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  • Articles  (137)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (137)
  • Gas chromatography  (137)
  • 1985-1989  (65)
  • 1980-1984  (72)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1989  (65)
  • 1983  (72)
Collection
  • Articles  (137)
Source
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (137)
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Years
  • 1985-1989  (65)
  • 1980-1984  (72)
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 20-26 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Dioryctria abietella ; Cone pyralid ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Sex pheromone, (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate ; Single sensillum recordings ; Electroantennography ; Gas chromatography ; Mass spectrometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'analyse en chromatographie gazeuse associée à une détection électroantennographique a montré que l'acétate (Z,E)-9,11-tétradécadiényle (Z,E)-9,11–14:Ac est l'un des composants de la phéromone de Dioryctria abietella Schiff (Lepid.: Pyralidae). Couplage chromatographie en phase gazeuse spectrometrie de masse a montré la présence d'acétate tétradécadiényle avec un spectre de masse et un indice de rétention identiques au Z,E-9,11–14:Ac Un récepteur cellulaire sensible à la fois au Z,E-9,11–14:Ac et à un extrait de la femelle a été identifié sous l'antenne du mâle. Les analyses des antennogrammes et de la cellule isolée ont étayé la caractérisation du composant de la phéromone comme étant Z,E-9,11–14:Ac. Un récepteur cellulaire additionnel sensible à l'acétate (Z.)-9-tétradécadiényle et à l'acétate (Z.E.)-9,12-tétradécadiényle a été trouvé sur l'antenne du mâle, mais il n'était pas activé par l'extrait de la femelle. Sur le terrain Z,E-9,11–14:Ac, présenté seul, attirait des nombres importants de mâles de D. abietella. L'addition de l'acétate (Z)-9-tétradécényle a inhibé l'attraction des mâles par les pièges.
    Notes: Summary Gas chromatographic analyses coupled with electro-antennographic detection indicated that (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate (Z,E-9, 11–14:Ac) is a pheromone component of the cone pyralid Dioryctria abietella. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analyses confirmed the presence of a tetradecadienyl acetate with mass spectrum and retention index identical to Z,E-9,11–14:Ac. A receptor cell sensitive to both Z,E-9,11–14:Ac and the female extract was identified on the male antenna. An additional receptor cell sensitive to (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate was found on the male antenna but was not activated by the female extract. In the field Z,E-9,11–14:Ac presented alone attracted significant numbers of male D. abietella. Addition of (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate inhibited the attraction of males to traps.
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  • 2
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    Chromatographia 17 (1983), S. 269-284 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Liquid chromatography ; Phenols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Gas and high-performance liquid chromatographic methods in the analysis of phenols are reviewed. Among the great number of phenolic compounds analyzed, alkylphenols, chlorophenols, dihydroxy- and trihydroxybenzenes and biphenols are chiefly considered. The advantages and drawbacks of the methods are discussed, quoting the most important work. Relationships between the structural characteristics of phenols, the stationary phase structure, the mobile phase composition and the retention data are treated. Typical examples of the conditions for GC and HPLC analysis are summarized in tables. The literature comprises over 270 references, most of them recent.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Average molecular polarizability ; Retention index ; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The Kováts retention indices of 10 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were determined on SE-30, OV-101, SE-52, OV-7 and OV-17 stationary phases. A significant correlation has been found between the retention indices and the average molecular polarizabilities of the analyzed substances. Equations were derived for the direct determination of the average molecular polarizabilities from the retention index values. The influence of the temperature on this relationship is also indicated.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Esterification in aqueous solution ; iso butyl esters of C1–C20 fatty acids ; Gas chromatography ; Fatty acid analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary C1–C20 carboxylic acids have been esterified in aqueous solutions with i-butanol. Gas chromatographic analyses have been performed from a single chromatogram. It has been established that esterification in the concentration range of [H2O]/[i-BuOH]=0.01–10.3 can be utilized for the quantitative determination of these carboxylic acids. The presence of water does not interfere in the range of [H2O]/[i-BuOH]=0.01–1.03. In the cases of [H2O]/[i-BuOH]〉1.03, anhydrous sodium sulfate has been used for binding the water, in an amount of [Na2SO4]anh./[H2O]≥0.2.
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  • 5
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    Chromatographia 27 (1989), S. 37-43 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Methylbromide ; Charcoal tubes ; Pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Air sampling of methylbromide using 900 mg HBr-treated activated charcoal tubes, followed by solvent desorption and FID or ECD chromatographic analysis, makes it possible to evaluate concentrations ranging from 0.2 ppm (1 mg×m−3) to 250 ppm (1g×m−3) at ambient temperature even with a high hygrometric level. Thermal desorption does not lead to satisfactory results.
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  • 6
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    Chromatographia 27 (1989), S. 60-66 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Mass loadability ; Stationary phase capacity ; Capillary columns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary In GLC the mass load can be normalized with respect to the amount of stationary phase in one plate. This quantity can be used for a specified solute-liquid phase combination in any capillary or packed column, irrespective of the column dimensions or the number of plates. For each individual solute in a given stationary phase a unique factor β″ can be found, which accounts for the specific shape of the isotherm of this particular combination. this factor β″ corresponds well with the activity coefficients of the solutes in the stationary phase, by which a fairly good approximation of the mass loadability of the column at hand can be made without need for experiment.
