ALBERT

Note: Front Cover; SEAWATER: ITS COMPOSITION, PROPERTIES AND BEHAVIOUR; Copyright Page; CONTENTS; ABOUT THIS VOLUME; ABOUT THIS SERIES; CHAPTER 1. WATER , AIR AND ICE; 1.1 THE SPECIAL PROPERTIES OF WATER; 1.2 THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE; 1.3 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 1; CHAPTER 2. TEMPERATURE IN THE OCEANS; 2.1 SOLAR RADIATION; 2.2 DISTRIBUTION OF SURFACE TEMPERATURES; 2.3 DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE WITH DEPTH; 2.4 ENERGY FROM THE THERMOCLINE - A BRIEF DIGRESSION; 2.5 TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION AND WATER MOVEMENT; 2.6 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 2; CHAPTER 3. SALINITY IN THE OCEANS; 3.1 CONSTANCY OF COMPOSITION. , 3.2 VARIATIONS IN SALINITY3.3 THE MEASUREMENT OF SALINITY; 3.4 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 3; CHAPTER 4. DENSITY AND PRESSURE IN THE OCEAN; 4.1 WATER MASSES; 4.2 DEPTH (PRESSURE), DENSITY AND TEMPERATURE; 4.3 T-S DIAGRAMS; 4.4 MIXING PROCESSES IN THE OCEANS; 4.5 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER4; CHAPTER 5. LIGHT AND SOUND IN SEAWATER; 5.1 UNDERWATER LIGHT; 5.2 UNDERWATER SOUND; 5.3 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 5; CHAPTER 6. THE SEAWATER SOLUTION; 6.1 THE GROSS CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SEAWATER; 6.2 SOURCES AND SINKS, OR WHY THE SEA IS SALT; 6.3 CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL REACTIONS IN SEAWATER; 6.4 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 6. , CHAPTER 7. SEAWATER AND THE GLOBAL CYCLE7.1 A SHORT HISTORY OF SEAWATER; 7.2 A LOOK AHEAD; 7.3 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER; APPENDIX: CONVERSIONS BETWEEN pH AND [H+]; SUGGESTED AND COMMENTS READING; ANSWERS AND COMMENTS TO QUESTIONS; ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS; INDEX.

Note: Contents Figures and tables Acknowledgements Introduction Part 1 Constructing the Academic Teaching Librarian 1 Shaping the academic teaching librarian 1.1 Introduction: critical issues for academic teaching librarians 1.2 Conceptions of literacy: terminology and the academic teaching librarian 1.3 New frameworks: information literacy in context 1.4 Critical information literacy 1.5 Social media and filter bubbles: the rise of 'fake news' 1.6 Learning analytics 1.7 E-research and datafied scholarship 2 Defining the academic teaching librarian 2.1 Introduction: who is the academic teaching librarian? 2.2 Professional identity and 'teacher identity' 2.3 Roles and responsibilities of academic teaching librarians 2.4 The information-literate self 2.5 Reflective practice for academic teaching librarians 2.6 Developing a personal teaching philosophy 3 Becoming an academic teaching librarian 3.1 Introduction: choosing the academic teaching librarian pathway 3.2 Looking inwards: self-analysis and the teaching role 3.3 Does a 'teaching personality' exist? 3.4 Mapping your teaching profile 3.5 Planning and developing your teaching role 3.6 Keeping current with teaching trends 3.7 Documenting and showcasing your work: teaching portfolios for librarians Part 2 Excelling as an Academic Teaching Librarian 4 Technology and the academic teaching librarian 4.1 Introduction: the digital environment for academic teaching librarians 4.2 Teaching, learning and technology: key concepts 4.3 The digital imperative in higher education 4.4 Digital education in higher education (HE): state of the art 4.5 Digital learning and the academic teaching librarian.

Note: Contents Recent research developments / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:xi-xii, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.01 --- A. H. F. Robertson and J. E. Dixon: Introduction: aspects of the geological evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:1-74, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.02 --- 1. Palaeotethys --- Editor’s introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:75-76, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.03 --- A. M. C. Şengör, Y. Yılmaz, and O. Sungurlu: Tectonics of the Mediterranean Cimmerides: nature and evolution of the western termination of Palaeo-Tethys / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:77-112, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.04 --- Olivier Monod and Ergün Akay: Evidence for a Late Triassic-Early Jurassic orogenic event in the Taurides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:113-122, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.05 --- I. E. Kerey: Facies and tectonic setting of the Upper Carboniferous rocks of Northwestern Turkey / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:123-128, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.06 --- E. Demirtaşh: Stratigraphic evidence of Variscan and early Alpine tectonics in Southern Turkey / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:129-145, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.07 --- 2. Neoththys --- Levant and North African offshore: Editor’s introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:147-149, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.08 --- M. Delaune-Mayere: Evolution of a Mesozoic passive continental margin: Baër-Bassit (NW Syria) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:151-159, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.09 --- G. Sestini: Tectonic and sedimentary history of the NE African margin (Egypt—Libya) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:161-175, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.10 --- Gdaliahu Gvirtzman and Tuvia Weissbrod: The Hercynian Geanticline of Helez and the Late Palaeozoic history of the Levant / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:177-186, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.11 --- Z. Garfunkel and B. Derin: Permian-early Mesozoic tectonism and continental margin formation in Israel and its implications for the history of the Eastern Mediterranean / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:187-201, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.12 --- Yehezkeel Druckman: Evidence for Early-Middle Triassic faulting and possible rifting from the Helez Deep Borehole in the coastal plain of Israel / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:203-212, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.13 --- Abdulkader M. Abed: Emergence of Wadi Mujib (Central Jordan) during Lower Cenomanian time and its regional tectonic implications / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:213-216, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.14 --- F. Hirsch: The Arabian sub-plate during the Mesozoic / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:217-223, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.15 --- Michel Delaloye and Jean-Jacques Wagner: Ophiolites and volcanic activity near the western edge of the Arabian plate / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:225-233, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.16 --- 3. Neotethys: Turkey --- Editor’s introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:235-240, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.17 --- A. Poisson: The extension of the Ionian trough into southwestern Turkey / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:241-249, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.18 --- A. H. F. Robertson and N. H. Woodcock: The SW segment of the Antalya Complex, Turkey as a Mesozoic-Tertiary Tethyan continental margin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:251-271, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.19 --- J. W. F. Waldron: Structural history of the Antalya Complex in the ‘Isparta angle’, Southwest Turkey / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:273-286, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.20 --- A. B. Hayward: Miocene clastic sedimentation related to the emplacement of the Lycian Nappes and the Antalya Complex, S.W. Turkey / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:287-300, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.21 --- Hubert Whitechurch, Thierry Juteau, and Raymond Montigny: Role of the Eastern Mediterranean ophiolites (Turkey, Syria, Cyprus) in the history of the Neo-Tethys / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:301-317, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.22 --- Ingrid Reuber: Mylonitic ductile shear zones within tectonites and cumulates as evidence for an oceanic transform fault in the Antalya ophiolite, S.W. Turkey / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:319-334, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.23 --- Pınar O. Yılmaz: Fossil and K-Ar data for the age of the Antalya complex, S W Turkey / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:335-347, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.24 --- L. E. Ricou, J. Marcoux, and H. Whitechurch: The Mesozoic organization of the Taurides: one or several ocean basins? / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:349-359, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.25 --- A. Michard, H. Whitechurch, L. E. Ricou, R. Montigny, and E. Yazgan: Tauric subduction (Malatya-Elazıǧ provinces) and its bearing on tectonics of the Tethyan realm in Turkey / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:361-373, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.26 --- G. Aktaş and A. H. F. Robertson: The Maden Complex, SE Turkey: evolution of a Neotethyan active margin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:375-402, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.27 --- Cahit Helvaci and William L. Griffin: Rb-Sr geochronology of the Bitlis Massif, Avnik (Bingöl) area, S.E. Turkey / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:403-413, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.28 --- Ömer T. Akıncı: The Eastern Pontide volcano-sedimentary belt and associated massive sulphide deposits / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:415-428, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.29 --- A. I. Okay and N. Özgül: HP/LT metamorphism and the structure of the Alanya Massif, Southern Turkey: an allochthonous composite tectonic sheet / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:429-439, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.30 --- Teoman N. Norman: The role of the Ankara Melange in the development of Anatolia (Turkey) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:441-447, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.31 --- Ayla Tankut: Basic and ultrabasic rocks from the Ankara Melange, Turkey / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:449-454, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.32 --- A. I. Okay: Distribution and characteristics of the north-west Turkish blueschists / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:455-466, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.33 --- N. Görür, F.Y. Oktay, İ. Seymen, and A. M. C. Şengör: Palaeotectonic evolution of the Tuzgölü basin complex, Central Turkey: sedimentary record of a Neo-Tethyan closure / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:467-482, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.34 --- J. P. Lauer: Geodynamic evolution of Turkey and Cyprus based on palaeomagnetic data / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:483-491, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.35 --- 4. Neotethys: Greece and the Balkans --- Editor’s introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:493-498, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.36 --- Robert Hall, M. G. Audley-Charles, and D. J. Carter: The significance of Crete for the evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:499-516, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.37 --- Michel Bonneau: Correlation of the Hellenide nappes in the south-east Aegean and their tectonic reconstruction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:517-527, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.38 --- M. Okrusch, P. Richter

Note: Articles Introductory remarks on the transport problem W. S. Fyfe https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.01 Model of hydrothermal ore genesis J. W. Elder https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.02 Identification of ore-deposition environment from trace-element geochemistry of associated igneous host rocks J. A. Pearce and G. H. Gale https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.03 Identification of the origin of oreforming solutions by the use of stable isotopes S. M. F. Sheppard https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.04 Hydrogen and oxygen isotope evidence for sea-water-hydrothermal alteration and ore deposition, Troodos complex, Cyprus T. H. E. Heaton and S. M. F. Sheppard https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.05 Hydrodynamic model for the origin of the ophiolitic cupriferous pyrite ore deposits of Cyprus E. T. C. Spooner https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.06 Origin and emplacement of ophiolites I. G. Gass https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.07 Hydrothermal alteration of the basaltic lavas of the Troodos Ophiolite Complex associated with the formation of the massive sulphide deposits G. Constantinou https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.08 Rare-earth element evidence for the genesis of the metalliferous sediments of Troodos, Cyprus A. H. F. Robertson and A. J. Fleet https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.09 Modern submarine hydrothermal mineralization: examples from Santorini and the Red Sea D. S. Cronan, P. A. Smith, and R. D. Bignell https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.10 Mineralization at destructive plate boundaries: a brief review M. S. Garson and A. H. G. Mitchell https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.11 Porphyry copper deposits J. P. Hunt https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.12 Metallic mineralization affiliated to subaerial volcanism: a review R. H. Sillitoe https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.13 Igneous geology and the evolution of hydrothermal systems in some sub-volcanic tin deposits of Bolivia J. N. Grant, C. Halls, W. Avila, and G. Avila https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.14 Occurrence, origin and significance of mechanically transported sulphide ores at Buchans, Newfoundland J. G. Thurlow https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.15 Geological setting of the Skorovas orebody within the allochthonous volcanic stratigraphy of the Gjersvik Nappe, central Norway C. Halls, A. Reinsbakken, I. Ferriday, A. Haugen, and A. Rankin https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.16 The Planes-San Antonio pyritic deposit of Rio Tinto, Spain: its nature, environment and genesis D. Williams, R. L. Stanton, and F. Rambaud https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.17 Kuroko deposits: their geology, geochemistry and origin Takeo Sato https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.18 Stable isotope studies on Bougainville and in Matupi Harbour, New Britain, Papua New Guinea J. H. Ford, D. C. Green, J. R. Hulston, I. H. Crick, and S. M. F. Sheppard https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.19 Volcanogenic mineralization at Avoca, Co. Wicklow, Ireland, and its regional implications J. W. Platt https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.20 Discussion https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.21

Note: N.F. entfällt ab 57.2000. - Volltext auch als Teil einer Datenbank verfügbar , Ersch. ab 2000 in engl. Sprache mit dt. Hauptsacht.

Note: Contents Contributors Editorial foreword Preface CHAPTER 1 Snow and ice-related hazards, risks, and disasters: Facing challenges of rapid change and long-term commitments / Wilfried Haeberli and Colin Whiteman 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Costs and benefits: Living with snow and ice 1.3 Small and large, fast and slow, local to global: Dealing with constraints 1.4 Beyond historical experience: Monitoring, modeling, and managing rapid and irreversible changes Acknowledgments References CHAPTER 2 Physical, thermal, and mechanical properties of snow, ice, and permafrost / Lukas Arenson (U.), William Colgan, and Hans Peter Marshall 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Density and structure 2.2.1 Snow 2.2.2 Ice 2.2.3 Frozen ground/permafrost 2.3 Thermal properties 2.3.1 Snow 2.3.2 Ice 2.3.3 Frozen ground 2.4 Mechanical properties 2.4.1 Brittle behavior 2.4.2 Ductile behavior 2.5 Electromagnetic and wave properties 2.5.1 Snow 2.5.2 Ice 2.5.3 Frozen ground 2.6 Summary Acknowledgment References.. CHAPTER 3 Snow and ice in the climate system / Atsumu Ohmura 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Physical extent of the cryosphere 3.3 Climatic conditions of the cryosphere 3.3.1 Snow cover 3.3.2 Sea ice 3.3.3 Permafrost 3.3.4 Glaciers References CHAPTER 4 Snow and ice in the hydrosphere / Jan Seibert, Michal Jenicek, Matthias Huss, Tracy Ewen, and Daniel Viviroli 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Snow accumulation and melt 4.2.1 Snowpack description 4.2.2 Snow accumulation 4.2.3 Snow redistribution, metamorphism, and ripening process 4.2.4 Snowpack development 4.2.5 Snowmelt 4.3 Glaciers and glacial mass balance 4.3.1 Glacier mass balance 4.3.2 Glacial drainage system 4.3.3 Modeling glacier discharge 4.4 Hydrology of snow- and ice-covered catchments 4.4.1 Influence of snow on discharge 4.4.2 Snowmelt runoff and climate change 4.4.3 Influence of glaciers on discharge 4.4.4 River ice 4.4.5 Seasonally frozen soil and permafrost 4.5 Concluding remarks References CHAPTER 5 Snow, ice, and the biosphere / Terry V. Callaghan and Margareta Johansson 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Adaptations to snow, ice, and permafrost. 5.3 Snow and ice as habitats 5.4 Snow as a moderator of habitat 5.4.1 Modification of winter habitat 5.4.2 Modification of nonwinter habitat 5.4.3 Effects of changing snow on the biosphere 5.5 Ice as a moderator of habitat 5.5.1 Mechanical effects of ice 5.5.2 Effects of changing lake and river ice on the biosphere 5.5.3 Effects of changing sea ice on the biosphere 5.6 Permafrost as a moderator of habitat 5.6.1 Effects of changing permafrost on the biosphere 5.6.2 Snow-permafrost-vegetation interactions 5.7 Vegetation as a moderator of snow, ice, and permafrost habitats 5.8 Conclusions Acknowledgments References CHAPTER 6 Ice and snow as land-forming agents / Darrel A. Swift, Simon Cook, Tobias Heckmann, Isabelle Gärtner-Roer, Oliver Korup, and Jeffrey Moore 6.1 Glacial processes and landscapes 6.1.1 Erosion mechanisms and their controls 6.1.2 Landforms and associated hazards 6.1.3 Landscape evolution and rates of glacial incision 6.1.4 Recommended avenues for further research 6.2 Periglacial and permafrost processes and landforms 6.2.1 Landforms and processes related to seasonal frost and permafrost 6.3 The role of snow in forming landscapes 6.3.1 Influence of snow cover on geomorphic processes 6.3.2 Snow-related geomorphic processes and landforms 6.3.3 Potential impacts of global change on snow-related geomorphic processes 6.3.4 Quantifying rates 6.3.5 Modeling 6.4 Conclusions and outlook Acknowledgments References CHAPTER 7 Mountains, lowlands, and coasts: The physiography of cold landscapes / Tobias Bolch and Hanne H. Christiansen 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Physiography of the terrestrial cryosphere 7.2.1 High altitudes/mountains 7.2.2 Cold lowlands 7.2.3 Cold coasts 7.3 Glaciers and ice sheets: Extent and distribution 7.4 Permafrost types, extent, and distribution 7.5 Glacier-permafrost interactions References CHAPTER 8 A socio-cryospheric systems approach to glacier hazards, glacier runoff variability, and climate change / Mark Carey, Graham McDowell, Christian Huggel, Becca Marshall, Holly Moulton, Cesar Portocarrero, Zachary Provant, John M. Reynolds, and Luis Vicuña 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Integrated adaptation in dynamic socio-cryospheric systems 8.3 Glacier and glacial lake hazards 8.3.1 Cordillera Blanca, Peru 8.3.2 Santa Teresa, Peru 8.3.3 Nepal 8.4 Volcano-ice hazards 8.5 Glacier runoff, hydrologic variability, and water use hazards 8.5.1 Nepal 8.5.2 Peru 8.6 Coastal resources and hazards 8.7 Discussion and conclusions Acknowledgments References CHAPTER 9 Integrative risk management: The example of snow avalanches / Michael Bründl and Stefan Margreth 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Risk analysis 9.2.1 Hazard analysis 9.2.2 Exposure and vulnerability analysis 9.2.3 Consequence analysis and calculation of risk 9.3 Risk evaluation 9.3.1 Evaluation of individual risk 9.3.2 Evaluation of collective risk 9.4 Mitigation of risk 9.4.1 Meaning of mitigation of risk 9.4.2 Technical avalanche mitigation measures 9.4.3 Land-use planning 9.4.4 Biological measures and protection forests 9.4.5 Organizational measures 9.5 Methods and tools for risk assessment and evaluation of mitigation measures 9.6 Case study “Evaluation of avalanche mitigation measures for Juneau, Alaska” 9.6.1 Introduction 9.6.2 Avalanche situation 9.6.3 Hazard analysis 9.6.4 Consequence analysis and risk evaluation 9.6.5 Protection measures 9.6.6 Conclusions 9.7 Final remarks References CHAPTER 10 Permafrost degradation / Dmitry Streletskiy 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Drivers of permafrost and active-layer change across space and time 10.2.1 Role of climate: Air temperature and liquid precipitation 10.2.2 Role of topography 10.2.3 Role of vegetation and snow 10.2.4 Role of soil properties 10.3 Observed permafrost and active-layer changes 10.4 Permafrost modeling and forecasting 10.5 Permafrost degradation and infrastructure hazards 10.5.1 Buildings on permafrost 10.5.2 Pipelines on permafrost 10.5.3 Railroads, roads, and utility on permafrost 10.6 Coastal erosion and permafrost 10.7 Summary Acknowledgments References CHAPTER 11 Radioactive waste under conditions of future ice ages / Urs H. Fischer, Anke Bebiolka, Jenny Brandefelt, Denis Cohen, Joel Harper, Sarah Hirschorn, Mark Jensen, Laura Kennell, Johan Liakka, Jens-Ove Näslund, Stefano Normani, Heidrun Stück, and Axel Weitkamp 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Timing of future glacial inception 11.2.1 Introduction 11.2.2 Definition of glacial inception 11.2.3 Controlling factors of glacial inception 11.2.4 Future long-term variations of insolation and atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations 11.2.5 Modeling of future glacial inception 11.2.6 Timing of future glacial inception and concluding remarks 11.3 The glacier ice-groundwater interface: Constraints from a transect of the modern Greenland Ice Sheet 11.3.1 Background 11.3.2 Basal thermal state 11.3.3 Framework of the ice-bed interface 11.3.4 Basal water 11.3.5 Summary 11.4 Deep glacial erosion in the Alpine Foreland of northern Switzerland 11.4.1 Background 11.4.2 Ice age conditions 11.4.3 Processes of glacial erosion and glacial overdeepening 11.4.4 Water flow in overdeepenings 11.4.5 Deep glacial erosion in the Swiss Plateau 11.4.6 Future research focus 11.5 Tunnel valleys in Germany and their relevance to the long-term safety of nuclear waste repositories 11.5.1 Background 11.5.2 Formation of tunnel valleys 11.5.3 Tunnel valleys in Northern Germany 11.5.4 Tunnel valleys in the German North Sea 11.5.5 Glacial overdeepening in Southern Germany 11.5.6 Impact of tunnel valley formation on host rocks 11.6 Assessment of glacial impacts on geosphere stability and barrier capacity—Canadian perspective 11.6.1 Background 11.6.2 Bruce Nuclear Site—Location and geologic setting Acknowledgments References CHAPTER 12 Snow avalanches / Jürg Schweizer, Perry Bartelt, and Alec van Herwijnen 12.1 Introduction 12.2 The avalanche phenomenon 12.3 Avalanche release 12.3.1 Dry-snow avalanches 1

Note: Contents List of Abbreviations List of Symbols Part A Basics of Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 1 Introduction to Atmospheric Measurements / Thomas Foken, Frank Beyrich, Volker Wulfmeyer 1.1 Measuring Meteorological Elements 1.2 History 1.3 The Structure of the Atmosphere 1.4 Devices, Systems, and Typical Specifications 1.5 Applications 1.6 Future Developments 1.7 Further Reading References 2 Principles of Measurements / Wolfgang Foken 2.1 Basics of Measurements 2.2 History 2.3 Errors in Measurement 2.4 Regression Analysis 2.5 Time Domain and Frequency Domain for Signals and Systems 2.6 Dynamics of Measuring Systems 2.7 Analog and Digital Signal Processing 2.8 Hardware for Digital Measurement Systems 2.9 Further Reading References 3 Quality Assurance and Control / Cove Sturtevant, Stefan Metzger, Sascha Nehr, Thomas Foken 3.1 Principles and Definition 3.2 History 3.3 Elements of Quality Management 3.4 Application 3.5 Future Developments 3.6 Further Reading References 4 Standardization in Atmospheric Measurements / Simon Jäckel, Annette Borowiak, Brian Stacey 4.1 Background and Definitions 4.2 History 4.3 Principles and Procedures 4.4 Standardization in the Field of Atmospheric Measurements 4.5 Future Developments 4.6 Further Reading References 5 Physical Quantities / Thomas Foken, Olaf Hellmuth, Bernd Huwe, Dietrich Sonntag 5.1 Selection of Parameters 5.2 History and Thermodynamic Standards 5.3 Units and Constants 5.4 Parameters of Air, Water Vapor, Water, and Ice 5.5 Parameterization of Optical Properties of Clouds 5.6 Absorption Coefficients for Water Vapor, Ozone, and Carbon Dioxide 5.7 Parameters of Soil 5.8 Time and Astronomical Quantities 5.9 Tables in Other Chapters 5.10 Future Developments 5.11 Further Reading References Part B In situ Measurement Techniques 6 Ground-Based Platforms / Olaf Kolle, Norbert Kalthoff, Christoph Kottmeier, J. William Munger 6.1 Principles of Platforms 6.2 History 6.3 Theory 6.4 Platforms and Sensor Installations 6.5 Specification 6.6 Quality Control and Safety 6.7 Maintenance 6.8 Applications 6.9 Future Developments 6.10 Further Reading References 7 Temperature Sensors / Thomas Foken, Jens Bange 7.1 Measurement Principles and Parameters 7.2 History 7.3 Theory 7.4 Devices and Systems 7.5 Specifications 7.6 Quality Control 7.7 Maintenance 7.8 Applications. 7.9 Future Developments 7.10 Further Reading References 8 Humidity Sensors / Dietrich Sonntag, Thomas Foken, Holger Vömel, Olaf Hellmuth 8.1 Measurement Principles and Parameters 8.2 History 8.3 Theory 8.4 Devices and Systems 8.5 Specifications 8.6 Quality Control 8.7 Maintenance 8.8 Application 8.9 Future Developments 8.10 Further Readings References 9 Wind Sensors / Thomas Foken, Jens Bange 9.1 Measurement Principles and Parameters 9.2 History 9.3 Theory 9.4 Devices and Systems 9.5 Specifications 9.6 Quality Control 9.7 Maintenance 9.8 Application 9.9 Future Developments 9.10 Further Reading References 10 Pressure Sensors / Anni Torri, Thomas Foken, Jens Bange 10.1 Measurement Principles and Parameters 10.2 History 10.3 Theory 10.4 Devices and Systems 10.5 Specifications 10.6 Quality Control 10.7 Maintenance 10.8 Application 10.9 Future Developments 10.10 Further Reading References 11 Radiation Sensors / Klaus Behrens 11.1 Measurement Principles and Parameters 11.2 History 11.3 Theory 11.4 Devices and Systems 11.5 Specifications 11.6 Quality Control 11.7 Maintenance 11.8 Applications 11.9 Future Developments 11.10 Further Reading References 12 In-situ Precipitation Measurements / Arianna Cauteruccio, Matteo Colli, Mattia Stagnaro, Luca G. Lanza, Emanuele Vuerich 12.1 Measurement Principles and Parameters 12.2 History 12.3 Theory 12.4 Devices and Systems 12.5 Specifications 12.6 Quality Control, Uncertainty, and Calibration 12.7 Maintenance 12.8 Application 12.9 Future Developments 12.10 Further Reading References 13 Visibility Sensors / Martin Löffler-Mang, Klaus Heyn 13.1 Measurement Principles and Parameters 13.2 History 13.3 Theory 13.4 Devices and Systems 13.5 Specifications 13.6 Quality Control 13.7 Maintenance 13.8 Application 13.9 Future Developments 13.10 Further Reading References 14 Electricity Measurements / Giles Harrison, Alec Bennett 14.1 Measurement Principles and Parameters 14.2 History 14.3 Theory 14.4 Devices and Systems 14.5 Specifications 14.6 Quality Control 14.7 Maintenance 14.8 Applications 14.9 Future Developments 14.10 Further Reading References 15 Radioactivity Sensors / Jacqueline Bieringer, Thomas Steinkopff, Ulrich Stöhlker 15.1 Measurement Principles and Parameters 15.2 History 15.3 Theory 15.4 Devices and Systems 15.5 Specifications 15.6 Quality Control 15.7 Maintenance 15.8 Application 15.9 Future Developments 15.10 Further Reading References 16 Gas Analysers and Laser Techniques / Dwayne Heard, Lisa K. Whalley, Steven S. Brown 16.1 Measurement Principles and Parameters 16.2 History 16.3 Theory 16.4 Devices and Systems 16.5 Specifications 16.6 Quality Control 16.7 Maintenance 16.8 Applications 16.9 Future Developments 16.10 Further Reading References 17 Measurement of Stable Isotopes in Carbon Dioxide, Methane, and Water Vapor / Ingeborg Levin, Matthias Cuntz 17.1 Measurement Principles and Parameters 17.2 History of Stable Isotope Measurements in Atmospheric CO2, CH4 and H2O 17.3 Theory 17.4 Devices and Systems 17.5 Specifications 17.6 Quality Control 17.7 Maintenance 17.8 Application 17.9 Future Developments 17.10 Further Readings References 18 Measurement of Fundamental Aerosol Physical Properties / Andreas Held, Alexander Mangold 18.1 Measurement Principles and Parameters 18.2 History 18.3 Theory 18.4 Devices and Systems 18.5 Specifications 18.6 Quality Control 18.7 Maintenance 18.8 Application 18.9 Future Developments 18.10 Further Reading References 19 Methods of Sampling Trace Substances in Air / Christopher Pöhlker, Karsten Baumann, Gerhard Lammel 19.1 Measurement Principles and Parameters 19.2 History 19.3 Theory 19.4 Devices and Systems 19.5 Specifications 19.6 Quality Control 19.7 Maintenance 19.8 Application 19.9 Future Developments 19.10 Further Reading References 20 Optical Fiber-Based Distributed Sensing Methods / Christoph K. Thomas, John Selker 20.1 Measurement Principles and Parameters 20.2 History 20.3 Theory 20.4 Devices 20.5 Specifications 20.6 Quality Control 20.7 Maintenance 20.8 Applications 20.9 Future Developments 20.10 Further Reading References 21 Odor Measurements / Ralf Petrich, Axel Delan 21.1 Measurement Principles and Parameters 21.2 History 21.3 Theory 21.4 Devices and Systems 21.5 Specifications 21.6 Quality Control 21.7 Maintenance 21.8 Application 21.9 Future Developments 21.10 Further Readings References 22 Visual Observations / Thomas Foken, Raymond Rülke 22.1 Principles of Visual Observations 22.2 History 22.3 Theory 22.4 Observed Parameters 22.5 Quality Control 22.6 Application 22.7 Future Developments 22.8 Further Readings References Part C Remote-Sensing Techniques (Ground-Based) 23 Sodar and RASS / Stefan Emeis 23.1 Measurement Principles and Parameters 23.2 History 23.3 Theory 23.4 Devices and Systems 23.5 Specifications 23.6 Quality Control 23.7 Maintenance 23.8 Applications 23.9 Future Developments 23.10 Further Reading References 24 Backscatter Lidar for Aerosol and Cloud Profiling / Christoph Ritter, Christoph Münkel 24.1 Measurement Prinziples and Parameters 24.2 History 24.3 Theory 24.4 Devices and Systems 24.5 Specifications 24.6 Quality Control 24.7 Maintenance 24.8 Applications 24.9 Further Reading References 25 Raman Lidar for Water-Vapor and Temperature Profiling / Volker Wulfmeyer, Andreas Behrendt 25.1 Measurement Principles and Parameters 25.2 History 25.3 Theory 25.4 Devices and Systems 25.5 Specifications 25.6 Quality Control 25.7 Maintenance 25.8 Applications 25.9 Future Developments 25.10 Further Reading References 26 Water Vapor Differential Absorption Lidar / Scott M. Spuler, Matthew Hayman, Tammy M. Weckwerth 26.1 Measurement Principles and Param

