ALBERT

Note: Chapter 1. Classification and Structures of the Micas by S. W. Bailey, p. 1 - 12 Chapter 2. Crystal Chemistry of the True Micas by S. W. Bailey, p. 13 - 60 Chapter 3. The Brittle Micas by Stephen Guggenheim, p. 61 - 104 Chapter 4. Electrostatic Energy Models of Micas by R. F. Giese, Jr., p. 105 - 144 Chapter 5. Spectroscopy of Micas by George R. Rossman. p. 145 - 182 Chapter 6. Optical Properties of Mica Under the Polarizing Microscope by Ray E. Wilcox, p. 183 - 200 Chapter 7. Experimental Phase Relations of the Micas by David A. Hewitt and David R. Wones, p. 201 - 256 Chapter 8. Paragenesis, Crystallochemical Characteristics, and Geochemical Evolution of Micas in Granitic Pegmatites by Petr Cerny and Donald M. Burt, p. 257 - 298 Chapter 9. Micas in Igneous Rocks by J. Alexander Speer, p. 299 - 356 Chapter 10. Micas in Metamorphic Rocks by Charles V. Guidotti, p. 257 - 468 Chapter 11. F-OH and Cl-OH Exchange in Micas with Applications to Hydrothermal Ore Deposits by James L. Munoz, p. 469 - 494 Chapter 12. Illite by Jan Sordori and Dennis D. Eberl, p. 495 - 544 Chapter 13. Glauconite and Celadonite Minerals by I. Edgar Odom, p. 545 - 572 Appendix: X-Ray Power Patterns of Micas p. 573 - 584

Note: J. B. Dawson, D. A. Carswell, J. Hall, and K.H. Wedepohl: Introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:vii-viii, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.01 --- R. Meissner: Twenty years of deep seismic reflection profiling in Germany—a contribution to our knowledge of the nature of the lower Variscan crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:1-10, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.02 --- D. H. Matthews: Seismic reflections from the lower crust around Britain / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:11-21, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.03 --- S. B. Smithson: A physical model of the lower crust from North America based on seismic reflection data / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:23-34, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.04 --- V. Haak and R. Hutton: Electrical resistivity in continental lower crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:35-49, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.05 --- J. Hall: The physical properties of layered rocks in deep continental crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:51-62, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.06 --- D. S. Chapman: Thermal gradients in the continental crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:63-70, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.07 --- J. F. Dewey: Diversity in the lower continental crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:71-78, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.08 --- N. J. Kusznir and R. G. Park: Continental lithosphere strength: the critical role of lower crustal deformation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:79-93, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.09 --- K. Weber: Metamorphism and crustal rheology—implications for the structural development of the continental crust during prograde metamorphism / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:95-106, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.10 --- S. A. F. Murrell: The role of deformation, heat, and thermal processes in the formation of the lower continental crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:107-117, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.11 --- K. Fuchs: Intraplate seismicity induced by stress concentration at crustal heterogeneities—the Hohenzollern Graben, a case history / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:119-132, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.12 --- K. Lambeck: Crustal structure and evolution of the central Australian basins / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:133-145, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.13 --- R. W. Kay and S. M. Kay: Petrology and geochemistry of the lower continental crust: an overview / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:147-159, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.14 --- J. Touret: Fluid inclusions in rocks from the lower continental crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:161-172, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.15 --- S. R. Taylor and S.M. McLennan: The chemical composition of the Archaean crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:173-178, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.16 --- R. L. Rudnick and S. R. Taylor: Geochemical constraints on the origin of Archaean tonalitic-trondhjemitic rocks and implications for lower crustal composition / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:179-191, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.17 --- D. A. Carswell and S.J. Cuthbert: Eclogite facies metamorphism in the lower continental crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:193-209, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.18 --- S. Moorbath and P.N. Taylor: Geochronology and related isotope geochemistry of high-grade metamorphic rocks from the lower continental crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:211-220, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.19 --- B. F. Windley and J. Tarney: The structural evolution of the lower crust of orogenic belts, present and past / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:221-230, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.20 --- C. Pin and J. D. Sills: Petrogenesis of layered gabbros and ultramafic rocks from Val Sesia, the Ivrea Zone, NW Italy: trace element and isotope geochemistry / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:231-249, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.21 --- S. Robertson: Evolution of the late Archaean lower continental crust in southern West Greenland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:251-260, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.22 --- L. Schiøtte, D. Bridgwater, K.D. Collerson, A.P. Nutman, and A.B. Ryan: Chemical and isotopic effects of late Archaean high-grade metamorphism and granite injection on early Archaean gneisses, Saglek-Hebron, northern Labrador / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:261-273, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.23 --- D. M. Shaw, J. J. Cramer, M. D. Higgins, and M. G. Truscott: Composition of the Canadian Precambrian shield and the continental crust of the earth / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:275-282, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.24 --- M. Raith and P. Raase: High grade metamorphism in the granulite belt of Finnish Lapland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:283-295, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.25 --- R. C. Newton and E.C. Hansen: The South India-Sri Lanka high-grade terrain as a possible deep-crust section / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:297-307, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.26 --- H.-G. Stosch, G. W. Lugmair, and H.A. Seck: Geochemistry of granulite-facies lower crustal xenoliths: implications for the geological history of the lower continental crust below the Eifel, West Germany / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:309-317, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.27 --- H. Downes and A. Leyreloup: Granulitic xenoliths from the French Massif Central—petrology, Sr and Nd isotope systematics and model age estimates / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:319-330, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.28 --- J. R. Broadhurst: Mineral reactions in xenoliths from the Colorado Plateau; implications for lower crustal conditions and fluid composition / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:331-349, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.29 --- P. W. C. van Calsteren, N. B. W. Harris, C. J. Hawkesworth, M. A. Menzies, and N. W. Rogers: Xenoliths from southern Africa: a perspective on the lower crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:351-362, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.30 --- W. L. Griffin and S. Y. O’Reilly: The lower crust in eastern Australia: xenolith evidence / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:363-374, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.31

Note: Table of Contents: Copyright; Additional copies. - Foreword and acknowledgements. - Chapter 1. Cosmochemistry of the Rare Earth Elements: Condensation and Evaporation Processes / by William V. Boynton. - Introduction. - Meteorites. - Astrophysical context for interpretation of cosmochemical data. - Solar nebula. - Solar abundances. - Cosmochemical properties of the REE. - REE condensation reactions. - Activity coefficients. - Partial pressures. - Solid / gas distribution coefficients. - Why are the REE volatilities so different?. - Calculated REE patterns. - Early condensates. - Removing REE in the gas. - Comparison with meteoritic data. - Ultra-refractory component. - Group II inclusions. - FUN inclusions. - REE condensation as a function of oxygen fugacity. - Rims on CAI. - What have we learned from the REE?. - High temperatures were achieved in the solar nebula. - A very efficient mechanism for gas/dust separation existed in the solar nebula. - The high nebular temperatures existed for a long time. - A very intense, very brief, heat source also existed. - The solar nebula was a chaotic environment. - Summary. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 2. Radiogenic Isotope Geochemistry of Rare Earth Elements / by P. Jonathan Patchett. - Introduction. - Long-lived radioactive isotopes of Rare Earth Elements. - 138La-138Ce decay. - 147Sm-143Nd decay. - 176Lu-176Hf decay. - Cemical variations of La/Ce, Sm/Nd and Lu/Hf ratios. - Geochronological studies. - La-Ce and Lu-Hf chronology. - Sm-Nd chronology. - Defining bulk planetary isotopic evolution. - Isotopic study of planetary interiors. - The Moon. - The Earth. - Nd isotopes in studies of terrestrial crustal evolution. - Model Nd ages of continental crust. - Growth curves for the continental crust. - Origin of granitoids. - Nd isotopes and the sedimentary system. - Characterization of whole crustal terranes. - Crustal Lu-Hf isotopic studies. - Major unsolved problems. - Continental crustal growth