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  • 7
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    Chromatographia 27 (1989), S. 552-558 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Radio gas chromatography ; 3H- and14C-labelled compounds ; Isotope effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Radio gas chromatography (RGC) is a valuable tool for the analysis of radioactively labelled compounds. Recent advances in capillary GC, especially in column technology and instrumentation have also induced new possibilities in this field. With regard to the preservation of the achieved separation efficiency, radioactivity detection is the main problem in capillary RGC. Based on published data and on our extensive experience in conventional RGC, a simple, reliable and versatile method has been developed for the radioactive detection: purge gas is added to the effluent of the capillary column and the RGC detection unit with conversion tube and flow-through proportional counter is used maintaining small dead volumes and dimensions. The influence of the extra-column volumes and of the total gas flow rate (of the carrier, purge and quenching gases) on the peak shape was investigated. It was also found that the isotopic effect commonly known in GC of2H- and3H-labelled compounds is hardly measurable for larger [G-14C] labelled species such as [G-14C] labelled higher fatty acids with high isotopic abundance of14C, even on the highly efficient capillary columns. The quantitative aspects of the detection method used are discussed and some applications to the analysis of labelled biochemicals (amino and fatty acids) are demonstrated.
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  • 8
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    Chromatographia 27 (1989), S. 644-648 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Ion exchange resins ; Polymeric supports ; Chloromethanes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The retention of compounds of various classes on macroporous sulfonated cation exchangers in the form of the fourth period elements in Mendeleev's table (i. e. in the K, Ca, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn-forms) has been investigated. It has been shown that these sorbents are characterized by a high specificity of molecular interaction. It has also been established that the gas-chromatographic properties of cation exchangers depend on the nature and valency of the metal ion in the ionogenic group.
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  • 9
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    Chromatographia 27 (1989), S. 109-112 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Packed columns ; Immobilized stationary phase ; Poly(ethylene glycol) phase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Carbowax 20M poly(ethylene glycol) stationary phase was immobilized on Chromosorb W by cross-linking with pluriisocyanate. The properties of the prepared packing material were investigated. Column efficiencies of 10,960 and 7,510 theoretical plates/meter were obtained for n-pentadecane and 1-heptanol, respectively.
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  • 10
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    Chromatographia 27 (1989), S. 159-163 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Flame photometric detector ; Sulfur compounds ; Response quenching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The long time retardation of the main hydrocarbon peak in the chimney of the flame photometric detector greatly reduces the responses of later-eluting sulfur compounds. In the absence of hydrocarbons in the flame, the slope (s) of the log I vs. log [S] plot (where I is the sulfur response and [S] is the sulfur concentration in the sample) is of the highest value and is constant for all experimental conditions tested. Flame hydrocarbons cause the s value to decrease, and this is dependent on the oxygen to hydrogen ratio in the flame (O/H) and, under certain conditions, also on the sulfur to carbon ratio (S/C) of the sample. The abnormalities observed in the determination of methyl thiol in natural gas are explained on the basis of the present study.
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  • 11
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    Chromatographia 27 (1989), S. 631-632 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Wide-bore glass capillary columns ; End-sealing ; Static coating
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary An end-sealing method to be used for static coating of wide-bore glass capillaries is described. After the capillary was completely filled with the coating solution, one end is connected to a gas-tight syringe (10-ml volume) via silicone tubing and the other end is fixed with shortcutted silicone tubing for sealing with a plug. The method is highly successful.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Ethyl carbamate ; Direct injection quantification ; Cold injection system ; Optimised SIM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary An integrated procedure is described which allows direct injection quantitative screening to single figure parts per billion (μg/L) levels of ethyl carbamate in the natural matrix of distilled alcoholic beverage. Injection and detection performance was studied and optimized to allow this routine, reproducible, trace analysis without any sample pre-treatment. All aspects of the analysis including autosampler run sequences and automated internal standard report generation are initiated and controlled from a single GC/MS workstation.
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  • 13
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    Chromatographia 27 (1989), S. 455-460 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Surface free energy ; Silane-covered materials ; Film pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The surface free energy, or film pressure, π0, is measured for mica (Mica HK), silane-covered mica (Mica NP), Chromosorb W DMCS and glass beads. The film pressure is obtained from gas chromatography. The materials are used as adsorbents and benzyl alcohol and n-dodecane are used as molecular probes. Adsorption isotherms at 353 K are obtained from gas chromatography data and the surface free energy is computed with the help of the Gibbs equation. Values of π0 for a given surface are found to vary with the molecular probe. With benzyl alcohol π0 varies from 44 erg/cm2 for Mica 60 HK to 76 erg/cm2 for glass. In the case of n-dodecane π0 is found to vary in the same manner but the values range from 25 to 45 erg/cm2. The results are in good agreement with the values obtained with the contact angle method.
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  • 14
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    Chromatographia 27 (1989), S. 469-471 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Headspace analysis ; Ethylene oxide ; Capillary column
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A headspace gas chromatographic method for determination of traces of ethylene oxide (EO) in sterilized materials has been developed. The method allows the determination of the amount of EO by putting the samples directly into acetonitrile and analysing by means of headspace GC. The procedure described is simple, sensitive, reproducible and linear. The lower limit of detection is 0.015 μg/g of sterilized material.
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  • 15
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    Chromatographia 28 (1989), S. 24-26 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Anesthetics ; Pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A sensitive capillary gas chromatographic method is described for the simultaneous determination of lidocaine, tetracaine, procaine and dibucaine. The method was applied to the determination of anesthetics in tissue homogenates incubated at 38°C at doses between 10 and 400 mg/kg. In the liver tissue thein vitro metabolization of the studied anesthetics is most rapid for tetracaine, also fast for procaine, while for lidocaine and dibucaine the metabolization is very slow. In brain tissue thein vitro metabolization of anesthetics is very slow. The method shows good analytical parameters: linearity between 5 and 40 μg/ml; day-to-day reproducibility ca. 8% for a concentration of 20 μg/ml, precision ca. 7% for a concentration of 20μg/ml. Accuracy is also very good.
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  • 16
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    Chromatographia 28 (1989), S. 639-642 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary columns ; Split injection ; Sample tailing and cold trap effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Sample plug tailing together with a cold trap effect brings about discrimination against low boiling components at an initial column temperature above the boiling point of the solvent. In conventional split injection, this compensates for the opposite effects of such factors as the gas phase viscocity change and the pressure wave during the split period, and reasonable results are obtained. In stop-flow injection, however, since the influences of the opposite factors are diminished, the sample plug tailing and the cold trap effect may produce results showing lower than true concentrations for the low boiling components.