Note: Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Leningrad—1982 1.2 ‘Global Warming’ or ‘Global Weirding’ 1.3 My Background 1.4 What Is Science? 1.5 The Observational Sciences 1.6 The Compexity of Nature 1.7 Summary 2 Discovering Climate 2.1 Defining ‘Climate’ 2.2 Numerical Descriptions of Climate 2.3 How Science Works 2.4 Summary 3 The Language of Science 3.1 Numbers and Symbols 3.2 Arithmetic, Algebra, Geometry, and Calculus 3.3 Shapes 3.4 Orders of Magnitude and Exponents 3.5 Logarithms 3.6 Logarithms and Scales with Bases Other Than 10 3.7 Earthquake Scales 3.8 The Beaufort Wind Force Scale 3.9 Extending the Beaufort Scale to Cyclonic Storms 3.10 Calendars and Time 3.11 Summary 4 Applying Mathematics to Problems 4.1 Measures and Weights 4.2 The Nautical Mile 4.3 The Metric System 4.4 Temperature 4.5 Precisely Defining Some Words You Already Know 4.6 Locating Things 4.7 Latitude and Longitude 4.8 Map Projections 4.9 Trigonometry 4.10 Circles, Ellipses, and Angular Velocity 4.11 Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces 4.12 Graphs 4.13 Exponential Growth and Decay 4.14 The Logistic Equation 4.15 Statistics 4.16 Summary 5 Geologic Time 5.1 Age of the Earth—4004 BCE, or Older? 5.2 The Discovery of the Depths of Time—Eternity 5.3 Geologic Time Punctuated by Revolutions 5.4 Catastrophism Replaced by Imperceptibly Slow Gradual Change 5.5 The Development of the Geological Timescale 5.6 The Discovery of the Ice Age 5.7 The Discovery of Past Warm Polar Regions 5.8 Throwing a Monkey Wrench into Explaining Climate Change 5.9 Crustal Mobility’ to the Rescue 5.10 The Return of Catastrophism and the Idea of Rapid Change 5.11 The Nature of the Geologic Record 5.12 The Great Extinctions and Their Causes 5.13 Summary—A History with No Dates 6 Putting Numbers on Geologic Ages 6.1 1788—An Abyss of Time of Unknown Dimensions 6.2 1863—Physics Comes to the Rescue—Earth Is Not More than 100 Million Years Old 6.3 What We Now Know About Heat from Earth’s Interior 6.4 Some Helpful Background in Understanding Nineteenth-Century Chemistry 6.5 Atomic Weight, Atomic Mass, Isotopes, Relative Atomic Mass, Standard Atomic Weight—A Confusing Plethora of Terms 6.6 1895–1913—The Worlds of Physics and Chemistry Turned Upside Down 6.7 Henri Becquerel and the Curies 6.8 Nonconformists and the British Universities Open to All 6.9 The Discovery of Electrons, Alpha-Rays, and Beta-Rays 6.10 The Discovery of Radioactive Decay Series, Exponential Decay Rates, and Secular Equilibrium 6.11 The Mystery of the Decay Series Explained by Isotopes 6.12 The Discovery That Radioactive Decay Series Might Be Used to Determine the Age of Rocks 6.13 The Discovery of Stable Isotopes 6.14 Rethinking the Structure of the Atom 6.15 From Science to Science Fiction 6.16 The Discovery of Protons and Neutrons 6.17 Arthur Holmes and the Age of the Earth 6.18 The Development of a Numerical Geological Timescale 6.19 Summary 7 Documenting Past Climate Change 7.1 What Is ‘Climate’? 7.2 A Brief Overview of Earth’s Climate History 7.3 The Cenozoic Climate ‘Deterioration’ 7.4 From Ages to Process Rates 7.5 Radiometric Age Dating in the Mid-Twentieth Century 7.6 Potassium—Argon Dating 7.7 Reversals of Earth’s Magnetic Field 7.8 Fission Track Dating 7.9 Astronomical Dating 7.10 Tritium, Carbon-14, and Beryllium-10 7.11 The Human Acceleration of Natural Process Rates 7.12 The Present Climate in Its Geologic Context 7.13 Steady State Versus Non-steady State 7.14 Feedbacks 7.15 Summary 8 The Nature of Energy Received from the Sun—The Analogies with Water Waves and Sound 8.1 Water Waves 8.2 Special Water Waves—Tides and Tsunamis 8.3 Wave Energy, Refraction, and Reflection 8.4 Sound Waves 8.5 Sound Waves and Music 8.6 Measuring the Speed of Sound in Air 8.7 Measuring the Speed of Sound in Water 8.8 The Practical Use of Sound in Water 8.9 Summary 9 The Nature of Energy Received from the Sun—Figuring Out What Light Really Is 9.1 Early Ideas About Light 9.2 Refraction of Light 9.3 Measuring the Speed of Light 9.4 The Discovery of Double Refraction or ‘Birefringence’ 9.5 Investigating the Dispersion of Light 9.6 Figuring Out the Wavelengths of Different Colors of Light 9.7 Diffraction 9.8 Polarization of Light 9.9 Eureka!—Light Is Electromagnetic Waves 9.10 A Review of the Discovery of the Invisible Parts of the Electromagnetic Spectrum 9.11 The Demise of the ‘Luminiferous Æther’ 9.12 Summary 10 Exploring the Electromagnetic Spectrum 10.1 Spectra and Spectral Lines 10.2 The Discovery of Helium—First in the Sun, Then on Earth 10.3 The Discovery That Spectral Lines Are Mathematically Related 10.4 Heinrich Hertz’s Confirmation of Maxwell’s Ideas 10.5 Marconi Makes the Electromagnetic Spectrum a Tool for Civilization 10.6 Human Use of the Electromagnetic Spectrum for Communication, Locating Objects, and Cooking 10.7 Summary 11 The Origins of Climate Science—The Idea of Energy Balance 11.1 What Is Heat? 11.2 Thermodynamics 11.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics 11.4 The Discovery of Greenhouse Gases 11.5 Kirchhoff’s ‘Black Body’ 11.6 Stefan’s Fourth Power Law 11.7 Black Body Radiation 11.8 Summary 12 The Climate System 12.1 Insolation—The Incoming Energy from the Sun 12.2 Albedo—The Reflection of Incoming Energy Back into Space 12.3 Reradiation—How the Earth Radiates Energy Back into Space 12.4 The Chaotic Nature of the Weather 12.5 The Earthly Components of the Climate System: Air, Earth, Ice, and Water 12.6 The Atmosphere 12.7 The Hydrosphere 12.8 The Cryosphere 12.9 The Land 12.10 Classifying Climatic Regions 12.11 Uncertainties in the Climate Scheme 12.12 Summary 13 What Is at the Bottom of Alice’s Rabbit Hole? 13.1 Max Planck and the Solution to the Black Body Problem 13.2 The Photoelectric Effect 13.3 The Bohr Atom 13.4 Implications of the Bohr Model for the Periodic Table of the Elements 13.5 The Zeeman Effect 13.6 Trying to Make Sense of the Periodic Table 13.7 The Second Quantum Revolution 13.8 The Discovery of Nuclear Fission 13.9 Molecular Motions 13.10 Summary 14 Energy from the Sun—Long-Term Variations 14.1 The Faint Young Sun Paradox 14.2 The Energy Flux from the Sun 14.3 The Orbital Cycles 14.4 The Rise and Fall of the Orbital Theory of Climate Change 14.5 The Resurrection of the Orbital Theory 14.6 Correcting the Age Scale: Filling in the Details to Prove the Theory1 14.7 The Discovery that Milankovitch Orbital Cycles Have Affected Much of Earth History 14.8 Summary 15 Solar Variability and Cosmic Rays 15.1 Solar Variability 15.2 The Solar Wind 15.3 Solar Storms and Space Weather 15.4 The Solar Neutrino Problem 15.5 The Ultraviolet Radiation 15.6 Cosmic Rays 15.7 A Digression into the World of Particle Physics 15.8 How Cosmic Rays Interact with Earth’s Atmosphere 15.9 Carbon-14 15.10 Beryllium-10 15.11 Cosmic Rays and Climate 15.12 Summary 16 Albedo 16.1 Albedo of Planet Earth 16.2 Clouds 16.3 Could Cloudiness Be a Global Thermostat? 16.4 Volcanic Ash and Climate Change 16.5 Aerosols 16.6 Albedo During the Last Glacial Maximum 16.7 Changing the Planetary Albedo to Counteract Greenhouse Warming 16.8 Summary 17 Air 17.1 The Nature of Air 17.2 The Velocity of Air Molecules 17.3 Other Molecular Motions 17.4 The Other Major Component of Air—Photons 17.5 Ionization 17.6 The Scattering of Light 17.7 Absorption of the Infrared Wavelengths 17.8 Other Components of Air: Subatomic Particles 17.9 Summary 18 HoH—The Keystone of Earth’s Climate 18.1 Some History 18.2 Why Is HOH So Strange? 18.3 The Hydrologic Cycle 18.4 Vapor 18.4.1 Pure Water 18.5 Natural Water 18.6 Water—Density and Specific Volume 18.7 Water—Surface Tension 18.8 Ice 18.9 Earth’s Ice 18.10 How Ice Forms from Freshwater and from Seawater 18.11 Snow and ICE on Land 18.12 Ice Cores 18.13 Ice as Earth’s Climate Stabilizer 19 The Atmosphere 19.1 Atmospheric Pressure 19.2 The Structure of the Atmosphere 19.3 The Troposphere 19.4 The Stratosphere 19.5 The Mesosphere 19.6 The Thermosphere 19.7 The Exosphere 19.8 The Magnetosphere 19.9 The Ionosphere 19.10 The Atmospheric Greenhouse Effect 19.11 Th

Note: Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 What Is Permafrost and Where Does it Occur? 1.2 Research on Permafrost: A Shifting Focus from Ice to Carbon 1.3 The Permafrost Carbon Feedback 1.4 Setting the Stage 1.4.1 Climate in Permafrost Areas 1.4.2 Vegetation in Permafrost Areas 1.4.3 Peatlands and Wetlands 1.4.4 Soils 1.4.5 Ice Age Permafrost 1.4.6 Geomorphology 1.5 Recent and Future Climate Change 1.6 The Uncertain Future of Permafrost References 2 The Energy Balance of Permafrost Soils and Ecosystems 2.1 The Radiation Balance 2.2 Latent, Sensible and Conductive Heat Fluxes 2.2.1 Partitioning of the Radiative Flux into Turbulent and Conductive Fluxes 2.2.2 Measurement Uncertainty 2.3 Heat Balance of Vegetation Cover 2.4 Seasonality of the Surface Heat Balance Illustrated by Data 2.4.1 Summer 2.4.2 Winter Cooling 2.4.3 Changes in the Heat Balance and Climate Change 2.5 Ground Heat Flux 2.5.1 Soil Profile Scale 2.5.2 The Effect of Ground Surface Conditions on Soil Temperature and Heat Flux 2.5.3 Large Scale Approaches 2.6 Deeper Permafrost Temperature Profile and Lateral Heat Fluxes 2.7 Lakes and Other Water Bodies References 3 The Role of Ground Ice 3.1 Basic Soil Ice Characteristics 3.2 Ice Segregation and Frost Heave 3.2.1 Ice Segregation Process 3.2.2 Environmental Conditions for Ice Segregation 3.3 Cracking and Wedging 3.3.1 Processes of Ice Wedge Formation 3.3.2 Ice Wedges in the Landscape 3.4 Frost Mounds 3.4.1 Palsas and Similar Features 3.4.2 Pingos 3.5 Cryoturbation and Patterned Ground 3.6 Slope Process: Solifluction and Cryogenic Landslides 3.7 Contribution of Ice to Rock Weathering 3.8 Ice and Hydrology 3.8.1 Active Layer Hydrological Processes 3.8.2 Runoff and River Discharge 3.9 Thaw Lakes 3.9.1 Thaw Lake Formation and Geomorphology 3.9.2 Thaw Lake Disappearance 3.10 Mapping Ice Content References 4 Permafrost Carbon Quantities and Fluxes 4.1 The Ecosystem Carbon Balance 4.1.1 Terrestrial Environments 4.1.2 Lakes 4.1.3 The Greenhouse Gas Balance 4.2 Vegetation Primary Production 4.2.1 Photosynthesis and Carbon Allocation 4.2.2 Primary Production in a Cold Climate 4.3 Vegetation Composition: Effects on the Carbon Cycle 4.4 Carbon Quantity in Permafrost Soils and Frozen Deposits 4.4.1 Yedoma Deposits 4.4.2 Peat 4.4.3 Alluvial and Lake Sediments 4.4.4 Landscape-Scale Variation of the Soil Organic Carbon Stock 4.5 Soil Organic Matter Quality and Decomposition 4.5.1 Organic Matter Quality in Permafrost 4.5.2 Carbon Conservation in Permafrost 4.5.3 Decomposer Communities in Cold and Waterlogged Soils 4.5.4 Organic Matter Decomposition Reaction Rates and Their Dependence on Temperature 4.5.5 Nutrient Cycles and Nitrous Oxide 4.5.6 Ecosystem Methane Emission 4.6 Ecosystem Carbon Flux Data 4.6.1 Quantifying Ecosystem Carbon Fluxes of Permafrost Ecosystems by Surface Measurements 4.6.2 Temporal and Spatial Variability of Permafrost Ecosystem Carbon Fluxes References 5 Permafrost in Transition 5.1 Which Changes? 5.2 Diffuse Permafrost Thaw 5.2.1 Observations of Active Layer Thickness and Surface Subsidence 5.2.2 Relation of Active Layer Thickness with Climate Change 5.2.3 Carbon Cycle Effects of Active Layer and Soil Temperature Change 5.2.4 Self-Heating Effect 5.3 Permafrost Thaw and Geomorphological Change 5.3.1 Thaw Pond and Fen Development 5.3.2 Thaw Lake Expansion 5.3.3 Thaw Lake Carbon Cycle Change 5.3.4 Erosion 5.4 Hydrological Changes 5.4.1 Water Balance: Groundwater Hydrology and Permafrost Thaw 5.4.2 Water Balance: Precipitation and Evapotranspiration 5.4.3 River Discharge Changes and Flooding 5.4.4 Water Transport of Carbon and Nutrients 5.4.5 Soil Hydrology Changes – Wetting or Drying? 5.4.6 Soil Hydrology Changes – Carbon Cycle Effects References 6 Vegetation Change 6.1 Zonal Vegetation Shifts 6.1.1 Present Climate-Related Vegetation Change 6.1.2 Arctic Greening and Browning 6.1.3 Feedbacks on Climate and Soil Temperature 6.1.4 Carbon Balance Effects of Vegetation Change 6.1.5 Fire 6.2 Thawing Permafrost and Vegetation 6.2.1 Effects of Permafrost Thaw on Vegetation: Nutrient Release 6.2.2 Below-Ground Interaction of Root Systems with Nutrients and Soil Carbon 6.2.3 Abrupt Thaw and Vegetation 6.2.4 Resilience 6.3 Human Vegetation Disturbance: Industrialisation and Agriculture References 7 Methane 7.1 Deep CH4 Sources 7.2 Climate Change Related Release of Deep Permafrost CH4 7.3 Cryovolcanism: Gas Emission Craters 7.4 CH4 Emissions in Perspective: Ecosystem Emissons, CO2 and N2O References 8 Models: Forecasting the Present and Future of Permafrost 8.1 Land Surface Models 8.2 Permafrost Models 8.3 The Carbon Cycle in Models 8.4 Geomorphology: Lake Formation and Erosion in Models 8.5 Outlook References Glossary Index

Note: Contents 1 Slow Viscous Flow 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Coordinate Systems and the Material Derivative 1.2.1 Eulerian and Lagrangian Coordinates 1.2.2 The Material Derivative 1.3 Mass Conservation 1.4 The Stress Tensor and Momentum Conservation 1.4.1 The Stress Tensor 1.4.2 Momentum Conservation 1.4.3 Rheology 1.4.4 The Navier-Stokes Equations 1.4.5 Stokes Flow 1.5 Boundary Conditions 1.5.1 The No-Slip Condition and the Sliding Law 1.5.2 Dynamic Boundary Conditions 1.5.3 Kinematic Boundary Conditions 1.6 Temperature and Energy Conservation 1.7 Glacier and Ice Sheet Flow 1.8 Examples 1.8.1 Uniform Flow on a Slope 1.8.2 Spreading Flow at an Ice Divide 1.8.3 Small-Amplitude Perturbations 1.9 The Shallow Ice Approximation 1.10 Conclusions and Outlook 1.11 Appendix: Non-dimensionalisation Exercises 2 Thermal Structure 2.1 Temperature Profiles 2.2 Boundary Conditions 2.2.1 The Thermal Near-Surface Wave 2.3 Models: Simple to Complicated 2.4 Basal Conditions 2.4.1 Polythermal Ice 2.5 Modelling Issues 2.5.1 Non-dimensionalisation 2.5.2 Thermomechanical Coupling 2.5.3 Thermal Runaway Exercises 3 Sliding, Drainage and Subglacial Geomorphology 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Sliding Over Hard Beds 3.2.1 Weertman Sliding 3.2.2 Nye-Kamb Theory 3.2.3 Sub-temperate Sliding 3.2.4 Nonlinear Sliding Laws 3.2.5 Cavitation 3.2.6 Comparison with Experiment 3.3 Subglacial Drainage Theory 3.3.1 Weertman Films 3.3.2 Röthlisberger Channels (or ‘R-Channels’) 3.3.3 Jökulhlaups 3.3.4 Subglacial Lakes 3.3.5 Linked Cavities 3.3.6 Drainage Transitions and Glacier Surges 3.3.7 Ongoing Developments 3.4 Basal Processes and Geomorphology 3.4.1 Soft Glacier Beds 3.4.2 Drainage Over Till 3.4.3 Geomorphological Processes Exercises 4 Tidewater Glaciers 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Calving 4.3 Tidewater Glacier Dynamics 4.3.1 Tidewater Glacier Retreat and Instability 4.3.2 Tidewater Glacier Advance 4.3.3 Flow Variability of Tidewater Glaciers 4.4 The Link to Climate: Triggers for Retreat 4.4.1 Ice Shelf Collapse and Backstress 4.4.2 Grounded Calving Fronts 4.5 Outlook 5 Interaction of Ice Shelves with the Ocean 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Impact of Melting Ice on the Ocean 5.3 Processes at the Ice-Ocean Interface 5.4 Buoyancy-Driven Flow on Geophysical Scales 5.5 Sensitivity to Ocean Temperature 5.6 Impact of Meltwater Outflow at the Grounding Line 5.7 Fundamentals of the Three-Dimensional Ocean Circulation 5.8 Some Properties and Limitations of the Geostrophic Equations 5.9 Effects of Stratification 5.10 Three-Dimensional Circulation in Sub-Ice-Shelf Cavities Exercises 6 Polar Meteorology 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Shortwave and Longwave Radiation 6.3 Radiation Climate at the Top of the Atmosphere 6.4 Large Scale Circulation 6.5 Surface Energy Balance 6.5.1 Shortwave Radiation 6.5.2 Surface Albedo 6.5.3 Longwave Radiation 6.5.4 Turbulent Fluxes 6.6 Temperature Inversion and Katabatic Winds 6.6.1 Surface Temperature Inversion and Deficit 6.6.2 Katabatic Winds 6.7 Precipitation 6.8 Notes and References Exercises 7 Mass Balance 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Definitions 7.3 Methods 7.3.1 In Situ Observations 7.3.2 Satellite/Airborne Altimetry 7.3.3 Satellite Gravimetry 7.3.4 Mass Budget Method 7.4 Valley Glaciers and Ice Caps 7.4.1 In Situ Observations 7.4.2 Modelling 7.4.3 Dynamical Response 7.4.4 Remote Sensing 7.5 Antarctic Ice Sheet 7.5.1 Spatial SSMB Variability 7.5.2 Blue Ice Areas 7.5.3 Temporal SSMB Variability 7.6 Greenland Ice Sheet 7.6.1 Spatial SSMB Variability 7.6.2 Temporal SSMB Variability 7.6.3 Role of the Liquid Water Balance 8 Numerical Modelling of Ice Sheets, Streams, and Shelves 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Ice Flow Equations 8.2.1 The Shallow Ice Approximation 8.2.2 Analogy with the Heat Equation 8.3 Finite Difference Numerics 8.3.1 Explicit Scheme for the Heat Equation 8.3.2 A First Implemented Scheme 8.3.3 Stability Criteria and Adaptive Time Stepping 8.3.4 Implicit Schemes 8.3.5 Numerical Solution of Diffusion Equations 8.4 Numerically Solving the SIA 8.5 Exact Solutions and Verification 8.5.1 Exact Solution of the Heat Equation 8.5.2 Halfar’s Exact Similarity Solution to the SIA 8.5.3 Using Halfar’s Solution 8.5.4 A Test of Robustness 8.6 Applying Our Numerical Ice Sheet Model 8.7 Shelves and Streams 8.7.1 The Shallow Shelf Approximation (SSA) 8.7.2 Numerical Solution of the SSA 8.7.3 Numerics of the Linear Boundary Value Problem 8.7.4 Solving the Stress Balance for an Ice Shelf 8.7.5 Realistic Ice Shelf Modelling 8.8 A Summary of Numerical Ice Flow Modelling 8.9 Notes Exercises 9 Least-Squares Data Inversion in Glaciology 9.1 Preamble 9.2 Introduction 9.3 The Roots of GPS in Glaciology 9.4 Introduction to GPS 9.4.1 History 9.4.2 Coarse Acquisition (C/A) Code 9.5 The Equations of Pseudorange 9.6 Least-Squares Solution of an Overdetermined System of Linear Equations 9.7 Observational Techniques to Improve GPS Accuracy 9.7.1 The Ionosphere-Free Combination 9.7.2 Carrier-Phase Determined Range and Integer Wavelength Ambiguity 9.7.3 Resolving Range Ambiguity by Phase Tracking 9.7.4 Differential GPS Exercises 10 Analytical Models of Ice Sheets and Ice Shelves 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Perfectly-Plastic Ice Sheet Model 10.3 The Height–Mass Balance Feedback 10.4 Ice-Sheet Profile for Plane Shear with Glen’s Law 10.5 Ice Shelves Exercise 11 Firn 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Firn Densification 11.2.1 Mechanisms of Firn Densification 11.2.2 Firn Densification Models 11.2.3 Firn Layering and Microstructure 11.3 Applications of Firn Models 11.3.1 Ice Sheet Surface Mass Balance from Altimetry 11.3.2 Delta Age Calculations in Deep Ice Cores 11.4 Summary and Conclusions 12 Ice Cores: Archive of the Climate System 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Dating Ice Cores 12.3 Stable Water Isotopes 12.3.1 Basics and Nomenclature 12.3.2 The Isotope Proxy Thermometer 12.3.3 Examples of Isotope Records 12.3.4 Isotope Diffusion in Firn and Ice 12.3.5 Diffusion Thermometry 12.4 Aerosols in Ice 12.4.1 Introduction and Origin of Aerosols in Ice 12.4.2 Aerosol Sources and Transport 12.4.3 Post-depositional Modification 12.4.4 Seasonal Cycles in Aerosol and Particle Constituents in Ice 12.4.5 The Volcanic Signal in Ice and Its Use for Chronological Control 12.4.6 Marine Biogenic MSA and Sea Salt as Sea-Ice Proxies 12.4.7 The Record of Anthropogenic Pollution 12.4.8 Long Aerosol Records from Greenland and Antarctica 12.4.9 Electrical Properties of Ice and Their Relationship to Chemistry 12.5 Gases Enclosed in Ice 12.5.1 Firn Gas and Gas Occlusion 12.5.2 Trace Gases 12.6 Timing of Climate Events Exercises 13 Satellite Remote Sensing of Glaciers and Ice Sheets 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Optical Sensors and Applications 13.2.1 Sensors and Satellites 13.2.2 Applications 13.3 SAR Methods and Applications 13.3.1 Radar Signal Interaction with Snow and Ice 13.3.2 SAR Sensor and Image Characteristics 13.3.3 InSAR Measurement Principles and Applications 13.4 Satellite Altimetry 13.4.1 Altimetry Missions 13.4.2 Measuring Elevation Change 14 Geophysics 14.1 Geophysical Methods: Overview 14.2 Passive Methods 14.2.1 Gravimetry 14.2.2 Magnetics 14.2.3 Seismology 14.3 Active Methods: Basics 14.3.1 Propagation Properties and Reflection Origin 14.3.2 Seismic System Set-Up 14.3.3 Radar System Set-Up 14.4 Data Acquisition and Processing 14.5 Seismic Applications in Ice 14.5.1 Ice Thickness and Basal Topography 14.5.2 Subglacial Structure and Properties 14.5.3 Rheological and Other Englacial Properties 14.6 Radar Applications in Ice 14.6.1 Internal Layer Architecture and Ice Dynamics 14.6.2 Subglacial Conditions 14.6.3 Englacial Conditions 14.7 Notes and References 14.7.1 Further Reading 14.7.2 Gravimetry 14.7.3 General Wave Equation and Solution 14.7.4 Seismic Waves 14.7.5 Electromagnetic Waves Exercises 15 Glacial Isostatic Adjustment 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Earth Response to Loading 15.2.1 Rheology of the Earth 15.2.2 Building an Earth Model 15.2.3 Earth Models Used in Glaciology and Glacial Isostatic Adjustment 15.3 The Cryosphere and Sea Level 15.3.1 Factors Affecting Sea-Level Change 15

Note: Contents 1 Introduction / Donat-P. Häder, E. Walter Helbling, and Virginia E. Villafañe 2 Pollution Affecting Cyanobacteria in Aquatic Habitats / Abha Pandey, Sonal Mishra, Neha Kumari, Vidya Singh, and Rajeshwar P. Sinha 3 Effects of Pollution on Fish / Donat-P. Häder 4 Effects of Pollution in Aquatic Food Chains / Raúl González, Cristian Durante, Marina Arcagni, Romina Juncos, Juan Seco Pon, Enrique Crespo, and Maite Narvarte 5 Pollution in the Arctic Ocean / Sten-Åke Wängberg and Göran Björk 6 Contamination of Coral Reefs in the Mexican Caribbean / Anastazia T. Banaszak 7 Input of Terrestrial Material into Coastal Patagonian Waters and Its Effects on Phytoplankton Communities from the Chubut River Estuary (Argentina) / Juan I. Vizzo, Marco J. Cabrerizo, Virginia E. Villafañe, and E. Walter Helbling 8 Marine Eutrophication: Overview from Now to the Future / Paulo Antunes Horta, Leonardo Rubi Rörig, Giulia Burle Costa, José Bonomi Baruffi, Eduardo Bastos, Lyllyan Santos Rocha, Giovanna Destri, and Alessandra Larissa Fonseca 9 Anthropogenic Pollution of Coastal Ecosystems in Brazil / Sebastian M. Strauch and Gilmar S. Erzinger 10 Hydrochemical Insight and Groundwater Supply: A Case Study of Patagonia’s Chubut River / Américo I. Torres, Luis F. H. Niencheski, Verena A. Campodonico, Andrea I. Pasquini, Mauricio Faleschini, and Pedro J. Depetris 11 Pharmaceutical Pollutants in Aquatic Ecosystems / Gilmar S. Erzinger, Sebastian M. Strauch, Monique Fröhlich, Carla Keite Machado, and Lineu del Ciampo 12 Detergents Pollution in Freshwater Ecosystems / Azizullah Azizullah, Sarzamin Khan, Sabeela Rehman, Nadia Taimur, and Donat-P. Häder 13 Heavy Metals Pollution in Surface Waters of Pakistan / Azizullah Azizullah, Nadia Taimur, Sarzamin Khan, and Donat-P. Häder 14 Arsenic Pollution / Donat-P. Häder 15 Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Atlantic Coastal Patagonia / Marina L. Nievas El Makte, Rosana Polifroni, Marcela A. Sepúlveda, and Ana Fazio 16 Dumping of Toxic Waste into the Oceans / Donat-P. Häder 17 Microplastics as Pollutants in the Marine Environment / Anthony Andrady and Liping Zhu 18 Effects of Ocean Acidification on Marine Primary Producers and Related Ecological Processes Under Multiple Stressors / Peng Jin and Kunshan Gao

Note: Contents 1 End Poverty in All Its Forms Everywhere / Joel C. Gill, Sarah Caven, and Ekbal Hussain 2 Zero Hunger / Benson H. Chishala, Rhoda Mofya-Mukuka, Lydia M. Chabala, and Elias Kuntashula 3 Ensure Healthy Lives and Promote Well-Being for All At All Ages / Kim Dowling, Rachael Martin, Singarayer K. Florentine, and Dora C. Pearce 4 Quality Education / Ellen Metzger, David Gosselin, and Cailin Huyck Orr 5 Achieve Gender Equality and Empower All Women and Girls / Ezzoura Errami, Gerel Ochir, and Silvia Peppoloni 6 Clean Water and Sanitation / Kirsty Upton and Alan MacDonald 7 Affordable and Clean Energy / Michael H. Stephenson 8 Decent Work and Economic Growth / Katrien An Heirman, Joel C. Gill, and Sarah Caven 9 Infrastructure, Industry, and Innovation / Joel C. Gill, Ranjan Kumar Dahal, and Martin Smith 10 Reduce Inequality Within and Amongst Countries / Melissa Moreano and Joel C. Gill 11 Sustainable Cities and Communities / Martin Smith and Stephanie Bricker 12 Ensure Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns / Joseph Mankelow, Martin Nyakinye, and Evi Petavratzi 13 Climate Action / Joy Jacqueline Pereira, T. F. Ng, and Julian Hunt 14 Conserve and Sustainably Use the Oceans, Seas, and Marine Resources / Michael G. Petterson, Hyeon-Ju Kim, and Joel C. Gill 15 Life on Land / Eric O. Odada, Samuel O. Ochola, and Martin Smith 16 Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions / Joel C. Gill, Amel Barich, Nic Bilham, Sarah Caven, Amy Donovan, Marleen de Ruiter, and Martin Smith 17 Partnerships for the Goals / Susanne Sargeant, Joel C. Gill, Michael Watts, Kirsty Upton, and Richard Ellison 18 Reshaping Geoscience to Help Deliver the Sustainable Development Goals / Joel C. Gill Index

Note: Contents 1 Current Insight into the Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) / Shailendra K. Saxena, Swatantra Kumar, Vimal K. Maurya, Raman Sharma, Himanshu R. Dandu, and Madan L. B. Bhatt 2 Global Trends in Epidemiology of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) / Nishant Srivastava, Preeti Baxi, R. K. Ratho, and Shailendra K. Saxena 3 Morphology, Genome Organization, Replication, and Pathogenesis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) / Swatantra Kumar, Rajni Nyodu, Vimal K. Maurya, and Shailendra K. Saxena 4 Transmission Cycle of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 / Tushar Yadav and Shailendra K. Saxena 5 Host Immune Response and Immunobiology of Human SARS-CoV-2 Infection / Swatantra Kumar, Rajni Nyodu, Vimal K. Maurya, and Shailendra K. Saxena 6 Clinical Characteristics and Differential Clinical Diagnosis of Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) / Raman Sharma, Madhulata Agarwal, Mayank Gupta, Somyata Somendra, and Shailendra K. Saxena 7 Coronavirus Infection Among Children and Adolescents / Sujita Kumar Kar, Nishant Verma, and Shailendra K. Saxena 8 COVID-19: An Ophthalmological Update / Ankita, Apjit Kaur, and Shailendra K. Saxena 9 Laboratory Diagnosis of Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection / Abhishek Padhi, Swatantra Kumar, Ekta Gupta, and Shailendra K. Saxena 10 Therapeutic Development and Drugs for the Treatment of COVID-19 / Vimal K. Maurya, Swatantra Kumar, Madan L. B. Bhatt, and Shailendra K. Saxena 11 Prevention and Control Strategies for SARS-CoV-2 Infection / Nishant Srivastava and Shailendra K. Saxena 12 Classical Coronaviruses / Nitesh Kumar Jaiswal and Shailendra K. Saxena 13 Emergence and Reemergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Coronaviruses / Preeti Baxi and Shailendra K. Saxena 14 Preparing for the Perpetual Challenges of Pandemics of Coronavirus Infections with Special Focus on SARS-CoV-2 / Sonam Chawla and Shailendra K. Saxena 15 Preparing Children for Pandemics / Rakhi Saxena and Shailendra K. Saxena 16 Coping with Mental Health Challenges During COVID-19 / Sujita Kumar Kar, S. M. Yasir Arafat, Russell Kabir, Pawan Sharma, and Shailendra K. Saxena Correction to: Transmission Cycle of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 / Tushar Yadav and Shailendra K. Saxena

Note: Contents 1 Ecosystem Collapse and Climate Change: An Introduction / Josep G. Canadell and Robert B. Jackson Part I Polar and Boreal Ecosystems 2 Ecosystem Collapse on a Sub-Antarctic Island / Dana M. Bergstrom, Catherine R. Dickson, David J. Baker, Jennie Whinam, Patricia M. Selkirk, and Melodie A. McGeoch 3 Permafrost Thaw in Northern Peatlands: Rapid Changes in Ecosystem and Landscape Functions / David Olefeldt, Liam Heffernan, Miriam C. Jones, A. Britta K. Sannel, Claire C. Treat, and Merritt R. Turetsky 4 Post-fire Recruitment Failure as a Driver of Forest to Non-forest Ecosystem Shifts in Boreal Regions / Arden Burrell, Elena Kukavskaya, Robert Baxter, Qiaoqi Sun, and Kirsten Barrett 5 A Paleo-perspective on Ecosystem Collapse in Boreal North America / Serge Payette Part II Temperate and Semi-arid Ecosystems 6 The 2016 Tasmanian Wilderness Fires: Fire Regime Shifts and Climate Change in a Gondwanan Biogeographic Refugium / David M. J. S. Bowman, Dario Rodriguez-Cubillo, and Lynda D. Prior 7 Climate-Induced Global Forest Shifts due to Heatwave-Drought / Francisco Lloret and Enric Batllori 8 Extreme Events Trigger Terrestrial and Marine Ecosystem Collapses in the Southwestern USA and Southwestern Australia / Katinka X. Ruthrof, Joseph B. Fontaine, David D. Breshears, Jason P. Field, and Craig D. Allen Part III Tropical and Temperate Coastal Ecosystems 9 Processes and Factors Driving Change in Mangrove Forests: An Evaluation Based on the Mass Dieback Event in Australia’s Gulf of Carpentaria / Norman C. Duke, Lindsay B. Hutley, Jock R. Mackenzie, and Damien Burrows 10 Recurrent Mass-Bleaching and the Potential for Ecosystem Collapse on Australia’s Great Barrier Reef / Morgan S. Pratchett, Scott F. Heron, Camille Mellin, and Graeme S. Cumming 11 Sliding Toward the Collapse of Mediterranean Coastal Marine Rocky Ecosystems / Joaquim Garrabou, Jean-Baptiste Ledoux, Nathaniel Bensoussan, Daniel Gómez-Gras, and Cristina Linares 12 Marine Heatwave Drives Collapse of Kelp Forests in Western Australia / Thomas Wernberg 13 Impact of Marine Heatwaves on Seagrass Ecosystems / Oscar Serrano, Ariane Arias-Ortiz, Carlos M. Duarte, Gary A. Kendrick, and Paul S. Lavery Correction to: Ecosystem Collapse on a Sub-Antarctic Island / Dana M. Bergstrom, Catherine R. Dickson, David J. Baker, Jennie Whinam, Patricia M. Selkirk, and Melodie A. McGeoch Index