curve. - Abundance of Archean continental crust. - Origin of mantle isotopic variations. - References. - Chapter 3. Partitioning of Rare Earth Elements between Major Silicate Minerals and Basaltic Melts / by Gordon A. McKay. - Introduction. - Usefulness of the REE for petrogenetic modelling. - Scope of this chapter. - Caveat. - How partition coefficients are measured. - Phenocryst/matrix studies of natural samples. - Experimental measurement of partition coefficients. - Basic experimental approach. - Equilibrium. - Percent level doping technique. - Beta-track mapping technique. - Other experimental approaches. - Henry's law: The applicability of percent-level doping results. - Factors governing mineral/melt partitioning. - Ionic size and charge of trace element. - Crystal field effects. - Cristallographic versus defect sites: The Henry's law question. - Phase compositions. - Oxidation state. - Thermodynamic relationships: Dependence of partitioning on temperature and composition. - Other predictive approaches. - Special applications. - Eu as an oxygen fugacity indicator. - Origin of the Eu anomaly in lunar mare basalts. - REE partition coefficient patterns for the major minerals. - Plagioclase. - Olivine. - Pyroxene. - Low-Ca pyroxene. - High-Ca pyroxene. - Garnet. - Future directions. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 4. An Approach to Trace Element Modeling Using a Simple Igneous System as an Example / by Gilbert N. Hanson. - Introduction. - Review of trace element equations. - Melting. - Fractional crystallization. - Melting versus fractional crystallization. - Essential structural constituents. - Example of petrogenetic approach. - Discussion and summary. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 5. Rare Earth Elements in Upper Mantle Rocks / by W. F. McDonough and Fredrick A. Frey. - Introduction. - Massive peridotites. - Massive peridotites: dominantly lherzolite Western Alps - Lanzo. - Western Alps -Baldissero, Balmuccia. - Eastern Liguria, Italy. - Western Liguria, Italy. - Eastern Pyrenees - France. - Ronda, Spain Effects of late stage alteration on REE. - What can be inferred about the melting process and the segregated melts?. - Massive peridotites: pyroxenite layers and veins and their wall rocks. - Amphibole-bearing pyroxenite veins. - Anhydrous pyroxenite layers. - How were the pyroxenite layers created? Evidence for multistage processes. - Implications for mantle enrichment processes (metasomatism). - Massive peridotites: dominantly harzburgite. - Oceanic peridotites. - Ultramafic xenoliths. - Group I spinel peridotites. - Garnet peridotites. - Pyroxenite and related xenoliths. - Models for REE abundance trends in peridotite xenoliths. - Megacrysts, minerals in xenoliths and damong inclusions. - Megacrysts. - Minerals in peridotites and pyroxenites. - Inclusions in diamonds. - Summary: comparison of peridotites from massifs and xenoliths and implications of REE data for Upper Mantle composition. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 6. Rare Earth Elements in Metamorphic Rocks / by Richard I. Grauch. - Introduction. - REE residence in metamorphic rocks. - REE mobility during metamorphism. - REE content of metamorphic rocks. - Suggestions for future work. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 7. Rare Earth Elements in Sedimentary Rocks: Influence of Provenance and Sedimentary Processes / by Scott M. McLennan. - Introduction. - Rare earth element properties and sedimentary rocks. - Cosmochemical considerations. - Geochemical considerations. - Aqueous geochemistry. - Normalizing and notation. - Sedimentary processes. - Weathering. - Diagenesis. - Sedimentary sorting. - REE and provenance studies. - Sedimentary rocks and crustal abundances. - Sedimentation and plate tectonics. - Archean sedimentary rocks and the Archean crust. - Archean greenstone belts. - REE in sedimentary rocks and crustal evolution. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 8. Aqueous Geochemistry of Rare Earth Elements / by Douglas G. Brookins. - Introduction. - The trivalent lanthanides (Ln III). - Types of complexes in solution. - Hydrolysis products. - Phosphate complexes. - Carbonate complexes. - Halide complexes. - Complexes with total dissolved sulfur. - Gadolinium-Terbium fractionation?. - Scandium and Yttrium. - Europium (II). - Cerium (IV). - Eh-pH diagrams. - Cerium. - Europium. - Other lanthanides. - Lanthanides in ocean waters. - Lanthanides and actinides. - Concluding remarks. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 9. Rare Earth Elements in Lunar Materials / by Larry A. Haskin. - Introduction. - The nature of planet moon. - The magma ocean hypothesis and its presumed products. - Lunar REE patterns. - Highland plutonic rocks. - Anorthosites. - Durâtes, troctolites, norites, and gabbros. - Lunar felsite (granite). - Highland volcanic rocks: KREEP. - Mare basalts. - Mare basalt sources as magma ocean products. - Assimilation of crusted material during basalt petrogenesis. - Glassy spherules. - Soils and breccias. - Caveat. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 10. Compositional and Phase Relations among Rare Earth Element Minerals / by Donald M. Burt. - Introduction. - Geochemical background. - Minerals. - Coupled substitutions. - Vector treatment. - Application to selected mineral groups. - Fluorides. - Carbonates. - Fluorocarbonates. - Monazite, xenotime, zircon, and related phases. - Apatites. - Florencite and related phases. - A-B oxides (niobates, tantalates, titanates, ferrites). - Fergusonitelbetafergusonite, ABO4. - Perovskite, ABO3. - Aeschyniteleuxenite, AB2O6. - Pyrochlore, A1-2B2O6(O,F,OH). - Allanite. - Titanite. - Garnet. - Gadolinite. - Chevkinite/perrierite. - Element distributions: acid-base relations. - Summary. - Acknowledgemen

