metals 28 (1987), S. 353-389 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Grain growth ; nickel oxide ; high temperature ; oxidation ; nickel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In systems such as the oxidation of nickel, in which grain-boundary diffusion in the oxide can control the rate of oxidation, understanding of the factors governing the grain structure is of importance. High-purity mechanically polished polycrystalline nickel was oxidized at 700°C, 800°C, and 1000°C for times up to 20 hr in 1 atm O2. The scale microstructures were examined by parallel and transverse cross section transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Texture coefficients were found by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Each grain in the transverse section grain boundary networks was systematically analyzed for width parallel to the Ni-NiO interface and perpendicular length, for boundary radius of curvature and for number of sides. The variation of these parameters with depth in the scale was examined. In particular, grains were increasingly columnar (i.e., with ratio of grain length to width 〉1) at higher temperatures and longer times. Columnar grain boundaries tended to be fairly static; the columnar grain width was less than the rate controlling grain size predicted from the oxidation rate. The mean boundary curvature per grain provided a guide to the tendency for grain growth, except in the region of the Ni-NiO interface, where the boundaries were thought to be pinned.
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    Oxidation of metals 47 (1997), S. 381-410 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Ni-Base superalloys ; Astroloy ; Waspaloy ; Udimet 720 ; oxidation ; chromia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Several commercially available Ni-base superalloys were exposed isothermally in air at temperatures between 750° and 1000°C and also under cyclic conditions at 1000°C. The kinetics of oxidation were determined and the scales were analyzed by electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Thin adherent chromia-rich scales formed on the alloys at 750°C after 1000 hr. Although Waspaloy showed the lowest weight gain in this test, it also showed the deepest internal corrosion due to oxidation of the grain-boundary carbides. At temperatures up to 1000°C the external scales were also chromia-rich but there was greater internal corrosion. Titanium in the alloys oxidized, diffusing through the chromia scale to form faceted rutile (TiO2) grains at the surface as well as forming TiO2 and TiN internally. The amount of rutile at the oxide surface increased with temperature and alloy Ti concentration. Alumina formed as discrete internal oxides below the chromia scale, although Astroloy when oxidized isothermally at 1000°C developed a semicontinuous internal layer of alumina due to its higher Al content. Under cyclic conditions Astroloy formed a thicker, less-protective scale of transition oxides probably due to its lower Cr content.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; Incoloy 909 ; superalloy ; scale ; high temperature ; kinetics
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of an Fe-38Ni-13Co-4.7Nb-1.5Ti-0.4Si superalloy (Incoloy 909 type alloy), was investigated at temperatures between 1000 K and 1400 K in Ar-(1, 10%)H20 atmosphere using metallographic, electron probe microanalysis, and X-ray diffraction techniques. The oxide scales consist of an external scale and an internal scale which has an intergranular scale (above 1200 K) and an intergranular scale. The oxide phases in each scale are identified asα-Fe2,O3 (below 1200 K) or FeO (above 1300 K) and CoO · Fe2O3 and FeO · Nb2O5, respectively. The morphologies, the oxide phases and the oxidation rates do not depend on the partial pressure of H2O in the range between one and ten percent in Ar gas. The rate constants for the intergranular-scale formation in this alloy are about one-tenth as large as those in Fe-36%Ni alloy reported previously. At all the temperatures the scales grow according to a parabolic rate law and the apparent activation energies for the processes are estimated.
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  • 69
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    Oxidation of metals 47 (1997), S. 445-464 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; Fe-Cr-Al alloy ; water vapor ; ESCA ; RHEED
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Fe-21.5 wt. %Cr-5.6 wt. %Al oxidation, at 1000°C, in dry or wet oxygen shows that steam has an influence on the oxide-scale growth mechanism. Steam modifies the kinetics of early-stage oxidation. In dry oxygen, an initial fast linear regime is observed during one hour. Under wet conditions, weight-gain curves follow the same parabolic regime over the entire oxidation test. The scale structure strongly depends on the presence of steam in the gaseous environment. With dry oxygen, the scale is composed mainly ofα-Al2O3 after the initial formation ofγ-Al2O3 identified by ESCA and RHEED. The kinetics transient stage corresponds to the necessary time for the internal part of the initialγ-Al2O3 scale to transform into a continuousα-Al2O3 diffusion barrier. Under wet oxygen conditions, transient oxides are identified as (Mg, Fe) (Cr, Al)2O4, MgAl2O4 (orthorhombic), Al2O3 (hexagonal), these oxides transform into MgAl2O4 (cubic), Cr3O4, Fe2O3,α-Al2O3, with time. When water vapor does not change drastically oxidation kinetics, the induced presence of iron and chromium in the oxide scale could be responsible for weakening the protectiveness of alumina scales.