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  • 17
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    Chromatographia 28 (1989), S. 313-314 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Fused-silica columns ; Static coating ; Sealing method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary In this paper a new sealing method for the static coating of capillary columns is described. When one end of the fully filled capillary was immersed into liquid nitrogen in a Dewar flask, the coating solution at this end would be frozen and became a temporary seal, and an air-free solvent/seal interface was obtained. No bumping has ever been found at the interface, even when butane was used as solvent. By applying this sealing method, several capillary columns, including some narrow bore capillary, had been successfully coated.
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  • 18
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    Chromatographia 28 (1989), S. 502-504 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Retention variation ; Effect of sample composition on retention
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The variation of the retention index of a solute due to the presence of a closely neighboring peak is discussed. The neighboring peak is likely to modify the original stationary liquid by forming a temporary “mixed” stationary phase. The extent of the retention index variation is influenced by many experimental parameters and becomes pronounced when the stationary phase is overloaded by the neighboring peak and the film thickness of the stationary phase is not very large. However, the exact extent of this variation is rather unpredictable. The practical significance of this finding is also discussed.
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  • 19
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    Chromatographia 17 (1983), S. 33-36 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Preparative scale chromatography ; Capacity ; Dual-step separation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The capacity of dual-step preparative chromatographic separation systems is considered. It is shown that dualstep separation makes it possible to enhance the capacity of preparative installations as compared with single- and dual-stage purification of the compounds.
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  • 20
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    Chromatographia 17 (1983), S. 44-46 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Natural gas analysis ; Poropak N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A simple gas chromatographic method is described for the rapid analysis of natural gas using thermal conductivity detectors and programmed-temperature operation of a single Poropak N column. The method permits the determination of nitrogen, carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons containing one to seven carbon atoms.
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  • 21
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    Chromatographia 17 (1983), S. 553-559 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Open-tubular (capillary) columns ; Immobilized liquid phases ; Thick-film columns ; Diffusion coefficients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of the liquid phase film thickness in open-tubular (capillary) columns on the individual resistance-to-mass-transfer terms and on the overall column efficiency is examined from the theoretical point of view. Methods for the calculation of the diffusion coefficients are discussed.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Open-tubular (capillary) columns ; Immobilized liquid phases ; Thick-film columns ; GC-FTIR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The performance of a column prepared with an immobilized (chemically bonded) methylsilicone phase having a film thickness of 5μm is investigated in detail. Due to their high sample capacity, such columns are particularly useful when directly coupling gas chromatography with spectroscopic techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Thick-film columns can even be used with thermal conductivity detectors.
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  • 23
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    Chromatographia 17 (1983), S. 600-604 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Retention index ; Alkyl benzenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The additivity concept in the retention index system of Kovats has been examined for a series ofn-alkylbenzenes and theiro- andp-monosubstituted nitro-, amino-, and chloro-derivatives. Anomalous behaviour is exhibited by the first three members of the series on both polar and non-polar stationary phases. For addition of a methylene group ton-propylbenzene or ap-substituted derivative, it is found that the retention increment, Δl CH2, approaches 100 units. However, the strong inductive effect of the group in the ortho position and the steric effects apparent in ano-substituted alkylbenzene lead to large variations of retention increment upon addition of-CH2-to the alkyl chain. A study ofn-alkylbenzene retention on Apiezon L and Carbowax 20M over a wide range of temperatures has verified the linearity of the retention increment with temperature and has revealed that this gradient increases with increasing carbon side-chain length for the first few members of the series, thereafter becoming constant. Functional retention increments, Δlx, for substitution of nitro-, amino- and chloro-groups into the benzene ring are given.
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  • 24
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    Chromatographia 17 (1983), S. 691-692 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Dichlorophenol isomers ; Sodium benzenesulfonate ; Gas chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary It is difficult to separate all the dichlorophenol isomers as free phenols by gas-liquid chromatography. However they were effectively separated on 4,4′-dimethoxyazoxybenzene (liquid crystal), and all the isomers were separated appreciably well on sodium 1-naphthalenesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate and dodecylbenzenesulfonate.
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  • 25
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    Chromatographia 17 (1983), S. 65-69 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Oxygenates ; Fused-silica capillary columns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A method of analysing gasolines that contain oxygenates has been developed. The method uses a single fusedsilica capillary column and gives quantitative data for the oxygenates and the hydrocarbons in one analysis.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Trace analysis ; GC-concentration ; Enrichment factor ; Theoretical evaluation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Based on gas chromatographic retention data obtained on a given adsorbent and at a given trap efficiency at different temperatures new equations are proposed for the evaluation of the enrichment factor. These equations are suitable under various preconcentration conditions such as: equilibrium saturation, complete trapping and permissible losses. Compared to known expressions for the evaluation of the enrichment factor the equations suggested consider the band broadening of the impurity in a trap causing a loss of the substance at the adsorption stage and dilution of the sample during desorption when the desorbed impurities are directed into the gas chromatographic column without intermediate freezing out in an graphic column without intermediate freezing out in an empty tube. The new equations may be used to select the optimum preconcentration conditions providing the necessary sensitivity.
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  • 27
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    Chromatographia 17 (1983), S. 191-194 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Thermal treatment of MgO and MgCO3 ; Adsorption properties ; Gas chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The changes in the chromatographic properties of MgO and MgCO3 due to thermal treatment was investigated. The experimental results show that thermally treated MgO and MgCO3 can be used as stationary phase for the gas-adsorption chromatography of hydrocarbon mixtures.
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  • 28
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    Chromatographia 17 (1983), S. 418-420 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Separation of metal chelates ; Gas chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A very good separation of the acetylacetonate of AL-(III), Cr(III) and Co(III) has been obtained by gas chromatography, on a column containing OV-17 silicone oil as the stationary phase.