Note: Vorwort/Preface part I: Development and spatial position of molasses and their region of accumulation Lützner, H.; Vass, D.: Subdivision and stages of development of Variscan and Alpine molasses (on the base of the example of Central European Variscides and West Carpathians) Vass, D.; Krystek, I.; Stranik, Zd.: Tectonic activity in time of formation of Main and Late molasses in Czechoslovakian West Carpathians Vozarova, A.; Vozar, J.: Subdivision and stages of development of Variscan molasse of the Czechoslovakian West Carpathians Schwab, G.: The transition between molasse stage and platform cover in the Variscan Central Europe Волочкоич, К.Л. : Верхнепалеозойские орогенные комплексы и структуры Южного Тянь-Шаня (Late Paleozoic orogenic complexes and structures of Southern Tjan-Schan) Леонов, Ю.Г. ; Щерба, И.Г. : Некоторые особенности верхенекайнозойских моласс в зпиплатформенной активизации юга Средней Азии (Some features of Upper Cenozoic molasee in area of epi-platform reactivation in southern Middle Asia) Щерба, И.Г. : Характерный механизм образовация олистостромов в эпоху горообразования (Typical mechanism of olistostrome formation in orogenic epochs) Леонов, Ю.Г. : Корреляция тектонических движений в орогенных областях (областях молассообразования) и за их пределами (Correlation of tectonic movements within and outside of orogene regions (regions of molasse formation) part II: Geological development of block-tectonics in the region of Elbe-Lineament, especially in the territory of G.D.R. Bankwitz, P.; Frischbutter, A.; Bankwitz, E.: Structure and tectonic development of Elbe-zone Ludwig, A.O.: Die strukturelle Entwicklung des NW-Abschnittes des Elbe-Lineaments und Vergleich mit dem anschließenden SE-Abschnitt im Gebiet der DDR (The structural development of the NW-part of Elbe-lineament and comparison with the south-eastern part on the territory of G.D.R.) Benek, R.: Über Beziehungen des permosilesischen Vulkanismus zum Bruchmuster, speziell zum Elbe-Lineament (On relations of Permo-Silesian volcanism to the fault pattern, especially to the Elbe-lineament) Stackebrandt, W.: Zum tektonischen Charakter der Harznordrandstörung (On tectonic character of Northern Harz border fault system) Janssen, Chr.: Analyse der Spannungsverteilung im Tafeldeckgebirge des Subherzynen Beckens und angrenzender Gebiete (Investigations of distribution of paleostress in platform cover of Subhercyn basin and adjacent regions) Fusan, O.; Kvitkovič, J.; Plancǎr, J.: Bau und Dynamik einiger Blöcke der Westkarpaten (Structure and dynamics of several tectonic blocke of the West Carpathians) Николаев, В.Г.: Консолидированная земная кора паннонского бассейна (The consolidation of earth's crust in the Pannonian Basin)

Note: Preliminary remarks Papers of the Plenary Sessions Kautzleben, Heinz: Some Actual Problems in the Interpretation of Geodynamic Processes Massevitsch, A. G.: Results of Co-Operation in Section 6 of the Intercosmos Program Chovitz, Bernard H.: Monitoring Geodetic Networks by Space Techniques Mather, R. S.: Some Possibilities for Recovering Oceanographic Information from the SEASAT Missions Burša, Milan: Some Problems on the Dynamics of the Earth-Moon-System Treder, Hans-Jürgen: Nach-Newtonsche Korrekturen zur Dynamik des Systems Erde - Mond und ihre Bedeutung für die relativistischen Gravitationstheorien Eržanov, Z. S.: Secular Polar Motion of the Earth and its Parameters Computation from Artificial Satellites Observations Pellinen, L. P.: 1 Recent Possibilities for the Determination of the Geopotential from Terrestrial and Satellite Data Vyskočil, Pavel: Some Relationships between Vertical Recent Movements of the Earth's Surface and Deep Crustal Structure Bulygina, O. M.; Surnin, Ju. V.; Tatevjan, S. K.: Использование Метода "Коротких Дуг" для Опредения Координат Наземных Станций Montag, Horst; Gendt, Gerd: Coordinate Determination of Stations of the "Large Chords" Project by the Semidynamic Method Balmino, Georges; Reigber, Christoph; Moynot, Bernard: Further Evaluation of the GRIM 2 Earth Gravity Field Model