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    Oxidation of metals 47 (1997), S. 507-524 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: alloys ; high temperature ; oxidation ; transient state
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The initial transient high-temperature oxidation stage for binary alloys forming the most-stable oxide has been examined by means of a numerical procedure based on the finite-difference method. At variance with previous models, the present treatment takes into account the effect of the rate of the reaction at the scale/gas interface over the corrosion kinetics. The calculations concerning the transient stage are developed either using the general parabolic rate law to represent the overall scaling kinetics or using the rate law of the reaction at the scale/gas interface as a boundary condition without imposing any particular rate law to the overall process. A correct analysis of the oxidation behavior of binary alloys during the transient stage must take into account the kinetics effect of the rate of the surface reaction. The concentration of the most-reactive element at the alloy/scale interface changes regularly with time, decreasing gradually from the initial bulk value to its final steady-state value. The present results are in good agreement with those obtained by means of an approximate analytical model developed previously.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: high temperatures ; oxidation ; transient state
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The transient state in the oxidation of solid solutions of a most-noble componentA in a most-reactive componentB (beta phase) for binaryA-B alloys presenting a limited reciprocal solubility of the two metals has been examined assuming that theirB content is sufficient for the exclusive growth of externalBO scales. Above a criticalB content of the alloy theBO scales may grow directly on the surface of the beta phase, while below this limit they can only form over a layer ofB-depleted solid solution ofB inA (alpha phase), which appears after a critical time. An approximate analytical expression for the profile of concentration ofB in the alloy has been adopted to calculate the flux ofB in the metal. Moreover, the effect of the reaction between the gas and the external oxide surface has been taken into account using a procedure developed by Wagner for the oxidation of pure metals. The corrosion kinetics as well as all the parameters involved, such as the concentration ofB at the alloy-scale interface, have been calculated as functions of the corrosion time. The results show that, as time proceeds, the instantaneous parabolic rate constant increases and the concentration ofB at the alloy-scale interface decreases, both tending gradually to their corresponding steady-state values. It is also predicted that if the rate of transformation of the beta phase in the alpha phase after the alloy reaches the composition of equilibrium at the interface with the oxide is lower than the corresponding rate of displacement of the alloy surface due to scale growth, the corrosion of beta phase alloys may eventually lead to the formation of two phase mixtures of alpha phase andBO which are expected to grow at much larger rates than in the presence of a uniform continuous alpha layer.
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    Oxidation of metals 48 (1997), S. 1-39 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Ni-base ODS superalloys ; oxidation ; initial stages of oxidation ; alumina ; chromia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Mechanically-alloyed Ni-base ODS superalloys currently receive attention for application in future gas turbines because they exhibit outstanding mechanical properties at high temperatures. They also protect themselves against oxidation by forming chromia and/or alumina scales. However, little attention has been given so far to the initial stages of oxidation of Ni-base ODS superalloys, containing Cr as well as Al in considerable amounts. In the current work, oxidation at 1150°C was studied for different holding times up to 200 hr for the commercial materials MA6000 and PM3030 which contain. Al in increasing amounts. MA 754, a chromia former, was investigated as a reference. It was shown that for the potential alumina formers MA6000 and PM3030 the continuity and therefore protectiveness of the secondary Al2O3 at later stages is indeed determined by the initial stages of oxidation.