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  • 29
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    Chromatographia 17 (1983), S. 421-425 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Purge and trap sampling ; Cryogenic focussing ; Water analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The most important operating parameters of a commercial purge and trap GC apparatus have been investigated. Band broadening problems arising from the slow desorption of compounds from the Tenax trap have been overcome by cryogenic focussing at the beginning of the column. Good results have been obtained with both packed and capillary columns. The sensitivity of the technique is sufficient to detect benzene in water at concentrations below 1μg kg−1 (1 ppb).
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; FAME fingerprinting ; Animal fats ; Transesterification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The triglycerides of animal fats from milk, meat or cheese can also be characterized by the gaschromatographic pattern of the fatty acid methylesters (FAME) after conversion by an unsophisticated transesterification procedure. Even from the FAME pattern falsifications of commercial animal fats can be revealed by the fast separation of the FAME using a standard CW 20 M (polyethyleneglycol) capillary column. Characteristic patterns of FAME originating from different animals are shown. The patterns of the FAME from different races of the same animal are very similar, so that the characterisation according to the type of animal is not disturbed.
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  • 31
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    Chromatographia 27 (1989), S. 71-76 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Electron-capture detector ; Constant-current mode ECD ; Non-linearity of ECD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The effects of the ionization source activity, sample input rate, electron capture rate constant, ventilation rate constant and baseline frequency on the linearity, detectability and sensitivity of the constant-current electron-capture detector (CC-ECD) were investigated. The proposed model representing an extension of the Wenthworth-Lovelock model proved to be useful in demonstrating that the CC-ECD can be highly nonlinear for strong electron capturers, at high ionization source activities, at a low ventilation rate constant and at low baseline frequencies. Optimization of the CC-ECD operation is possible by a reasonable adjustment of the studied parameters.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Coke oven gas evolution ; On-line gas analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A gas chromatograph will thermal conductivity detector (TCD) connected on line via a cleaning train to the semi-industrial scale Coke Oven Text Plant of the Spanish National Coal Institute (INCAR), has been used to control the evolution of the permanent gases during the coking process. The undesirable presence of oxygen in the coke oven gas can be detected with this system that will be applied to determine the end of the coking process by quantitative analysis of the gas evolved.
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  • 33
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    Chromatographia 27 (1989), S. 182-184 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Micropacked columns ; Alkyl-modified silica ; Hydrocarbons
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Micropacked columns for liquid chromatography were evaluated for the gas chromatographic separation of hydrocarbons. A glass-lined stainless-steel tube of 30 cm×0.3 mm i.d., packed with 5-μm alkyl-modified silica, was employed as the separation column. The micropacked columns were successfully applied to the separation of components of a light oil and a kerosine.
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  • 34
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    Chromatographia 27 (1989), S. 205-208 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Kováts indices ; Numerical interpolation ; Dead time
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Comparison with normal procedures shows that numerical interpolation of the logarithms of gross retention times generates quite useful Kováts indices for gas chromatographic analysis. The dead time concept is not used in the interpolation.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Adsorption studies ; Clinoptilolite ; Zeolite
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Adsorption properties of NH4-clinoptilolite, thermally treated at 400, 550 and 650°C, were investigated by gas-solid chromatography. Adsorption of ten hydrocarbons, including aliphatic, alicyclic, chlorinated and aromatic compounds is discussed in the light of adsorbate-adsorbent interactions. The imporatant thermodynamic parameters of adsorption are determined. A detailed discussion is presented on the alteration of the surface properties of NH4-clinoptilolite caused by thermal treatment. Experimental data obtained show that NH4-clinoptilolite treated at 650°C can be successfully employed as a column packing in analytical gassolid chromatography.
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  • 36
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    Chromatographia 27 (1989), S. 436-440 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Liquid crystal stationary phases ; PAH ; FAME ; Mesomorphic polysiloxane phases
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The gas-chromatographic properties of two mesomorphic polysiloxane (MEPSIL) stationary phases, one smectic (SB) and the other nematic (N), were investigated. The retention indices and separation factors (relative retentions), α, of several pairs of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) isomer solutes were used to gauge differences in the selectivity provided by each. The heats of solution of the PAH showed that the smectic MEPSIL is more selective for solutes with different length-to-breadth ratios. Also, five peaks were resolved for sixcis andtrans octadecenoic FAME isomers with this solvent. The nematic MEPSIL, on the other hand, was found to be more useful at higher temperatures because of its higher clearing point. In addition, solute capacity factors were smaller than those observed with the smectic MEPSIL, as evidenced by lower retention indices. The former was therefore more useful for the analysis of high molecular-weight PAH.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Colloidal stationary phases ; Liquid crystals as stationary phases
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Colloid systems consisting of the nematic liquid crystals p,p′-azoxyphenetol and p,p′-methoxyethoxyazoxybenzene and high-disperse mineral particles (aerosil, carbon black) are proposed to be used as stationary phases in gas chromatography. The dependence of the retention of normal paraffins, Rohrschneider and McReynolds test solutes (benzene, ethanol, methyl ethyl ketone, nitromethane, pyridine, butanol-1, 2-pentanone, and nitropropane) on the composition of the colloid systems was investigated. The investigated colloid sorbents including liquid crystals retain their selectivity for meta/para isomers up to 50% of the aerosil content and practically at all studied carbon black concentrations.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Chlorinated methanes ; Activated charcoal sampling ; Pollution
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A sampling method using activated charcoal, followed by percolation with ethanol and FID or ECD chromatographic analysis, depending on the concentrations to be monitored, makes it possible to evaluate concentrations of methylene chloride between 5 and 1000mg m−3, chloroform between 0.1 and 2000mg m−3, and carbon tetrachloride between 0.015 and 1000mg m−3.