Note: Contents 1 Introduction 2 Groundwater Flow and Transport 3 Hydro-Mechanical Coupling 4 Earthquakes Influenced by Water 5 Response to Tides, Barometric Pressure and Seismic Waves 6 Groundwater Level 7 Stream Flow 8 Groundwater Temperature 9 Groundwater and Stream Composition 10 Geysers 11 Liquefaction 12 Mud Volcanoes 13 Hydrologic Precursors 14 Epilogue

Note: Contents PART A Lucas, S. G., Schneider, J. W., Nikolaeva, S. and Wang, X. / The Carboniferous timescale: an introduction Carboniferous chronostratigraphy Lucas, S. G., Schneider, J. W., Nikolaeva, S. and Wang, X. / The Carboniferous chronostratigraphic scale: history, status and prospectus Alekseev, A. S., Nikolaeva, S. V., Goreva, N. V., Donova, N. B., Kossovaya, O. L., Kulagina, E. I., Kucheva, N. A., Kurilenko, A. V., Kutygin, R. V., Popeko, L. I. and Stepanova, T. I. / Russian regional Carboniferous stratigraphy González, C. R. and Díaz Saravia, P. / Proposed chronostratigraphic units for the Carboniferous and early Permian of the southwestern Gondwana margin Magnetostratigraphy Hounslow, M. W. / A geomagnetic polarity timescale for the Carboniferous Isotope stratigraphy Chen, J., Chen, B. and Montañez, I. P. 7 Carboniferous isotope stratigraphy Cyclostratigraphy Montañez, I. P. 7 Current synthesis of the penultimate icehouse and its imprint on the Upper Devonian through Permian stratigraphic record Marine biostratigraphy Vachard, D. and Le Coze, F. 7 Carboniferous smaller Foraminifera: convergences and divergences Ueno, K. 7 Carboniferous fusuline Foraminifera: taxonomy, regional biostratigraphy, and palaeobiogeographic faunal development Angiolini, L., Cisterna, G. A., Mottequin, B., Shen, S.-Z. and Muttoni, G. 7 Global Carboniferous brachiopod biostratigraphy Ausich, W. I., Kammer, T. W. and Mirantsev, G. V. 7 Carboniferous crinoids Wang, X.-D., Yang, S.-R., Yao, L., Sugiyama, T. and Hu, K.-yi 7 Carboniferous biostratigraphy of rugose corals Nikolaeva, S. V. / Carboniferous ammonoid genozones PART B Barrick, J. E., Alekseev, A. S., Blanco-Ferrera, S., Goreva, N. V., Hu, K., Lambert, L. L., Nemyrovska, T. I., Qi, Y., Ritter, S. M. and Sanz-López, J. 7 Carboniferous conodont biostratigraphy Ginter, M. / The biostratigraphy of Carboniferous chondrichthyans Non-marine biostratigraphy Eble, C. F. / Appalachian coal bed palynofloras: changes in composition through time and comparison with other areas Opluštil, S., Cleal, C. J., Wang, J. and Wan, M. / Carboniferous macrofloral biostratigraphy: an overview Schneider, J. W., Scholze, F., Ross, A. J., Blake, B. M. Jr and Lucas, S. G. / Improved blattoid insect and conchostracan zonation for the Late Carboniferous, Pennsylvanian, of Euramerica Amler, M. R. W. and Silantiev, V. V. / A global review of Carboniferous marine and non-marine bivalve biostratigraphy Lucas, S. G., Stimson, M. R., King, O. A., Calder, J. H., Mansky, C. F., Hebert, B. L. and Hunt, A. P. / Carboniferous tetrapod footprint biostratigraphy, biochronology and evolutionary events Lucas, S. G. / Carboniferous tetrapod biostratigraphy, biochronology and evolutionary events Index

Note: Contents 1 Introducing Sustainability in the Maritime Domain / Angela Carpenter, Tafsir M. Johansson, and Jon A. Skinner References Part I Moving to the Green-Blue Economy 2 Greening the Blue Economy: A Transdisciplinary Analysis / Mark J. Spalding, Angelica E. Braestrup, and Alexandra Refosco 1 Introduction 2 Sustainability Actions 2.1 Sustainability Action 1: Standardize Inspection and Enforcement 2.2 Sustainability Action 2: Promote Solutions to Reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) and Other Atmospheric Pollutant Emissions Generated by the Maritime Transportation Sector 2.3 Sustainability Action 3: Design and Build Greener Ships 2.4 Sustainability Action 4: Treating Ballast Water with Low (or No) Impact Technology 2.5 Sustainability Action 5: Making Onboard Water Treatment Systems Safer for People and the Ocean 2.6 Sustainability Action 6: Greening Port Facilities 2.7 Sustainability Action 7: Improve Ship Safety and Emergency Response to Shipping Accidents 2.8 Sustainability Action 8: Make the Ocean Quieter 2.9 Sustainability Action 9: Operate to Avoid Whale Strikes 2.10 Sustainability Action 10: Expand Maritime Transportation Sector Engagement in Oceanic Data Collection and Monitoring . 3 Looking Ahead: Establish a Framework for Maritime Transportation Governance That Supports All Life on Earth 4 Concluding Remarks References 3 Regional Marine Spatial Planning: A Tool for Greening Blue Economy in the Bay of Bengal / Asraful Alam 1 Introduction 2 Blue Economy 3 Marine Spatial Planning 4 Blue Economy and Marine Spatial Planning 5 The Current Management Framework for the Bay of Bengal 5.1 Bay of Bengal Program Inter-governmental Organization Agreement 2003 5.2 Action Plan for the Protection and Management of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the South Asian Region 1995 5.3 SAARC Charter, Environment Action Plan and Convention on Cooperation on Environment 5.4 Declaration on the Establishment of the Bangladesh- India-Myanmar-Sri Lanka-Thailand for Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) 1997 6 The Management Framework, Blue Economy and Marine Spatial Planning in the Bay of Bengal 7 Conclusion References 4 Green Ports and Sustainable Shipping in the European Context / Ziaul Haque Munim and Rana Saha 1 Introduction 1.1 The North Sea and Baltic Sea Region 1.2 The Mediterranean Sea Region 1.3 The Black Sea Region 2 Maritime Regulation in the European Regions 2.1 MARPOL in European Regions 2.2 European Pollution Prevention Regulations 3 Green Port Management Practices 4 Green Shipping Practices 5 A Conceptual Framework for Maritime Sustainability 6 Conclusions and Future Research Directions References Part II Moving to a More Secure and Safe Maritime Regulatory Regime 5 Maritime Transport and Sustainable Fisheries: Breaking the Silos / Natalia Martini and Sandra Rita Allnutt 1 Overview of the Global Efforts for Sustainable Fisheries and Maritime Transport 1.1 The Global Effort for Sustainable Fisheries and Port State Control 1.2 Interagency Cooperation: A Global Approach to Deter IUU Fishing and Increase Maritime Safety 2 The Way Forward: How to Break the Silos 2.1 Fighting IUU Fishing: Enhanced Global Cooperation, Strengthened Ocean Governance, and Improved Regional Compliance 2.2 Enhancing Sustainable Maritime Transport and SDG 14’s Implementation: Environmental Issues Related to Fisheries and Sea-Based Marine Plastic Litter 3 Conclusions References 6 Maritime Security: Adapting for Mid-century Challenges / Jon A. Skinner 1 Introduction 2 Collaborative Maritime Security 2.1 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals for 2030 2.2 Maritime Security and the International Regulatory Governance 2.3 Collaborative Hard Security 3 Benchmarking Maritime Security Strategies 3.1 IMO 3.2 European Union 4 Embracing Multi-causality 5 Identifying the Main Drivers and Threats 6 Geopolitics and Breaking the Rules 7 Energy Markets and Maritime Security 7.1 The Geopolitics of Oil and Gas 7.2 Scenarios and Back-Casting 8 The Covid-19 Pandemics Impact on 2050 CO2 Emission Goals 9 Security Flashpoints 2050 10 Conclusion References 7 ISPS Code Implementation: Overkill and Off-Target / Johnny Dalgaard 1 Introduction 2 ISPS Code Implementation in EU and Danish Legislation 2.1 Danish Implementation 2.2 Tactical Danish Method 3 Development of Plans 3.1 Ports and Port Facilities 3.2 Ship Security Assessment (SSA) 4 Nature of Security 4.1 Acceptance of Risk, Example Iraq Vs. USA 4.2 Consequence and Risk of Exposal 4.3 Red Teaming 4.4 Barriers and Capacity 4.5 A Thesis of How to Assess Potential Terrorists 5 Combining Consequence and Risk of Exposal with Barriers and Capacity 5.1 Evaluation of the Efficiency in Perspective on “Return on Investment” 6 Security as Part of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 7 Towards a Better Security to Support SDGs and Beyond 7.1 Appropriate Security Measures 7.2 Sustainable Development Goal 14 Combined with Goal 17 8 Conclusion References 8 Port and Maritime Security and Sustainability / Michael Edgerton 1 Introduction 2 Defining Sustainability and Resilience 3 Sustainable Development, Disruption, and the Maritime Domain 3.1 Threats to Maritime Security 3.2 Protection of Marine Resources 3.3 Enhancing the Focus on Cargo Security 3.4 Limitations of the ISPS Code 3.5 Expansion of Global Trade 3.6 “Just-in-Time” Delivery and the Sensitivity of Global Trade 3.7 The Convergence of Operational, Physical, and Digital Security 3.8 A Challenge of Governance 3.9 Maritime Security and Resilience 3.10 Protecting the Sea Lines of Communication 4 How Maritime and Port Security Can Support Sustainable Development References 9 Governance of International Sea Borders: Regional Approaches and Sustainable Solutions for Maritime Surveillance in the Mediterranean Sea / Marco Fantinato 1 Introduction 2 Traditional Maritime Surveillance Operations and Conventional Techniques Within Maritime Spaces Defined by the UNCLOS 3 The Interplay Between EU Maritime Security Policies and Surveillance Activities in the Mediterranean Sea 4 The Management of the External Sea Borders in the EU and the Concept of Integrated Maritime Surveillance 5 EU InterAgency Cooperation and the Development of Sustainable Technologies to Detect Unlawful Activities in the Mediterranean Sea 5.1 Copernicus Maritime Surveillance Service 5.2 Unmanned Aircraft Systems 5.3 Maritime Autonomous Vehicles 6 Exploring the Nexus Between Maritime Surveillance Activities in the Mediterranean and Sustainable Approaches 6.1 Flexibility 6.2 Interoperability 6.3 Complementarity 7 Concluding Remarks References Part III Improvements in Management/Technology of Best Practices for Sustainable Shipping 10 The Applicability of the International and Regional Efforts to Prevent Oil Pollution: Comparative Analysis Between the Arabian Gulf Region and the North Sea / Khalid R. Aldosari 1 Introduction 2 International Efforts to Curb Marine Oil Pollution 2.1 Importance of UNCLOS in Marine Pollution Prevention 2.2 Summary of International Conventions 2.3 Section Summary and Critical Analysis 3 Arabian Gulf Regional Marine Pollution Prevention Efforts 3.1 Summary of Regional Conventions to Curb Oil Marine Pollution 3.2 Section Summary and Critical Analysis 4 North Sea Regional Marine Pollution Prevention Efforts 4.1 Regional Efforts Towards Marine Pollution Prevention 4.2 Sources of Oil Pollution in the North Sea 4.3 Section Summary and Critical Analysis 5 Comparative Analysis Between the Arabian Gulf and North Sea Marine Pollution Prevention Activities 6 The Relation Between Oil Pollution Conventions, the SDGs, and Marine Transportation 6.1 SDGs and Maritime Transportation 6.2 Overview of the SDGs Role in Maritime Transportation 6.3 Linkages Between SDG 14, 17, and Transboundary Pollution 6.4 Transboundary Pollution in Accidental and Non-Accidental Oil Pollution 7 Conclusion References 11 Implications of Automation and Digitalization for Maritime Education and Training / Amit Sharma, Tae-Eun Kim, and Salman Nazir 1 Introduction 2 Maritime Auto

Note: Contents List of Contributors Preface Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Ocean Soundscape 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Seismic Waves 1.2.1 Body Waves 1.2.2 Surface Waves 1.3 Noise Sources in the Oceans 1.3.1 Noise from Geological Origins (Geophony) 1.3.2 Noise from Biological Origins (Biophony) 1.3.3 Noise from Anthropogenic Origins (Anthrophony) 1.4 Tools for Recording Marine Noise 1.4.1 Ocean-Bottom Seismometers 1.4.2 Ocean-Bottom Nodes 1.4.3 Ocean-Bottom Observatories 1.4.4 Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers 1.4.5 Echosounders 1.4.6 Drifters and Floats 1.5 Common Data-Processing Methods 1.5.1 Time-Drift Correction 1.5.2 Data Reduction 1.5.3 Instrument Relocation through Travel-Time Analysis 1.5.4 Rotation for Geophone Reorientation 1.5.5 Converting from Counts to Physical Units 1.5.6 Removing the Mean from the Data Set 1.5.7 Frequency Spectrum, Spectrogram, and Power Spectral Density 1.5.8 Frequency Filtering 1.5.9 Polarization Analysis 1.6 Summary of Chapters 1.7 Future Developments of Acoustic Measurements in the Ocean References Chapter 2 Seismic Ambient Noise: Application to Taiwanese Data 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Background Ambient Seismic Noise in Taiwan 2.3 Ambient Seismic Noise Generated by Intense Storms 2.4 Deepsea Internal Waves Southeast of Offshore Taiwan 2.5 Gas Emissions at the Seafloor and "Bubble" SDEs in SW Offshore Taiwan 2.6 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 3 Seasonal and Geographical Variations in the Quantified Relationship Between Significant Wave Heights and Microseisms: An Example From Taiwan 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Method and Data Processing 3.2.1 Data 3.2.2 Method 3.3 Testing and Determining Parameters 3.4 Results and Discussion 3.4.1 Seasonal Variation 3.4.2 Geographical Variation 3.4.3 Residual Distributions of the SHW Simulation 3.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments References Chapter 4 Listening for Diverse Signals From Emergent and Submarine Volcanoes 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Detection and Monitoring of Submarine Volcanism 4.2.1 Hydroacoustic Arrays 4.2.2 Seismometer Arrays 4.2.3 Cabled Systems 4.2.4 Limitations in Detecting Submarine Volcanism 4.3 Diverse Volcano Signals Recorded Underwater 4.3.1 Distinguishing Signal from Noise in the Ocean 4.3.2 High-Frequency Volcanic Signals 4.3.3 Low-Frequency Volcanic Signals 4.3.4 Volcanic Tremor Signals 4.3.5 Volcanic Explosion-Type Signals 4.3.6 Volcanic Landslide Signals 4.4 Conclusions Availability Statement Acknowledgments References Chapter 5 Seismic and Acoustic Monitoring of Submarine Landslides: Ongoing Challenges, Recent Successes, and Future Opportunities 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Recent Advances in Direct Monitoring of Submarine Landslides 5.1.2 Aims 5.2 Passive Geophysical Monitoring of Terrestrial Landslides 5.3 Which Aspects of Submarine Landslides Should We Be Able to Detect with Passive Systems? 5.4 Recent Advances and Opportunities in Passive Monitoring of Submarine Landslides 5.4.1 Determining the Timing and Location of Submarine Landslides at a Margin Scale Using Land-Based Seismological Networks 5.4.2 Quantifying Landslide Kinematics Using Hydrophones 5.4.3 Characterizing Landslide Run-Out to Enhance Hazard Assessments 5.4.4 Opportunities Using Distributed Cable-Based Sensing 5.5 The Application of Passive Geophysical Monitoring in Advancing Submarine Landslide Science 5.5.1 Can Passive Seismic and Acoustic Techniques Overcome the Logistical Challenges That Have Previously Hindered the Monitoring of Submarine Landslides? 5.5.2 What Aspects of Submarine Landslides Can We Assess from Passive Remote Sensing Techniques, and What Needs To Be Resolved? 5.5.3 Suggestions for Future Directions 5.6 Concluding Remarks Acknowledgments References Chapter 6 Iceberg Noise 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Waveforms of Iceberg Noise 6.2.1 Iceberg Bursts 6.2.2 Iceberg Tremor 6.2.3 Iceberg Harmonic Tremor 6.3 Observation and Location of Iceberg Noise 6.3.1 Hydroacoustic Records at Long Distances 6.3.2 Records of Regional Hydroacoustic Networks 6.3.3 Seismic Records in Antarctica 6.4 Spatial and Temporal Variations of Iceberg Noise 6.5 Source Mechanisms of Iceberg Noise 6.6 Discussion 6.7 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 7 The Sound of Hydrothermal Vents 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Theory of Sound Production by Hydrothermal Vents 7.2.1 Radiation Efficiency 7.2.2 Monopole 7.2.3 Dipole 7.2.4 Quadrupole 7.2.5 Estimated Source Sound Pressure Levels 7.2.6 Estimated Source Spectra 7.3 Survey of Acoustic Measurements 7.3.1 Very Low Frequency (〈 10 Hz) 7.3.2 Narrowband 7.3.3 Broadband 7.3.4 Tidal Variability 7.3.5 Summary of Acoustic Measurements 7.4 Other Sources of Ambient Noise 7.4.1 Microseisms 7.4.2 Local and Teleseismic Events 7.4.3 Biological Sources 7.4.4 Anthropogenic Sources 7.5 Measurement and Analysis Considerations 7.5.1 Flow Noise and Coupled Vibration 7.5.2 Sound Speed in Hydrothermal Fluid 7.5.3 Near Field vs Far Field 7.5.4 Hydrophone Array Measurements 7.6 Conclusion Nomenclature References Chapter 8 Atypical Signals: Characteristics and Sources of Short-Duration Events 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Signal Characteristics 8.3 Worldwide Distribution of SDEs 8.4 Observations and Studies Advancing SDE Understanding 8.4.1 Observations from Different Types of Ocean Bottom Instruments 8.4.2 Continuous Long-Term, Multidisciplinary Monitoring of Gas Emissions 8.4.3 Correlation with Acoustic Monitoring of Gas Emissions 8.4.4 Correlation with Earthquakes 8.4.5 Correlation with Tides 8.4.6 Controlled in situ and Laboratory Experiments 8.5 Discussion of SDE Potential Sources 8.5.1 Biological Origin 8.5.2 Action of Ocean/Sea Currents 8.5.3 Fluids in Near-Surface Sediments 8.5.4 Low-Magnitude Seismicity 8.5.5 Source Modeling 8.6 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 9 Short-Duration Events Associated With Active Seabed Methane Venting: Scanner Pockmark, North Sea 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Scanner Pockmark Complex 9.3 CHIMNEY Seismic Experiment 9.4 Methods 9.5 Results 9.6 Discussion 9.6.1 Characteristics of SDEs 9.6.2 Spatial Distribution of SDEs 9.6.3 Negative Correlation with the Tide 9.6.4 Efficiency of SDE Detection 9.7 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 10 Ambient Bubble Acoustics: Seep, Rain, and Wave Noise 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Bubbles as Acoustic Sources 10.2.1 The Injection of a Gas Bubble 10.2.2 Bubbles as Simple Harmonic Oscillators 10.2.3 Minnaert Frequency 10.3 Subsurface Gas Release 10.3.1 Gas-Seep Acoustics 10.4 Rainfall Acoustics 10.5 Acoustics of Breaking Waves 10.6 Conclusion Further Reading Appendix Symbology References Chapter 11 Baleen Whale Vocalizations 11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 Marine Mammal Classification 11.2 Physical Description of Sound and Its Conventions 11.2.1 Sound Pressure Level (SPL) 11.2.2 Source Level (SL) 11.2.3 Whale-Sound Analysis 11.3 Marine Mammal Vocalizations 11.3.1 Sirenia and Carnivora 11.3.2 Toothed Whales 11.3.3 Baleen Whales 11.4 Conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter 12 Tracking and Monitoring Fin Whales Offshore Northwest Spain Using Passive Acoustic Methods 12.1 Introduction 12.1.1 Passive Acoustic Monitoring 12.1.2 Fin Whale Vocalizations 12.1.3 Data Available for This Study 12.2 Methods 12.2.1 Call Detection 12.2.2 Delay Estimation 12.2.3 Localization and Tracking 12.2.4 Kalman Filter 12.3 Results 12.3.1 Detections 12.3.2 Localization 12.3.3 Tracking 12.4 Discussion 12.5 Conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter 13 Noise From Marine Traffic 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Underwater Radiated Noise 13.2.1 Sources of Shipping Noise 13.2.2 Measuring Radiated Noise 13.2.3 Modeling Underwater Radiated Noise 13.3 Noise Mapping 13.3.1 Modeling Shipping Contributions 13.3.2 Source Properties 13.3.3 Acoustic Propagation 13.3.4 Noise-Mapping Applications 13.4 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 14 Tracking Multiple Underwater Vessels With Passive Sonar Using Beamforming and a Trajectory PHD Filter 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Narrow-Band Signal Model 14.3 Detection via Beamforming and CA-CFAR 14.3.1 CBF 14.3.2 CA-CFAR 14.4 T

Note: Dissertation, ETH Zürich, 2019 , Inhalt Polarheld werden Transimperiale Verflechtungen Wissensgeschichte der Arktis Ausrüstung Route I. Mobilisieren, Kombinieren, Vernetzen – Elemente des Weltwissens Problematisierung der Arktis Alpin-Arktische Flora Wetter und Polarwirbel Arktische Karriereschübe II. Verwalten, Verordnen, Glorifizieren – Königlicher Fernhandel Abgeriegelte Kolonie Logistische Planung Arktisches Laboratorium Rekrutieren im imperialen Wettlauf Koloniales Wissen Aerologie und Anthropologie Dänischer Exzeptionalismus Anthropologische Naturdenkmäler Neutrale Zeugen III. Flicken, Züchten, Stilisieren – Indigenes Wissen Hunde und Peitschen Anorak und Kamiker Strömung und Wetter Kräuter, Kohle und Schädel Eisen, Fossilien und Ethnographika IV. Regulieren, Bezahlen, Umsorgen – Arktische Aneignungen Monopolhandel Polizeiwesen Lohntarife Schattenwirtschaft Ambivalenzen V. Beflaggen, Kolorieren, Finanzieren – Populäre Eiswelten Ästhetik der Erhabenheit Phantasma der Erstbegehung Staatliches Desinteresse Polarfieber und Diavorträge Produktplatzierung und Reklame Das Ende des Polarhelden Dank Archive und Sammlungen Literatur , German

Note: Contents Reolid, M., Mattioli, E., Duarte, L. V. and Ruebsam, W. / The Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event: where do we stand? Correia, V. F., Riding, J. B., Duarte, L. V., Fernandes, P. and Pereira, Z. / The effects of the Jenkyns Event on the radiation of Early Jurassic dinoflagellate cysts Fraguas, Á., Gómez, J. J., Goy, A. and Comas-Rengifo, M. J. / The response of calcareous nannoplankton to the latest Pliensbachian–early Toarcian environmental changes in the Camino Section (Basque Cantabrian Basin, northern Spain) Menini, A., Mattioli, E., Hesselbo, S. P., Ruhl, M. and Suan, G. / Primary v. carbonate production in the Toarcian, a case study from the Llanbedr (Mochras Farm) borehole, Wales Thuy, B. and Numberger-Thuy, L. D. / Brittlestar diversity at the dawn of the Jenkyns Event (early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event): new microfossils from the Dudelange drill core, Luxembourg Bomou, B., Suan, G., Schlögl, J., Grosjean, A.-S., Suchéras-Marx, B., Adatte, T., Spangenberg, J. E., Fouché, S., Zacaï, A., Gibert, C., Brazier, J.-M., Perrier, V., Vincent, P., Janneau, K. and Martin, J. E. / The palaeoenvironmental context of Toarcian vertebrate-yielding shales of southern France (Hérault) Martin, J. E., Suan, G., Suchéras-Marx, B., Rulleau, L., Schlögl, J., Janneau, K., Williams, M., Léna, A., Grosjean, A.-S., Sarroca, E., Perrier, V., Fernandez, V., Charruault, A.-L., Maxwell, E. E. and Vincent, P. / Stenopterygiids from the lower Toarcian of Beaujolais and a chemostratigraphic context for ichthyosaur preservation during the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event Fernández-Martínez, J., Rodríguez-Tovar, F. J., Piñuela, L., Martínez-Ruiz, F. and García-Ramos, J. C. / The Halimedides record in the Asturian Basin (northern Spain): supporting the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event relationship Šimo, V. and Reolid, M. / Palaeogeographical homogeneity of trace-fossil assemblages in Lower Jurassic spotted marls and limestones: comparison of the Western Carpathians and the Betic Cordillera Reolid, M., Soussi, M., Reolid, J., Ruebsam, W., Taher, I. B., Mattioli, E., Saidi, M. and Schwark, L. / The onset of the Early Toarcian flooding of the Pliensbachian carbonate platform of central Tunisia (north–south axis) as inferred from trace fossils and geochemistry Boomer, I., Copestake, P., Page, K., Huxtable, J., Loy, T., Bown, P., Dunkley Jones, T., O’Callaghan, M., Hawkes, S., Halfacree, D., Reay, H. and Caughtry, N. / Biotic and stable-isotope characterization of the Toarcian Ocean Anoxic Event through a carbonate–clastic sequence from Somerset, UK Müller, T., Price, G. D., Mattioli, E., Leskó, M. Z., Kristály, F. and Pálfy, J. / Hardground, gap and thin black shale: spatial heterogeneity of arrested carbonate sedimentation during the Jenkyns Event (T-OAE) in a Tethyan pelagic Basin (Gerecse Mts, Hungary) Rodrigues, B., Silva, R. L., Mendonça Filho, J. G., Reolid, M., Sadki, D., Comas-Rengifo, M. J., Goy, A. and Duarte, L. V. / The Phytoclast Group as a tracer of palaeoenvironmental changes in the early Toarcian Fonseca, C., Mendonça Filho, J. G., Lézin, C., Baudin, F., de Oliveira, A. D., Souza, J. T. and Duarte, L. V. / Boosted microbial productivity during the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event in the Paris Basin, France: new evidence from organic geochemistry and petrographic analysis Xu, W., Weijers, J. W. H., Ruhl, M., Idiz, E. F., Jenkyns, H. C., Riding, J. B., Gorbanenko, O. and Hesselbo, S. P. / Molecular and petrographical evidence for lacustrine environmental and biotic change in the palaeo-Sichuan mega-lake (China) during the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event Ruebsam, W. and Schwark, L. / Impact of a northern-hemispherical cryosphere on late Pliensbachian–early Toarcian climate and environment evolution Silva, R. L., Ruhl, M., Barry, C., Reolid, M. and Ruebsam, W. / Pacing of late Pliensbachian and early Toarcian carbon cycle perturbations and environmental change in the westernmost Tethys (La Cerradura Section, Subbetic zone of the Betic Cordillera, Spain) Index

Note: Contents Xu, J., Oppenheimer, C., Hammond, J.O.S. and Wei, H. / Perspectives on the active volcanoes of China Wei, H., Zhao, B., Chen, Z. and Yu, H. / Volcanic processes and magmatic evolution of Tianchi volcano, Changbaishan Zhao, B., Xu, D., Bai, Z. and Chen, Z. / Volcanism in the Longgang volcanic field of NE China: insights from eruption history, volcano types and geochemical characteristics Bai, X., Wei, W., Yu, H. and Chen, Z. / Petrogenesis and dynamic implications of the Cenozoic alkali basalts from the Jingpohu Volcanic Field, NE China Chen, Z., Zhao, Y., Bai, X., Wei, W., Liu, Y. and Bai, Z. / Wudalianchi volcanic field, NE China: tectonic setting, eruptive history, and geophysical insights Zhao, Y.-W., Zou, H. and Li, N. / Geomorphology and geochemistry of the Late Cenozoic volcanoes in the Halaha River–Chaoer River volcanic fields, western Greater Hinggan Mountain Range, NE China Li, N., Zhao, Y.-W., Gong, L.-W. and Wang, J.-L. / The Late Cenozoic volcanic groups in the South Daxing’anling, NE China: geology, geochemistry, and chronology Hong, L., Zhang, Y., Zhang, L., Xu, Y.-G., Liu, Z. and He, P. / Olivine chemistry of the Quaternary Datong basalts of the Trans-North China Orogen: insights into mantle source lithology and redox–hydration state Xu, J., Zhao, B., Yu, H., Wei, F. and Chen, Z. / Volcanic geology and petrochemistry of Ashikule volcanic field in western Kunlun Mountains of the Tibetan plateau Zhao, B., Wei, F., Yang, W., Xu, J. and Cui, X. / Cenozoic volcanism along Dahongliutan fault in the West Kunlun Mountains, China: implication from distribution of volcanic rocks, volcanic geology, and geochemistry Yu, H., Zhao, B., Chen, Z., Wei, H., Yang, W. and Bai, X. / Eruption history, petrogeochemistry, and geodynamic background of Tengchong volcanoes in Yunnan Province, SW China Wei, F., Wei, W. and Yu, H. / The Cenozoic volcanic fields in northern Hainan Island and the Leizhou Peninsula, south China: eruption history, magma source and dynamic background Yu, W., Wei, W., Wei, F., Bai, X., Liu, S. and Xu, D./ Magma plumbing system and origin of the intraplate volcanoes in Mainland China: an overview of constraints from geophysical imaging Ji, L., Xu, J., Liu, L. and Zhang, W. / A review of present-day deformation of active volcanoes in China between 1970 and 2013 Pan, B., Liu, G., Cheng, T., Zhang, J., Sun, Z., Ma, B., Wu, H., Liang, G., Guo, M., Kong, Q., Wei, F., Zhao, C. and Zhao, Q. / Development and status of active volcano monitoring in China Liang, Y. and Xu, J. / The impact of volcanic ash on the safety of aviation industry: review of China’s current situation Wang, X., Pan, B., Pan, M. and Liang, Y. / Current situation of early warning and emergency countermeasures of volcanic eruptions in China Chen, Z. and Chen, Z. / Identifying references to volcanic eruptions in Chinese historical records Pan, B., Cheng, T., Xu, J., Zhang, J. and Chen, Z. / Knowledge base of Cenozoic volcanoes in China Index

Note: Pages 3-6, Introduction, Helmut Wilhelm, Walter Zürn, Hans-Georg Wenzel --- Pages 9-26, Tide-generating potential for the earth, Hans-Georg Wenzel --- Pages 27-57, Tidal response of the solid Earth, Rongjiang Wang --- Pages 59-75, Analysis of earth tide observations, Hans-Georg Wenzel --- Pages 77-94, Earth tide observations and interpretation, Walter Zürn --- Pages 95-109, The nearly-diurnal free wobble-resonance, Walter Zürn --- Pages 113-143, Ocean tides, Wilfried Zahel --- Pages 145-171, Earth tides and ocean tidal loading, Gerhard Jentzsch --- Pages 173-181, Ocean tides and earth rotation, Johannes Wünsch --- Pages 183-218, Chandler wobble and pole tide in relation to interannual atmosphere-ocean dynamics, Hans-Peter Plag --- Pages 221-246, Atmospheric tides, Hans Volland --- Pages 247-260, Long-period variations of solar irradiance, Helmut Wilhelm --- Pages 261-274, Geomagnetic tides and related phenomena, Nils Olsen --- Pages 277-291, Tides in water saturated rock, Hans-Joachim Kümpel --- Pages 293-309, Tidal triggering of earthquakes and volcanic events, Dieter Emter --- Pages 311-339, Tidal tilt modification along an active fault, Malte Westerhaus --- Pages 343-344, Satellite orbit perturbations induced by tidal forces, Peter Schwintzer --- Pages 345-377, Tides of io, Tilman Spohn --- Pages 379-380, Tidal effects in binary star systems, Gerhard Schäfer --- Pages 381-386, Tidal interactions between galaxies, Claus Möllenhoff