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    Oxidation of metals 48 (1997), S. 129-141 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: decarburization ; nickel ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A commercial-grade nickel containing small amounts of carbon, manganese, and silicon was exposed to air for periods up to 288 hr at 1050°C to study the effect of oxidation on the formation of oxides of these impurity elements. Exposure of nickel to air led to decarburization. The maximum amount of decarburization occurred during the initial period of air exposure and the loss in carbon was more in the metal with a smaller section size. Decarburization in the metal produced voids in the oxide scale due to the formation of CO2 gas. It has been shown further that CO and/or CO2 gas bubbles, which form in high purity nickel on grain boundaries during exposure to air at elevated temperatures, cannot exist in commercial-grade nickel where manganese is present as an impurity. Instead, oxides of manganese form in the grain boundaries as well as in the matrix. This is because manganese oxide is more stable than CO or CO2 gas.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; kinetics ; iron ; iron-nitride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of α-Fe and ɛ-Fe2N1−z at 573 K and 673 K in O2 at 1 atm was investigated by thermogravimetrical analysis, X-ray diffraction, light-optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and electron probe X-ray microanalysis. Upon oxidation at 573 K and 673 K, on α-Fe initially α-Fe2O3 develops, whereas on ɛ-Fe2N1−z initially Fe3O4 develops. In an early stage of oxidation the oxidation rate of ɛ-Fe2N1−z appears to be much larger than of α-Fe. This can be attributed largely to an effective surface area available for oxygen uptake, which is much larger for ɛ-Fe2N1−z than for α-Fe due to the porous structure of ɛ-Fe2N1−z as prepared by gaseous nitriding of iron. The development of a magnetite layer in-between the hematite layer and the α-Fe substrate, at a later stage of oxidation, enhances layer-growth kinetics. After 100 min oxidation at 673 K the (parabolic) oxidation rates for α-Fe and ɛ-Fe2N1−z become about equal, indicating that on both substrates the oxide growth is controlled by the same rate limiting step which is attributed to short-circuit diffusion of iron cations. Oxidizing ɛ-Fe2N1−z increases the nitrogen concentration in the remaining ɛ-iron nitride, because the outward flux of iron cations, necessary for oxide growth, leads to an accumulation of nitrogen atoms left behind.
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    Oxidation of metals 48 (1997), S. 201-214 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: titanium-aluminum alloys ; niobium ; intermetallics ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In a recent study, CO2 has been reported to enhance the oxidation rate of binary titanium-aluminum alloys. The detrimental effect of CO2 was not, however, observed in a ternary alloy containing niobium. In this paper, possible explanations for these observations are examined. First, results from the literature regarding the effects of niobium in improving the resistance of titanium-aluminum alloys are briefly reviewed. Second, a thermodynamic analysis which offers a possible explanation for the beneficial effect of niobium in eliminating the CO2-enhanced oxidation of titanium-aluminum alloys is presented.
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    Oxidation of metals 48 (1997), S. 215-224 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: nanocrystallization ; oxidation ; mechanism
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Many mechanisms for the effect of reactive elements on the selective oxidation and scale adhesion of alloys have been proposed. However, nanocrystallization (or microcrystallization) has recently been found to have almost the same effect as that of reactive elements. This note reviews the effect of nanocrystallization on the selective oxidation and adhesion of Al2O3 scale with particular reference to the author's own results.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; titanium ; rutile ; scale ; high temperature ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behavior of pure titanium has been investigated in the temperature range of 1000 K to 1300 K in CO2 or Ar-10%CO2. Optical microscopy, electron probe microanalyses, and X-ray measurements on the oxide scales formed during oxidation indicate that their structures are nearly independent of temperature and the corrosion atmosphere. The scales consisted of two layers, an external one and an internal one, having a rutile (TiO2) structure. The parabolic rate law was confirmed for growth of the external scale and the permeation depth of oxygen in titanium with apparent activation energies of 266 and 226 kJ/mol, respectively. The rate-determining diffusion species in the oxidation processes are discussed.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: zirconium ; X-ray diffraction ; oxidation ; phase analysis ; texture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of zirconium at high temperature (T〉 400°C) leads to reaction products of two allotropic oxide (ZrO2 monoclinic and ZrO2 tetragonal). The distribution and proportion of these two phases were studied as a function of time and space by X-ray diffraction techniques. Quantitative analyses are possible after some corrections, and we demonstrate the presence of a phase gradient in the oxide scale. The interest of this nondestructive method is then discussed.