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  • 39
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    Chromatographia 28 (1989), S. 139-142 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Silica surface ; Silanols ; Strongly interacting sites
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The paper describes how the method of gas-phase titration of the strongest adsorption sites can be utilized to calculate a relative strength of interaction of the sites with chromatographic solutes. An excellent correlation with earlier, theoretical predictions of Giddings is noted. Significant influence of the sites on the width of a chromatographic band is observed when the interactions are an order of magnitude stronger than those of normal sites.
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  • 40
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    Chromatographia 28 (1989), S. 167-169 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Determination of monomer in polymers ; Sealed glass capillary sampling
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Residual styrene in polystyrene and free phenol in phenolic plywood adhesive have been determined by sealing samples in glass capillary tubes. To prevent loss of sample the ends of the capillary tubes were sealed with a kind of putty made of anhydrous calcium sulfare, calcium carbonate and a small quantity of phenylmethylsilicone fluid. No volatile compounds were released from this sealing material when the capillary tubes were placed in a quartz vaporising furnace at temperatures up to 300°C.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; GC/MS and headspace GC ; Elastomeric stoppers for injectables ; Trace hydrocarbons
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Elastomeric stoppers for injectables have been surveyed by means of GC/MS screening. Residual contamination by hexanes (2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, n-hexane, methylcyclopentane, cyclohexane) toluene and xylenes occurred in all the samples tested. A headspace GC purity test is suggested, by using these residual chemicals as purity indexes.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Optimization of gas-solid separations ; Plate height equation ; Computer mapping procedure
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary This paper proposes an optimization model for gas-solid chromatographic separations in a non-linear programming form and an approximate equation of the plate height for the model. A computer-modified mapping procedure is also described for searching the optimum separation conditions. Just five experiments and about 20 minutes of the computer time are needed to establish the optima of column temperature and of the carrier gas linear velocity. The relative deviation between the predicted and the experimental values was found to be within 20% for the plate heights, and within 1.5% for the retention times.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Renewal theory ; Monte-Carlo simulation ; Prediction of retention and peak widths
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A new method for prediction of gas chromatographic retention times and peak half widths is based on the renewal theory. The only requirements are the heats of vaporization of the compounds to be separated and one calibration measurement. With this data, retention times and peak half widths can be predicted for isothermal as well as temperature-programmed gas chromatography. For the separation of non-polar substances on non-polar stationary phases the prediction error for retention times is approx. 1–2%. First simulations of polar molecules and polar stationary phases indicate that this method is also applicable in these cases but some extension will be required.
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  • 44
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    Chromatographia 17 (1983), S. 241-243 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Detectors ; Flame ionization detector ; History of chromatography
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary On the occasion of the 25-year anniversary of its invention, this article summarizes the events which led to the development of the flame ionization detector.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Esterification in aqueous solution ; n-Butyl esters of fatty acids ; Gas chromatography ; Fatty acid analysis
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The esterification of C1−C8 fatty acid in aqueous solutions and in the presence of sulfuric or hydrochloric acid and with n-butanol is described. It has been established that the esterification can be used for the quantitative determination of these fatty acids in the concentration ratio range of [H2O]/[n-BuOH]=0.01–5.3. In the concentration ratio range of 0.01–0.8 the water present does not interfere. In the concentration range of above 0.8 anhydrous sodium sulfate is used for binding the water, in the amount of [Na2SO4.anh.]/[H2O]≥0.2.
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  • 46
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    Chromatographia 17 (1983), S. 472-476 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Liquid stationary phase ; Liquid phase bleeding
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The theory of the evaporation of the liquid stationary phase is elaborated and experimentally verified. On the basis of this theory the role played by the losses in the amount of liquid phase present is quantitatively determined. General techniques are examined which minimize the losses; these techniques are based on saturating the incoming carrier gas with liquid phase vapours and raising the pressure of the carrier gas in the column, e.g. by connecting a capillary to the column outlet in order to offer resistance to the gas flow. The application of these techniques ensures stable performance of the gas chromatographic columns using a volatile liquid phase.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Microwave plasma detector ; Thiophenes ; Shale oil distillates
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A series of alkylthiophenes and dimethyl disulfide were tentatively identified in an oil shale retort gas condensate from a 6-kg bench-scale retort using gas chromatography with a microwave-induced helium plasma detector (GC-MIP). The sulfur species were present in concentrations ranging from 1.5 to 10.7 mol ppm in the undiluted offgas. The GC-MIP technique was successful in selectively detecting the sulfur components in the complex mixture. Quantitation was simplified relative to GC with flame-photometric detection because of the absence of quenching or other interference problems at the concentrations studied. Attempts to determine stoichiometry of the sulfur components by comparison of carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur ratios with those of standards were unsuccessful because of the complexity of the carbon and hydrogen chromatograms.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Air pollutants ; Adsorbent enrichment ; Thermal desorption
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A new automatic method is described for quantitative determination of some light C2–C4 hydrocarbons in urban air: ethene, ethyne, propane, propene, butane and iso-butane. This method is based on an enrichment step at room temperature using a solid sorbent and subsequent thermal desorption for gas chromatographic separation and FID detection. The instrument is built up of a small commercial gas chromatograph and a laboratory-made trap and desorption unit. The sampling parameters, sample volume, concentration and humidity of air have been investigated.
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  • 49
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    Chromatographia 27 (1989), S. 596-600 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Mass spectrometry ; Azines
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary We have studied the gas chromatographic behaviour of several 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolone-azines. In HPLC analysis all the unsymmetrical azines show double peaks, whereas in HRGC analysis only some of these compounds show the two peaks corresponding to the Z (syn) and E (anti) isomers. By means GC/MS analysis the mass spectrum of each azine was recorded. We have assigned the E and Z configurations to the first and second gas chromtographic peaks on the basis of the ratio between the relative abundances of the two most significant framment ions at m/z 163 and 164.