Note: Vorwort Hovorka, D.; Pitoňák, P.; Spišiak, J.: Mesozoic basalts of the Malé Karpaty Mts. (the Western Carpathians) - Their significance for the tectonic interpretation of the Variscan granodiorite massif Savu, H.; Udrescu, C.: The prealpine basic and ultramaphic rocks from Romania Pilot, J.: Zu einigen isotopengeochemischen Ergebnissen und Problemen basischer Magmatite Mitteleuropas Виноградова, В.И., Буякайте, М.И.: Изотопный состав стронция в породах Войквро-Сыньинского офиолитового массива Полярного Урала Колчева, К., Желязкова-панайотова, М.: Ультрабазиты и связанное с ним хром-никельмагнетитовое оруденение в районе гор. Ардино (Центральные Родопы, Болгария) Зоненшайн, Л.П.: Сравнение базальтого ложа прошлых и современных океанов Добрецов, Н.Л.: Условня образования пироповых перидотитов и зклогоюитов в кристаллическом Фундаменте Богемского массива и его аналогов Werner, C.-D.: Ophiolites and initialites - a comparing reflection Haupt, M.; Kramer, W.; Noack, C.: Beiträge zum initialen Magmatismus des Saxothuringikums (Vogtländisches Synklinorium) Collective of authors: Final remarks on field work and sessions of the Problem Commission IX, Subcommission 2, in 1981 under the theme 'Ophiolithes and initialites of northern border of the Bohemian massif' Erläuterung der Tafeln

Note: Dittfeld, H.-J.: Results of an eight years' gravimetric earth tide registration series at Potsdam Elstner, C.; Harnisch, M.; Schwahn, W.: On the determination of the gravimetric Mf tide at Potsdam

Note: CONTENTS: PREFACE. - INTRODUCTION. - 1 DESCRIBING INVERSE PROBLEMS. - 1.1 Formulating Inverse Problems. - 1.2 The Linear Inverse Problem. - 1.3 Examples of Formulating Inverse Problems. - 1.4 Solutions to Inverse Problems. - 2 SOME COMMENTS ON PROBABILITY THEORY. - 2.1 Noise and Random Variables. - 2.2 Correlated Data. - 2.3 Functions of Random Variables. - 2.4 Gaussian Distributions. - 2.5 Testing the Assumption of Gaussian Statistics. - 2.6 Confidence Intervals. - 3 SOLUTION OF THE LINEAR, GAUSSIAN INVERSE PROBLEM, VIEWPOINT 1: THE LENGTH METHOD. - 3.1 The Lengths of Estimates. - 3.2 Measures of Length. - 3.3 Least Squares for a Straight Line. - 3.4 The Least Squares Solution of the Linear Inverse Problem. - 3.5 Some Examples. - 3.6 The Existence of the Least Squares Solution. - 3.7 The Purely Underdetermined Problem. - 3.8 Mixed-Determined Problems. - 3.9 Weighted Measures of Length as a Type of A Priori Information. - 3.10 Other Types of A Priori Information. - 3.11 The Variance of the Model Parameter Estimates. - 3.12 Variance and Prediction Error of the Least Squares Solution. - 4 SOLUTION OF THE LINEAR, GAUSSIAN INVERSE PROBLEM, VIEWPOINT 2: GENERALIZED INVERSES. - 4.1 Solutions versus Operators. - 4.2 The Data Resolution Matrix. - 4.3 The Model Resolution Matrix. - 4.4 The Unit Covariance Matrix. - 4.5 Resolution and Covariance of Some Generalized Inverses. - 4.6 Measures of Goodness of Resolution and Covariance. - 4.7 Generalized Inverses with Good Resolution and Covariance. - 4.8 Sidelobes and the Backus-Gilbert Spread Function. - 4.9 The Backus-Gilbert Generalized Inverse for the Underdetermined Problem. - 4.10 Including the Covariance Size. - 4.11 The Trade-off of Resolution and Variance. - 5 SOLUTION OF THE LINEAR, GAUSSIAN INVERSE PROBLEM, VIEWPOINT 3: MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD METHODS. - 5.1 The Mean of a Group of Measurements. - 5.2 Maximum Likelihood Solution of the Linear Inverse Problem. - 5.3 A Priori Distributions. - 5.4 Maximum Likelihood for an Exact Theory. - 5.5 Inexact Theories. - 5.6 The Simple Gaussian Case with a Linear Theory. - 5.7 The General Linear, Gaussian Case. - 5.8 Equivalence of the Three Viewpoints. - 5.9 The F Test of Error Improvement Significance. - 5.10 Derivation of the Formulas of Section 5.7. - 6 NONUNIQUENESS AND LOCALIZED AVERAGES. - 6.1 Null Vectors and Nonuniqueness. - 6.2 Null Vectors of a Simple Inverse Problem. - 6.3 Localized Averages of Model Parameters. - 6.4 Relationship to the Resolution Matrix. - 6.5 Averages versus Estimates. - 6.6 Nonunique Averaging Vectors and A Priori Information. - 7 APPLICATIONS OF VECTOR SPACES. - 7.1 Model and Data Spaces. - 7.2 Householder Transformations. - 7.3 Designing Householder Transformations. - 7.4 Transformations That Do Not Preserve Length. - 7.5 The Solution of the Mixed-Determined Problem. - 7.6 Singular-Value Decomposition and the Natural Generalized Inverse. - 7.7 Derivation of the Singular-Value Decomposition. - 7.8 Simplifying Linear Equality and Inequality Constraints. - 7.9 Inequality Constraints. - 8 LINEAR INVERSE PROBLEMS AND NON-GAUSSIAN DISTRIBUTIONS. - 8.1 L1 Norms and Exponential Distributions. - 8.2 Maximum Likelihood Estimate of the Mean of an Exponential Distribution. - 8.3 The General Linear Problem. - 8.4 Solving L1 Norm Problems. - 8.5 The L [Infinity symbol] Norm. - 9 NONLINEAR INVERSE PROBLEMS. - 9.1 Parameterizations. - 9.2 Linearizing Parameterizations. - 9.3 The Nonlinear Inverse Problem with Gaussian Data. - 9.4 Special Cases. - 9.5 Convergence and Nonuniqueness of Nonlinear L2 Problems. - 9.6 Non-Gaussian Distributions. - 9.7 Maximum Entropy Methods. - 10 FACTOR ANALYSIS. - 10.1 The Factor Analysis Problem. - 10.2 Normalization and Physicality Constraints. - 10.3 Q-Mode and R-Mode Factor Analysis. - 10.4 Empirical Orthogonal Function Analysis. - 11 CONTINUOUS INVERSE THEORY AND TOMOGRAPHY. - 11.1 The Backus-Gilbert Inverse Problem. - 11.2 Resolution and Variance Trade-off. - 11.3 Approximating Continuous Inverse Problems as Discrete Problems. - 11.4 Tomography and Continuous Inverse Theory. - 11.5 Tomography and the Radon Transform. - 11.6 The Fourier Slice Theorem. - 11.7 Backprojection. - 12 SAMPLE INVERSE PROBLEMS. - 12.1 An Image Enhancement Problem. - 12.2 Digital Filter Design. - 12.3 Adjustment of