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    Oxidation of metals 48 (1997), S. 357-380 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: chromium ; copper ; binary alloys ; two-phase alloys ; oxidation ; high temperatures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation in air of three two phase Cu-Cr alloys with nominal Cr contents of 25, 50, and 75 wt. % was studied at 700–900°C. The alloys corroded nearly parabolically, except at 900°C, when the corrosion rates decreased with time more rapidly than predicted by the parabolic rate law. The corrosion rate decreased for higher Cr contents in the alloy under constant temperature and generally increased with temperature for the same alloy composition. The scales were complex and consisted in most cases of an outermost copper oxide layer free from chromium and an inner layer composed of a matrix of copper oxide or of the double oxide Cu2Cr2O4, often containing particles of chromium metal surrounded by chromia and then by the double oxide. Metallic copper was also frequently mixed with chromia. Cr-rich regions tended to form continuous chromia layers at the base of the scale, especially at the highest temperature. No chromium depletion was observed in the alloy.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: iron ; oxidation ; CeO2 coating ; in situ ; growth stress ; residual stress ; texture ; X ray diffraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In situ XRD stress determinations have been performed during oxidation of pure iron (p(O2=2 × 10−3 Pa,T=800°C)). The compressive stress, initially present in the substrate due to surface preparation, is completely released at 400°C. Under the test conditions, the in situ compressive-stress level determined in the FeO scale during oxidation is not strongly dependent upon the presence of a ceria coating. On blank and coated specimens, the compressive stress varies from −400 ± 80 MPa to −150 ± 100 MPa during 30 hr oxidation. The decrease is quicker at the beginning of the test performed on blank specimens. Epitaxial relationships between the wüstite scale and iron (under low-pressure starting conditions) caused thein situ compressive stress in the oxide scale to be two times greater compared to the usual test conditions. This indicates that epitaxial relationships can be a source of stress in an oxide scale that ceria coatings may lower compressive stresses.
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  • 81
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    Oxidation of metals 48 (1997), S. 527-551 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: chloridation ; oxidation ; Fe-Cr alloys ; Ni-Cr alloys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The chloridation-oxidation behavior of Fe-Cr (0–25 wt. %Cr) and Ni-Cr (0–20 wt.%Cr) alloys was studied at 800°C in three different H2-HCl-H2O(ν) environments. In a low-HCI and low-H2O(ν) environment, where Cr2O3 is thermodynamically stable, the corrosion resistance of the Fe-Cr alloys increased with increasing Cr content in the alloys. In a high-HCl and high-H2O(ν) environment, where FeCr2O4 is stable and CrCl2 is metastable, the corrosion resistance of the Fe-Cr alloys depended similarly on the Cr content. Low-Cr-Fe-Cr alloys exhibited large weight losses, while Fe-Cr alloys with higher than 19 wt. %Cr showed good corrosion resistance. In an environment of high-HCl in the absence of H2O(ν), the evaporative corrosion rate was fast and limited by gas phase diffusion, and independent of the Cr content in the Fe-Cr alloys. Ni and Ni-Cr alloys generally showed good corrosion resistance in the environments of high H2O(ν) because of the low NiCl2 vapor pressure and formation of a protective Cr2O3 scale. However, in the environment of high HCl in the absence of H2O(ν), selective formation and evaporation of CrCl2 occur, which results in Cr depletion and networks of voids for even a high-Cr Ni-Cr alloy.
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  • 82
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    Oxidation of metals 48 (1997), S. 553-596 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: chloridation ; oxidation ; HCl ; high-temperature alloys ; high-temperature corrosion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Chloridation-oxidation studies of nine commercial high-temperature alloys were carried out at 800°C in three different H2-HCl-H2O(ν) environments: (A) both low HCl and H2O(ν) partial pressures, where either Cr2O3 or FeCr2O4 is stable, (B) both high HCl and H2O(ν) partial pressures, where FeCrO4 is stable and CrCl2 is metastable, and (C) high HCl partial pressure in the absence of H2O(ν), where either CrCl2 or Cr2O3 is stable. Although alloy 600 has the lowest Cr content of these nine alloys, it showed excellent corrosion resistance in all three environments because of its high Ni content. Alloy 304, with the lowest Ni content of the nine alloys, exhibited poor corrosion resistance in the environment C, fair resistance in the environment B and good resistance in the environment A. Alloy 800 showed very good resistance in Environment A, and fair corrosion resistance in Environment B; however, it suffered linear weight-loss kinetics when exposed to Environment C The alloys 617, 214, HR-160, X, 230 and 86 have good corrosion resistance in Environments A and B because of their relatively high contents of oxide-scale-forming elements Cr and/or Al. In Environment C, chlorine dramatically decreased the adhesion of the scale on the surface, and aluminum in alloys 617 and 214 hardly showed its usual beneficial effect in combating corrosion, nor does silicon in alloy HR-160. Different corrosion mechanisms are proposed for the alloys in the different environments.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: muscular diseases ; mitochondria ; MTDNA ; ATP synthase ; human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The expression of several mitochondrial and nuclear genes involved in ATP production was examined in cells cultured from muscle biopsies of patients harboring mitochondrial pathologies. The transcript patterns in muscle cells from the patients affected by carnitine palmitoyl transferase II or 2-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase deficiencies were almost similar to control patterns. In the opposite, patterns were strikingly abnormal in all the other cell cultures from patients with defects in enzymatic complexes involved in oxidative phosphorylation: mitochondrial complex II and III deficiencies, two MELAS syndromes (myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke like episodes), a case of Kearns-Sayre syndrome and a case of chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia. In cultured muscle cells from patients with mtDNA mutations, the percentage of mutated mtDNA was low as compared with those determined in the corresponding skeletal muscle biopsy. Moreover, the complex II defect resulting of a nuclear mutation was not expressed in the cell cultures. Thus, an undetermined transcriptional event, transmitted from muscle biopsies to cultured muscle cells, should be involved to account for such abnormal transcript patterns.