Note: Pages 3-34, Physical grounds for acoustic remote sensing of the atmospheric boundary layer, M. A. Kallistratova --- Pages 35-84, An overview of the technological development of atmospheric echosounders (SODARS), John A. Kleppe --- Pages 85-104, Design of a tri-monostatic doppler sodar system, Yoshiki Ito --- Pages 105-116, A modular PC-based multiband sodar system, G. Mastrantonio, S. Argentini --- Pages 117-132, Mini acoustic sounding, a powerful tool for ABL applications: Recent advances, D. N. Asimakopoulos, C. G. Helmis, M. Petrakis --- Pages 133-141, Radio-acoustic temperature profiling in the troposphere, G. Bonino --- Pages 142-176, Radio acoustic sounding system (RASS) for studying the lower atmosphere, S. P. Singal, Malti Goel --- Pages 179-190, Determination of the turbulent structure parameters, Pan Naixian --- Pages 191-201, Turbulence variables derived from sodar data, R. L. Coulter --- Pages 202-235, Development of sodar detection and its application for studies of atmospheric boundary layer in Beijing, China, Mingyu Zhou --- Pages 236-246, Influence of the nocturnal low-level-jet on the vertical and mesoscale structure of the stable boundary layer as revealed from doppler-sodar-observations, Frank Beyrich, Dieter Kalass, Ulrich Weisensee --- Pages 247-274, Dynamics of the continental boundary layer: The CRPE sodar results (1984–1993), Christine Amory-Mazaudier --- Pages 275-292, Sodar investigations of gravity waves by cross spectral analysis, Günther Bull --- Pages 293-306, Sodar monitoring of nocturnal boundary layer during the harmattan in Ile-Ife, Nigeria, J. A. Adedokun --- Pages 307-324, An overview of similarity methods to estimate turbulence quantities from sodar measurements in the convective boundary layer, Dimitrios Melas --- Pages 325-384, Sodar: A tool to characterize hazardous situations in air pollution and communication, S. P. Singal, B. S. Gera, Neeraj Saxena --- Pages 385-394, Application of sodar in urban air-quality monitoring systems, Jacek Walczewski --- Pages 395-405, Operational use of sodar information in nowcasting, Th. Foken, H.-J. Albrecht, K. Sasz, F. Vogt --- Pages 409-448, Acoustic remote sensing of ocean flows, Antony Joseph K, Ehrlich Desa --- Pages 449-475, Acoustic remote sensing of ocean-atmosphere interactions, A. Weill, H. Dupuis

Note: Inhalt Vorwort TEIL I Wie mache ich meine Behörde fit für Social Media? »Wie viel Personal kostet das?« - Die drängendste Frage der Behördenleitung 1.1 Was tun Social-Media-Verantwortliche in Behörden? Eine Aufgabenbeschreibung 1.1.1 Community Management (30 %) 1.1.2 Beiträge vorbereiten und posten (30 %) 1.1.3 Interne Kommunikation (20 %) 1.1.4 Strategie und Weiterentwicklung (5 %) 1.1.5 Organisation und Rechtliches (5 %) 1.1.6 Lernen und Fortbildung (5 %) 1.1.7 Projekte (5 %) 1.2 Wie ermittle ich den Personalbedarf für meine Behörde? 1.3 Können mir Dienstleister bei der Arbeit helfen? 2 Welche Talente brauche ich für mein Social-Media-Team? 2.1 Welche Kompetenzen muss man haben, um in einer Behörde Social Media zu machen? 2.2 Interne Personalsuche 2.3 Externe Personalsuche 3 Social-Media-Manager sind genauso wichtig wie Pressesprecher 4 Wie organisiere ich mein Social-Media-Team? 4.1 Der Behörden-Newsroom 4.1.1 Was der Behörden-Newsroom nicht ist 4.1.2 Was der Behörden-Newsroom stattdessen ist 4.1.3 So ist der Behörden-Newsroom aufgebaut 4.1.4 So arbeitet der Behörden-Newsroom 4.1.5 Das Neuigkeitenzimmer - Ein Erfahrungsbericht 4.2 Die behördliche Social-Media-Redaktion 4.2.1 Einbindung in die Behörden-Hierarchie 4.2.2 Struktur und Abläufe 4.2.3 Abstimmungs- und Freigabeprozesse 4.2.4 Budget und Arbeitsmittel 4.3 Was kann ich als »Ein-Personen-Team« schaffen? 5 Social Media ist auch interne Kommunikation 5.1 Zusammenarbeit mit der Behördenleitung 5.2 Zusammenarbeit mit den Fachabteilungen 5.3 Zusammenarbeit mit anderen wichtigen Stellen im Haus TEIL II Social Media ist die Bürgerkommunikation von heute Müssen wir da etwa antworten? 6.1 Der richtige Umgang mit Kommentaren und Nachrichten auf Social-Media-Kanälen 6.2 Netiquette: Wie stelle ich als Amt Diskussionsregeln auf und setze sie durch? 6.3 Community Management: Leitlinien für Behörden 6.3.1 Du oder Sie? 6.3.2 Wem darf ich als Behörde in sozialen Netzwerken folgen? 6.3.3 Welche Inhalte von anderen darf ich teilen? 6.4 Wochenend-Dienst wegen Social Media? 7 »Social Amt«: Wie ich als Behörde Beziehungen zu meinen Zielgruppen aufbaue 7.1 Netzwerken in sozialen Netzwerken 7.2 Ihr Profil ist Ihre Visitenkarte 7.3 Content is King 7.4 Follower-Treffen und Instawalks 7.5 Die wichtigste Zutat: Glaubwürdigkeit 8 Was tun, wenn ein »Shitstorm« kommt? 8.1 Wie kann man einem Shitstorm vorbeugen? 8.2 Überlebensplan bei einem Shitstorm 9 Wie gehe ich als Behörde mit Hass im Netz um? 9.1 Wie ich auf Verschwörungstheorien reagieren sollte 9.2 Muss ich bei strafrechtlich relevanten Inhalten Anzeige erstatten? TEIL III Die perfekte Social-Media-Strategie für meine Behörde 10 Wofür möchte meine Behörde Social Media nutzen? 10.1 Ziel und Zweck meiner Präsenz in sozialen Netzwerken bestimmen 10.2 Wie kann ich den Nutzen von Social Media für meine Behörde messen? 11 Meine Zielgruppen besser kennenlernen 11.1 Community-Aufbau: Wen möchten wir als Behörde ansprechen? 11.2 Wie lerne ich die Interessen unserer Zielgruppen besser kennen? 11.2.1 Toolgestützte Online-Analyse 11.2.2 Analyse ohne Hilfsmittel 11.2.3 Zielgruppenbefragung 12 Welches soziale Netzwerk passt zu meiner Behörde? 12.1 Facebook: Das Massenmedium 12.2 Instagram: Der (noch) hippe Kanal 12.3 Twitter: Das Politik-Netzwerk 12.4 XING oder nicht XING, das ist hier die Frage 12.5 LinkedIn: das Business-Facebook 12.6 YouTube: Lineares Fernsehen war gestern 12.7 TikTok: Müssen wir als Behörde jetzt auch noch singen und tanzen? 12.8 Von Podcast bis Clubhouse: Audio ist im Trend 13 Trockene Behörden-Themen spannend erzählen 13.1 Die fünf wichtigsten Social-Media-Formate für Ämter 13.2 Wie ich Inhalte finde, die unsere Follower begeistern 13.3 Storytelling für Behörden: Geschichten statt Pressemitteilungen 13.3.1 Storytelling lernen von einem Jahrhundert-Journalisten 13.3.2 Wie wird ein Amts-Inhalt zu einer guten Story? 13.3.3 Fotos, Grafiken und Videos: Wie ich Behörden-Botschaften zum Leben erwecke 13.3.4 Bloß kein Amtsdeutsch: Texten für Social Media 13.4 Wie ich einen Social-Media-Redaktionsplan aufstelle und damit Arbeitszeit spare TEIL IV Mit Social Media sicher durch die Krise 14 Was unterscheidet Krisenkommunikation vom Social-Media-Tagesgeschäft? 15 Was Behörden aus der Corona-Krise kommunikativ lernen können 16 Mit der richtigen Vorbereitung sicher durch die Krise 16.1 Wie Sie einen Krisenkommunikationsplan für Social Media aufstellen 16.2 Checkliste: Mit Social Media sicher durch die Krise TEIL V So werde ich Behörden-Influencer 17 Corporate Influencer in Behörden 17.1 Strategischer Einsatz von Behörden-Botschaftern: Warum ich meinem Amt viele Gesichter geben sollte 17.2 Wie ich Behörden-Botschafter am besten unterstütze 17.3 Wie kann ich Behörden-Botschafter*in werden? 18 Behördenleiter-Kommunikation auf Social Media 18.1 Wie überzeuge ich meine Chefin oder meinen Chef zu twittern? 18.2 Personal Branding: Wie ich mich als behördliche Führungskraft richtig in sozialen Netzwerken positioniere TEIL VI Best Practice: Von den besten Ämtern lernen 19 Polizei Sachsen: Verdächtig gute Kommunikation 20 Land Schleswig-Holstein: Azubis als Instagram-Stars 21 Der österreichische Bundespräsident und sein Team: Social-Media-Star mit 77 Jahren 22 Stadt Nürnberg: Die Foto-Community 23 Land Brandenburg: Mit Herz und Humor auf Facebook 24 Stadtbibliothek Erlangen: Idee schlägt Budget Index

Note: INHALT Willkommen in der Arena der Möglichkeiten! Die Public Arena im digitalen Zeitalter Kommunikation in der Public Arena Dein Navigator: Das Public Arena Framework LEITBILD Vision & Mission Ziele SET-UP Analyse Struktur Kultur Daten TAKTIK Positionierung Zielgruppen Kanäle ACTION Storytelling Content Politisches Targeting Community Mobilisierung Krise Fake News Ausblick: Was die Public Arena der Zukunft braucht Public Arena Expert:innen Interviews Das Public-Arena-Team Deep-Dive-Bibliothek Literaturverzeichnis.

Note: Contents List of contributors Preface 1 Antarctic Climate Evolution - second edition 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Structure and content of the book Acknowledgements References 2 Sixty years of coordination and support for Antarctic science - the role of SCAR 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Scientific value of research in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean 2.3 The international framework in which SCAR operates 2.4 The organisation of SCAR 2.5 Sixty years of significant Antarctic science discoveries 2.6 Scientific Horizon Scan 2.7 Summary References Appendix 3 Cenozoic history of Antarctic glaciation and climate from onshore and offshore studies 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Long-term tectonic drivers and ice sheet evolution 3.3 Global climate variability and direct evidence for Antarctic ice sheet variability in the Cenozoic 3.3.1 Late Cretaceous to early Oligocene evidence of Antarctic ice sheets and climate variability 3.3.2 The Eocene-Oligocene transition and continental-scale glaciation of Antarctica 3.3.3 Transient glaciations of the Oligocene and Miocene 3.3.4 Pliocene to Pleistocene 3.4 Regional seismic stratigraphies and drill core correlations, and future priorities to reconstruct Antarctica's Cenozoic 3.4.1 Ross Sea 3.4.2 Amundsen Sea 3.4.3 Bellingshausen Sea and Pacific coastline of Antarctic Peninsula 3.4.4 The Northern Antarctic Peninsula and South Shetland Islands 3.4.5 The Eastern Margin of the Antarctic Peninsula 3.4.6 The South Orkney Microcontinent and adjacent deep-water basins 3.4.7 East Antarctic Margin 3.4.7.1 Weddell Sea 3.4.7.1.1 Gondwana break-up, Weddell Sea opening and pre-ice-sheet depositional environment 3.4.7.1.2 The Eocene-Oligocene transition and paleoenvironment during increasing glacial conditions 3.4.7.1.3 Recent geophysical survey beneath the Ekström Ice Shelf and future directions for drilling 3.4.7.2 Prydz Bay 3.4.7.2.1 Early Cenozoic greenhouse and earliest glacial phase in late Eocene 3.4.7.2.2 Oligocene-Miocene ice-sheet development 3.4.7.2.3 The Polar Ice Sheet (late Miocene(?)-Pleistocene) 3.4.7.3 East Antarctic Margin - Sabrina Coast 3.4.7.4 Wilkes Land margin and Georges V Land 3.5 Summary, future directions and challenges Acknowledgements References 4 Water masses, circulation and change in the modern Southern Ocean 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Defining the Southern Ocean 4.2 Water masses - characteristics and distribution 4.2.1 Upper ocean 4.2.2 Intermediate depth waters 4.2.3 Deep water 4.2.4 Bottom water 4.3 Southern Ocean circulation 4.3.1 Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) 4.3.2 Southern Ocean meridional overturning circulation (SOMOC) 4.3.3 Deep western boundary currents 4.3.3.1 Pacific deep western boundary current 4.3.3.2 Indian deep western boundary currents 4.3.3.3 Atlantic deep western boundary current 4.3.4 Subpolar circulation - gyres, slope and coastal currents 4.3.4.1 Gyres 4.3.4.2 Antarctic slope and coastal currents 4.4 Modern Southern Ocean change 4.4.1 Climate change 4.4.2 Ocean change 4.4.3 Change in dynamics and circulation 4.5 Concluding remarks References 5 Advances in numerical modelling of the Antarctic ice sheet 5.1 Introduction and aims 5.2 Advances in ice sheet modelling 5.2.1 Grounding line physics 5.2.2 Adaptive grids 5.2.3 Parallel ice sheet model - PISM 5.2.4 Coupled models 5.3 Model input - bed data 5.4 Advances in knowledge of bed processes 5.5 Model intercomparison 5.6 Brief case studies 5.7 Future work References 6 The Antarctic Continent in Gondwana: a perspective from the Ross Embayment and Potential Research Targets for Future Investigations 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The Antarctic plate and the present-day geological setting of the Ross Embayment 6.3 East Antarctica 6.3.1 The Main Geological Units during the Paleoproterozoic-Early Neoproterozoic Rodinia Assemblage 6.3.2 From Rodinia breakup to Gondwana (c. 800-650 Ma) 6.3.3 The 'Ross Orogen' in the Transantarctic Mountains during the late Precambrian-early Paleozoic evolution of the paleo-Pacific margin of Gondwana (c. 600-450 Ma) 6.4 West Antarctic Accretionary System 6.4.1 West Antarctica in the Precambrian to Mesozoic (c. 180 Ma) evolution of Gondwana until the middle Jurassic breakup 6.4.1.1 Precambrian to Cambrian metamorphic basement 6.4.1.2 Devono-Carboniferous arc magmatism ('Borchgrevink Event') (c. 370-350 Ma) 6.4.1.3 Beacon Supergroup (Devonian-Permo-Triassic-earliest Jurassic) 6.4.1.4 The Ellsworth-Whitmore Mountains Terrane and the Permo-Triassic arc magmatism 6.4.1.5 Ferrar Supergroup and the Gondwana breakup (c. 180Ma) 6.4.1.6 The Antarctic Andean Orogen 6.5 Mesozoic to Cenozoic Tectonic Evolution of the Transantarctic Mountains 6.6 Tectonic evolution in the Ross Sea Sector during the Cenozoic 6.7 Concluding remarks, open problems and potential research themes for future geoscience investigations in Antarctica 6.7.1 Persistent challenges for onshore geoscience investigations 6.7.2 Antarctica and the Ross Orogen in the Transantarctic Mountains 6.7.3 Antarctica after Gondwana fragmentation Acknowledgements References 7 The Eocene-Oligocene boundary climate transition: an Antarctic perspective 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Background 7.2.1 Plate tectonic setting 7.2.2 Antarctic paleotopography 7.2.3 Paleoceanographic setting 7.2.4 Global average and regional sea level response 7.2.5 Proxies to reconstruct past Antarctic climatic and environmental evolution 7.2.6 Far-field proxies 7.3 Antarctic Sedimentary Archives 7.3.1 Land-based outcrops 7.3.1.1 Antarctic Peninsula Region 7.3.1.2 King George (25 de Mayo) Island, South Shetland Islands 7.3.1.3 The Ross Sea Region 7.3.2 Sedimentary archives from drilling on the Antarctic Margin 7.3.2.1 Drill cores in the western Ross Sea 7.3.2.2 The Prydz Bay Region 7.3.2.3 Weddell Sea 7.3.2.4 Wilkes Land 7.4 Summary of climate signals from Antarctic sedimentary archives 7.4.1 Longer-term changes 7.4.2 The climate of the Eocene-Oligocene transition 7.5 The global context of Earth and climate system changes across the EOT 7.5.1 Climate modelling 7.5.2 Relative sea-level change around Antarctica 7.6 Summary 7.6.1 Early-middle Eocene polar warmth 7.6.2 Late Eocene cooling 7.6.3 Eocene-Oligocene transition Acknowledgements References 8 Antarctic Ice Sheet dynamics during the Late Oligocene and Early Miocene: climatic conundrums revisited 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Oligocene-Miocene Transition in Antarctic geological records and its climatic significance 8.3 Conundrums revisited 8.3.1 What caused major transient glaciation of Antarctica across the OMT? 8.3.2 Apparent decoupling of Late Oligocene climate and ice volume? 8.4 Concluding remarks Acknowledgements References 9 Antarctic environmental change and ice sheet evolution through the Miocene to Pliocene - a perspective from the Ross Sea and George V to Wilkes Land Coasts 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 Overview and relevance 9.1.2 Far-field records of climate and ice sheet variability 9.1.2.1 The Early Miocene 9.1.2.2 The mid-Miocene 9.1.2.3 The Late Miocene 9.1.2.4 The Pliocene 9.1.3 Southern Ocean Paleogeography and Paleoceanography 9.1.4 Land elevation change and influences on Antarctic Ice Sheet evolution 9.2 Records of Miocene to Pliocene climate and ice sheet variability from the Antarctic margin 9.2.1 Introduction to stratigraphic records 9.2.2 George V Land to Wilkes Land Margin 9.2.2.1 Geological setting 9.2.2.2 Oceanography of the Adelie coast 9.2.2.3 Seismic stratigraphy off the George V Land to Wilkes Land Margin 9.2.2.4 Drill core records from the George V Land to Wilkes Land Margin 9.2.2.5 Neogene history of the George V Land to Wilkes Land margin 9.2.3 The Ross Sea Embayment and Southern Victoria Land 9.2.3.1 Geological setting 9.2.3.2 Oceanography and climate in the Ross Sea Region 9.2.3.3 Seismic stratigraphic records in the Ross Sea 9.2.3.4 Stratigraphic records from drill cores in the Ross Sea 9.2.3.5 Terrestrial records from Southern Victoria Land 9.2.3.6 Neogene history in the Ross Sea Region 9.3 Numerical modelling 9.3.1 Miocene

Note: Inhalt Vorwort Der Aufbau dieses Buches Rechts- oder Linkshänder? Übungsdateien und Hilfe 1 Von der Idee zum Bericht Entwurf von Modellen und deren Dokumentation Planungsmethode und Lösungsentwicklung Praxisbeispiel Aufbereiten der Daten und Aufbau der Lösung Verwaltung der Daten 2 Entdecken Sie die Möglichkeiten von PivotTables und PivotCharts Lassen sich alle Daten mit PivotTables auswerten? Die verschiedenen Wege zu einer PivotTable Diese Prozessschritte führen Sie zu einem Pivot-Bericht Jetzt erstellen Sie eine PivotTable So verschieben Sie im Layoutbereich die Felder blitzschnell Darstellung der PivotTable ändern Gruppierung von Elementen in einer PivotTable Wie Datentypen die Gruppierung beeinflussen Eine Gruppierung aufheben Feldbeschriftungen in PivotTables und PivotCharts So erweitern Sie die PivotTable und verändern die Feldanordnung Mehrere Felder im Wertebereich Mit dem Berichtsfilter Daten selektiv anzeigen Alle Daten wieder anzeigen Die Wirkung der Layoutaktualisierung Felder verschieben, hinzufügen oder entfernen Feld aus dem Layoutabschnitt entfernen Feldbezeichnungen ändern Nutzen der PivotTable-Felderansicht Was beim Verschieben von Feldern in den vier Berichtsbereichen passiert Arbeitserleichterung durch eine geeignete Datensortierung Berechnungstypen in PivotTables Schnellformatierung von PivotTables PivotCharts: sich schon vorher ein Bild machen Aus einer PivotTable ein PivotChart erstellen Diagramm beschriften Das Layout für Berichte gestalten Berichtslayout in den PivotTable-Optionen anpassen Tabellenoptionen erleichtern die Arbeit mit PivotTables Anzeigen von Teilergebnissen und Gesamtergebnissen Sortieren in PivotTables Elemente mit der Maus verschieben Benutzerdefinierte Sortierreihenfolge erstellen und anwenden So sortieren Sie eine PivotTable nach Teilergebnissen Suchen und Filtern in den PivotTables Datenreduzierung auf oberster Ebene Komplexe Filter über das Eingabefeld »Suchen« steuern Die aktuelle Markierung als weitere Filtermöglichkeit verwenden Felder vor dem Hinzufügen filtern In einem Feld mehrere Filter aktivieren Neue Elemente automatisch anzeigen Vergleichsfilter im Umgang mit Datumswerten Filter löschen und alle Daten wieder anzeigen Genial: einfaches Filtern mit Datenschnitt und Zeitachse Einen Datenschnitt an Ihre Bedingungen anpassen Datenschnitte anzeigen oder ausblenden Größe und Eigenschaften von Datenschnitten Datenschnitt mit mehreren PivotTables verbinden Aktives Filtern mit der Zeitachse 3 Vertiefter Umgang mit PivotTable Gruppierung des Datums ändern Die Ansicht expandieren Eine Pivot-Tabelle kopieren Benutzerdefinierte Berechnungen für PivotTable-Wertefelder einsetzen Löschen eines PivotTable-Berichts oder PivotChart-Berichts Berechnungstypen im praktischen Einsatz % des Gesamtergebnisses berechnen % des Spaltenergebnisses % des Zeilenergebnisses % von % des übergeordneten Zeilenergebnisses % des übergeordneten Spaltenergebnisses % des übergeordneten Ergebnisses Differenz von % Differenz von Praxisbeispiel: Differenz zu einem vorherigen Basiselement in einem abweichenden Geschäftsjahr Laufende Summe von Rangfolge nach Größe (aufsteigend/absteigend) Index Praxisbeispiel: % Differenz und Fehlerbehandlung In PivotTable Fehlerdarstellungen bearbeiten Weitere Berechnungsmöglichkeiten in PivotTables So erstellen Sie ein berechnetes Feld in einer PivotTable So erstellen Sie ein berechnetes Element in einer PivotTable Lösungsreihenfolge für berechnete Elemente ändern Eine Liste der verwendeten Formeln erstellen So verwenden Sie die Funktion PIVOTDATENZUORDNEN () Zugriff auf Pivot-Daten Fehlermeldung der Funktion 4 In der Praxis: Logistikdienste mit PivotTables organisieren Überlegte Vorbereitung erleichtert das Arbeiten: als Datenbasis eine strukturierte Tabelle verwenden Die PivotTable erstellen Die PivotTable informativer machen Daten als Information flexibel anzeigen Die Anordnung macht’s: die Felder im informativsten Layoutbereich anzeigen Die Anzahl bestimmt die benötigte Kapazität In welches Hotel geht der Transfer des Teilnehmers? Den Check-in im Hotel planen Elegante Dynamik: mit Datenschnitten die Informationen komfortabel filtern Datenschnitte zum Filtern einbauen Die Steuerzentrale 5 Stundenabweichungsanalyse mit PivotTable Die Projektstruktur aufbauen Daten in PivotTable-Berichten auswerten Daten aus einem Vorsystem und der Planung übernehmen Daten aufbereiten, vervollständigen und pivotisieren Das Tabellenblatt WBS-Planung pivotisieren Importierte Daten pivotisieren und formatieren Dezimale Stundenangaben in Uhrzeitformat umwandeln Die Daten der Planung mit den Istdaten vergleichen und bewerten Zwei PivotTable-Berichte konsolidieren Zeitdifferenz berechnen Abweichungen hervorheben: weitere Formatierungen vornehmen Ein Projekt nach erweiterten Gesichtspunkten auswerten 6 Mit PivotTable einen Kostenträger überwachen und auswerten Ein Projekt nach erweiterten Gesichtspunkten aus werten Kostenstellenanalyse der Kostenträger 100112 und 1414 Nur die betroffenen Kostenträger anzeigen Kompaktansicht im Kostenträger: Details im Work Package ausblenden Mitarbeiter, die die angezeigte Leistung erbracht haben Die Gesamtkosten für den Kostenträger 100112 mit PivotTables berechnen Mehr Aussagekraft durch Neuanordnung der Wertefelder Die Stundenverteilung differenzieren - monatsweise anzeigen Ermitteln Sie die zeitlichen Arbeitsleistungen der Mitarbeiter in einem Projekt Die betroffenen Kostenstellen auswerten 7 Personal- und Personalstrukturanalyse mit PivotTable-Berichten Prozess der Analyse Welche Felder in der Basistabelle verändert oder berechnet werden Eine »intelligente« Tabelle Strukturen im Stellenplan und in den Tätigkeitsfeldern entdecken Zeigen Sie, wie viele Tätigkeitsfelder es im Unternehmen gibt Zeigen Sie die fünf Tätigkeitsfelder mit den meisten Mitarbeitern Neue Reihenfolge festlegen Prozentuale Darstellung wählen Prozentwerte und absolute Werte gleichzeitig darstellen Datenschnitte: mehr als nur einfache Filter Den Datenschnitt für die Vorselektion aufbauen Die Datenschnitte perfekt auf die Arbeitsumgebung einstellen Einstellungen für den Datenschnitt vornehmen Strukturanalyse zur Altersverteilung und Betriebszugehörigkeit Gruppen für Zeiträume bilden Aufbau des PivotTable-Berichts Betriebszugehörigkeit Betriebszugehörigkeit gruppieren Den Namen einer Feldschaltfläche anpassen Gruppen für Altersklassen bilden Die Anzahl der Mitarbeiter je Altersgruppe in den Tätigkeitsfeldern ermitteln Zeigen Sie in einer Grafik die Mitarbeiterverteilung in den Altersgruppen Das Layout des Diagramms verändern Zeigen Sie die grafische Verteilung der Betriebszugehörigkeit Die Betriebszugehörigkeit als Grafik Besondere Strukturen mit der PivotTable aufzeigen Zeigen Sie die Struktur der Betriebszugehörigkeit für das Tätigkeitsfeld Produktberater/-in an PivotTable-Bericht mit Minimum, Maximum und Durchschnittseinkommen je Altersgruppe Die Anzahl der Mitarbeiter einfügen, die die Berechnungsgrundlage bildet Mitarbeiter, die mehr als 120 Stunden monatlich tätig sind Auswertung auf ausgewählte Tätigkeitsfelder begrenzen 8 Wie Sie mit PivotTables Umsätze und Kosten berechnen und analysieren Aktion und Analyse Aufbau der PivotTable zur Kostenanalyse PivotTable in die Tabellenansicht und in ein neues Pivot-Format überführen Basisjahr 2019: Differenz der Kosten berechnen Basiswert des Jahres 2019 in die Ansicht des Berichts integrieren Die PivotTable informativer machen Prozentanteil des Deckungsbeitrages ermitteln Prozentanteil der Kosten am Umsatz 9 Mit PivotTable aggregieren: mit PIVOTDATENZUORDNENO Daten extrahieren Die Arbeitsweise der Funktion Syntax der Funktion Vorbereitung der Arbeitsumgebung Aufbau des Dashboards Die Auswahllisten erstellen Einrichten der Datenüberprüfung zur Auswahl der Steuergrößen Überprüfung der Auswahl und Folgeeinträge in den Steuertabellen Die Argumente der Funktion PIVOTDATENZUORDNEN() Die Funktion PIVOTDATENZUORDNENO entwickeln und dyna

Note: Table of contents Acknowledgements Chapter 1 - The restless ocean Chapter 2 - Frameworks, data, and methods Chapter 3 - Surface drift, gyres, and the fate of plastic Chapter 4 - Western boundary currents and drifting organisms Chapter 5 - Eastern boundary currents, upwelling, and high biological productivity Chapter 6 - The tropical oceans, interannual climate variability, and ecosystem adaptation Chapter 7 - From the northern subpolar oceans to the Arctic and its retreating sea ice Chapter 8 - From the Southern Ocean to Antarctica and its changing ice shelves Chapter 9 - Processes and flows in marginal seas Chapter 10 - Ocean boundaries, connectivity, and inter-ocean exchanges Chapter 11 - The global circulation and transformation of water masses Chapter 12 - Ocean currents, heat transport, and climate Epilogue: Looking ahead Index

Note: Contents Dedication List of contributors Acknowledgment Introduction Part 1: Phytoplankton taxonomy Introduction / Ruth S. Eriksen 1. Cyanobacterial diversity and taxonomic uncertainty: polyphasic pathways to improved resolution / Glenn B. McGregor and Barbara C. Sendall 2. Uses of molecular taxonomy in identifying phytoplankton communities from the Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey / Rowena Stern, Declan Schroeder, Andrea Highfield, Mana Al-Kandari, Luigi Vezzulli, Anthony Richardson 3. Impact of molecular approaches on dinoflagellate taxonomy and systematics / Christopher J.S. Bolch 4. From molecules to ecosystem functioning: insight into new approaches to taxonomy to monitor harmful algae diversity in Chile / Jorge I. Mardones, Bernd Krock, Lara Marcus, Catharina Alves-de-Souza, Satoshi Nagai, Kyoko Yarimizu, Alejandro Clément, Nicole Correa, Sebastian Silva, Javier Paredes-Mella Peter Von Dassow Part 2: Monitoring and sensing systems Introduction / Lesley A. Clementson 5. Integrating imaging and molecular approaches to assess phytoplankton diversity / Lisa Campbell, Chetan C. Gaonkar and Darren W. Henrichs 6. Advances in in situ molecular systems for phytoplankton research and monitoring / Matthew C. Smith, Levente Bodrossy and Pascal Craw 7. Applications of satellite remote sensing technology to the analysis of phytoplankton community structure on large scales / Astrid Bracher, Robert J. W. Brewin, Aurea M. Ciotti, Lesley A.Clementson, Takafumi Hirata, Tihomir S.Kostadinov, Colleen B. Mouw, Emanuele Organelli 8. Modeling phytoplankton processes in multiple functional types / Mark Baird, Stephanie Dutkiewicz, Anna Hickman, Mathieu Mongin, Monika Soja-Wozniak, Jennifer Skerratt, Karen Wild-Allen 9. Managing the societal uses of phytoplankton: technology applications and needs / Andrew D.L. Steven Part 3: Omics in aquatic ecology Introduction / Anusuya Willis 10. Current applications and technological advances in quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR): a versatile tool for the study of phytoplankton ecology / Kathryn J. Coyne, Yanfei Wang, Susanna A. Wood, Peter D. Countway, Sydney M. Greenlee 11. Phytoplankton diversity and ecology through the lens of high throughput sequencing technologies / Adriana Lopes dos Santos, Catherine Gérikas Ribeiro, Denise Ong, Laurence Garczarek, Xiao Li Shi, Scott D. Nodder, Daniel Vaulot, Andres Gutiérrez-Rodríguez 12. Comparative genomics for understanding intraspecific diversity: a case study of the cyanobacterium Raphidiopsis raciborskii / Anusuya Willis, Jason N. Woodhouse, Brett A. Neil, Michele A. Burford 13. Transcriptomic and metatranscriptomic approaches in phytoplankton: insights and advances / Bethany C.Kolody, Matthew J.Harke, Sharon E. Hook, Andrew E. Allen 14. From genes to ecosystems: using molecular information from diatoms to understand ecological processes / John A. Berges, Erica B. Young, Kimberlee Thamatrakoln, Alison R. Taylor 15. Global marine phytoplankton revealed by the Tara Oceans expedition / Flora Vincent, Federico M. Ibarbalz and Chris Bowler Index