Crossover Errors. - 12.4 An Acoustic Tomography Problem. - 12.5 Temperature Distribution in an Igneous Intrusion. - 12.6 L1, L2, and L [infinity symbol] Fitting of a Straight Line. - 12.7 Finding the Mean of a Set of Unit Vectors. - 12.8 Gaussian Curve Fitting. - 12.9 Earthquake Location. - 12.10 Vibrational Problems. - 13 NUMERICAL ALGORITHMS. - 13.1 Solving Even-Determined Problems. - 13.2 Inverting a Square Matrix. - 13.3 Solving Underdetermined and Overdetermined Problems. - 13.4 L2 Problems with Inequality Constraints. - 13.5 Finding the Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of a Real Symmetric Matrix. - 13.6 The Singular-Value Decomposition of a Matrix. - 13.7 The Simplex Method and the Linear Programming Problem. - 14 APPLICATIONS OF INVERSE THEORY TO GEOPHYSICS. - 14.1 Earthquake Location and the Determination of the Velocity Structure of the Earth from Travel Time Data. - 14.2 Velocity Structure from Free Oscillations and Seismic Surface Waves. - 14.3 Seismic Attenuation. - 14.4 Signal Correlation. - 14.5 Tectonic Plate Motions. - 14.6 Gravity and Geomagnetism. - 14.7 Electromagnetic Induction and the Magnetotelluric Method. - 14.8 Ocean Circulation. - APPENDIX A: Implementing Constraints with Lagrange Multipliers. - APPENDIX B: L2 Inverse Theory with Complex Quantities. - REFERENCES. - INDEX

Note: A. Smoothed downwards continuations and the Bjerhammar sphere B. Numerical evaluations about the elimination of the iteration procedure term in the geodetic boundary value problem C. Considerations about the mixed boundary value problems of the geodesy D. Downwards continuations and the proof of the convergence of the spherical - harmonic development for a potential in the exterior of a regular surface E. The global embedding term in the space - time relation between the geodetic measurements and the geological masses

Note: Mainland Europe --- K. Weber: Variscan events: early Palaeozoic continental rift metamorphism and late Palaeozoic crustal shortening / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:3-22, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.02 --- R. Meissner, M. Springer, and E. Flüh: Tectonics of the Variscides in North-Western Germany based on seismic reflection measurements / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:23-32, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.03 --- Wolfgang Franke: Late events in the tectonic history of the Saxothuringian zone / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:33-45, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.04 --- J. P. Burg, Ph. Matte, A. Leyreloup, and J. Marchand: Inverted metamorphic zonation and large-scale thrusting in the Variscan Belt: an example in the French Massif Central / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:47-61, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.05 --- Jean-Michel Quenardel and Patrick Rolin: Palaeozoic evolution of the Plateau d’Aigurande (NW Massif Central, France) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:63-70, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.06 --- S. C. Matthews: Northern margins of the Variscides in the North Atlantic region: comments on the tectonic context of the problem / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:71-85, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.07 --- Britain --- M. P. Coward and S. Smallwood: An interpretation of the Variscan tectonics of SW Britain / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:89-102, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.08 --- B. E. Leveridge, M. T. Holder, and G. A. Day: Thrust nappe tectonics in the Devonian of south Cornwall and the western English Channel / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:103-112, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.09 --- T. J. Chapman, R. L. Fry, and P. T. Heavey: A structural cross-section through SW Devon / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:113-118, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.10 --- J. W. F. Edwards: Interpretations of seismic and gravity surveys over the eastern part of the Cornubian platform / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:119-124, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.11 --- Robert M. Shackleton: Thin-skinned tectonics, basement control and the Variscan front / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:125-129, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.12 --- Russell S. Arthurton: The Ribblesdale fold belt, NW England—a Dinantian-early Namurian dextral shear zone / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:131-138, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.13 --- M. F. Critchley: Variscan tectonics of the Alston block, northern England / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:139-146, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.14 --- Ireland --- David J. Sanderson: Structural variation across the northern margin of the Variscides in NW Europe / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:149-165, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.15 --- M. A. Cooper, D. Collins, M. Ford, F. X. Murphy, and P. M. Trayner: Structural style, shortening