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: porphyrin derivative ; mitochondria ; ascites ; singlet oxygen ; photosensitization ; lipid peroxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract With a view to locate porphyrins for use in photodynamic therapy (PDT), the new modality of cancer treatment we have evaluated the ability of a novel water soluble porphyrin meso-tetrakis[4-(carboxymethyleneoxy)phenyl]porphyrin (T4CPP) to induce damage to mitochondria during photosensitization. T4CPP, when exposed to visible light, induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver mitochondria as assessed by the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), conjugated dienes (CD) and lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH). The effect on mitochondrial function was assessed by estimating the activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). The peroxidation induced was observed to be time- and concentration- dependent. Analysis of product formation and selective inhibition by scavengers of reactive oxygen species showed that the oxidative damage observed was mainly due to singlet oxygen (1O2) and partly due to other reactive species. T4CPP plus light also caused significant lipid peroxidation in Sarcoma 180 ascites tumour mitochondria. Our studies indicate that T4CPP has the potential to photoinduce damage in hepatic and ascites mitochondria, a crucial site of damage in PDT. (Mol Cell Biochem 166: 25-33, 1997)
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  • 85
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 174 (1997), S. 325-328 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: ageing ; theory ; mitochondria ; respiratory chain ; mitochondrial DNA mutations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondria are believed to be involved in human ageing. Whilst it is clear that various mitochondrial DNA mutations do accumulate in human tissues with age, whether or not they interfere with respiratory chain function is uncertain. We question the results of previous studies which have measured respiratory chain function in human skeletal muscle with age. Whilst cytochrome c oxidase deficient fibres are a real finding in skeletal muscle, the contribution of mitochondrial DNA mutations to human ageing is still controversial. Our results show for mitochondria to be involved in ageing then it must be through a more subtle mechanism than a global decline in respiratory chain function. (Mol Cell Biochem 174: 325–328, 1997)
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  • 86
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 84 (1988), S. 147-153 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: superoxide ; dismutase ; catalase ; glutathione ; peroxidase ; immortality ; cancer ; mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The role of antioxidant enzymes, particularly superoxide dismutase (SOD), in immortalization and malignant transformation is discussed. SOD (generally MnSOD) has been found to be lowered in a wide variety of tumor types when compared to an appropriate normal cell control. Levels of immunoreactive MnSOD protein and mRNA for MnSOD also appear to be lowered in tumor cells. Tumor cells have the capacity to produce superoxide radical, the substrate for SOD. This suggests that superoxide production coupled with diminished amounts of MnSOD may be a general characteristic of tumor cells. The levels of MnSOD in certain cells correlates with their degree of differentiation; non-differentiating cells, whether normal or malignant, appear to have lost the ability to undergo MnSOD induction. These observations are used to elucidate a two-step model of cancer. This model involves not only the antioxidant enzymes, but also organelle (particularly mitochondria and peroxisomes) function as a dominant theme in carcinogenesis.
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  • 87
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    Biochemical genetics 26 (1988), S. 131-141 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; arginine kinase ; mitochondria ; isozymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondrial and cytoplasmic isozymes of arginine kinase have been identified inDrosophila melanogaster. On the basis of their immunological similarity, parallel dosage responses, and cosegregation of electrophoretic mobility differences, it is concluded that both isozymes are the product of a single gene. The consequences of this in relation to the regulation and evolution of this unusual gene-enzyme system are discussed. It is inferred that the origin of the phosphagen shuttle must predate the divergence of invertebrates and vertebrates.
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  • 88
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    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 365-369 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: sol-gel ; SiO2 ; TiO2 ; ultraviolet ; densification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Structural changes in SiO2 and TiO2 gel films were investigated using ultraviolet (UV) and vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) irradiations. A significant compaction with dehydration of SiO2 gel films was induced by irradiation of photons in the range of 9–18 eV. The refractive index and the shrinkage of the irradiated SiO2 gel films were comparable to those obtained by sintering at 1000°C. Densification of TiO2 gel films was also observed with irradiation of 5–14 eV photons. However, effects of the irradiation on TiO2 gel were smaller that those on SiO2 gel. The structural changes in the gel films are attributed to electronic excitations which are induced by irradiation with photons having higher energies than the bandgap of the oxides. The photo-induced effects are presumed to depend on the optical properties and structure of the gels.