Note: About this title / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, NP, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.27 --- Preface / John Mather / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, vi, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.01 --- 200 years of British hydrogeology — an introduction and overview / J. D. Mather / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 1-13, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.02 --- The water-related work of William Smith (1769–1839) / H. S. Torrens / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 15-30, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.03 --- Dr John Snow and an early investigation of groundwater contamination / Michael Price / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 31-49, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.04 --- William Whitaker (1836–1925) — geologist, bibliographer and a pioneer of British hydrogeology / William H. George / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 51-65, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.05 --- Joseph Lucas (1846–1926) — Victorian polymath and a key figure in the development of British hydrogeology / J. D. Mather, H. S. Torrens and K. J. Lucas / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 67-88, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.06 --- 19th century studies of the hydrogeology of the Permo-Triassic Sandstones of the northern Cheshire Basin, England / John H. Tellam / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 89-105, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.07 --- Robert Stephenson (1803–1859) — the first groundwater engineer / M. Preene / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 107-119, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.08 --- ‘Making water’: the hydrogeological adventures of Britain’s early mining engineers / Paul L. Younger / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 121-157, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.09 --- The contribution of geologists to the development of emergency groundwater supplies by the British army / Edward P. F. Rose / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 159-182, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.10 --- Groundwater versus surface water in Scotland and Ireland — the formative years / N. S. Robins, J. R. P. Bennett and K. T. Cullen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 183-191, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.11 --- Bath thermal waters: 400 years in the history of geochemistry and hydrogeology / W. Mike Edmunds / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 193-199, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.12 --- Chalybeate springs at Tunbridge Wells: site of a 17th-century new town / J. G. C. M. Fuller / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 201-212, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.13 --- The Scottish hydropathic establishments and their use of groundwater / Iain Spence and Nick Robins / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 213-217, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.14 --- British hydrogeologists in North Africa and the Middle East: an historical perspective / J. W. Lloyd / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 219-227, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.15 --- British hydrogeologists in West Africa — an historical evaluation of their role and contribution / Robin Hazell / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 229-237, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.16 --- British attempts to develop groundwater and water supply on Gibraltar 1800–1985 /Edward P.F. Rose, John D. Mather and Manuel Perez / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 239-262, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.17 --- The first use of geophysics in borehole siting in hardrock areas of Africa / Ron Barker / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 263-269, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.18 --- The development of groundwater in the UK between 1935 and 1965 — the role of the Geological Survey of Great Britain / R. A. Downing / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 271-282, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.19 --- Jack Ineson (1917–1970) The instigator of quantitative hydrogeology in Britain / R. A. Downing and D. A. Gray / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 283-286, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.20 --- Stevenson Buchan (1907–1996): field geologist, hydrogeologist and administrator / D. A. Gray and J. D. Mather / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 287-293, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.21 --- Groundwater studies in the Institute of Geological Sciences between 1965 and 1977 / D. A. Gray / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 295-318, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.22 --- Norman Savage Boulton (1899–1984): civil engineer and groundwater hydrologist / R. A. Downing, W. Eastwood and K. R. Rushton / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 319-322, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.23 --- Groundwater in a national water strategy, 1964–1979 / R. A. Downing / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 323-338, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.24 --- Recollections of a golden age: the groundwater schemes of Southern Water 1970–1990 / H. G. Headworth / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 339-362, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.25 --- Developments in UK hydrogeology since 1974 / F. C. Brassington / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 363-385, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.26 ---

Note: Weathering Processes Lichen weathering of minerals: implications for pedogenesis M. J. Wilson D. Jones https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.01 Porewater reactions in the unsaturated zone with special reference to groundwater quality in England D. A. Spears https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.02 A review of experimental weathering of basic igneous rocks David C. Cawsey and Paul Mellon https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.03 Kaolinites, Laterites and Bauxites Kaolinisation and the formation of silicified wood on late Jurassic Gondwana surfaces H. Wopfner https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.04 Kaolinitic weathering profiles in Brittany: genesis and economic importance J. Esteoule-Choux https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.05 The origin and occurrence of Devon Ball Clays A. Vincent https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.06 The Ayrshire Bauxitic Clay: an allochthonous deposit? S. K. Monro F. C. Loughnan and M. C. Walker https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.07 Base metal concentrations in kaolinised and silicified lavas of the Central Burma volcanics T. R. Marshall B. J. Amos D. Stephenson https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.08 A low level laterite profile from Uganda and its relevance to the question of parent material influence on the chemical composition of laterites M. J. McFarlane https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.09 Palaeoenvironment of lateritic bauxites with vertical and lateral differentiation Ida Valeton https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.10 Geochemistry of a nickeliferous laterite profile, Liberdade, Brazil J. Esson https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.11 Red Beds Reddening of tropical coastal dune sands R. Gardner https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.12 Post-depositional reddening of late Quaternary coastal dune sands, north-eastern Australia K. Pye https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.13 Origin of red beds in a moist tropical climate (Etruria Formation, Upper Carboniferous, UK) B. M. Besly P. Turner https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.14 Duricrusts: Calcretes, Silcretes and Gypcretes Environment of silcrete formation: a comparison of examples from Australia and the Cologne Embayment, West Germany H. Wopfner https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.15 Silcrete in Western Australia: geomorphological settings, textures, structures, and their genetic implications W. J. E. van de Graaff https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.16 Geochemistry of weathering profile silcretes, southern Cape Province, South Africa M. A. Summerfield https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.17 Pliocene channel calcrete and suspenparallel drainage in West Texas and New Mexico C. C. Reeves, Jr https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.18 Concentration of uranium and vanadium in calcretes and gypcretes Donald Carlisle https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.19 Ancient duricrusts and related rocks in perspective: a contribution from the Old Red Sandstone John Parnell https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.20 A process-response model for the formation of pedogenic calcretes Colin F. Klappa https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.21 Stable isotope abundances in calcretes A. S. Talma F. Netterberg https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.22 A Geotechnical classification of calcretes and other pedocretes F. Netterberg J. H. Caiger https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.23 Karstic residual fluorite-baryte deposits at two localities in Derbyshire R. P. Shaw https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.24 Cenozoic pedogenesis and landform development in south-east England John A. Catt https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.25

Note: Table of Contents Japan The Shimanto Belt of Japan: Cretaceous-lower Miocene active-margin sedimentation A. Taira, H. Okada,J. H. Whitaker, and A. J. Smith https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.01 Sedimentation across the Japan Trench off northern Honshu Island Roland von Huene and Michael A. Arthur https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.02 Tectonics of some forearc fold belts in and around the arc-arc crossing area in central Japan Yujiro Ogawa https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.03 Forearc geological structure of the Japanese Islands Tsunemasa Shiki and Yoshibumi Misawa https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.04 Central America Facies belts of the Middle America Trench and forearc region, southern Mexico: results from Leg 66 DSDP J. Casey Moore, Joel S. Watkins, Kenneth J. McMillen, Stephen B. Bachman, Jeremy K. Leggett, Neil Lundberg, Thomas H. Shipley, Jean-Francois Stephan, Floyd W. Beghtel, Arif Butt, Borys M. Didyk, Nobuaki Niitsuma, Les E. Shephard, and Herbert Stradner https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.05 Tectonic processes along the Middle America Trench inner slope Thomas H. Shipley, John W. Ladd, Richard T. Buffler, and Joel S. Watkins https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.06 Sedimentation in different tectonic environments of the Middle America Trench, southern Mexico and Guatemala Kenneth J. McMillen, Robert H. Enkeboll, J. Casey Moore, Thomas H. Shipley, and John W. Ladd https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.07 A summary of Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 67 shipboard results from the Mid-America Trench transect off Guatemala Roland von Huene, Jean Aubouin, Jacques Azema, Grant Blackinton, Jerry A. Carter, William T. Coulbourn, Darrel S. Cowan, Joseph A. Curiale, Carlos A. Dengo, Richard W. Faas, William Harrison, Reinhard Hesse, Donald M. Hussong, John W. Ladd, … View all authors https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.08 Evolution of the slope landward of the Middle America Trench, Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica Neil Lundberg https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.9 South America Cenozoic structure, stratigraphy and tectonics of the central Peru forearc L. D. Kulm, T. M. Thornburg, and H.-J. Schrader J. M. Resig https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.10 Forearc and other basins, continental margin of northern and southern Peru and adjacent Ecuador and Chile R. Moberly, G. L. Shepherd, and W. T. Coulbourn https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.11 The geology of the western part of the Borbón Basin, North-west Ecuador C. D. R. Evans and J. E. Whittaker https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.12 Aleutians Ancient plate boundaries in the Bering Sea region M. S. Marlow, A. K. Cooper, D. W. Scholl, and H. McLean https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.13 The Chugach Terrane, a Cretaceous trench-fill deposit, southern Alaska Tor H. Nilsen and Gian G. Zuffa https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.14 Structural evolution of coherent terranes in the Ghost Rocks Formation, Kodiak Island, Alaska Tim Byrne https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.15 Asia and Australasia Sedimentation in the Sunda Trench and forearc region Gregory F. Moore, Joseph R. Curray, and Frans J. Emmel https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.16 Development of the North Island Subduction System, New Zealand Gerrit J. van der Lingen https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.17 Atlantic The Barbados Ridge Complex: tectonics of a mature forearc system G. K. Westbrook https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.18 Sedimentology and structure of the Scotland Group, Barbados C. J. Pudsey and H. G. Reading https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.19 Subduction and tectonics on the continental margin off northern Spain: observations with the submersible Cyana Jacques-André Malod, Gilbert Boillot, Claude Lepvier, Georges Mascle, and Josette Taugourdeau-Lantz Raymond Capdevila, Pierre-Alain Dupeuble, and Carla Müller https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.20 Mediterranean Subduction in the Hellenic Trench: probable role of a thick evaporitic layer based on Seabeam and submersible studies X. Le Pichon, P. Huchon, J. Angelier, N. Lybéris, J. Boulin, and D. Bureau J.P. Cadet, J. Dercourt, G. Glaçon, H. Got, D. Karig, J. Mascle, L.E. Ricou, and F. Thiebault https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.21 Detailed tectonic trends on the central part of the Hellenic Outer Ridge and in the Hellenic Trench System N. H. Kenyon, R. H. Belderson, and A. H. Stride https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.22 The structure of the Calabro-Sicilian Arc: result of a post-orogenic intra-plate deformation Forese Carlo Wezel https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.23 Makran of Iran and Pakistan Deformation of the Makran accretionary sediment prism in the Gulf of Oman (north-west Indian Ocean) Robert S. White https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.24 The Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic history of western Baluchistan Pakistan—the northern margin of the Makran subduction complex Russell S. Arthurton, Abul Farah, and Wahiduddin Ahmed https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.25 The Makran, Southeastern Iran: the anatomy of a convergent plate margin active from Cretaceous to Present G. J. H. McCall and R. G. W. Kidd https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.26 California The Coastal Belt of the Franciscan: youngest phase of northern California subduction Steven B. Bachman https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.27 The Franciscan Complex of northernmost California: sedimentation and tectonics K. R. Aalto https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.28 Sedimentation, metamorphism and tectonic accretion of the Franciscan assemblage of northern California M. C. Blake, Jr, A. S. Jayko, and D. G. Howell https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.29 Deformation of partly dewatered and consolidated Franciscan sediments near Piedras Blancas Point, California Darrel S. Cowan https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.30 Initiation and evolution of the Great Valley forearc basin of northern and central California, U.S.A. Raymond V. Ingersoll https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.31 Forearc Terranes in Orogenic Belts Cretaceous-Palaeogene Flysch Zone of the East Alps and Carpathians: identification and plate-tectonic significance of ‘dormant’ and ‘active’ deep-sea trenches in the Alpine-Carpathian Arc Reinhard Hesse https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.32 The anatomy of a Lower Palaeozoic accretionary forearc: the Southern Uplands of Scotland J. K. Leggett W. S. McKerrow and D. M. Casey https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.33 Sedimentology, volcanism, structure and metamorphism of the northern margin of a Lower Palaeozoic accretionary complex; Bail Hill-Abington area of the Southern Uplands of Scotland Barry C. Hepworth, Grahame J. H. Oliver, and Michael J. McMurtry https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.34 Facies, Petrology and Models Sedimentary facies associations within subduction complexes Michael B. Underwood and Steven B. Bachman https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.35 Composition of modern deep-sea sands from arc-related basins J. Barry Maynard, Renzo Valloni, and Ho-Shing Yu https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.36 Initiation of subduction zones: implications for arc evolution and ophiolite development D. E. Karig https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.37

Note: Contents Part I Arctic Climate and Greenland 1 Arctic Climate Change, Variability, and Extremes / John E. Walsh 2 Precipitation Characteristics and Changes / Hengchun Ye, Daqing Yang, Ali Behrangi, Svetlana L. Stuefer, Xicai Pan, Eva Mekis, Yonas Dibike, and John E. Walsh 3 Snow Cover - Observations, Processes, Changes, and Impacts on Northern Hydrology / Ross Brown, Philip Marsh, Stephen Déry, and Daqing Yang 4 Evaporation Processes and Changes Over the Northern Regions / Yinsheng Zhang, Ning Ma, Hotaek Park, John E. Walsh, and Ke Zhang 5 Greenland Ice Sheet and Arctic Mountain Glaciers / Sebastian H. Mernild, Glen E. Liston, and Daqing Yang Part II Hydrology and Biogeochemistry 6 Regional and Basin Streamflow Regimes and Changes: Climate Impact and Human Effect / Michael Rawlins, Daqing Yang, and Shaoqing Ge 7 Hydrologic Extremes in Arctic Rivers and Regions: Historical Variability and Future Perspectives / Rajesh R. Shrestha, Katrina E. Bennett, Daniel L. Peters, and Daqing Yang 8 Overview of Environmental Flows in Permafrost Regions / Daniel L, Peters, Donald J. Baird, Joseph Culp, Jennifer Lento, Wendy A. Monk, and Rajesh R. Shrestha 9 Yukon River Discharge Response to Seasonal Snow Cover Change / Daqing Yang, Yuanyuan Zhao, Richard Armstrong, Mary J. Brodzik, and David Robinson 10 Arctic River Water Temperatures and Thermal Regimes / Daqing Yang, Hoteak Park, Amber Peterson, and Baozhong Liu 11 Changing Biogeochemical Cycles of Organic Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Trace Elements in Arctic Rivers / Jonathan O'Donnell, Thomas Douglas, Amanda Barker, and Laodong Guo 12 Arctic Wetlands and Lakes-Dynamics and Linkages / Kathy L. Young, Laura Brown, and Yonas Dibike 13 River Ice Processes and Changes Across the Northern Regions / Daqing Yang, Hotaek Park, Terry Prowse, Alexander Shiklomanov, and Ellie McLeod Part III Permafrost and Frozen Ground 14 Permafrost Features and Talik Geometry in Hydrologic System / Kenji Yoshikawa and Douglas L. Kane 15 Ground Temperature and Active Layer Regimes and Changes / Lin Zhao, Cangwei Xie, Daqing Yang, and Tingjun Zhang 16 Permafrost Hydrology: Linkages and Feedbacks / Tetsuya Hiyama, Daqing Yang, and Douglas L. Kane 17 Permafrost Hydrogeology / Barret L. Kurylyk and Michelle A. Walvoord Part IV Ecosystem Change and Impact 18 Greenhouse Gases and Energy Fluxes at Permafrost Zone / Masahito Ueyama, Hiroki Iwata, Hideki Kobayashi, Eugénie Euskirchen, Lutz Merbold, Takeshi Ohta, Takashi Machimura, Donatella Zona, Walter C. Oechel, and Edward A. G. Schuur 19 Spring Phenology of the Boreal Ecosystems / Nicolas Delbart 20 Diagnosing Environmental Controls on Vegetation Greening and Browning Trends Over Alaska and Northwest Canada Using Complementary Satellite Observations / Youngwook Kim, John S. Kimball, Nicholas Parazoo, and Peter Kirchner 21 Boreal Forest and Forest Fires / Yongwon Kim, Hideki Kobayashi, Shin Nagai, Masahito Ueyama, Bang-Yong Lee, and Rikie Suzuki 22 Northern Ecohydrology of Interior Alaska Subarctic / Jessica M. Young-Robertson, W. Robert Bolton, and Ryan Toohey 23 Yukon River Discharge-NDVI Relationship / Weixin Xu and Daqing Yang Part V Cross-System Linkage and Integration 24 River Freshwater Flux to the Arctic Ocean / Alexander Shiklomanov, Stephen Déry, Mikhail Tretiakov, Daqing Yang, Dmitry Magritsky, Alex Georgiadi, and Wenqing Tang 25 River Heat Flux into the Arctic Ocean / Daqing Yang, Shaoqing Ge, Hotaek Park, and Richard L. Lammers 26 Cold Region Hydrologic Models and Applications / Hotaek Park, Yonas Dibike, Fengge Su, and John Xiaogang Shi 27 Regional Climate Modeling in the Northern Regions / Zhenhua Li, Yanping Li, Daqing Yang, and Rajesh R. Shrestha 28 High-Resolution Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) Modeling and Projection Over Western Canada, Including Mackenzie Watershed / Yanping Li and Zhenhua Li 29 Responses of Boreal Forest Ecosystems and Permafrost to Climate Change and Disturbances: A Modeling Perspective / Shuhua Yi and Fengming Yuan 30 Future Trajectory of Arctic System Evolution / Kazuyuki Saito, John E. Walsh, Arvid Bring, Ross Brown, Alexander Shiklomanov, and Daqing Yang Correction to: Arctic Hydrology, Permafrost and Ecosystems / Daqing Yang, and Douglas L. Kane

Note: Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Part I Overview of Satellite Datasets -- Chapter 1 A Tour of Current Satellite Missions and Products -- 1.1 History of Computational Scientific Visualization -- 1.2 Brief Catalog of Current Satellite Products -- 1.2.1 Meteorological and Atmospheric Science -- 1.2.2 Hydrology -- 1.2.3 Oceanography and Biogeosciences -- 1.2.4 Cryosphere -- 1.3 The Flow of Data from Satellites to Computer -- 1.4 Learning Using Real Data and Case Studies -- 1.5 Summary -- References -- Chapter 2 Overview of Python -- 2.1 Why Python? -- 2.2 Useful Packages for Remote Sensing Visualization -- 2.2.1 NumPy -- 2.2.2 Pandas -- 2.2.3 Matplotlib -- 2.2.4 netCDF4 and h5py -- 2.2.5 Cartopy -- 2.3 Maturing Packages -- 2.3.1 xarray -- 2.3.2 Dask -- 2.3.3 Iris -- 2.3.4 MetPy -- 2.3.5 cfgrib and eccodes -- 2.4 Summary -- References -- Chapter 3 A Deep Dive into Scientific Data Sets -- 3.1 Storage -- 3.1.1 Single Values -- 3.1.2 Arrays -- 3.2 Data Formats -- 3.2.1 Binary -- 3.2.2 Text -- 3.2.3 Self-Describing Data Formats -- 3.2.4 Table-Driven Formats -- 3.2.5 geoTIFF -- 3.3 Data Usage -- 3.3.1 Processing Levels -- 3.3.2 Product Maturity -- 3.3.3 Quality Control -- 3.3.4 Data Latency -- 3.3.5 Reprocessing -- 3.4 Summary -- References -- Part II Practical Python Tutorials for Remote Sensing -- Chapter 4 Practical Python Syntax -- 4.1 "Hello Earth" in Python -- 4.2 Variable Assignment and Arithmetic -- 4.3 Lists -- 4.4 Importing Packages -- 4.5 Array and Matrix Operations -- 4.6 Time Series Data -- 4.7 Loops -- 4.8 List Comprehensions -- 4.9 Functions -- 4.10 Dictionaries -- 4.11 Summary -- References -- Chapter 5 Importing Standard Earth Science Datasets -- 5.1 Text -- 5.2 NetCDF -- 5.2.1 Manually Creating a Mask Variable Using True and False Values. -- 5.2.2 Using NumPy Masked Arrays to Filter Automatically -- 5.3 HDF -- 5.4 GRIB2 -- 5.5 Importing Data Using Xarray -- 5.5.1 netCDF -- 5.5.2 Examining Vertical Cross Sections -- 5.5.3 Examining Horizontal Cross Sections -- 5.5.4 GRIB2 using Cfgrib -- 5.5.5 Accessing Datasets Using OpenDAP -- 5.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 6 Plotting and Graphs for All -- 6.1 Univariate Plots -- 6.1.1 Histograms -- 6.1.2 Barplots -- 6.2 Two Variable Plots -- 6.2.1 Converting Data to a Time Series -- 6.2.2 Useful Plot Customizations -- 6.2.3 Scatter Plots -- 6.2.4 Line Plots -- 6.2.5 Adding Data to an Existing Plot -- 6.2.6 Plotting Two Side-by-Side Plots -- 6.2.7 Skew-T Log-P -- 6.3 Three Variable Plots -- 6.3.1 Filled Contour Plots -- 6.3.2 Mesh Plots -- 6.4 Summary -- References -- Chapter 7 Creating Effective and Functional Maps -- 7.1 Cartographic Projections -- 7.1.1 Geographic Coordinate Systems -- 7.1.2 Choosing a Projection -- 7.1.3 Some Common Projections -- 7.2 Cylindrical Maps -- 7.2.1 Global Plots -- 7.2.2 Changing Projections -- 7.2.3 Regional Plots -- 7.2.4 Swath Data -- 7.2.5 Quality Flag Filtering -- 7.3 Polar Stereographic Maps -- 7.4 Geostationary Maps -- 7.5 Creating Maps from Datasets Using OpenDAP -- 7.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 8 Gridding Operations -- 8.1 Regular One-Dimensional Grids -- 8.2 Regular Two-Dimensional Grids -- 8.3 Irregular Two-Dimensional Grids -- 8.3.1 Resizing -- 8.3.2 Regridding -- 8.3.3 Resampling -- 8.4 Summary -- References -- Chapter 9 Meaningful Visuals through Data Combination -- 9.1 Spectral and Spatial Characteristics of Different Sensors -- 9.2 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) -- 9.3 Window Channels -- 9.4 RGB -- 9.4.1 True Color -- 9.4.2 Dust RGB -- 9.4.3. Fire/Natural RGB -- 9.5 Matching with Surface Observations -- 9.5.1 With User-Defined Functions -- 9.5.2 With Machine Learning. -- 9.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 10 Exporting with Ease -- 10.1 Figures -- 10.2 Text Files -- 10.3 Pickling -- 10.4 NumPy Binary Files -- 10.5 NetCDF -- 10.5.1 Using netCDF4 to Create netCDF Files -- 10.5.2 Using Xarray to Create netCDF Files -- 10.5.3 Following Climate and Forecast (CF) Metadata Conventions -- 10.6 Summary -- Part III Effective Coding Practices -- Chapter 11 Developing a Workflow -- 11.1 Scripting with Python -- 11.1.1 Creating Scripts Using Text Editors -- 11.1.2 Creating Scripts from Jupyter Notebook -- 11.1.3 Running Python Scripts from the Command Line -- 11.1.4 Handling Output When Scripting -- 11.2 Version Control -- 11.2.1 Code Sharing though Online Repositories -- 11.2.2 Setting up on GitHub -- 11.3 Virtual Environments -- 11.3.1 Creating an Environment -- 11.3.2 Changing Environments from the Command Line -- 11.3.3 Changing Environments in Jupyter Notebook -- 11.4 Methods for Code Development -- 11.5 Summary -- References -- Chapter 12 Reproducible and Shareable Science -- 12.1 Clean Coding Techniques -- 12.1.1 Stylistic Conventions -- 12.1.2 Tools for Clean Code -- 12.2 Documentation -- 12.2.1 Comments and Docstrings -- 12.2.2 README File -- 12.2.3 Creating Useful Commit Messages -- 12.3 Licensing -- 12.4 Effective Visuals -- 12.4.1 Make a Statement -- 12.4.2 Undergo Revision -- 12.4.3 Are Accessible and Ethical -- 12.5 Summary -- References -- Conclusion -- Appendix A Installing Python -- A.1. Download Tutorials for This Book -- A.2. Download and Install Anaconda -- A.3. Package Management in Anaconda -- Appendix B Jupyter Notebook -- B.1. Running on a Local Machine (New Coders) -- B.2. Running on a Remote Server (Advanced) -- B.3. Tips for Advanced Users -- B.3.1. Customizing Notebooks with Configuration Files -- B.3.2. Starting and Ending Python Scripts -- B.3.3. Creating Git Commit Templates. -- Appendix C Additional Learning Resources -- Appendix D Tools -- D.1. Text Editors and IDEs -- D.2. Terminals -- Appendix E Finding, Accessing, and Downloading Satellite Datasets -- E.1. Ordering Data from NASA EarthData -- E.2. Ordering Data from NOAA/CLASS -- Appendix F Acronyms -- Index -- EULA.

Note: Contents Part I Atmosphere-Ocean Interaction and Physical Oceanography 1 Geostrophic and Wind-Driven Components of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current / Nikolay A. Diansky, Varvara V. Bagatinskaya, Anatoly V. Gusev, and Eugene G. Morozov 2 Multi-jet Structure of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current / Roman Yu Tarakanov 3 Frontal Zone Between Relatively Warm and Cold Waters in the Northern Weddell Sea / Eugene G. Morozov, Viktor A. Krechik, Dmitry I. Frey, Alexander A. Polukhin, Vladimir A. Artemiev, Valentina V. Kasyan, Philipp V. Sapozhnikov, and Rinat Z. Mukhametianov 4 Water Masses, Currents, and Phytoplankton in the Bransfield Strait in January 2020 / Eugene G. Morozov, Dmitry I. Frey, Viktor A. Krechik, Alexander A. Polukhin, and Philipp V. Sapozhnikov 5 Intra-annual Variability of Water Structure in the Atlantic Sector of the Southern Ocean Based on the ECMWF ORA-S3 and OI SST Reanalysis / Yuri V. Artamonov, Elena A. Skripaleva, Alexander V. Fedirko, and Nikolay V. Nikolsky 6 The Circulation and Mixing Zone in the Antarctic Sound in February 2020 / Alexander V. Krek, Elena V. Krek, and Viktor A. Krechik 7 Rogue Waves in the Drake Passage: Unpredictable Hazard / Ekaterina G. Didenkulova, Tatiana G. Talipova, and Efim N. Pelinovsky 8 Water Mass Transformation in the Powell Basin / Alina A. Fedotova and Svetlana V. Stepanova 9 Interannual Variations of Water Mass Properties in the Central Basin of the Bransfield Strait / Alina A. Fedotova and Sergey V. Kashin 10 Sea Surface Temperature and Ice Concentration Analysis Based on the NOAA Long-Term Satellite and Sea-Truth Data in the Atlantic Antarctic / Viktor V. Zamshin and Vladislav A. Shliupikov Part II Chemical Oceanography, Seawater Optical Properties, Productivity and Microbial Processes 11 Hydrochemical Structure of Waters in the Northern Weddell Sea in Austral Summer 2020 / Svetlana V. Stepanova, Alexander A. Polukhin, Gennadii V. Borisenko, Anna L. Chultsova, Evgeniia N. Marina, Oleg S. Popov, Anna M. Seliverstova, Anna V. Vidnichuk, and Petr P. Tishchenko 12 Features and Processes of the Oxygen and pCO2 Dynamics in the Surface Waters in the Western Parts of the Weddell and Scotia Seas (Southern Ocean) / Natalia A. Orekhova, Anna V. Vidnichuk, and Sergey K. Konovalov 13 Earth’s Insolation and Spatiotemporal Variability of Albedo in the Antarctic / Anton A. Bukatov and Margarita V. Babiy 14 Quantitative and Productional Characteristics of Microplankton in the Powell Basin and Bransfield Strait in Summer / Nadezda D. Romanova, Sergey A. Mosharov, Olga V. Vorobieva, and Elena V. Bardyukova 15 Detection of Thermophilic Methanotrophic Microbial Communities in the Water Column of the Bransfield Strait (Antarctica) / Anna L. Ponomareva, Nikita S. Polonik, Aleksandra V. Kim, and Renat B. Shakirov 16 Spectral Bio-optical Properties of Waters in the Bransfield Strait and Powell Basin / Tanya Ya Churilova, Nataliia A. Moiseeva, Tatiana V. Efimova, Vladimir A. Artemiev, Elena Y. Skorokhod, and Anatoly S. Buchelnikov 17 Variability of Seawater Optical Properties in the Adjacent Water Basins of the Antarctic Peninsula in January and February 2020 / Alexandr A. Latushkin, Vladimir A. Artemiev, Anton V. Garmashov, Pavel A. Salyuk, Inna V. Sahling, and Dmitry I. Glukhovets 18 Bio-Optical Models for Estimating Euphotic Zone Depth in the Western Atlantic Sector of the Southern Ocean in the Antarctic Summer / Pavel A. Salyuk, Vladimir A. Artemiev, Dmitry I. Glukhovets, Alexander N. Khrapko, Anatoly V. Grigoriev, Alexandr A. Latushkin, and Nadezda D. Romanova 19 Phycoerythrin Pigment Distribution in the Upper Water Layer Across the Weddell-Scotia Confluence Zone and Drake Passage / Pavel A. Salyuk, Dmitry I. Glukhovets, Alexander Yu. Mayor, Natalia A. Moiseeva, Vladimir A. Artemiev, and Alexander N. Khrapko 20 Nanophytoplankton in the Bransfield Strait: Contribution of Cryptophyta to the Community Abundance and Biomass During Austral Summer / Vladimir S. Mukhanov, Evgeny G. Sakhon, Aleksander A. Polukhin, and Vladimir A. Artemiev Part III Section Marine Ecosystems and Their Oceanographical Background 21 Phytopelagic Communities of the Powell Basin in the Summer of 2020 / Philipp V. Sapozhnikov, Olga Yu. Kalinina, and Tatiana V. Morozova 22 Bioluminescence in the Atlantic Sector of the Southern Ocean Based on the Field Observations and Sounding Data / Aleksandr V. Melnik, Viktor V. Melnikov, Lidiya A. Melnik, Olga V. Mashukova, and Sergei V. Kapranov 23 Parasites as an Inseparable Part of Antarctic and Subantarctic Marine Biodiversity / Tatyana A. Polyakova and Ilya I. Gordeev 24 Spatial Distribution, Species Composition, and Number of Seabirds in the Argentine Basin, Drake Passage, East of Antarctic Peninsula, and Powell Basin in January–March 2020 / Sergey P. Kharitonov, Alexander L. Mischenko, Nikolai B. Konyukhov, Alexander E. Dmitriyev, Andrey V. Tretyakov, Gleb Yu. Pilipenko, Svetlana M. Artemyeva, and Matvey S. Mamayev 25 Spatial Distribution, Species Composition, and Number of Marine Mammals in the Argentine Basin, Drake Passage, East of Antarctic Peninsula, and Powell Basin in January–March 2020 / Sergey P. Kharitonov, Andrey V. Tretyakov, Alexander L. Mischenko, Nikolai B. Konyukhov, Svetlana M. Artemyeva, Gleb Yu. Pilipenko, Matvey S. Mamayev, and Alexander E. Dmitriyev 26 Meat in the Ocean: How Much and Who Is to Blame? / Sergey P. Kharitonov, Andrey V. Tretyakov, and Alexander L. Mischenko 27 Macro- and Mesozooplankton in the Powell Basin (Antarctica): Species Composition and Distribution of Abundance and Biomass in February 2020 / Vladimir A. Yakovenko, Vassily A. Spiridonov, Konstantin M. Gorbatenko, Nickolai V. Shadrin, Ernest Z. Samyshev, and Natalia I. Minkina 28 Application of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles for Research of Ecosystems in the Southern Ocean / Alexander Yu. Konoplin, Alexey I. Borovik, Denis N. Mikhailov, Yuriy V. Vaulin, Alexander F. Scherbatyuk, Alexey A. Boreiko, Roman A. Babaev, Dmitriy A. Bolovin, and Dmitriy I. Tregubenko 29 Heavy Metals and Anthropogenic Radionuclides in the Region of the Antarctic Peninsula / Artem A. Paraskiv, Natalia Yu. Mirzoeva, Nataliya N. Tereshchenko, Vladislav Yu. Proskurnin, Ilya G. Sidorov, Svetlana I. Arkhipova, and Eugene G. Morozov