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  • 50
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    Chromatographia 27 (1989), S. 221-224 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Large volume sample injection ; Closed on-column injector
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A new simplified version of a “closed” on-column injector is introduced. Because of its design isobaric injection conditions do not have to be followed and a wide range of injection temperatures above the boiling point of the sample solvent can be chosen for on-column injections in capillary gas chromatography. Also, when following certain basic injection rules, injections of large sample volumes (≥20 μl or more) give accurate and reproducible results without further problems.
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  • 51
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    Chromatographia 27 (1989), S. 233-237 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; FTIR ; Hemoglobin
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The use of N, O (S)-tert.-Butyldimethylsilyl derivatives of amino acids for capillary gas chromatography and FTIR identification of amino acids is described. Rapid identification is achieved by computerised comparison of FTIR spectra. Derivatives that are characterised by identical sets of ions in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry experiments are clearly distinguished and identified by means of their infrared spectra. This, for example, is the case with alanine, β-alanine and sarcosine, which norvaline and valine, and with norleucine, leucine and isoleucine. Unknows are also promptly detected. This is especially useful in screening biological samples for less common amino acids. Screening of hemoglogin hydrolysates for amino acid adducts is exemplified.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Trichloroethyl ester ; Dicarboxylic acid ; Urine samples ; Electron capture ; Biological monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Dicarboxylic acids were esterified by 2,2,2-trichloroethanol by using trifluoroacetic anhydride and phosphoric acid as catalysts. The method was developed to facilitate the evaluation of workers' exposure to sensitising acid anhydrides and other compounds metabolised to acids in the body. The sensitivity of the acid determination in urine was in the order of 2–4 ng ml−1 for aliphatic and alicyclic acids and 15ng ml−1 for phthalic acid.
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  • 53
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    Chromatographia 27 (1989), S. 499-508 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Electron capture detector ; Space-charge model
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Mathematical analysis, allowing the determination of the distribution of the electron and positive ion concentration in an electron-capture detector with a cylindrical electrode arrangement and with constant and pulsed voltage supplies, has been carried out. The measurements obtained confirm the assumptions concerning the “space change” model of the ECD introduced by Gobby et al. and cast doubt upon the general assumption of the complete removal of the electrons from the detector by the voltage pulse. The physical factors influencing the current characteristics of the detector and the possible distortions connected with the electrode geometry have been explained on the basis of the measurements carried out.
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    Chromatographia 27 (1989), S. 333-339 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Catalytic reactions ; Adsorption and desorption rate constants ; Reversed-flow techniques
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A small volume of reactant, 1-butene, is injected onto a catalytic bed and is allowed to diffuse away from it together with the product butane, along a narrow empty chromatographic tube; the latter is connected perpendicularly to the middle point of another similar tube through which hydrogen flows as reactant and carrier gas, transferring both 1-butene and butane to the detector through an analytical column. By using the reversed-flow GC technique, extra peaks are obtained in the chromatographic trace, sampling the concentration of both the readtant and product at the junction of the two tubes as a function of time. These concentrations are the result of the diffusion of the substances along the narrow empty tube, modified by the adsorption-desorption rates and the rate of the catalytic reaction. From the extra peaks of the reactant and product, a number of physicochemical quantities pertaining to the catalytic reaction can be calculated simultaneously, using appropriate mathematical analysis. These include adsorption rate constants, reaction rate constants, desorption rate constants, partition coefficients, and the overall mass transfer coefficients of the reactant across the gas-solid boundary of the catalytic bed.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; KF·2H2O as stationary phase ; Alcohols ; Organic bases
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Potassium fluoride crystal dihydrate is used as the stationary phase for the rapid analysis of polar compounds in aqueous solutions. KF·2H2O is compared with some conventional stationary phases, organic salts and molten crystal hydrates of inorganic salts.
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    Chromatographia 28 (1989), S. 237-240 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Slope of log plot ; Homologous series ; Retention index ; Retention time ; Uncertainty ; Free energy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The free energy of partition of a methylene group $$\Delta G_{CH_2 }^ \circ $$ is constant within a homologous series down to C5 and nearly constant to C3, contrary to the finding of Golovnya and Grigoryeva [5]. Retention indices are linear with carbon number: values may be extrapolated from higher carbon numbers to C5 within experimental uncertainty, to C4 with error no greater than 5 units and to C3 with error no greater than 10 units. Error in extrapolating the logarithm of the adjusted retention time, log t′R, to C5 is thus negligible, to C4 has possible error up to 5b/100 and to C3 up to 10b/100, whereb is the slope of the plot of log t′R against carbon number.
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  • 57
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    Chromatographia 28 (1989), S. 631-638 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Headspace GC/FTIR ; Optimization ; Detection limits ; Cryogenic trapping
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary For the trace analysis of volatile components in a nonvolatile matrix, the headspace sampling technique offers the potential to lower detection limits in GC/FTIR experiments. Optimization of chromatographic operating parameters for Headspace GC/FTIR is discussed, aiming at the best compromise between maximum chromatographic resolution and highest S/N ratio of the infrared spectra. It is shown that the combination of headspace sampling with cryogenic capillary head trapping is able to provide Headspace GC/FTIR with the best performance in terms of sensitivity and chromatographic resolution.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Reaction rate studies ; Dicyclopentadiene
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The gas chromatographic reactor technique was used to study the kinetics of dicyclopentadiene dissociation in several liquid phases (Versamid 900, neopentyl glycol sebacate, Triton X-305, Carbowax 6000, ethylene glycol phthalate and diethylene glycol succinate). Reaction rates and Arrhenius parameters are reported in the temperature range of 170–200°C. Kinetic data for the lower polarity liquid phases are in good agreement with literature values for liquid phases of the same nature reported previously. Reaction rates are higher when polar liquid phases are used. This behavior can be explained as a result of side reactions which lead to high molecular weight compounds which can be observed in the reaction chromatogram.