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  • 89
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    Journal of sol gel science and technology 9 (1997), S. 239-249 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: sol-gel ; alumina-gel ; multicomponent ; mullite ; phase transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The capacity of the sol-gel process of producing highly pure, homogeneous alumina-silica based materials had been demonstrated in the last few years. However, a full understanding on the mechanisms associated to sol formation and sol to gel transition has not yet been achieved and is required for the development of a new generation of nano-structurally tailored materials that will significantly enhance the technological importance of the sol-gel process. In this work, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and aluminum isopropoxide were used to prepare materials within the entire silica-alumina system. Process parameters, such as gelation time, were correlated to variables of the initial stage of the process, such as pH, temperature of hydrolysis and water/alkoxide ratio. The obtained gels were dried at 105°C and subsequently heat treated at 500 and 1100°C for 3 hours. X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the materials and phase transformations. Structural information obtained from phase characterization and phase transformations was correlated to the effects of the process variables on sol formation and gelation, providing insights related to the mechanisms involved. The influence of temperature of aluminum isopropoxide hydrolysis on peptization and gelation of the mixtures was noted. The different behavior of mixtures hydrolyzed at low and high temperatures was suggested to be caused by different mechanisms of surface charge formation on the structurally different aluminum hydroxides. Monophasic and diphasic mullite xerogels were produced by changing temperature of aluminum isopropoxide hydrolysis, and led to formation of mullite and Al-Si spinel phases respectively, when treated at 1100°C.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Raman microscopy ; Fe-Cr alloys ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Raman microscopy has been used to study the nature and distribution of corrosion products formed on iron and iron-chromium alloys in air at high temperatures. Fe and Fe-Cr alloys containing 2, 5, 14, and 18% Cr were oxidized at 400, 600, and 850°C for 2 hr, in addition samples of each alloy were oxidized for 24 hr at 400°C to obtain thicker scales at this temperature. The corroded samples showed varying distributions of the oxides Fe2O3, Fe3O4, Cr2O3, and FeCr2O4. Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 were formed exclusively on the pure iron and the 2 and 5% chromium alloys at all temperatures and on the 14% chromium alloy at 400°C. The 14 and 18% Cr alloys formed scales containing Cr2O3 and FeCr2O4 at the higher temperatures (600 and 850°C). Examples of small regions of Fe2O3 being formed within Cr2O3-FeCr2O4 scales are suggested as possible indications of breakaway corrosion initiation sites.
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  • 91
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    Oxidation of metals 27 (1987), S. 83-93 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: silicon carbide ; oxidation ; constructional ceramics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The process of high temperature oxidation of two silicon carbide based materials differing by methods of their production and properties has been studied up to 1500°C in air. The oxidation was performed under the isothermal conditions and at the programmed heat rate of 10° per minute. It was found that the oxidation resistance of the material was the function of the presence of extrinsic metals having close affinity for oxygen. It was also found that under heating up to 1500°C in air phase transitions occurred in the SiC surface layer.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; adhesion ; growth-mechanisms ; impurities ; sulfur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The “sulfur effect” theory proposes that elements such as sulfur segregate to the scale-metal interface, where they have a deleterious effect on scale-metal adhesion, and that reactive elements and dispersions of their oxides are beneficial because they prevent this segregation. Evidence in favor of this theory has been obtained by showing that the adhesion of the scale formed on chromium in 0.1 atm. oxygen at 950°C. is greatly improved if the chromium is annealed beforehand in hydrogen instead of in vacuo. It is shown that the theory can explain not only all the experimental observations regarding the beneficial effects of reactive elements and their oxides on scale-metal adhesion, but also their effects on scale growth-mechanisms.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; steam ; Ni-base superalloy ; Al oxides ; Ti oxides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The role of aluminum and titanium on the oxidation process of a nickel-base superalloy containing 18.89%Cr, 2.13%Al, and 2.41%Ti was investigated in steam at 800°C. A Cr2O3-rich scale was formed on the alloy surface. Aluminum formed only internal oxides below the Cr2O3-rich scale. On the other hand, titanium formed not only internal oxides but also oxides in the scale and the granular particles of TiO2 outside the scale. Agglomeration of the TiO2 particles also occurred. The oxidation behavior of aluminum and titanium was discussed from thermodynamic and kinetics aspects.