Note: Contents Artificial Intelligence for Sustainability An Intelligent Chatbot Using NLP and TF-IDF Algorithm for Text Understanding Applied to the Medical Field / Ayanouz Soufyane, Boudhir Anouar Abdelhakim, and Mohamed Ben Ahmed Artificial Intelligence in Predicting the Spread of Coronavirus to Ensure Healthy Living for All Age Groups / Stitini Oumaima, Kaloun Soulaimane, and Bencharef Omar Sustainability of Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning Algorithms for Medical Image Classification: Case of Cancer Pathology / Dahdouh Yousra, Anouar Boudhir Abdelhakim, and Ben Ahmed Mohamed An Intelligent Strategy for Developing Scientific Learning Skills / Okacha Diyer, Naceur Achtaich, and Khalid Najib Interactivity for Artificial Intelligence Systems: NL2SQL / Karam Ahkouk, Mustapha Machkour, Rachid Mama, and Khadija Majhadi Toward an Intelligent Hybrid System Based on Data Analysis and Preprocessing Method / Sara Belattar, Otman Abdoun, and Haimoudi El khatir Proposed Precautions for Newborn Malware Family Inspired from the COVID19 Epidemic Outbreak / Ikram Ben Abdel Ouahab, Mohammed Bouhorma, Lotfi ElAachak,and Anouar Abdelhakim Boudhir Using Deep Features Extraction and Ensemble Classifiers to Detect Glaucoma from Fundus Images / Stephane Cedric Tekouabou Koumetio, El Arbi Abdellaoui Alaoui, Imane Chabbar, Walid Cherif, and Hassan Silkan The Role of Applications Deep Learning in Achieving Sustainable Development Goals / Redouane Lhiadi, Abdelali Kaaouachi, and Abdessamad Jaddar Self-Attention Mechanism for Diabetic Retinopathy Detection / Othmane Daanouni, Bouchaib Cherradi, and Amal Tmiri Comparative Study of Supervised Machine Learning Color-Based Segmentation for Object Detection in X-Ray Baggage Images for Intelligent Transportation Systems / Mohamed Chouai, Mostefa Merah, José-Luis Sancho-GÓmez, and Malika MIMI A Survey of Artificial Intelligence-Based E-Commerce Recommendation System / Mohamed Khoali, Abdelhak Tali, and Yassin Laaziz Green Networks and Intelligent Transportation Systems Customer-Oriented Dial-A-Ride Problems: A Survey on Relevant Variants, Solution Approaches and Applications / Sonia Nasri, Hend Bouziri, and Wassila Aggoune-Mtalaa Big Data Accident Prediction System in Green Networks and Intelligent Transportation Systems / Mouad Tantaoui, My Driss Laanaoui, and Mustapha Kabil A Survey of Optimization Techniques for Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks / Younes Ben Chigra, Abderrahim Ghadi, and Mohamed Bouhorma Modeling and Performance Analysis for Transportation Systems of ULA and UCA Massive-MIMO Basing on Spherical Wave / Abdelhamid Riadi, Mohamed Boulouird, and Moha M’Rabet Hassani Enhancing Wireless Transmission Efficiency for Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks Based on Transposing of Sensors / Rahat Ali Khan, Shahzad Memon, and Qin Xin New Method to Detect the Congestion for Green Networking in MANET / Abdellah Nabou, My Driss Laanaoui, Mohammed Ouzzif, and Mohammed-Alamine El Houssaini Benchmarking Study of Machine Learning Algorithms Case Study: VANET Network / Sara Ftaimi and Tomader Mazri A Comparative Study of Detection Algorithm in VANET Network / Manale Boughanja and Tomader Mazri An Enhanced Energy-Efficient Hierarchical LEACH Protocol to Extend the Lifespan for Wireless Sensor Networks / Fatima Es-sabery and Abdellatif Hair A Survey of Security and Privacy for 5G Networks / Ahmed Ziani and Abdellatif Medouri An Adaptive Video Streaming Framework for Peer-To-Peer 5G Networks: Paving the Road to 5G-IMS / Adnane Ghani, El Hassan Ibn El Haj, Ahmed Hammouch, and Abdelaali Chaoub Recognition and Reconstruction of Road Marking with Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) / Samir Allach, Mohamed Ben Ahmed, and Anouar Abdelhakim Boudhir Environmental Informatics & Sustainable Environment A Smart Agricultural System to Classify Agricultural Plants and Fungus Diseases Using Deep Learning / Oussama Bakkali Yedri, Mohamed Ben Ahmed, Mohammed Bouhorma, and Lotfi El Achaak Secure Data Collection for Wireless Sensor Network / Samir Ifzarne, Imad Hafidi, and Nadia Idrissi Computing Technologies to Construct an Islamic Geometric Patterns Respecting the “Hasba” Method / Yassine Ait Lahcen, Abdelaziz Jali, Ahmed El Oirrak, and Youssef Aboufadil Technology for Sustainable Development: Solar Adsorption Cooling System Cold Room Modelization Using Python / Hanane Abakouy, Hanae El Kalkha, and Adel Bouajaj Satellite Big Data Ingestion for Environmentally Sustainable Development / Badr-Eddine Boudriki Semlali and Chaker El Amrani A New Approach for Estimating Monthly Global Solar Irradiation Based on Empirical and Artificial Neural Networks Models: A Case Study of Al-Hoceima Province, in Morocco North Region / Badr Benamrou, Mustapha Ouardouz, Imane Allaouzi, and Mohamed Ben ahmed Computing Technologies for Sustainable Development Efficient Congestion Management for Sustainable Wireless Mesh Networks / Kaoutar Bazi and Bouchaib Nassereddine Classifying Security Attacks in IoT Using CTM Method / Hind Meziane, Noura Ouerdi, Mohammed Amine Kasmi, and Sanae Mazouz Exploring the Power of Computation Technologies for Entity Matching / Youssef Aassem, Imad Hafidi, and Noureddine Aboutabit Smart Sustainable Cities: A Chatbot Based on Question Answering System Passing by a Grammatical Correction for Serving Citizens / Bghiel Afrae, Ben Ahmed Mohamed, and Boudhir Anouar Abdelhakim Enhancing Wireless Transmission Efficiency for Sensors in Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks / Rahat Ali Khan, Shahzad Memon, and Qin Xin Study of Websocket Parent-Teachers/Qualified Teachers in Rural Areas: Case of Central African Republic / Ghislain Mervyl Saint-Juste Kossingou, Nadege Gladys Ndassimba, Edgard Ndassimba, Kéba Gueye, and Samuel Ouya A Comparison of QoS-Based Architecture Solutions for IoT/Edge Computing Environment / Nogaye Lo and Ibrahima Niang Towards Sustainable e-Learning Systems Using an Adaptive Learning Approach / El Miloud Smaili, Soukaina Sraidi, Salma Azzouzi, and My El Hassan Charaf Toward a Mobile Remote Controlled Robot for Early Childhood in Algeria / Ehlem Zigh, Ayoub Elhoucine, Abderrahmane Mallek, and Belcacem Kouninef Multi-Directional Total Variation and Wavelet Transform Based Methods: Application for Correlation Fringe Patterns Denoising and Demodulation / Mustapha Bahich and Mohammed Bailich A Multi-Agent System for Color Video Decomposition / Insaf Bellamine Serious Games for Sustainable Education in Emerging Countries: An Open-Source Pipeline and Methodology / Younes Alaoui, Lotfi El Achaak, Amine Belahbib, and Mohammed Bouhorma

Note: Contents Part I Measurement of Environmental Parameters Affecting Marine Plankton Physiology 1 Characteristics of Marine Chemical Environment and the Measurements and Analyses of Seawater Carbonate Chemistry / Weidong Zhai 2 Photosynthetically Active Radiation and Ultraviolet Radiation Measurements / Gang Li and Kunshan Gao Part II Plankton Culture Techniques 3 Manipulation of Seawater Carbonate Chemistry / Kunshan Gao 4 Microalgae Continuous and Semi-continuous Cultures / Shanwen Chen and Kunshan Gao 5 Culturing Techniques for Planktonic Copepods / Wei Li, Xin Liu, and Zengling Ma Part III Determination of Key Enzymes in Primary Producers 6 Carbonic Anhydrase / Jianrong Xia, Xiongwen Chen, and Mario Giordano 7 Rubisco / Cuimin Liu, Kaiyao Huang, and Jianrong Xia 8 Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase / Fan Hu and Hanhua Hu 9 Nitrate Reductase / Dinghui Zou 10 Antioxidants and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Scavenging Enzymes / Yahe Li and Zengling Ma Part IV Measurements and Analyses of Pigments 11 Chlorophylls / Wenting Ke, Yanchao Yin, Xiongwen Chen, and Baosheng Qiu 12 Phycobiliproteins / Yiwen Yang, Juntian Xu, and Baosheng Qiu 13 Carotenoids / Fan Hu and Hanhua Hu 14 Phenolic Compounds and Other UV-Absorbing Compounds / Peng Jin and Kunshan Gao Part V Measurements and Analyses of Photosynthesis and Respiration 15 Photosynthetic Oxygen Evolution / Guozheng Dai, Hualing Mi, and Baosheng Qiu 16 Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation / Gang Li, Yaping Wu, and Guang Gao 17 Photorespiration and Dark Respiration / Dinghui Zou and Juntian Xu 18 Carbon Dioxide vs. Bicarbonate Utilisation / Sven Beer, Mats Björk, and John Beardall 19 Action Spectra of Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation / Yaping Wu, Gang Li, and Kunshan Gao 20 Determination of the Inorganic Carbon Affinity and CO2 Concentrating Mechanisms of Algae / Yaping Wu and Kunshan Gao 21 Methods for Measuring Algal Carbon Fixation in Flow-Through Seawater / Kunshan Gao and Juntian Xu 22 Application of Membrane-Inlet Mass Spectrometry to Measurements of Photosynthetic Processes / Kunshan Gao and Hualing Mi 23 SIMS and NanoSIMS Techniques Applied to Studies of Plankton Productivity / Helle Ploug 24 Measurements of Photoinactivation and Repair of Photosystem II / Gang Li, Yahe Li, Wanchun Guan, and Hongyan Wu Part VI Chlorophyll Fluorescence Techniques and Applications 25 Basic Concepts and Key Parameters of Chlorophyll Fluorescence / Sven Beer, Mats Björk, and John Beardall 26 Fluorescence Measurement Techniques / Sven Beer, Mats Björk, and John Beardall 27 Carbon Assimilation Capacity and Blue-Green Fluorescence / Hualing Mi and Baosheng Qiu 28 In Situ Measurement of Phytoplankton Photochemical Parameters / Guang Gao, Peng Jin, and Kunshan Gao Part VII Biochemical and Molecular Methods 29 Biochemical Inhibitors for Algae / Yaping Wu and Kunshan Gao 30 Measurements of Particulate Organic Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus / Kai Xu, Kunshan Gao, Fei-xue Fu, and David A. Hutchins 31 Isolation of Organelles / Min Xu and Hualing Mi 32 Measurements of Calcification and Silicification / Kai Xu, Kunshan Gao, and David A. Hutchins 33 Use of the Fluorochrome Calcein to Measure Growth and Calcification in Marine Organisms / Sam Dupont 34 The Application of Transcriptomics, Metagenomics, and Metatranscriptomics in Algal Research / Xin Lin 35 Methods for Nitrogen Fixation Measurement / Feixue Fu and Pingping Qu 36 Trace Metal Clean Culture Techniques / Yuanyuan Feng, Feixue Fu, and David A. Hutchins Part VIII Research Methods for Animals and Viruses 37 Electrophysiological Recording in Fish / Xiaojie Wang 38 Heart Rate Measurement in Mollusks / Yunwei Dong, Guodong Han, and Xiaoxu Li 39 Measuring the Feeding Rate of Herbivorous Zooplankton / Wei Li and Zengling Ma 40 Measurement of Virus-Induced Phytoplankton Mortality / Dapeng Xu, Yunlan Yang, and Rui Zhang

Note: Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Complexity of the Climate System 1.2 Data Exploration, Data Mining and Feature Extraction 1.3 Major Concern in Climate Data Analysis 1.3.1 Characteristics of High-Dimensional Space Geometry 1.3.2 Curse of Dimensionality and Empty Space Phenomena 1.3.3 Dimension Reduction and Latent Variable Models 1.3.4 Some Problems and Remedies in Dimension Reduction 1.4 Examples of the Most Familiar Techniques 2 General Setting and Basic Terminology 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Simple Visualisation Techniques 2.3 Data Processing and Smoothing 2.3.1 Preliminary Checking 2.3.2 Smoothing 2.3.3 Simple Descriptive Statistics 2.4 Data Set-Up 2.5 Basic Notation/Terminology 2.5.1 Centring 2.5.2 Covariance Matrix 2.5.3 Scaling 2.5.4 Sphering 2.5.5 Singular Value Decomposition 2.6 Stationary Time Series, Filtering and Spectra 2.6.1 Univariate Case 2.6.2 Multivariate Case 3 Empirical Orthogonal Functions 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Eigenvalue Problems in Meteorology: Historical Perspective 3.2.1 The Quest for Climate Patterns: Teleconnections 3.2.2 Eigenvalue Problems in Meteorology 3.3 Computing Principal Components 3.3.1 Basis of Principal Component Analysis 3.3.2 Karhunen–Loéve Expansion 3.3.3 Derivation of PCs/EOFs 3.3.4 Computing EOFs and PCs 3.4 Sampling, Properties and Interpretation of EOFs 3.4.1 Sampling Variability and Uncertainty 3.4.2 Independent and Effective Sample Sizes 3.4.3 Dimension Reduction 3.4.4 Properties and Interpretation 3.5 Covariance Versus Correlation 3.6 Scaling Problems in EOFs 3.7 EOFs for Multivariate Normal Data 3.8 Other Procedures for Obtaining EOFs 3.9 Other Related Methods 3.9.1 Teleconnectivity 3.9.2 Regression Matrix 3.9.3 Empirical Orthogonal Teleconnection 3.9.4 Climate Network-Based Methods 4 Rotated and Simplified EOFs 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Rotation of EOFs 4.2.1 Background on Rotation 4.2.2 Derivation of REOFs 4.2.3 Computing REOFs 4.3 Simplified EOFs: SCoTLASS 4.3.1 Background 4.3.2 LASSO-Based Simplified EOFs 4.3.3 Computing the Simplified EOFs 5 Complex/Hilbert EOFs 5.1 Background 5.2 Conventional Complex EOFs 5.2.1 Pairs of Scalar Fields 5.2.2 Single Field 5.3 Frequency Domain EOFs 5.3.1 Background 5.3.2 Derivation of FDEOFs 5.4 Complex Hilbert EOFs 5.4.1 Hilbert Transform: Continuous Signals 5.4.2 Hilbert Transform: Discrete Signals 5.4.3 Application to Time Series 5.4.4 Complex Hilbert EOFs 5.5 Rotation of HEOFs 6 Principal Oscillation Patterns and Their Extension 6.1 Introduction 6.2 POP Derivation and Estimation 6.2.1 Spatial Patterns 6.2.2 Time Coefficients 6.2.3 Example 6.3 Relation to Continuous POPs 6.3.1 Basic Relationships 6.3.2 Finite Time POPs 6.4 Cyclo-Stationary POPs 6.5 Other Extensions/Interpretations of POPs 6.5.1 POPs and Normal Modes 6.5.2 Complex POPs 6.5.3 Hilbert Oscillation Patterns 6.5.4 Dynamic Mode Decomposition 6.6 High-Order POPs 6.7 Principal Interaction Patterns 7 Extended EOFs and SSA 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Dynamical Reconstruction and SSA 7.2.1 Background 7.2.2 Dynamical Reconstruction and SSA 7.3 Examples 7.3.1 White Noise 7.3.2 Red Noise 7.4 SSA and Periodic Signals 7.5 Extended EOFs or Multivariate SSA 7.5.1 Background 7.5.2 Definition and Computation of EEOFs 7.5.3 Data Filtering and Oscillation Reconstruction 7.6 Potential Interpretation Pitfalls 7.7 Alternatives to SSA and EEOFs 7.7.1 Recurrence Networks 7.7.2 Data-Adaptive Harmonic Decomposition 8 Persistent, Predictive and Interpolated Patterns 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Background on Persistence and Prediction of Stationary Time Series 8.2.1 Decorrelation Time 8.2.2 The Prediction Problem and Kolmogorov Formula 8.3 Optimal Persistence and Average Predictability 8.3.1 Derivation of Optimally Persistent Patterns 8.3.2 Estimation from Finite Samples 8.3.3 Average Predictability Patterns 8.4 Predictive Patterns 8.4.1 Introduction 8.4.2 Optimally Predictable Patterns 8.4.3 Computational Aspects 8.5 Optimally Interpolated Patterns 8.5.1 Background 8.5.2 Interpolation and Pattern Derivation 8.5.3 Numerical Aspects 8.5.4 Application 8.6 Forecastable Component Analysis 9 Principal Coordinates or Multidimensional Scaling 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Dissimilarity Measures 9.3 Metric Multidimensional Scaling 9.3.1 The Problem of Classical Scaling 9.3.2 Principal Coordinate Analysis 9.3.3 Case of Non-Euclidean Dissimilarity Matrix 9.4 Non-metric Scaling 9.5 Further Extensions 9.5.1 Replicated and Weighted MDS 9.5.2 Nonlinear Structure 9.5.3 Application to the Asian Monsoon 9.5.4 Scaling and the Matrix Nearness Problem 10 Factor Analysis 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The Factor Model 10.2.1 Background 10.2.2 Model Definition and Terminology 10.2.3 Model Identification 10.2.4 Non-unicity of Loadings 10.3 Parameter Estimation 10.3.1 Maximum Likelihood Estimates 10.3.2 Expectation Maximisation Algorithm 10.4 Factor Rotation 10.4.1 Oblique and Orthogonal Rotations 10.4.2 Examples of Rotation Criteria 10.5 Exploratory FA and Application to SLP Anomalies 10.5.1 Factor Analysis as a Matrix Decomposition Problem 10.5.2 A Factor Rotation 10.6 Basic Difference Between EOF and Factor Analyses 10.6.1 Comparison Based on the Standard Factor Model 10.6.2 Comparison Based on the Exploratory Factor Analysis Model 11 Projection Pursuit 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Definition and Purpose of Projection Pursuit 11.2.1 What Is Projection Pursuit? 11.2.2 Why Projection Pursuit? 11.3 Entropy and Structure of Random Variables 11.3.1 Shannon Entropy 11.3.2 Differential Entropy 11.4 Types of Projection Indexes 11.4.1 Quality of a Projection Index 11.4.2 Various PP Indexes 11.4.3 Practical Implementation 11.5 PP Regression and Density Estimation 11.5.1 PP Regression 11.5.2 PP Density Estimation 11.6 Skewness Modes and Climate Application of PP 12 Independent Component Analysis 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Background and Definition 12.2.1 Blind Deconvolution 12.2.2 Blind Source Separation 12.2.3 Definition of ICA 12.3 Independence and Non-normality 12.3.1 Statistical Independence 12.3.2 Non-normality 12.4 Information-Theoretic Measures 12.4.1 Entropy 12.4.2 Kullback–Leibler Divergence 12.4.3 Mutual Information 12.4.4 Negentropy 12.4.5 Useful Approximations 12.5 Independent Component Estimation 12.5.1 Choice of Objective Function for ICA 12.5.2 Numerical Implementation 12.6 ICA via EOF Rotation and Weather and Climate Application 12.6.1 The Standard Two-Way Problem 12.6.2 Extension to the Three-Way Data 12.7 ICA Generalisation: Independent Subspace Analysis 13 Kernel EOFs 13.1 Background 13.2 Kernel EOFs 13.2.1 Formulation of Kernel EOFs 13.2.2 Practical Details of Kernel EOF Computation 13.2.3 Illustration with Concentric Clusters 13.3 Relation to Other Approaches 13.3.1 Spectral Clustering 13.3.2 Modularity Clustering 13.4 Pre-images in Kernel PCA 13.5 Application to An Atmospheric Model and Reanalyses 13.5.1 Application to a Simplified Atmospheric Model 13.5.2 Application to Reanalyses 13.6 Other Extensions of Kernel EOFs 13.6.1 Extended Kernel EOFs 13.6.2 Kernel POPs 14 Functional and Regularised EOFs 14.1 Functional EOFs 14.2 Functional PCs and Discrete Sampling 14.3 An Example of Functional PCs from Oceanography 14.4 Regularised EOFs 14.4.1 General Setting 14.4.2 Case of Spatial Fields 14.5 Numerical Solution of the Full Regularised EOF Problem 14.6 Application of Regularised EOFs to SLP Anomalies 15 Methods for Coupled Patterns 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Canonical Correlation Analysis 15.2.1 Background 15.2.2 Formulation of CCA 15.2.3 Computational Aspect 15.2.4 Regularised CCA 15.2.5 Use of Correlation Matrices 15.3 Canonical Covariance Analysis 15.4 Redundancy Analysis 15.4.1 Redundancy Index 15.4.2 Redundancy Analysis 15.5 Application: Optimal Lag Between Two Fields and Other Extensions 15.5.1 Application of CCA 15.5.2 Application of Redundancy 15.6 Principal Predictors 15.7 Extension: Functional Smooth CCA 15.7.1 Introduction 15.7.2 Functional Non-smooth CCA and Indeterminacy 15.7.3 Smooth CCA/MCA 15.7.4 Application of SMCA to Space–Time Fields 15.8 Some Points on Coupled Patterns and Multiva

Note: Contents 1 Uncertainties in Urbanizing World and Nature-Based Resilience Building / Mahua Mukherjee and Rajib Shaw Part I Policy Analysis, Policy Framing and Recognition of Nature-Based Solution 2 Ecosystem-Based Adaptation (EbA) in the Hindu Kush Himalaya: Status, Progress and Challenges / Sunita Chaudhary, Basant Raj Adhikari, Pashupati Chaudhary, Tashi Dorji, and Renuka Poudel 3 Evaluation of Ecosystem-Based Approaches for Disaster and Climate Risk Resilience and Policy Perspectives in Pakistan / Muhammad Barkat Ali Khan, Atta-ur Rahman, and Rajib Shaw 4 Ecosystem-Based Approaches and Policy Perspectives in Nepal / Shobha Poudel, Bhogendra Mishra, and Rajib Shaw 5 Ecosystem-Based Approaches and Policy Perspective from India / Shweta Bhardwaj and Anil Kumar Gupta 6 Ecosystem-Based Approaches and Policy Perspectives: Towards an Integrated Blue–Green Solutions in Vietnam / Thi My Thi Tong and Ngoc Huy Nguyen 7 Turning Blue, Green and Gray: Opportunities for Blue-Green Infrastructure in the Philippines / Noralene Uy and Chris Tapnio 8 Making Resilience a Reality: The Contribution of Peri-urban Ecosystem Services (BGI) to Urban Resilience / Celeste Norman, Akhilesh Surjan, and Miranda Booth 9 Innovations to Reduce Disaster Risks of Water Challenges / Piyalee Biswas, Neelima Alam, and Sanjay Bajpai Part II Science Investigation, Technology and Planning Intervention 10 Future Heat Risk in South Asia and the Need for Ecosystem Mitigation / Peter J. Marcotullio and Michael T. Schmeltz 11 Urban Risk Assessment Tools and Techniques for Ecosystem-Based Solutions / Aditya Rahul, Siva Ram Edupuganti, Vickyson Naorem, Mahua Mukherjee, and Talbot Brooks 12 Scaling-up Nature-Based Solutions for Mainstreaming Resilience in Indian Cities / Shalini Dhyani, Rudrodip Majumdar, and Harini Santhanam 13 Incorporation of BIM Based Modeling in Sustainable Development of Green Building from Stakeholders Perspective / Raju Sarkar, Karan Narang, Abhinav Daalia, Vidushi Gautam, Ujjawal Nathani, and Rajib Shaw 14 Road to Ecosystem-Based Disaster Risk Reduction: Comprehensive Approach for Smart Urban Areas Management / Norio Maki Part III Case Studies 15 Path Towards Sustainable Water Management: A Case Study of Shimla, India / Kamakshi Thapa, Chetna Singh, Sameer Deshkar, and Rajib Shaw 16 Application of Remote Sensing Image in ECO-DRR for Dehradun City / Atul Kumar, Jeevan Madapala, Mahua Mukherjee, Shirish Ravana, and Sandeep Sharma 17 Ecosystem-Based Approaches for Water Stress Management—Lessons from Nagpur Metropolitan Area, India / Vibhas Sukhwani, Kamakshi Thapa, Rajib Shaw, Sameer Deshkar, Bijon Kumer Mitra, and Wanglin Yan 18 Challenges in Decision-Making for Building Resilience to Climate Risks / Anamitra Anurag Danda, Nilanjan Ghosh, Jayanta Bandyopadhyay, and Sugata Hazra 19 A “Greener” Alternative: The Sri Lankan Experience of Eco-DRR / Deepthi Wickramasinghe 20 The Watarase Retarding Basin—A Historical Example of Ecosystem-Based Disaster Risk Reduction in Japan / Tomohiro Ichinose, Jun Ishii, and Ikuko Imoto 21 Self-efficacy for EbA and Human Health in a Post-disaster Recovery Phase / Ai Tashiro 22 Freshwater Biomonitoring: An Ecosystem-Based Approach (EbA) for Building Climate Resilience Communities in Fiji / Bindiya Rashni 23 Forward-Looking Lens to Mainstream Blue-Green Infrastructure / Mahua Mukherjee and Rajib Shaw

Note: Contents Part I Introduction 1 Antarctic Seaweeds: Biogeography, Adaptation, and Ecosystem Services / Iván Gómez and Pirjo Huovinen 1.1 Introduction: The Historical Context 1.2 Antarctic Seaweeds in the Wake of Climate Change 1.3 The Book 1.4 Gaps, Emerging Challenges, and Future Directions References Part II Diversity and Biogeography 2 Diversity of Antarctic Seaweeds / Mariana C. Oliveira, Franciane Pellizzari, Amanda S. Medeiros, and Nair S. Yokoya 2.1 The Antarctic Environment 2.2 Seaweeds in Antarctica: Definition and Importance 2.3 Seaweed Taxonomic Studies in Antarctica: Toward a New Species Compilation 2.4 Molecular Taxonomy for the Study of Antarctic Seaweed Diversity 2.5 Seaweed Distribution in Antarctica 2.6 Concluding Remarks: Gaps and Prospects for the Future References 3 Biogeographic Processes Influencing Antarctic and sub-Antarctic Seaweeds / Ceridwen I. Fraser, Adele Morrison, and Pamela Olmedo Rojas 3.1 Antarctica’s Place in the World: An Isolated Continent? 3.2 Physical Oceanographic Processes Influencing Movement of Seaweeds into or out of the Antarctic 3.3 Hitch-Hiking to the Antarctic: Passengers on Seaweed Rafts 3.4 Concluding Remarks References 4 Detached Seaweeds as Important Dispersal Agents Across the Southern Ocean / Erasmo C. Macaya, Fadia Tala, Iván A. Hinojosa, and Eva Rothäusler 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Detached Seaweeds in Antarctica 4.3 Abiotic Factors Influencing Floating Seaweeds 4.4 Biotic Factors Affecting Floating Seaweeds 4.5 Physiology of Floating and Drifting Seaweeds: Traspassing Thermal Barriers References 5 Biogeography of Antarctic Seaweeds Facing Climate Changes / Franciane Pellizzari, Luiz Henrique Rosa, and Nair S. Yokoya 5.1 The Abiotic Setting of the Southern Ocean 5.2 Biogeographic Patterns 5.3 Seaweed Assemblages: Are Antarctic Seaweed Diversity and Richness Changing? 5.4 The Physiological Bases of Macroalgal Shifts 5.5 Deception Island: A Case Study of Opportunistic, Alien, Cryptic and Cryptogenic Species 5.6 Reevaluating Eco-Regions, Isolation, and Endemism in the Southern Ocean 5.7 Concluding Remarks: Prospects for the Future Marine Flora of the Southern Ocean References 6 Comparative Phylogeography of Antarctic Seaweeds: Genetic Consequences of Historical Climatic Variations / Marie-Laure Guillemin, Claudio González-Wevar, Leyla Cárdenas, Hélène Dubrasquet, Ignacio Garrido, Alejandro Montecinos, Paula Ocaranza-Barrera, and Kamilla Flores Robles 6.1 Historical Isolation of Antarctic Marine Macroalgae 6.2 Antarctic Marine Macroalgae: Surviving Quaternary Glacial Cycles in Situ 6.3 Persistence in Multiple Isolated Glacial Refugia Versus a Single Antarctic Refugium 6.4 Antarctic Macroalgae Genetic Diversity: COI and TufA Sequences Data Sets 6.5 Brown, Red and Green Macroalgae: Sharing a Common Pattern of Glacial Impact and Postglacial Populations Recovery? 6.6 Concluding Remarks References Part III Physiology, Productivity and Environmental Reponses 7 Underwater Light Environment of Antarctic Seaweeds / Pirjo Huovinen and Iván Gómez 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Optics of Antarctic Coastal Waters 7.3 Adaptations of Antarctic Seaweeds to Extreme Light Conditions 7.4 Consequences for Light Field Under Current and Future Threats 7.5 Concluding Remarks References 8 Production and Biomass of Seaweeds in Newly Ice-Free Areas: Implications for Coastal Processes in a Changing Antarctic Environment / María L. Quartino, Leonardo A. Saravia, Gabriela L. Campana, Dolores Deregibus, Carolina V. Matula, Alicia L. Boraso, and Fernando R. Momo 8.1 Introduction: Seaweeds in Coastal Marine Ecosystems 8.2 Macroalgae and Carbon Fluxes in Antarctic Coastal Areas 8.3 Macroalgal Biomass Studies in Antarctica 8.4 The Ecosystem of Potter Cove: An Outstanding Case Study 8.5 A Dynamic Growth Model for Antarctic Macroalgae Under a Fast-Changing Environment 8.6 Seaweed Production in Present and Future Warming Scenarios 8.7 Future Prospects References 9 Carbon Balance Under a Changing Light Environment / Dolores Deregibus, Katharina Zacher, Inka Bartsch, Gabriela L. Campana, Fernando R. Momo, Christian Wiencke, Iván Gómez, and María L. Quartino 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Carbon Balance: A Case Study in Potter Cove 9.3 New Scenarios and Their Implications for Algal Photosynthesis 9.4 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects References 10 Life History Strategies, Photosynthesis, and Stress Tolerance in Propagules of Antarctic Seaweeds / Nelso Navarro, Pirjo Huovinen, and Iván Gómez 10.1 Seasonal Strategies and Life History Cycles 10.2 Photosynthetic Light Requirements of Early Stages 10.3 Effects of Environmental Factors on the Biology of Propagules 10.4 Concluding Remarks: Biology of Propagules under Climate Change References 11 Form and Function in Antarctic Seaweeds: Photobiological Adaptations, Zonation Patterns, and Ecosystem Feedbacks / Iván Gómez and Pirjo Huovinen 11.1 Brief Overview of Form and Function in Seaweeds 11.2 Functional Groups of Seaweeds in the Antarctic 11.3 The Vertical Zonation of Antarctic Seaweeds: A Paradigm of Spatial Distribution of Different Morpho-functional Traits 11.4 Light Use Characteristics as a Major Factor Delineating Physiological Thallus Anatomy of Seaweeds 11.5 Form and Function in the Context of Life Strategies and Stress Tolerance 11.6 Functional Traits of Seaweeds and Properties of Benthic Communitie 11.7 Concluding Remarks References Part IV Biological Interactions and Ecosystem Processes 12 Successional Processes in Antarctic Benthic Algae / Gabriela L. Campana, Katharina Zacher, Fernando R. Momo, Dolores Deregibus, Juan Ignacio Debandi, Gustavo A. Ferreyra, Martha E. Ferrario, Christian Wiencke, and María L. Quartino 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Structural Patterns and Changes in Algal Community Composition during Succession 12.3 Ecological Factors Influencing Antarctic Algal Succession 12.4 Experimental Approaches to Study In Situ Succession of Antarctic Benthic Algae 12.5 Concluding Remarks and Perspectives References 13 Seaweed-Herbivore Interactions: Grazing as Biotic Filtering in Intertidal Antarctic Ecosystems / Nelson Valdivia 13.1 Biological Invasions and Their Impact on the Ecology of Antarctic Coastal Systems 13.2 Recent Introductions of Exotic Macroalgae in Antarctica 13.3 Can Grazers Control Alien Macroalgae in Antarctica? 13.4 Ulva intestinalis as a Case Study in a Simple, Two- Species Assembly Model 13.5 Concluding Remarks References 14 Diversity and Functioning of Antarctic Seaweed Microbiomes / Juan Diego Gaitan-Espitia and Matthias Schmid 14.1 Introduction: Environment and Antarctic Seaweed Host-Microbiome 14.2 Functional Interactions of Antarctic Seaweeds and Their Associated Microbiota 14.3 Deciphering the Structure and Diversity of Seaweed Microbiomes 14.4 Variation of Bacterial Community Diversity in Antarctic Seaweeds 14.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References 15 Seaweeds in the Antarctic Marine Coastal Food Web / Fernando R. Momo, Georgina Cordone, Tomás I. Marina, Vanesa Salinas, Gabriela L. Campana, Mariano A. Valli, Santiago R. Doyle, and Leonardo A. Saravia 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Food Webs and Seaweeds 15.3 Network Dynamics and Robustness 15.4 Non-Trophic Interactions 15.5 Final Remarks References 16 Trophic Networks and Ecosystem Functioning / Marco Ortiz, Brenda B. Hermosillo-Núñez, and Ferenc Jordán 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Macroscopic Ecosystem-Network Properties 16.3 Keystone Species Complex (KSC) 16.4 Contribution of Keystone Species Complex to Macroscopic Network Properties 16.5 Constrains and Perspectives Appendix 16.A References Part V Chemical Ecology 17 Chemical Mediation of Antarctic Macroalga-Grazer Interactions / Charles D. Amsler, James B. McClintock, and Bill J. Baker 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Feeding Bioassay Methodology 17.3 Antarctic Macroalgal Resistance to Herbivory 17.4 Macroalga-Invertebrate Interactions on the Western Antarctic Peninsula 17.5 Overview References 18 Brown Algal Phlorotannins: An Overview of Their Functional Roles / Iván Gómez and Pirjo