estimates and the thrust front of the Irish Variscides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:167-175, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.16 --- M. D. Max and J. P. Lefort: Does the Variscan front in Ireland follow a dextral shear zone? / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:177-183, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.17 --- D. W. Coller: Variscan structures in the Upper Palaeozoic rocks of west central Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:185-194, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.18 --- North America --- N. Rast: The Alleghenian orogeny in eastern North America / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:197-217, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.19 --- Jean-Pierre Lefort and Richard T. Haworth: Geophysical evidence for the extension of the Variscan front on to the Canadian continental margin: geodynamic and palaeogeographic consequences / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:219-231, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.20 --- Sharon Mosher and Nicholas Rast: The deformation and metamorphism of Carboniferous rocks in Maritime Canada and New England / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:233-243, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.21 --- R. P. Wintsch and J.-P. Lefort: A clockwise rotation of Variscan strain orientation in SE New England and regional implications / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:245-251, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.22 --- J. A. Brewer: Clues to the deep structure of the European Variscides from crustal seismic profiling in North America / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:253-263, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.23

Note: Contents Recent research developments / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:xi-xii, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.01 --- A. H. F. Robertson and J. E. Dixon: Introduction: aspects of the geological evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:1-74, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.02 --- 1. Palaeotethys --- Editor’s introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:75-76, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.03 --- A. M. C. Şengör, Y. Yılmaz, and O. Sungurlu: Tectonics of the Mediterranean Cimmerides: nature and evolution of the western termination of Palaeo-Tethys / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:77-112, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.04 --- Olivier Monod and Ergün Akay: Evidence for a Late Triassic-Early Jurassic orogenic event in the Taurides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:113-122, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.05 --- I. E. Kerey: Facies and tectonic setting of the Upper Carboniferous rocks of Northwestern Turkey / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:123-128, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.06 --- E. Demirtaşh: Stratigraphic evidence of Variscan and early Alpine tectonics in Southern Turkey / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:129-145, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.07 --- 2. Neoththys --- Levant and North African offshore: Editor’s introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:147-149, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.08 --- M. Delaune-Mayere: Evolution of a Mesozoic passive continental margin: Baër-Bassit (NW Syria) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:151-159, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.09 --- G. Sestini: Tectonic and sedimentary history of the NE African margin (Egypt—Libya) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:161-175, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.10 --- Gdaliahu Gvirtzman and Tuvia Weissbrod: The Hercynian Geanticline of Helez and the Late Palaeozoic history of the Levant / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:177-186, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.11 --- Z. Garfunkel and B. Derin: Permian-early Mesozoic tectonism and continental margin formation in Israel and its implications for the history of the Eastern Mediterranean / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:187-201, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.12 --- Yehezkeel Druckman: Evidence for Early-Middle Triassic faulting and possible rifting from the Helez Deep Borehole in the coastal plain of Israel / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:203-212, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.13 --- Abdulkader M. Abed: Emergence of Wadi Mujib (Central Jordan) during Lower Cenomanian time and its regional tectonic implications / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:213-216, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.14 --- F. Hirsch: The Arabian sub-plate during the Mesozoic / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:217-223, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.15 --- Michel Delaloye and Jean-Jacques Wagner: Ophiolites and volcanic activity near the western edge of the