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: laser treatment ; chromia scales ; oxidation ; nickel-chromium alloys ; laser glazing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The influence of laser surface treatment on the isothermal oxidation of Ni-10%Cr and Ni-15%Cr at 1025°C in oxygen at 1 atm pressure has been studied. Particular emphasis has been placed on the progressive establishment of a Cr2O3 healing layer, which is facilitated by rapid-diffusion paths for chromium to the surface from the bulk alloy. For nonlaser treated alloys, such paths are alloy grain boundaries. A partial Cr2O3 layer forms initially in localized sites at, and immediately adjacent to, these boundaries and progresses into the alloy grains in a stepwise manner following lateral diffusion of chromium from the grain boundaries, thereby developing a contoured configuration. For Ni-15%Cr, there is sufficient chromium in the bulk alloy grains to sustain the eventual development of a self-healing layer parallel to the surface. For Ni-10%Cr, this is not the case and complete development of the healing layer results entirely from the stepwise progression from the grain boundaries. Establishment of the healing layer on laser-glazed surfaces is facilitated by additional rapid-diffusion paths, particularly retained alloy grain boundaries, retained alloy twins, a laser-induced microstructure and solidification artifacts (such as ripples). The relative importance of these features is discussed in relation to the oxidation behavior.
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  • 95
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    Oxidation of metals 27 (1987), S. 95-102 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; acoustic emission technqiue ; copper
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The acoustic emission technique has been utilized as an alternative technique to thermogravimetry to study the anomalous behavior of copper metal oxidation at 500°C The present work demonstrates an excellent example of the application of this technique in detecting cracks in growing oxide films.
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  • 96
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    Oxidation of metals 29 (1988), S. 487-497 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Alloy ; oxidation ; platinum ; palladium ; rhodium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The surfaces of Pt-45Pd-10Rh foils oxidized over the range 875–1075 K in a 20% O2-Ar mixture at atmospheric pressure were examined by Auger electron, X-ray photoelectron, and Raman spectroscopy. The composition of the oxide formed on the surface was found to vary with temperature from predominantly PdO at 875 K to PdRhO2 at 1075 K. Only a few atomic percent Pt was observed, present in both the metallic and (apparently) +1 oxidation states at 875 K and in the metallic state at 1075 K. The formation of PdRhO2 (and no Rh2O3) at 1075 K was found to persist upon reoxidation following a low-temperature reduction cycle in which the increased Rh concentration on the surface was retained. An oxidation-induced Rh enrichment of the surface of the alloy foil beyond 50 at. % does not appear likely within the temperature/pressure regime investigated.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: outlet obstruction ; bladder ; mitochondria ; transcription ; RNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Using the rabbit model, we showed that partial outlet obstruction of theurinary bladder causes significant changes in the status and expression ofthe mitochondrial (mt) genetic system in bladder smooth muscle immediatelyafter obstruction is initiated. Here we investigate quantitatively theseverity of the mt genetic response to partial outlet obstruction in bothshort- and long-term obstructed rabbits. Based on previous functionalstudies, bladders with mass 〈 6 fold greater than control were consideredcompensated; bladders with mass 〉 6 fold that of control were considereddecompensated. Analyses of DNA from compensated rabbit bladders showed thatrelative mt genome copy number decreased to 30% of control values.Transcript analyses for these samples showed that mt RNA levels increased 3fold to compensate for lower template copy number. Analysis of decompensatedbladders demonstrated that mt genome copy number increased to approximately90% of control levels; mt transcripts progressively decreased inthese samples by as much as 30 fold. In contrast, transcription of amt-related nuclear gene decreased 3-9 fold in compensated bladders butincreased 10-30 fold in decompensated bladders. Activity for the cytochromeoxidase complex, and for the mt enzyme citrate synthase, decreased steadilywith increasing bladder hypertrophy. These data suggest that bladderdysfunction following partial outlet obstruction is mediated partly by asignificant loss in mt and mt-related nuclear gene coordination.