Note: Contents Part I Catastrophic Landslides with Different Triggers Rock Avalanches: Basic Characteristics and Classification Criteria / Alexander Strom Study on the Phenomena of Liquefaction Induced Massive Landslides in 28 September 2018 Palu-Donggala Earthquake / Paulus P. Rahardjo The Krasnogorsk Landslide (Northern Caucasus): Its Evolution and Modern Activity / Igor K. Fomenko, Oleg V. Zerkal, Alexander Strom, Daria Shubina, and Ludmila Musaeva Earthquake-Triggered Landslides and Slope-Seismic Waves Interaction Inferring Induced Displacements / Salvatore Martino, Celine Bourdeau, Josè Delgado, and Luca Lenti Slope Deformation caused Jure Landslide 2014 Along Sun Koshi in Lesser Nepal Himalaya and Effect of Gorkha Earthquake 2015 / H. Yagi, G. Sato, H. P. Sato, D. Higaki, V. Dangol, and S. C. Amatya Inventory of Landslides Triggered by the Hejing Ms6.6 Earthquake, China, on 30 June 2012 / Chong Xu and Kai Li Pressure Head Dynamics on a Natural Slope in Eastern Iburi Struck by the 2018 Hokkaido Earthquake / Toshiya Aoki, Shin’ya Katsura, Takahiko Yoshino, Takashi Koi, Yasutaka Tanaka, and Takashi Yamada Investigation of 20 August 2019 Catastrophic Debris Flows Triggered by Extreme Rainstorms Near Epicentre of Wenchuan Earthquake / Dalei Peng, Limin Zhang, Hofai Wong, Ruilin Fan, and Shuai Zhang Spatial Distribution of Lakes in the Central Andes (31°–36°), Argentina: Implications for Outburst Flood Hazard / Mariana Correas-Gonzalez, Stella Maris Moreiras, and Jan Klimeš Rockfall/Rockslide Hazard, Lake Expansion and Dead-Ice Melting Assessment: Lake Imja, Nepal / Tomas Kroczek and Vit Vilimek Formation of the 2018 Bureya Landslide, Far East of Russia / Oleg V. Zerkal, Aleksey N. Makhinov, Alexander Strom, Vladimir I. Kim, Michael E. Kharitonov, and Igor K. Fomenko Landslide Dam Hazards: Assessing Their Formation, Failure Modes, Longevity and Downstream Impacts / Regine Morgenstern, Chris Massey, Brenda Rosser, and Garth Archibald The Sedimentology and Internal Structure of Landslide Dams—Implications for Internal Erosion and Piping Failure: A Review / Chukwueloka A. U. Okeke An Interdisciplinary Assessment of a Coal-Mining-Induced Catastrophic Landslide (Czech Republic) / Jan Burda and Vít Vilímek Could Glacial Retreat-Related Landslides Trigger Volcanic Eruptions? Insights from Mount Meager, British Columbia / Gioachino Roberti, Brent Ward, Benjamin van Wyk de Vries, Nicolas Le Corvec, Swetha Venugopal, Glyn Williams-Jones, John J. Clague, Pierre Friele, Giacomo Falorni, Geidy Baldeon, Luigi Perotti, Marco Giardino, and Brian Menounos Rock Avalanches in the Upper Reaches of the Mzymta River, Russia / Andrey A. Ponomarev, Kai Kang, and Oleg V. Zerkal Structural and Dynamic Numerical Models of Rockslides in the Carpathians and the Alps / Emilie Lemaire, Anne-Sophie Mreyen, and Hans-Balder Havenith Quantitative Investigation of a Mass Rock Creep Deforming Slope Through A-Din SAR and Geomorphometry / Michele Delchiaro, Emanuele Mele, Marta Della Seta, Salvatore Martino, Paolo Mazzanti, and Carlo Esposito Deformational Features of Deep-Seated Gravitational Slope Deformation of Slate Slopes in the Central Range, Taiwan / Ching-Ying Tsou, Masahiro Chigira, Yu-Chung Hsieh, Mien-Ming Chen, and Tai-Chieh He Bathymetric Analyses of Submarine Landslides on the Jan Mayen Ridge, Norwegian–Greenland Sea / Kiichiro Kawamura and Jan Sverre Laberg Forkastningsfjellet Rock Slide, Spitsbergen: State of Activity in a Changing Climate / Dirk Kuhn, Reginald L. Hermanns, Jewgenij Torizin, Michael Fuchs, Tim Redfield, Raymond Eilertsen, and Dirk Balzer Catastrophic Landslides in Indian Sector of Himalaya / Vinod K. Sharma Part II Frontiers of Landslide Science Enhancing Preparedness Against Impact of Climate Change on Slope Safety in Hong Kong / K. K. S. Ho, H. W. Sun, E. J. Lam, and F. L. C. Lo Climate Change and Surface Deformation Characteristics in Degradation Area of Permafrost in Lesser Khingan Mountain, China / Wei Shan, Chengcheng Zhang, Ying Guo, Monan Shan, Xujing Zeng, and Chunjiao Wang Climate Change Impact Evaluation on the Water Balance of the Koroška Bela Area, NW Slovenia / Nejc Bezak, Tina Peternel, Anže Medved, and Matjaž Mikoš Global Warming as a Predisposing Factor for Landslides in Glacial and Periglacial Areas: An Example from Western Alps (Aosta Valley, Italy) / Jessica Maria Chicco, Marco Frasca, Giuseppe Mandrone, Damiano Vacha, and Laurie Jayne Kurilla Characteristics and Causes of the Debris Flow in Shelong Gully, China / Qiang Zou, Peng Cui, Hu Jiang, Yanguo Liu, Cong Li, Sheng Hu, and Bin Zhou MPM Modelling of Buildings Impacted by Landslides / Sabatino Cuomo, Angela Di Perna, and Mario Martinelli Accelerating Landslide Hazard at Kandersteg, Swiss Alps; Combining 28 Years of Satellite InSAR and Single Campaign Terrestrial Radar Data / Rafael Caduff, Tazio Strozzi, Nils Hählen, and Jörg Häberle Identification Old Landslides in Permafrost Degradation Area in Northeast China by Difference Distribution of Surface Trees / Ying Guo, Wei Shan, Zhichao Xu, Chunjiao Wang, and Shuanglin Wang Forensic Geotechnical Investigation of the Skjeggestad Quick Clay Landslide, Norway / Thi Minh Hue Le, Vidar Gjelsvik, Suzanne Lacasse, Stein-Are Strand, Eirik Traae, and Vikas Thakur Accuracy Assessment of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Structure from Motion Photogrammetry Compared with Total Station for a Deformed Slope / Vera Hui Loo and Chou Khong Wong ARAS: A Web-Based Landslide Susceptibility and Hazard Mapping System / Murat Ercanoglu, Mehmet Balcılar, Fatih Aydın, Sedat Aydemir, Güler Deveci, and Bilgekağan Çintimur A Landform Evolution Model for the Mannen Area in Romsdal Valley, Norway / Paula Hilger, Reginald L. Hermanns, and Bernd Etzelmüller Multimethodological Study of Non-linear Strain Effects Induced by Thermal Stresses on Jointed Rock Masses / Guglielmo Grechi and Salvatore Martino Extreme Rainfall Induced Landslide Susceptibility Assessment Using Autoencoder Combined with Random Forest / Kounghoon Nam and Fawu Wang Economizing Soil Nailing Design by Drainage Improvement—Case History at Ginigathhena / S. O. A. D. Mihira Lakruwan and S. A. S. Kulathilaka Performances of Geosynthetics-Reinforced Barriers for Protection Against Debris Avalanches / Sabatino Cuomo, Sabrina Moretti, Lorenzo Frigo, and Stefano Aversa Large and Small Scale Multi-Sensors Remote Sensing for Landslide Characterisation and Monitoring / Carlo Tacconi Stefanelli, Teresa Gracchi, Guglielmo Rossi, and Sandro Moretti Novel Cosmogenic Datings in Landslide Deposits, San Juan, Argentina / Pilar Jeanneret, Stella Maris Moreiras, Silke Merchel, Andreas Gärtner, Steven Binnie, Maria Julia Orgeira, G. Aumaître, D. Bourlès, and K. Keddadouche Modeling Landslide Volumes: A Case Study in Whatcom County, Washington, USA / Gabriel Legorreta Paulin, Trevor A. Contreras, Katherine A. Mickelson, Kara E. Jacobacci, and William Gallin CRE Dating of Torrential Alluvial Deposits as an Approximation to Holocene Climate-Change Signatures in the Northwestern Andes of Colombia / Santiago Noriega-Londoño, Maria Isabel Marín-Cerón, Julien Carcaillet, Matthias Bernet, and Isandra Angel Features of Construction in Areas with Deep Block-Type Landslides / Andrey Kazeev and German Postoev Rock Glaciers and Landslides in the Waste Dump of High-Altitude Kumtor Goldmine (Kyrgyzstan) / Isakbek Torgoev and Salamat Toguzbaev Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil Structures for Slope Stabilization and Landslide Rehabilitation in Asia / Pietro Rimoldi, Matteo Lelli, Pietro Pezzano, and Fabrizia Trovato Cutting-Edge Technologies Aiming for Better Outcomes of Landslide Disaster Mitigation / Kazuo Konagai International Consortium on Landslides

Note: Contents 1 Deep Water Masses of the South and North Atlantic 1.1 General Description 1.2 Global Overturning Circulation 1.3 Mechanisms of the Formation of the Deep and Bottom Waters 1.4 Classifications of Deep and Bottom Waters in the Atlantic 1.5 Upper Circumpolar Water and Upper Circumpolar Deep Water 1.6 North Atlantic Deep Water 1.7 Lower Circumpolar Water and Lower Circumpolar Deep Water, Circumpolar Bottom Water, Southeast Pacific Deep Water, and Warm Deep Water 1.8 Antarctic Bottom Water References 2 General Overview of Abyssal Pathways, and Channels (for Waters of the Antarctic Origin) 2.1 Propagation of Deep and Bottom Waters as Series of Deep Cataracts 2.2 Propagation of Antarctic Waters in the Abyss of the Atlantic 2.3 Comparison of Spreading of Water Masses Reference 3 Source Regions 3.1 Weddell Sea and Weddell Gyre 3.2 Agulhas and Cape Basins 3.3 Drake Passage, Scotia Sea, and Georgia Basin 3.3.1 General Description and Bottom Topography 3.3.2 Deep and Bottom Water Masses and Previous Concepts of Circulation 3.3.3 Analysis of Recent Data 3.4 Antarctic Bottom Water in the Argentine Basin References 4 Exchange Between the Argentine and Brazil Basins; Abyssal Pathways and Bottom Flow Channels (for Waters of the Antarctic Origin) 4.1 General Description 4.2 Vema Channel 4.2.1 Topography and General Description 4.2.2 History of Research and Datasets of Long-Term Observations 4.2.3 Deep and Bottom Waters 4.2.4 Section Along the Channel 4.2.5 Structure of the Flow. Sections Across the Channel 4.2.6 Trends in Potential Temperature and Salinity of the Coldest Bottom Water Observed Since 1972 4.2.7 Salinity Variations 4.2.8 Flow in the Southern Part of the Channel at the Boundary with the Argentine Basin 4.2.9 Moored Observations of Velocities in the Channel 4.2.10 Measurements with the Lowered ADCP 4.2.11 Extreme Transport Velocities of Antarctic Bottom Water in the Deep-Water Vema Channel 4.2.12 Flow of Antarctic Bottom Water from the Vema Channel 4.3 Modeling of Antarctic Bottom Water Flow in the South Atlantic 4.4 Modeling of Antarctic Bottom Water Flow Through the Vema Channel 4.5 Santos Plateau 4.6 Hunter Channel References 5 Further Propagation of Antarctic Bottom Water from the Brazil Basin 5.1 Brazil Basin 5.2 Flow in the Guiana Basin and Westward Equatorial Channels 5.3 North American Basin 5.4 Eastward Equatorial Channels. The Romanche and Chain Fracture Zones 5.4.1 Research History 5.4.2 Bottom Topography 5.4.3 Hydrography of the Romanche and Chain Fracture Zones 5.4.4 Currents in the Eastern Parts of the Romanche and Chain Fracture Zones 5.4.5 Temperature Distributions Along the Romanche and Chain Fracture Zone 5.4.6 Long-Term Variations in Temperature and Salinity 5.4.7 Inflow of Antarctic Bottom Water and Deep Spillway in the Western Part of the Romanche Fracture Zone 5.4.8 Summary 5.4.9 Abyssal Spillway at the Main Sill in the Chain Fracture Zone 5.4.10 Abyssal Spillway at the Nameless Sill of the Romanche Fracture Zone 5.4.11 Modeling of the Flow in the Romanche Fracture Zone References 6 Fractures in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge of the North Atlantic 6.1 Vema Fracture Zone 6.1.1 Bottom Topography 6.1.2 Measurements 6.1.3 Structure of Bottom Flow Based on the Measurements in 2006 6.1.4 Bottom Water Transport Based on the Measurements in 2006 6.1.5 Bottom Flow Through the Vema Fracture Zone Based on the Measurements in 2014–2016 6.2 Other Fracture Zones of the Northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge 6.2.1 Strakhov Fracture Zone (Four North Fracture Zone) (3° 53' N) 6.2.2 Bogdanov Fracture Zone (7° 10' N) 6.2.3 Nameless Fracture Zone (7° 28' N) 6.2.4 Vernadsky Fracture Zone (7° 49' N) 6.2.5 Doldrums Fracture Zone (8° N) and a Rift Valley South of It 6.2.6 Arkhangelsky Fracture Zone (9° N) 6.2.7 Ten Degree Fracture Zone (9° 57' N) 6.2.8 Rift Valley South of the Vema Fracture Zone (10° 21' N) 6.2.9 Marathon Fracture Zone (12° 40' N) 6.2.10 Fifteen Twenty Fracture Zone (Cabo Verde Fracture Zone) (15° 16' N) 6.2.11 Kane Fracture Zone (24° N) 6.2.12 Pathways and AABW Transport Through the Northern Part of the MAR 6.3 Modeling of the Flow Through the Northern MAR References . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Eastern Basin Pathways and Further Propagation of Antarctic Bottom Water in the East Atlantic 7.1 General Description 7.2 Mixing Caused by the Barotropic Tide 7.3 Kane Gap 7.4 Angola Basin References 8 Passages in the East Azores Ridge 8.1 General Description 8.2 Discovery Gap 8.3 Western Gap 8.4 Modeling References 9 Flows Through the Northern Channels in the North Atlantic 9.1 Charlie Gibbs Fracture Zone 9.2 Overflow in the Denmark Strait 9.3 Overflow in the Faroe-Shetland Channel 9.4 Overflow in the Gibraltar Strait 9.5 Gravity Current in the Bear Island Trough References Summary of Research and Integrated Conclusions

Note: Contents 1 Origin and Evolution of Atmospheres Introduction Machine-Generated Summaries 2 Downscaling, Regional Models and Impacts Introduction Machine-Generated Summaries 3 Response and Alternative Theories in Climate Change Introduction Machine-Generated Summaries 4 Stochastic Weather and Climate Models Introduction Machine-Generated Summaries 5 Progress in Climate Modeling Introduction Machine-Generated Summaries 6 Maximum Entropy Production (MEP) and Climate Introduction Machine-Generated Summaries 7 Astrobiology and Development of Human Civilization Introduction Machine-Generated Summaries 8 Planets and Exoplanets, Habitability Sustainability and Time Introduction Machine-Generated Summaries 9 Geobiology Introduction Machine-Generated Summaries 10 The Fermi Paradox Introduction Machine-Generated Summaries 11 The Gaia Hypothesis, Evolution and Ecology Introduction Machine-Generated Summaries

Note: Contents New Tectonic Map of the Arctic / O. V. Petrov, M. Pubellier, S. P. Shokalsky, A. F. Morozov, Yu. B. Kazmin, S. N. Kashubin, V. A. Vernikovsky, M. Smelror, H. Brekke, V. D. Kaminsky, and I. I. Pospelov Deep Structures of the Circumpolar Arctic / S. N. Kashubin, O. V. Petrov, V. A. Poselov, S. P. Shokalsky, E. D. Milshtein, and T. P. Litvinova Arctic Sedimentary Cover Structure and Eastern Arctic Structure Maps / L. A. Daragan-Sushchova, E. O. Petrov, O. V. Petrov, and N. N. Sobolev Geological and Paleogeographic Map of the Eastern Arctic / O. V. Petrov, E. O. Petrov, N. N. Sobolev, D. I. Leontiev, and V. N. Zinchenko Study of the Arctic Seabed Rocks / O. V. Petrov, S. P. Shokalsky, T. Yu. Tolmacheva, O. L. Kossovaya, and S. A. Sergeev Geology of the Eastern Arctic Islands and Continental Fridge of the Arctic Seas / O. V. Petrov, N. N. Sobolev, S. D. Sokolov, A. V. Prokopiev, V. F. Proskurnin, E. O. Petrov, and T. Yu. Tolmacheva Correlation of Chukotka, Wrangel Island and the Mendeleev Rise / M. I. Tuchkova, S. P. Shokalsky, S. D. Sokolov, and O. V. Petrov Tectonic Model and Evolution of the Arctic / O. V. Petrov, S. N. Kashubin, S. P. Shokalsky, S. D. Sokolov, E. O. Petrov, and M. I. Tuchkova

Note: Contents 1 Data Analysis in Earth Sciences 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Data Collection 1.3 Types of Data 1.4 Methods of Data Analysis Recommended Reading 2 Introduction to MATLAB 2.1 MATLAB in Earth Sciences 2.2 Getting Started 2.3 The Syntax 2.4 Array Manipulation 2.5 Data Types in MATLAB 2.6 Data Storage and Handling 2.7 Control Flow 2.8 Scripts and Functions 2.9 Basic Visualization Tools 2.10 Generating Code to Recreate Graphics 2.11 Publishing and Sharing MATLAB Code 2.12 Creating Graphical User Interfaces Recommended Reading 3 Univariate Statistics 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Empirical Distributions 3.3 Examples of Empirical Distributions 3.4 Theoretical Distributions 3.5 Examples of Theoretical Distributions 3.6 Hypothesis Testing 3.7 The t-Test 3.8 The F-Test 3.9 The v2-Test 3.10 The Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test 3.11 Mann-Whitney Test 3.12 The Ansari-Bradley Test 3.13 Distribution Fitting 3.14 Error Analysis Recommended Reading 4 Bivariate Statistics 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Correlation Coefficients 4.3 Classical Linear Regression Analysis 4.4 Analyzing the Residuals 4.5 Bootstrap Estimates of the Regression Coefficients 4.6 Jackknife Estimates of the Regression Coefficients 4.7 Cross Validation 4.8 Reduced Major Axis Regression 4.9 Curvilinear Regression 4.10 Nonlinear and Weighted Regression 4.11 Classical Linear Regression of Log-Transformed Data Recommended Reading 5 Time-Series Analysis 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Generating Signals 5.3 Auto-Spectral and Cross-Spectral Analysis 5.4 Examples of Auto-Spectral and Cross-Spectral Analysis 5.5 Interpolating and Analyzing Unevenly-Spaced Data 5.6 Evolutionary Power Spectrum 5.7 Lomb-Scargle Power Spectrum 5.8 Wavelet Power Spectrum 5.9 Detecting Abrupt Transitions in Time Series 5.10 Aligning Stratigraphic Sequences 5.11 Nonlinear Time-Series Analysis (by N. Marwan) Recommended Reading 6 Signal Processing 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Generating Signals 6.3 Linear Time-Invariant Systems 6.4 Convolution, Deconvolution and Filtering 6.5 Comparing Functions for Filtering Data Series 6.6 Recursive and Nonrecursive Filters 6.7 Impulse Response 6.8 Frequency Response 6.9 Filter Design 6.10 Adaptive Filtering Recommended Reading 7 Spatial Data 7.1 Types of Spatial Data 7.2 The Global Geography Database GSHHG 7.3 The 1 Arc-Minute Gridded Global Relief Data ETOPO1 7.4 The 30 Arc-Seconds Elevation Model GTOPO30 7.5 The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission SRTM 7.6 Exporting 3D Graphics to Create Interactive Documents 7.7 Gridding and Contouring 7.8 Comparison of Methods and Potential Artifacts 7.9 Statistics of Point Distributions 7.10 Analysis of Digital Elevation Models (by R. Gebbers) 7.11 Geostatistics and Kriging (by R. Gebbers) Recommended Reading 8 Image Processing 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Data Storage 8.3 Importing, Processing and Exporting Images 8.4 Importing, Processing and Exporting LANDSAT Images 8.5 Importing and Georeferencing TERRA ASTER Images 8.6 Processing and Exporting EO-1 Hyperion Images 8.7 Digitizing from the Screen 8.8 Image Enhancement, Correction and Rectification 8.9 Color-Intensity Transects Across Varved Sediments 8.10 Grain Size Analysis from Microscope Images 8.11 Quantifying Charcoal in Microscope Images 8.12 Shape-Based Object Detection in Images 8.13 The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Recommended Reading 9 Multivariate Statistics 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Principal Component Analysis 9.3 Independent Component Analysis (by N. Marwan) 9.4 Discriminant Analysis 9.5 Cluster Analysis 9.6 Multiple Linear Regression 9.7 Aitchison’s Log-Ratio Transformation Recommended Reading 10 Directional Data 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Graphical Representation of Circular Data 10.3 Empirical Distributions of Circular Data 10.4 Theoretical Distributions of Circular Data 10.5 Test for Randomness of Circular Data 10.6 Test for the Significance of a Mean Direction 10.7 Test for the Difference between Two Sets of Directions 10.8 Graphical Representation of Spherical Data 10.9 Statistics of Spherical Data Recommended Reading

Note: About this title - Quaternary Geoarchaeology of India N. Tiwari, V. Singh, and S. B. Mehra https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515 Introduction Full Access22 December 2022 An introduction to Quaternary geoarchaeology of India Nupur Tiwari, Vivek Singh, and Shashi B. Mehra https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2022-218 Landscape geoarchaeology Full Access16 July 2021 Acheulian artefacts and tephra from Upland Western Maharashtra (Deccan Volcanic Province), Peninsular India Sushama G. Deo, Andre Baptista, and Sharad N. Rajaguru https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-208 Spatial distribution of Palaeolithic sites in relation to raw material sources in the central Narmada Valley, India Full Access26 May 2021 Vivek Singh https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-199 Absence does not mean absence: modern-day land use and the visibility of the archaeological record (the Kibbanahalli Palaeolithic Complex, southern India) Full Access26 May 2021 Akash Srinivas https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-76 Doma: a new multi-technological lithic occurrence in the Lower Son Valley (north-central India) and its regional context Full Access18 June 2021 Shashi B. Mehra https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-205 Palaeolithic assemblages associated with Youngest Toba Tuff deposits from the upper Gundlakamma River basin, Andhra Pradesh, India Full Access20 January 2022 Devara Anil, Ajithprasad Pottentavida, and Vrushab Mahesh https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-187 Late Pleistocene microlithic industries in the Ayodhya Hills, Purulia, West Bengal: insights from geoarchaeological exploration Full Access1 July 2021 Bishnupriya Basak, Sujit Dasgupta, and Ashis K. Paul https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-181 Understanding geo-archaeology in Trans-Himalaya: a case study based on lithic assemblages from Dzamathang, Spiti Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India Full Access30 November 2021 Ekta Singh, Raman Patel, and Rakesh Chandra Bhatt https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-108 New evidence of Neolithic industries from the West Garo Hills, northeastern India Full Access28 November 2022 Tosabanta Padhan https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-203 Applications in geoarchaeology Full Access20 December 2022 New field observations on the Quaternary geology and vertebrate palaeontological occurrences in the Narsinghpur region of Narmada valley (central India) Ravish Lal, Tosabanta Padhan, Bharti Jangra, Parth R. Chauhan, Shivam Sahu, and Rajeev Patnaik https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-243 Prehistoric landscapes, humans and ostriches: highlighting geoarchaeological issues in the Tapi Basin of Maharashtra (west-central India) – a multidisciplinary approach Full Access11 October 2021 Prabhin Sukumaran, Hong-Chun Li, Jih-Pai Lin, and Parth R. Chauhan https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-206 Microlithic occurrences associated with sediments dated to terminal Pleistocene–Late Holocene in the central Narmada Basin, Madhya Pradesh, India Full Access9 November 2022 Nupur Tiwari, P. Morthekai, K. Krishnan, and Parth R. Chauhan https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2022-153 Late Holocene climate variability and its impact on cultural dynamics in central India Full Access22 August 2022 Diptimayee Behera, Praveen K. Mishra, Pandurang Sabale, Sharmila Bhattacharya, and Ambili Anoop https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-220 New insights into the geological evolution of palaeorivers and their relationship to the Indus Civilization and Early Historic settlements on the plains of Haryana, NW India Full Access4 November 2021 Apurva Alok, N. C. Pant, Kaushik Das, Y. Tsutsumi, C. A. Petrie, Pankaj Kumar, Sundeep Chopra, H. S. Saini, and Abul Amir Khan https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-161 Reviews Chrono-contextual issues at open-air Pleistocene vertebrate fossil sites of central and peninsular India and implications for Indian palaeoanthropology Full Access23 September 2022 Parth R. Chauhan https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2021-29 Interrelation between Palaeolithic and faunal remains in the central Narmada Valley, India Full Access27 September 2022 Bharti Jangra and Vivek Singh https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2022-105 Scratching the surface(s): examining the complexity of geological contexts for the Palaeolithic of the Sonar Basin, Madhya Pradesh Full Access9 March 2022 Yezad Pardiwalla https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-234 A review of Palaeolithic sites associated with gravel deposits in India Full Access22 April 2022 Anubhav Preet Kaur https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-196 Human–environment interactions during the mid-late Holocene and the Anthropocene – lessons from NW Indian plains and Bengal Delta Full Access26 October 2021 Yama Dixit and Sravani Biswas https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-122 Geoarchaeology in India in the 21st Century: an Outsider's Perspective Full Access3 June 2021 Robin Dennell https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-202 Retraction Late Quaternary sediments dated to between 12.5 and 2.3 ka and associated microlithic occurrences in the central Narmada Basin, Madhya Pradesh, India Full Access14 July 2021 Nupur Tiwari, P. Morthekai, K. Krishnan, and Parth R. Chauhan https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-216