Arabian plate / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:225-233, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.16 --- 3. Neotethys: Turkey --- Editor’s introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:235-240, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.17 --- A. Poisson: The extension of the Ionian trough into southwestern Turkey / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:241-249, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.18 --- A. H. F. Robertson and N. H. Woodcock: The SW segment of the Antalya Complex, Turkey as a Mesozoic-Tertiary Tethyan continental margin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:251-271, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.19 --- J. W. F. Waldron: Structural history of the Antalya Complex in the ‘Isparta angle’, Southwest Turkey / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:273-286, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.20 --- A. B. Hayward: Miocene clastic sedimentation related to the emplacement of the Lycian Nappes and the Antalya Complex, S.W. Turkey / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:287-300, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.21 --- Hubert Whitechurch, Thierry Juteau, and Raymond Montigny: Role of the Eastern Mediterranean ophiolites (Turkey, Syria, Cyprus) in the history of the Neo-Tethys / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:301-317, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.22 --- Ingrid Reuber: Mylonitic ductile shear zones within tectonites and cumulates as evidence for an oceanic transform fault in the Antalya ophiolite, S.W. Turkey / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:319-334, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.23 --- Pınar O. Yılmaz: Fossil and K-Ar data for the age of the Antalya complex, S W Turkey / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:335-347, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.24 --- L. E. Ricou, J. Marcoux, and H. Whitechurch: The Mesozoic organization of the Taurides: one or several ocean basins? / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:349-359, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.25 --- A. Michard, H. Whitechurch, L. E. Ricou, R. Montigny, and E. Yazgan: Tauric subduction (Malatya-Elazıǧ provinces) and its bearing on tectonics of the Tethyan realm in Turkey / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:361-373, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.26 --- G. Aktaş and A. H. F. Robertson: The Maden Complex, SE Turkey: evolution of a Neotethyan active margin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:375-402, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.27 --- Cahit Helvaci and William L. Griffin: Rb-Sr geochronology of the Bitlis Massif, Avnik (Bingöl) area, S.E. Turkey / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:403-413, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.28 --- Ömer T. Akıncı: The Eastern Pontide volcano-sedimentary belt and associated massive sulphide deposits / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:415-428, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.29 --- A. I. Okay and N. Özgül: HP/LT metamorphism and the structure of the Alanya Massif, Southern Turkey: an allochthonous composite tectonic sheet / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:429-439, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.30 --- Teoman N. Norman: The role of the Ankara Melange in the development of Anatolia (Turkey) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:441-447, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.31 --- Ayla Tankut: Basic and ultrabasic rocks from the Ankara Melange, Turkey / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:449-454, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.32 --- A. I. Okay: Distribution and characteristics of the north-west Turkish blueschists / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:455-466, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.33 --- N. Görür, F.Y. Oktay, İ. Seymen, and A. M. C. Şengör: Palaeotectonic evolution of the Tuzgölü basin complex, Central Turkey: sedimentary record of a Neo-Tethyan closure / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:467-482, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.34 --- J. P. Lauer: Geodynamic evolution of Turkey and Cyprus based on palaeomagnetic data / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:483-491, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.35 --- 4. Neotethys: Greece and the Balkans --- Editor’s introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:493-498, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.36 --- Robert Hall, M. G. Audley-Charles, and D. J. Carter: The significance of Crete for the evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:499-516, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.37 --- Michel Bonneau: Correlation of the Hellenide nappes in the south-east Aegean and their tectonic reconstruction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:517-527, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.38 --- M. Okrusch, P. Richter