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: calorimetry ; cardiac muscle ; mitochondria ; oxidative phosphorylation ; atractyloside ; dinitrophenol ; ectonucleotidase ; respiratory control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A novel flow calorimetric technique was developed to study the energy turnover of myocardial mitochondria. Cylindrical strands of cardiac muscle (trabeculae) weighing 100–500 µg were isolated from guinea-pig heart and mounted in a tubular recording chamber which was continuously perfused with physiological salt solution at 37°C. The temperature difference between the upstream and the downstream side of the chamber, which is proportional to the rate of heat production of the trabecula, was measured at high resolution. In this way the rate of energy expenditure of isolated cardiac muscle could be recorded continuously for several hours. When the preparations were superfused with an 'intracellular' solution containing 5 mM pyruvate and 2 mM malate as substrates, permeabilization of the sarcolemma with 25 µM digitonin induced a marked increase in the measured heat rate in the presence of 2 mM ADP. The major fraction of the ADP sensitive heat production (83%) could be blocked with 400 µM at ractyloside, an inhibitor of the adeninenucleotide translocase, and by 600 µM α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate, an inhibitor of monocarboxylate/H+ co-transport. The atractyloside sensitive heat production was abolished in anoxic solution. These results suggest that the atractyloside-sensitive heat production (21.8 ± 3.5 mW cm-3 of tissue) was attributable to oxidative phosphorylation. The mitochondria apparently remained intact after treatment with digitonin, since application of the uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) produced a very large increase in heat rate. A minor fraction of the heat rate induced by ADP in permeabilized cardiac muscle preparations (17%) was not sensitive to atractyloside. This component was also seen before application of digitonin and was probably related to ectonucleotidases. In conclusion, our calorimetric technique allows investigation of the energy metabolism of myocardial mitochondria 'in situ', i.e. without destroying the microarchitecture of cardiac muscle cells. (Mol Cell Biochem 174: 101–113, 1997)
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: mitochondria ; cyclosporin ; cyclophilin ; channels ; permeability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondria possess an inner membrane channel, the permeability transition pore, which is inhibited by cyclosporin A (CBA) and by matrix protons. As suggested recently by our laboratory, pore closure by these inhibitors may be due to dissociation of mitochondrial cyclophilin (CyP-M), a matrix peptidyl-prolyl-cis-trans isomerase, from its putative binding site on the pore. Unbinding of CyP-M would follow a CsA-dependent or proton-dependent change in conformation of the CyP-M molecule. It is interesting that upon binding of CsA the enzymatic activity of CyP-M is inhibited, but it is not clear whether this event plays a role in pore inhibition. Here we report experiments designed to further test the role of CyP-M in pore function. Our results indicate that CyP-M-dependent and independent mechanisms of pore activation may exist, and that the peptidylprolyl-cis-trans-isomerase activity of CyP-M is not necessarily involved in pore modulation by CyP-M. (Mol Cell Biochem 174: 181–184, 1997)
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: mitochondria ; calcium ; permeability transition ; vasopressin ; glucagon ; thapsigargin ; protein kineses and phosphatases ; rat hepatocytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ca2+ functions as an intracellular signal to transfer hormonal messages to different cellular compartments, including mitochondria, where it activates intramitochondrial Ca2+-dependent enzymes. However, excessive mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake can promote the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), a process known to be associated with cell injury. The factors controlling mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and release in intact cells are poorly understood. In this paper, we investigate mitochondrial Ca2+ accumulation in intact hepatocytes in response to the elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ levels ([Ca2+]c) induced either by a hormonal stimulus (vasopressin), or by thapsigargin, an inhibitor of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump. After stimulation, cells were rapidly permeabilized for the determination of the mitochondrial Ca2+ content (Ca2+_m) and to analyze the susceptibility of the mitochondria to undergo the MPT. Despite very similar levels of [Ca2+]c elevation, vasopressin and thapsigargin had markedly different effects on mitochondrial Ca2+ accumulation. Vasopressin caused a rapid (〈 90 sec), but modest (〈 2 fold) increase in Ca2+m that was not further increased during prolonged incubations, despite a sustained [Ca2+]c elevation. By contrast, thapsigargin induced a net Ca2+ accumulation in mitochondria that continued for up to 30 min and reached Ca2+_m levels 10–20 fold over basal. Accumulation of mitochondrial Ca2+ was accompanied by a markedly increased susceptibility to undergo the MPT. Both mitochondrial Ca2+ accumulation and MPT activation were modulated by treatment of the cells with inhibitors of protein kineses and phosphatases. The results indicate that net mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake in response to hormonal stimulation is regulated by processes that depend on protein kinase activation. These controls are inoperative when the cytosol is flooded by Ca2+ through artificial means, enabling mitochondria to function as a Ca2+ sink under these conditions. (Mol Cell Biochem 174: 173–179, 1997)
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