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    Chromatographia 28 (1989), S. 385-390 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary column ; Split injection ; Stop-flow method
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Major concerns in the development of the stop-flow split injection are discussed. Split ratio fluctuation caused by the pressure wave, solvent recondensation and gas viscosity change can be substantially diminished through the formation of a nearly uniform gaseous sample plug. Instrumental variables exerting influence on the accuracy of quantitation were studied. Higher injector temperature and the use of a carrier gas with higher heat conductivity benefit the quick vaporization of the sample liquid, and thus, help in the formation of a sample plug with more unformity.
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    Chromatographia 28 (1989), S. 405-411 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Gas chromatography ; Concentration of volatile flavor compounds ; ODS packing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Volatile flavor compounds in aqueous model systems, distillates of coffee extract and juices such as apple, tomato, pineapple and grape were adsorbed on an ODS column during HPLC and monitoring absorption at 280nm. The adsorbed volatile compounds were eluted with a small volume of ethanol. Volatile compounds in the eluates were concentrated 22 to 100 times those in the distillates. Recovery of compounds was 50–90%. Breakthrough of specific compounds such as γ-valerolactone, furfuryl acetate and t-2-hexenal in the model systems and several compounds in the juice distillates was detected by capillary GC. Pattern similarity calculated between the GC profiles of a juice distillate and the corresponding eluate gave a qualitative comparison. This novel and versatile method utilizing conventional RP-HPLC may be widely applicable for concentrating volatiles in aqueous systems, at levels from ppm to ppb.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 36-37 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary column ; Cryogenic focusing ; On-column, pre-column trapping ; Volatile aroma compounds ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 40-42 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary columns ; Splitless Injection ; Drug analysis ; Concentration dependence of retention values ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 42-44 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Mg(NO3)2 .6H2O as stationary phase ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 60-63 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary column ; Cold silanization ; Medium polarity columns ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Silane-coupling agents, commonly used for fiberglass reinforced plastics (FRP), were applied for deactivation of silanol sites in glass capillary columns prior to coating with mediumpolarity phases such as Carbowax and Superox. The columns, prepared in a two-stage process in the case of glass (acidic leaching and drying, dynamic cold silanization followed by static coating with the phase) or a one stage process in the case of fused silica, gave the best results when deactivation and hence wettability were induced by glycidoxypropyltrimethoxy silane.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Residue analysis ; Fenvalerate ; Fabric protectant ; Woolen cloth ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A method is described for the determination of fenvalerate (cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl 4-chloro-α-(1-methylethyl)-benzeneacetate) residues on woolen cloth. The fenvalerate was Soxhlet-extracted from the treated fabric with acetone for four hours at a reflux rate of six solvent exchanges per hour. The fenvalerate residue was determined by gas-liquid chromatography with a flame ionization detector. The results were quantitated by comparing integrator counts obtained from extracts of treated samples with those obtained from known standards. The method was sensitive to 0.00054% fenvalerate by weight. Recoveries from fabric treated with 0.00054% to 0.215% averaged 94.8%. The response of the detector was linear over a 400-fold range of fenvalerate concentrations.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 273-274 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Solvent effect ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 269-272 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Retention indices ; Specific retention volumes ; n-Alkanes ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The choice of stationary phase for gas chromatography is dictated by the nature of the analytes. Polarity and selectivity are known to play an important role. This paper suggests equations for calculation of specific retention volumes of any compounds from their retention indices.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 366-370 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Fused silica capillary column ; Chiral phase ; Amino acid enantiomers ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Heliflex Chirasil-Val, a modified form of the original Chirasil-Val phase coated on fused silica capillary, has been investigated with regard to its resolution efficiency and the separation profile for various enantiomeric derivatives of amino acid. The best results could be obtained with TFA-Et derivatives by reason of the relatively low column temperature required.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 386-387 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary columns ; On column injection ; Movable injector ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 388-389 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Fused silica capillary micro-packed columns ; Separation characteristics ; Application ; Separation of hydrocarbons ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 392-393 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary columns ; Hydrogen carrier gas ; Pt-Ir tubing ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 72
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 390-391 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Dispersive interactions ; Inductive interactions ; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 73
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 567-568 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Solvent effect ; Headspace analysis ; Trace analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 74
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 4-10 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Ion mobility detector ; Plasma chromatography ; Selective detection ; Quantitative analysis ; Halogenated compounds ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An ion mobility detector that has been specifically developed for interfacing with capillary gas chromatography is investigated in the negative ion mode. Like the electron capture detector, to which this instrument is closely related, the ion mobility detector shows an enhanced response to low molecular weight halogenated compounds when a small quantity of oxygen is doped into the make-up gas flow. Under O2 doping conditions, the device can operate in a reactant ion monitoring mode responding universally to compounds capable of capturing thermal electrons and in a tunable selective product ion mode providing increased selectivity over that achieved by the ECD. At an oxygen concentration of 0.5%, minimum detectable amounts as low as 600 femtograms have been realized for carbon tetrachloride. Selectivity of chloro- versus bromo- compounds is demonstrated using a mixture of p-dichlorobenzene and p-dibromobenzene.
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  • 75
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 11-15 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; ECD ; Halocarbons in water, 0.1-10 ppb ; 0.5-2 μl injected on-column ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Interest in monitoring halogenated organics in drinking water and natural surface and ground water in the low ppb range continues to grow. There is a tendency to include still more volatile halocarbons, the trace determination of which is known to be rather demanding. This prompted us to re-examine the feasibility of large-volume direct aqueous injection onto capillary columns, coupled with ECD. A primary problem was to avoid simultaneous elution of water with halocarbons, since water suppresses the ground current of the ECD. The following measures contributed to the solution of this problem.Apolar, extremely inert, columns are required to elute water completely, and even before very light halocarbons. Their coatings have to be far thicker (≍ 5 mUm) than commonly employed thick films since they must permit isothermal analysis at a column temperature around 100°C in order to ensure rapid and complete elution of water. Finally, it is essential that sampling be carried out on-column for two reasons: diffusion of water vapor in the injector, resulting in delayed elution, is then eliminated, and peak distortion during splitless injection is avoided.Although we now know that persilylated columns with immobilized coatings withstand routine water injections, more longterm experience is needed to provide detailed recommendations for the handling of these columns.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 34-35 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Samples with varying water content ; Retention times correlated with water content ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 213-215 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary column ; HPLC sample work-up ; Valeriana celtica L ; Essential oil ; Nepetalactone, isovaleric acid ; Feline attractant ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 78
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 228-231 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Sample introduction ; Splitless injection ; On-column injection ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 79
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 232-235 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Inlets ; Solvent effect ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 80
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Dynamic versus static leaching ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is well known that removal of metal ions from the glass surface greatly improves both the thermal stability and the adsorption characteristics of glass capillary columns. Usually metal ions are removed from a glass surface by acid leaching; in particular, the static leaching procedure with hydrochloric acid is used very often for the preparation of glass capillary columns. This paper discusses the results of an investigation into dynamic leaching. Special attention is paid to those factors which affect the adsorption properties of the leached surface. The importance of the non-specific adsorptivity of the capillary surface due to changes of surface properties induced by the leaching process is pointed out.
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  • 81
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 241-246 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Fused silica capillary columns ; Cobalt-60 gamma radiation ; Immobilized phase ; Crosslinking ; Column activity ; Temperature Stability ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Fused silica capillaries deactivated with D4 and coated with OV-1 were subjected to cobalt-60 gamma radiation in order to elucidate the effect of incident radiation on column performance. The chromatographic performance of these open tubular columns in which OV-1 was polymerized in situ was found to be dependent on the dosage of radiation and was evaluated before and after the irradiated columns were rinsed with solvent. Of the radiation dosages employed, 3 MRad produced superior chromatographic performance coupled with very favorable residual surface activity.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 247-254 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, fused silica ; Screening for basic drugs with retention indices differing by only four units ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Capillary columns offer the toxicologist several advantages over packed columns. We have presented a highly reproducible screening procedure based on the retention index system and have shown the use of capillary columns for routine quantitation. We are currently expanding the use of these columns in our laboratory and predict that they will be in routine use by most toxicologists in the near future.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 255-263 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass, fused silica ; Two-dimensional technique ; Residue analysis in food ; Organophosphorus pesticides ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two-dimensional gas chromatography with two capillary columns of different polarity (SP 2100 and OV 225) is used for pesticide residue analysis in food samples. By means of “live chromatography” applying pneumatic switching technique according to Deans, unequivocal identification of 57 organophosphorus pesticides in food samples is achieved at trace concentrations. The instrument is equipped with only one injection port and one flame photometric detector. On-line data processing is very helpful, especially in calibration and checking the system's reliability with the multitude of test compounds. The complete pesticide residue analysis including clean-up of about six food samples can be completed by one person in 8 hours.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 422-426 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Stationary phase, polar ; DEGA ; Residue analysis of pesticides ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polydiethylene glycol adipate (DEGA) has been successfully used as stationary phase for residue analysis by glass capillary gas chromatography. A specially stabilized version of the phase yields a good polar column which is stable up to 250°C when used in temperature programmed cycles. The paper lists 90 pesticides that have been successfully chromatographed in ng quantities on a DEGA column.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 436-440 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, fused silica ; Superox-4 pretreatment, deactivation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 442-443 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Cyclodextrin polymer beads ; Double retention mechanism ; Interaction energy ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 444-445 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Open-tubular columns ; Reduced diameter ; High pressure ; Coating reservoir ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 497-500 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary column, fused silica ; On-column injection ; Solvent polarity ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 501-504 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary columns ; Van Deemter curves ; Thick film columns ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 504-507 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary columns ; Effluent splitting ; Polyimide ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 101-103 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, fused silica ; GC/MS ; Drugs of abuse ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 317-319 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary column, fused silica ; Drug screening ; Fused silica capillary column ; Toxicology ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 319-321 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Supercritical fluid chromatography ; Small diameter capillary columns ; Static coating at elevated temperature ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 328-332 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Fused silica (capillary) columns ; Bonded (cross-linked ) phases ; Hydrocarbon analysis ; Retention index data ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 448-450 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary column ; Solute focussing ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 480-487 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary column ; Residue mixtures ; Inlet characteristics ; Injection procedure ; Repeatability ; Linearity ; Quantification ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Residue mixtures of pesticides in foods which were difficult to separate by packed-column gas chromatography were determined by capillary gas chromatography and electron capture detection. Manual injections of sample and reference standard were made with a 10 μL syringe on a septum-enclosed, split/ splitless inlet system. Optimal peak height repeatability (± 3%( was achieved with three-μL injections which were made within time periods of four hours or less. The average linearity coefficient (slope( obtained for detector response as a function of solution concentration was 1.1.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 507-509 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary column, glass ; GC/MS ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 98
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 12 (1989), S. 181-183 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Column technology ; Simulated distillation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 12 (1989), S. 184-186 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Purge-and-trap ; Environmental tracers ; Motor vehicle exhaust ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 100
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 12 (1989), S. 193-207 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Multidimensional chromatography ; Liquid chromatography ; Gas chromatography ; Gupercritical fluid chromatography ; Fuels ; Foodstuffs ; Environmental ; Biological ; Pharmaceutical ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Although coupled liquid chromatographygas chromatography (LC-GC) was first demonstrated ten years ago, only in the last few years has there been a sudden surge of interest in the technique. Approximately 70% of the total number of LC-GC applications have been published in the last two years (1987-88) alone. This review categorizes LC-GC publications into four main application areas: fossil fuels, foods, environmental samples, biologiical/pharmaceutical samples, and miscellaneous samples. Multidimensional separations carried out using other coupled-column chromatographic techniques (such as supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) with GC, and on-line trace enrichment-GC) have also been included in this review.
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