Note: Contents 1 Introduction References 2 Meteorology as a Natural Science 2.1 Definition of the Atmosphere 2.2 Methods of Research of the Atmosphere 2.2.1 Experimental Method of Research 2.3 Relationship Between Meteorology and Other Sciences 2.4 Classification of Meteorology 2.4.1 Classification Based on the Studied Area 2.4.2 Classification According to the Scale of Processes 2.5 The Modern Term of Meteorology References 3 Historical Background 3.1 Aristotle’s Meteorologica 3.2 Early Research Period 3.3 Modern Research Period References 4 Structure and Composition of the Atmosphere 4.1 Earth Spheres 4.2 Basic Characteristics of the Atmosphere 4.3 Origin of the Atmosphere 4.4 Chemical Composition of the Atmosphere 4.5 Significant Atmospheric Gases 4.5.1 General Facts About the Atmosphere 4.6 Atmospheric Structure 4.6.1 Thermal Structure of the Atmosphere 4.7 Magneto-electronic Structure References 5 Energy and Radiation 5.1 Basic Features 5.2 Radiation Laws 5.3 Electromagnetic Radiation 5.4 Solar Radiation 5.4.1 Solar Constant 5.4.2 Direct Solar Radiation 5.4.3 Diffused Solar Radiation (D) 5.4.4 Solar Radiation Factors 5.4.5 Temporal and Spatial Changes in Insolation 5.5 Optical Radiation 5.5.1 UV Index 5.5.2 UV Index Factors 5.6 Ozone Layer 5.7 Earth Longwave Radiation 5.7.1 Earth’s Annual and Global Mean Energy Budget 5.7.2 Earth’s Heat Balance 5.7.3 Earth Radiation Budget and the Planetary Temperature 5.7.4 The Simple Greenhouse Model References 6 Atmospheric Thermodynamics 6.1 Definition 6.1.1 Thermodynamic System 6.2 An Ideal Gas Law 6.2.1 The Equation of State of Dry Air 6.2.2 The Equation of State of Moist Air 6.3 First Principle of Thermodynamics 6.3.1 The First Principle of Thermodynamics for an Ideal Gas 6.3.2 Enthalpy 6.3.3 Poisson Equations 6.3.4 Potential Temperature 6.3.5 Implementation of the First Principle of Thermodynamics 6.4 The Second Principle of Thermodynamics 6.4.1 Definition of Entropy 6.4.2 Summary on Reversible and Irreversible Processes References 7 Air Temperature 7.1 Air Temperature Definition 7.2 Heat and Temperature 7.2.1 Heat Transfer 7.3 Temperature Factors 7.3.1 Heat Advection 7.4 Temperature Changes 7.4.1 Daily Insolation and Pure Radiation 7.4.2 Daily Air Temperature Distribution 7.4.3 Vertical Temperature Change 7.4.4 Adiabatic Changes of Temperature 7.4.5 Temperature Inversion 7.4.6 Global Distributions of Temperature 7.4.7 Surface Temperatures 7.4.8 Urban Heat Island 7.5 Temperature Scales 7.6 Isotherms 7.7 Latitudinal Heat Balance References 8 Atmospheric Pressure and Wind 8.1 Mass of the Atmosphere 8.2 Definition of Atmospheric Pressure 8.3 Geopotential 8.4 Barometric Pressure Distribution 8.4.1 Pressure Gradient 8.4.2 Isobars 8.4.3 Isohypses 8.4.4 Hydrostatic Balance 8.5 Pressure Systems 8.6 Daily Pressure Distribution 8.7 Reduction of the Surface Pressure to Mean Sea Level Pressure (MSL) 8.8 Hydrostatic Equilibrium (Approximation) 8.9 Standard Atmosphere 8.10 Barotropic vs Baroclinic Atmosphere 8.11 Reduction on Atmospheric Pressure to Mean Sea Level Pressure 8.12 Stream Field 8.13 Definition of Wind 8.14 Classification of the Winds 8.14.1 Permanent Wind 8.14.2 Trade Winds 8.14.3 Anti-trade Winds 8.14.4 Periodic Winds 8.14.5 Local Winds 8.14.6 Land and Sea Breezes 8.14.7 Mountain and Valley Winds 8.14.8 Katabatic Winds References 9 Atmospheric Stability 9.1 Air Stability 9.2 Static Atmospheric Stability 9.3 Stability Due to Air Movement 9.4 Convective Instability 9.5 Low-Level Inversions References 10 Atmospheric Moisture 10.1 Water Vapour in the Atmosphere 10.2 Air Moisture Quantities 10.3 The Relative Humidity 10.4 The Moisture Deficit 10.5 A Dew Point Temperature 10.6 The Phase Changes 10.7 Condensation and Evaporation References 11 Clouds and Precipitation 11.1 Formation of Clouds 11.1.1 Air Saturation Mechanism 11.1.2 Adiabatic Cooling 11.1.3 Water Vapour Supply by Air Mixing 11.1.4 Mixing and Diffusion 11.1.5 Diabatic Cooling 11.1.6 Formation of Cloud Elements 11.1.7 Precipitation 11.1.8 The Mechanism of Ice Nucleation 11.1.9 Classification of the Microprocesses 11.2 Cloud Definition and Classification 11.2.1 Cloud Classification 11.2.2 Cloud Classification by Form 11.2.3 Cloud Classification Based on Height 11.2.4 International Cloud Classification 11.2.5 Cloud Classification by Composition 11.2.6 Classification by Mechanism of Formation 11.2.7 Special Clouds 11.3 Fog 11.3.1 Fog Types and Formation 11.4 Hydrometeors 11.4.1 Precipitation 11.4.2 Orographic Rainfall 11.4.3 Convective Rainfall 11.4.4 Frontal Rainfall References 12 Atmospheric Motion 12.1 Real Forces 12.1.1 Pressure Gradient Force 12.1.2 Gravity 12.1.3 Friction 12.2 The Forces That Are the Effects of Earth’s Rotation 12.2.1 Centrifugal Force 12.2.2 Coriolis Force (C) 12.3 Some Common Resultant Forces 12.3.1 Earth’s Gravity Force 12.3.2 Buoyancy Force 12.4 Atmospheric Motion 12.4.1 The Equation of Motion in a System Rotating Together with the Earth 12.5 Application of the Equations of Horizontal Motion 12.5.1 Geostrophic Wind (V g) 12.5.2 Thermal Wind (V T ) 12.5.3 Gradient Wind 12.5.4 Quasi-geostrophic Equations of Motion 12.6 Vertical Motions in the Atmosphere 12.7 Vorticity Equation 12.8 Basic Characteristics of Vorticity 12.8.1 Positive Vorticity Advection PVA and Upward Air Motion References 13 Atmospheric Waves 13.1 Waves: General Features 13.2 Wave Equation 13.2.1 Mathematical Description of 1-D Waves 13.3 Atmospheric Waves 13.3.1 History Studying Atmospheric Waves 13.3.2 Atmospheric Waves: Definition 13.3.3 Factors that Form a Wave 13.3.4 Basic Wave Properties and Classification 13.4 The Mathematical Concept of Atmospheric Waves 13.4.1 Atmospheric Sound Waves 13.4.2 Gravity Waves 13.4.3 Inertial-Gravity Waves 13.4.4 Rossby Waves References 14 Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) 14.1 ABL Historical Overview 14.2 ABL Definition and Basic Characteristics 14.2.1 ABL Significance 14.3 ABL Structure 14.3.1 Surface Layer 14.3.2 Mixing Layer 14.3.3 Residual Layer 14.3.4 Stable Boundary Layer 14.3.5 Free Atmosphere 14.4 Factors Influence on ABL Structure 14.4.1 The Neutral PBL 14.4.2 The Ekman Wind Spiral 14.4.3 Unstable Stratified Atmospheric Boundary Layer References 15 General Circulation of the Atmosphere 15.1 General Atmospheric Circulation Definition 15.2 Conceptual Model of the General Atmospheric Circulation 15.3 Three-Cell Model of Circulation 15.3.1 Circulation in Hadley Cell 15.3.2 Intertropical Convergence Zone 15.3.3 Zonal Pressure Patterns 15.3.4 Upper Tropospheric Wind and Pressure Patterns 15.4 The Wind Patterns 15.4.1 Eastern and Western Winds 15.5 Global Distribution of Pressure, Rainfall, and Climate 15.6 Ocean Circulation 15.6.1 Major Ocean Currents 15.7 Ocean Waves 15.8 Large-Scale Circulation Modes 15.8.1 North Atlantic (NAO) and Artic Oscillation (AO) 15.8.2 El Niño-Southern Oscillation 15.8.3 La Nina 15.9 Winds at the Regional Scale: Monsoon 15.10 Jet Streams 15.10.1 A Waiver Jet Stream 15.11 Rossby Planetary Waves References 16 Air Masses and Fronts 16.1 Definition of Air Masses 16.1.1 Air Mass Source Region 16.1.2 Formation Criteria 16.2 Air Mass Classification 16.2.1 Polar Continental and Artic Continental Air Masses (cP and cA) 16.2.2 Maritime Polar Air Masses (mP) 16.2.3 Tropical Maritime Air Masses (mT) 16.3 Air Mass Modification 16.4 Fronts (Frontal Boundaries) 16.4.1 Types of Weather Fronts 16.4.2 Occluded Fronts References 17 Cyclones and Anticyclones 17.1 General Terms 17.2 Low-Pressure Systems: Cyclones 17.2.1 Formation of Extratropical Cyclone 17.2.2 Life Cycle of the Extratropical Cyclone 17.2.3 Cyclone Movement 17.2.4 Upper Level Low 17.3 High-Pressure System: Anticyclone 17.4 Weather Conditions Associate with Cyclones and Anticyclones References 18 Tropical Storms 18.1 General Overview 18.2 Tropical Cyclone Formation 18.2.1 General Factors 18.2.2 The Basic Ingredients 18.3 Areas of Formation 18.4 Classification of Tropical Cyclones 18.5 Tropical Storm Structure 18.5.1 Cyclonic Eye 18.5.2 Eyewall

Note: Contents 1 Solar Thermal Energy Production in DSF Applied in the Human Comfort Improvements / Eusébio Conceição, Ma Inês Conceição, Ma Manuela Lúcio, João Gomes, André Ramos, and Hazim Awbi 2 Hydraulics Geometry Analysis of UPNM Channel / Zuliziana Suif, Saiful Syazwan Wahi Anuar, Nordila Ahmad, Maidiana Othman, and Siti Khadijah Che Osmi 3 Productivity Enhancement of Solar Still Distillation System Using Immersion-Type Water Heater / Nordila Ahmad, Norhasirah Mohd Isa, Zuliziana Suif, Maidana Othman, Jestin Jelani, and Jaafar Adnan 4 Stability Analysis of a Man-Made Slope: A Case Study on the UPNM Campus, Sg Besi, Kuala Lumpur / Jestin Jelani, Mohamad Saiful Adli Hah, Mohd Nazrin Mohd Daud, Nordila Ahmad, Maidiana Othman, and Wan Mohamed Syafuan Wan Mohamed Sabri 5 Comparison of the Full-Scale Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Designs Consisting of Modified Bardenpho Process with and Without Membrane Bioreactor for Nutrient Removal: Cost Analysis / Shahryar Jafarinejad 6 Analysis of the Influence of Wax Precipitation and Paraffin Control Technology on Environmental Protection / Deyin Zhao, Yi Zhao, Rongqiang Zhong, Lirong Yao, and Gaojie Liang 7 Impact of Abandoned Oil Well on Ecological Environment and Analysis of Geothermal Exploitation / Lirong Yao, Yi Zhao, Deyin Zhao, Rongqiang Zhong, and Jinbao Li 8 Numerical Evaluation of the Temperature Distribution in a Tree Trunk in a Forest Fire Environment / Eusébio Conceição, João Gomes, Maria Manuela Lúcio, Jorge Raposo, Domingos Xavier, and Maria Teresa Viegas 9 Analysis of Soluble Organic Polar Fractions from Sea Salt by GC–MS / Guo-hua Chang, Kang-ping Zhao, Bin Yue, Zhuo-xin Yin, Xiao-ke Li, and Hai-li Sun 10 Microplastics in Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plants: Dynamic Distribution, Seasonal Variation, and Removal Efficiencies / Sujarat Saiwaree and Vorapot Kanokkantapong 11 Spatial–Temporal Variation Analysis on Ecosystem Service Values in a Typical Inland River Basin, Northwest China / Mingtao Li, Lingfen Kang, and Chuancheng Zhao 12 Transportation of Chromium(VI) from Hydrochloric Acid Medium via a Dispersion Supported Liquid Membrane Using N235 / Yingxue Li, Yijian Zhong, Jiaheng Wu, Qingsong Shao, Xiaoyan Chen, and Yan Zhu 13 Effects of Important Factors on Determination of Metals in Soil Samples Using Hand-Held X-ray Fluorescence / Zhuoxin Yin, Yijun Wen, Weidong Chen, Fanxiang Han, Guohua Chang, and Caiping Yao 14 Collaboration Mapping in Sustainable Development: A Case Study from Haze in Chiang Mai / Pongtip Thiengburanathum 15 Greywater Treatment in Continuous Flow Solar Photocatalytic Reactor Using Graphite Supported Nitrogen-Doped TiO2 / Kumari Priyanka, Neelancherry Remya, and Manaswini Behera 16 Effect of Current and Electrodes Area to Color Removal Efficiency and Energy Consumption by Electrocoagulation Process / Bang-on Nareerob and Ponlakit Jitto 17 Accessing the Sustainable Developments Principle of Protection of the Mekong River’s Water Resources / Thuy Hang Tran, Hong Hanh Pham, and Thanh Hoa Ha 18 Key Technology and Economic Analysis of Using Fujiang River Water as the Cooling and Heating Sources for Air Conditioning System / Zhang Wei, Fu Daoyou, Yao Mingqiang, and Gan Shiyuan 19 Highly Effective Magnetic Silica-Chitosan Hybrid for Sulfate Ion Adsorption / Sukamto, Yuichi Kamiya, Bambang Rusdiarso, and Nuryono 20 Statistical Analysis of Water and Sediment Research in Heilongjiang River Basin / Ning Yu, Lei Zhang, Jun Li, and Yousheng Wang 21 Empowering Citizens’ Resilience - The FLOODLABEL / P. Meier, H. Meyer, A. Schüttrumpf, and G. Johann 22 Sustainable Environmental Planning of a Tourist Destination Bulgaria - State and Trends / Elenita Velikova 23 Analytical Approach for Sustainable Multi-Objective Management of Sediment-Algae Dynamics / Hidekazu Yoshioka and Saya Hashimoto 24 From Convergent to Ecological Transition—Challenges for the Management and Regional Development of Bulgaria / Georgi Tsolov and Nikola Tanakov 25 Comparison Methods of Carbon Oil Sorbents Hardening / Elena Ushakova, Liliya Soloveva, and Andrey Ushakov 26 Integration of Experimental and Numerical Methods to Investigate the Effect of Hydraulic Retention Time on Ultrafiltration Membrane Fouling / Meng Yao, Ting Chen, Zhilin Ran, Xiaoqing Dong, and Guosheng Wang 27 Using Electrodialysis to Recycle Chemical Polishing Agent from Anodizing Industry / Jih-Hsing Chang, Mohanraj Kumar, and Shan-Yi Shen 28 Methodological Aspects of Strategic Regional Planning for Achieving Sustainable Development in Bulgaria / Georgi Nikolov, Elka Vasileva, and Desislava Botseva 29 Study on the Model of Construction Safety Risk Evaluation Coupling Multiple Factors in Navigable Waters / Hui Sun, Yuchi Hao, Jiaming Qu, Ping Zhu, and Runli Tao 30 Distribution Characteristics of Plastic Particles in Coastal and Beach of Hsinchu, Taiwan / Ying-Fang Hsu, Feng-Hsin Chang, Pei-Yi Feng, Hsiao-Chien Huang, Chi-Yu Chuang, Shinhao Yang, and Wei-Ting Liu

Note: Title description Full Access10 May 2023 About this title - A Global Synthesis of the Ordovician System: Part 1 D. A. T. Harper, B. Lefebvre, I. G. Percival, and T. Servais https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532 Introduction Full Access10 March 2023 The Ordovician System: Key concepts, events and its distribution across Europe David A. T. Harper, Bertrand Lefebvre, Ian G. Percival, and Thomas Servais https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2023-8 Conceptualizing the Ordovician Period Open Access24 January 2023 A short history of the Ordovician System: from overlapping unit stratotypes to global stratotype sections and points David A. T. Harper, Tõnu Meidla, and Thomas Servais https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-285 Open Access15 December 2022 Ordovician biostratigraphy: index fossils, biozones and correlation Daniel Goldman, Stephen A. Leslie, Yan Liang, and Stig M. Bergström https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-49 Open Access9 January 2023 Ordovician cyclostratigraphy and astrochronology Matthias Sinnesael https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-31 Full Access3 March 2023 Ordovician tephra distribution, tephrochronology and geochronology Patrick I. McLaughlin, Leon Normore, Bryan K. Sell, and Jahandar Ramezani https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-267 Full Access28 February 2023 Ordovician plate tectonic and palaeogeographical maps Christopher R. Scotese https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-311 Full Access10 March 2023 Changing palaeobiogeography during the Ordovician Period Thomas Servais, David A. T. Harper, Björn Kröger, Christopher Scotese, Alycia L. Stigall, and Yong-Yi Zhen https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-168 Full Access20 January 2023 Seawater signatures of Ordovician climate and environment Seth A. Young, Cole T. Edwards, Leho Ainsaar, Anders Lindskog, and Matthew R. Saltzman https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-258 Full Access15 December 2022 The Ordovician ocean circulation: a modern synthesis based on data and models Alexandre Pohl, Elise Nardin, Thijs R. A. Vandenbroucke, and Yannick Donnadieu https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-1 Open Access10 November 2022 Terrestrialization in the Ordovician Charles H. Wellman, Borja Cascales-Miñana, and Thomas Servais https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-92 The Ordovician System in Europe Open Access8 February 2023 A synopsis of the Ordovician System in its birthplace – Britain and Ireland Stewart G. Molyneux, David A. T. Harper, Mark R. Cooper, Steven Philip Hollis, Robert J. Raine, Adrian W. A. Rushton, M. Paul Smith, Philip Stone, Mark Williams, ... https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-235 Open Access18 January 2023 The Ordovician of Scandinavia: a revised regional stage classification Arne Thorshøj Nielsen, Per Ahlberg, Jan Ove R. Ebbestad, Øyvind Hammer, David Alexander Taylor Harper, Anders Lindskog, Christian Mac Ørum Rasmussen, and Svend Stouge https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-157 Open Access18 November 2022 Ordovician of the Eastern Baltic palaeobasin and the Tornquist Sea margin of Baltica Tõnu Meidla, Leho Ainsaar, Olle Hints, and Sigitas Radzevičius https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-141 Full Access6 December 2022 Stratigraphy and Sedimentary Record of the Ordovician System in Poland: a Review Wiesław Trela https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-109 Full Access14 February 2023 The Ordovician of France and neighbouring areas of Belgium and Germany Bertrand Lefebvre, J. Javier Álvaro, Josep Maria Casas, Jean-François Ghienne, Alain Herbosch, Alfredo Loi, Eric Monceret, Jacques Verniers, Muriel Vidal, Daniel Vizcaïno, and Thomas Servais https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-268 Full Access24 November 2022 The Ordovician of Sardinia (Italy): from the ‘Sardic Phase’ to the end-Ordovician glaciation, palaeogeography and geodynamic context Alfredo Loi, Fabrizio Cocco, Giacomo Oggiano, Antonio Funedda, Muriel Vidal, Annalisa Ferretti, Francesco Leone, Sebastiano Barca, Stefano Naitza, Jean-François Ghienne, and Gian Luigi Pillola https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-121 Full Access8 February 2023 Ordovician of the Bohemian Massif Petr Kraft, Ulf Linnemann, Michal Mergl, Jana Bruthansová, Lukáš Laibl, and Gerd Geyer https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-191 Full Access16 January 2023 A global view on the Ordovician stratigraphy of southeastern Europe Annalisa Ferretti, Hans Peter Schönlaub, Valeri Sachanski, Gabriella Bagnoli, Enrico Serpagli, Gian Battista Vai, Slavcho Yanev, Miloš Radonjić, Constantin Balica, Luca Bianchini, ... https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-174

Note: Contents Dedication Preface Background and importance Fitzpatrick, R. W. and Donnelly, L. J. / An introduction to forensic soil science and forensic geology: a synthesis Kobus, H. and Robertson, J. / The importance of forensic soil science and geology being connected to mainstream forensic science Search for burials Ruffell, A. and Barry, L. / The desktop study – an essential element of geoforensic search: homicide and environmental cases (west Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK) McKinley, J. and Ruffell, A. / Geographical Information Science (GIS), spatial sampling and sediment variability examined using a case of manslaughter Donnelly, L. J., Cassella, J., Pirrie, D., Dawson, L., Blom, G., Davidson, A., Arnold, P., Harrison, M. and Hope, C. / Analysis of soil following a police-led open area search and the recovery of a cold-case homicide grave Barone, P. M. and Di Maggio, R. M. / Dealing with different forensic targets: geoscientists at crime scenes Canata, R. E., Salvador, F. A. S., Borges, W. R., Ferreira, F. J. F., Seimetz, E. X., Pinto, I. and Barros, E. O. / The forensic application of ground-penetrating radar, Tekoha Jevy indigenous village, Paraná, Brazil Molina, C. M. and Pringle, J. K. / Comparison of geophysical and botanical results in simulated clandestine graves in rural and tropical environments in Colombia, South America Donnelly, L. / A standard operating procedure (SOP), for soil sampling, for the detection of volatile organic compounds and leachate associated with human decomposition from a shallow, unmarked, homicide grave Trace evidence Dixon, R. D. and Merkle, R. K. W. / Identifying the source of illicit gold from South America Salvador, F. A. da S., Nogueira e Silva, M. P., de Oliveira Mascarenhas, R. and Rumbelsperger, A. M. B. / The application of forensic geology to investigate the substitution of zinc ingots between China and Brazil Guo, H., Wang, P., Hu, C., Zhu, J., Yang, X., Quan, Y., Mei, H. and Li, J. / A case study in forensic soil examination from China Raven, M. D., Fitzpatrick, R. W. and Self, P. G. / Trace evidence examination using laboratory and synchrotron X-ray diffraction technique Testoni, S. A., Melo, V. F., Dawson, L. A., Salvador, F. A. S. and Prandel, L. V. / Evaluation of forensic soil traces from a crime scene: robbery of a safety deposit box in Brazil Fitzpatrick, R. W. and Raven, M. D. / The forensic comparison of trace amounts of soil on a pyjama top with hypersulphidic subaqueous soil from a river as evidence in a homicide cold case Research developments Di Maggio, R. M. and Barone, P. M. / Geoforensics in Italy: education and research standards Bergslien, E. / Portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF) spectrometry of earth materials: considerations for forensic analysis Young, J. M., Higgins, D. and Austin, J. J. / Soil DNA: advances in DNA technology offer a powerful new tool for forensic science Dawson, L. A., Macdonald, L. M. and Ritz, K. / Plant wax compounds and soil microbial DNA profiles to ascertain urban land use type Pirrie, D., Crean, D. E., Pidduck, A. J., Nicholls, T. M., Awbery, R. P. and Shail, R. K. / Automated mineralogical profiling of soils as an indicator of local bedrock lithology: a tool for predictive forensic geolocation Index

Note: Contents Foreword Prologue Earth’s Freezer: Introduction to Permafrost Frozen grounds: Permafrost in the Arctic Permafrost in profile: Landscape features Frozen in time: The history of permafrost An icy balance: Arctic permafrost physiography What lies within: Organic carbon in permafrost When ice grows up: Pingo Canadian Landmark Drilling down: Learning the secrets of permafrost Portrait: Annett Bartsch Un/settled: Life on frozen ground Frozen States I: Russian Federation Portrait: Vyacheslav Shadrin Frozen States II: North America Portrait: Jessi Pascal Frozen States III: Nordic region Portrait: Palle Jeremiassen Awakening Giant: Permafrost and Climate Change Warming up, warming down: Increasing ground temperatures The chill is gone: Thickening of the active layer Disappearing act: Declining permafrost extent Microorganisms, macro effects: Permafrost carbon cycle Faster, deeper, stronger I: Speed of thaw in North America Faster, deeper, stronger II: Speed of thaw in Scandinavia and the Russian Federation Crossing the threshold: Future scenarios of carbon release Portrait: Dmitry Streletskiy Moving Grounds: Permafrost Changes Frost and flora: The role of vegetation in permafrost landscapes Fire on ice: Peat, permafrost, and fire State of matter: Water, snow, and permafrost The rivers run through it: Arctic rivers, deltas and hydrology Along the edge of the world: Arctic coastal classification Wear and tear: Erosion of Arctic permafrost coasts Eating into the landscape: Retrogressive thaw slumps Portrait: Angus Alunik Losing ground: Projected rates of Arctic coastal erosion Beneath the waves: Changes in subsea permafrost Arctic Ripples: Impacts of Permafrost Thaw Feeling the heat: Permafrost thaw impacts on infrastructure Risky business I: North American Arctic and Kalaallit Nunaat (Greenland) Risky business II: The Russian Federation and Scandinavian Arctic Terra infirma I: Coastal infrastructure in Yamalo-Nenets Portrait: Susanna Gartler Terra infirma II: Reinforcing runways in Paulatuk Terra infirma III: Keeping cold food cold in Alaska Terra infirma IV: Urban planning in Ilulissat Nothing in isolation: Health and wellness and permafrost Portrait: Gwen Healey Akearok Toxic grounds: Contaminants and environmental health Coming back to life: Reemerging pathogens Frozen assets I: The formal economy Frozen assets II: Traditional and subsistence activities Cultural homeland: Alaas landscapes in Yakutia Holding Tight: Adaptation to Permafrost Thaw Bumpy road ahead: Transportation infrastructure and permafrost Undermined: Mining infrastructure and permafrost Keeping the light on: Energy infrastructure and permafrost No time to waste: Waste management and permafrost Modern history: Preserving Svalbard’s cultural heritage Portrait: Ingrid Rekkavik Going South: Permafrost in Other Areas A planetary perspective: Permafrost outside the Arctic Frozen giants: Permafrost in the mountains The view from the top: The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Hindu Kush Himalaya, and Andes Europe’s frozen heart: Permafrost in the Alps The ends of the Earth I: Permafrost in Antarctica The ends of the Earth II: Antarctic Peninsula The ends of the Earth III: Queen Maud Land, Victoria Land, and the McMurdo Dry Valleys Over the Horizon Authors and contributors Acknowledgments Artist spotlight: Olga Borjon-Privé (Oluko) Artist spotlight: Katie Orlinsky Glossary Acronyms References

Note: Contents About the editors Foreword 1 Introduction / Gerardo Di Martino and Antonio Iodice 1.1 Maritime surveillance 1.2 Synthetic aperture radar systems 1.2.1 SAR principles and main SAR missions 1.2.2 Coherent nature of SAR systems: polarimetry, interferometry, and speckle 1.3 Book organization 1.3.1 Part I: Models and techniques 1.3.2 Part II: Applications References Part I: Models and techniques 2 Scattering models / Daniele Riccio, Giuseppe Ruello, Pasquale Iervolino and Raffaella Guida 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Sea surface models 2.2.1 Spectral representation 2.2.2 First order representation 2.3 Electromagnetic scattering from the sea surface 2.4 Scattering models for a ship 2.4.1 RCS estimation of a canonical ship 2.4.2 RCS distribution 2.4.3 Uncertainty budget analysis 2.4.4 Model inaccuracy and validation References 3 Acquisition modes / Gerardo Di Martino, Antonio Iodice and Andrea Monti-Guarnieri 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Stripmap mode 3.3 Staring spotlight mode 3.4 Sliding spotlight mode 3.5 ScanSAR mode 3.6 TOPSAR mode 3.7 Wave mode 3.8 Experimental modes 3.8.1 Low-PRF mode 3.8.2 Coprime SAR 3.8.3 Compressive sensing SAR 3.8.4 Staggered SAR 3.9 Summary References 4 SAR polarimetry / Maurizio Migliaccio, Ferdinando Nunziata and Andrea Buono 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Polarimetric SARs 4.3 Radar polarimetry 4.4 Target scattering decomposition 4.5 Polarimetric sea surface scattering 4.6 Conclusions Acknowledgments List of acronyms References 5 Ambiguity problems and their mitigation / Gerardo Di Martino, Antonio Iodice and Domenico Velotto 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Azimuth ambiguity modeling 5.3 Azimuth ambiguity mitigation in single channel SAR images 5.3.1 Point-like targets 5.3.2 Distributed targets 5.4 Azimuth ambiguity mitigation in polarimetric SAR images 5.4.1 Method based on polarimetric analysis 5.4.2 Methods based on relation between channels 5.5 Summary Acknowledgments References Part II: Applications 6 Ship detection / Gui Gao, Sheng Gao, Juan He and Kazuo Ouchi 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Ship detection in single-channel SAR images 6.2.1 Sublook spectral analysis 6.2.2 CFAR 6.2.3 Adaptive threshold 6.3 Statistical models of sea clutter 6.3.1 Brief survey of state-of-the-art models 6.3.2 Several known models 6.4 Ship detection in multichannel SAR images 6.4.1 Brief survey on detection methods of conventional multipolarization 6.4.2 Several recent methods of conventional multipolarization 6.4.3 Brief survey on detection methods of compact polarization 6.4.4 Brief survey on detection methods of along-track interferometry References 7 Monitoring of intertidal areas and coastal habitats / Martin Gade 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Signatures of sea bottom topography 7.3 Monitoring of temporal changes 7.4 Derivation of roughness parameters 7.5 Detection of habitats 7.6 Archaeological surveys 7.7 Summary References 8 Sea ice and icebergs / Wolfgang Dierking 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Microwave response of ice 8.3 Operational sea ice mapping 8.3.1 Manual generation of ice charts 8.3.2 Toward automated segmentation and classification 8.3.3 Incidence angle sensitivity 8.3.4 Melting conditions 8.4 Advanced measurement techniques 8.4.1 Polarimetry 8.4.2 Multifrequency 8.4.3 Interferometry 8.5 Ice displacement and deformation 8.6 Icebergs 8.7 Validation 8.8 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 9 SAR oil spill imaging, interpretation and information retrieval techniques / Camilla Brekke and Cathleen E. Jones 9.1 Information items requested and gaps 9.2 Challenges 9.2.1 Polarization diversity 9.2.2 Imaging repeat interval 9.2.3 The weather window 9.2.4 Transport and weathering of oil pollutants 9.2.5 False alarms 9.3 Interpretation and modeling 9.3.1 Contrast drivers 9.3.2 Surface scattering models 9.3.3 Influence of instrument noise 9.4 Dark slick detection and characterization techniques 9.4.1 Slick detection and segmentation 9.4.2 Slick type discrimination 9.4.3 Slick transport and evolution 9.5 Concluding remarks and outlook Acknowledgments References 10 Joint use of SAR and collaborative signals / Raffaella Guida, Pasquale Iervolino and Maximilian Rodger 10.1 Interoperability opportunities in the maritime scenario 10.2 Collaborative signals 10.2.1 Automatic identification system (AIS) 10.2.2 Vessel monitoring system (VMS) 10.2.3 Long-range identification tracking (LRIT) 10.2.4 VHF data exchange system (VDES) 10.3 Applications 10.3.1 Ship detection and tracking 10.4 Main challenges References 11 Sea state and wind speed / Gerardo Di Martino and Antonio Iodice 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Sea surface statistical description 11.2.1 Sea surface waves 11.2.2 Sea surface modeled as a stochastic process 11.3 SAR images of the sea surface 11.4 Sea surface spectra retrieval using SAR images 11.5 Wind speed retrieval using SAR images 11.6 Concluding remarks and ocean monitoring further applications References Index

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort Kapitel 1 Dringlichst gesucht – Wege aus der Klimakrise Alarmstufe Rot für Mensch und Natur Lösungen für das Treibhausgas-Problem? CONCLUSIO: Die Klimakrise kennt nur eine Lösung: Treibhausgasneutralität Kapitel 2 Die Rolle des Ozeans im Kohlenstoffkreislauf der Erde Wie der Ozean Kohlendioxid aufnimmt CONCLUSIO: Kohlenstoffspeicher Ozean: Riesig, effizient und in Gefahr 67 Kapitel 3 Das ungenutzte Klimaschutzpotenzial der Ökosysteme an Land Wälder, Wiesen und Böden als Kohlenstoffspeicher CONCLUSIO: Lösungen, die viel zu selten umgesetzt werden Kapitel 4 Marine CDR-Verfahren: Forschung unter Zeit- und Erwartungsdruck Ein Ozean der Möglichkeiten oder gefährlicher Hype? Kapitel 5 Mehr Kohlenstoffeinlagerung in Wiesen und Wäldern des Meeres? Blue Carbon: Ein Lösungsansatz mit doppeltem Nutzen CONCLUSIO: Küstenökosysteme: Marine Kohlenstoffsenke mit unverzichtbaren Zusatzleistungen Kapitel 6 Künstlicher Auftrieb: Die Idee von der Begrünung des Ozeans Eine Anschubhilfe für die biologische Kohlenstoffpumpe CONCLUSIO: Künstlicher Auftrieb – Prädikat: „nur bedingt nützlich“ Kapitel 7 Gezielte Eingriffe in die Meereschemie Alkalinitätserhöhung: Verfahren in den Kinderschuhen CONCLUSIO: Alkalinitätserhöhung – theoretisch verstanden, im Feld jedoch kaum getestet Kapitel 8 Kohlendioxid verpressen tief unter dem Meer Gasspeicherung in Sandsteinschichten und Basaltgestein CONCLUSIO: Kohlendioxidspeicherung unter dem Meer: Ein umstrittenes Verfahren im Aufwind Kapitel 9 Leitprinzipien und Regeln für einen Einsatz mariner CDR-Verfahren Wie regelt man eine verstärkte CO2-Aufnahme des Meeres? CONCLUSIO: Regulierung möglicher CDR-Einsätze: Gebraucht werden klare Strategien und Vorschriften Gesamt-Conclusio Abkürzungen Quellenverzeichnis Mitwirkende Index Partner und Danksagung Abbildungsverzeichnis Impressum .

Note: Univ. of Western Australia, Diss. von D. Müller--Nedlands , Pages 1-2, Introduction --- Pages 3-10, Definitions and Nomenclature --- Pages 11-39, Tectonic settings of potassic igneous rocks --- Pages 41-64, Selected type-localities of potassic igneous rocks from the five tectonic settings --- Pages 65-84, Primary enrichment of precious metals in potassic igneous rocks --- Pages 85-134, Direct associations between potassic igneous rocks and gold-copper deposits --- Pages 135-158, Indirect associations between lamprophyres and gold-copper deposits --- Pages 159-171, Halogen contents of mineralized versus unmineralized potassic igneous rocks --- Pages 173-176, Implications for mineral exploration --- Pages 177-200, Characteristics of some gold-copper deposits associated with potassic igneous rocks

Note: Introduction, Pages 1-2 --- Relaxation, Pages 3-16 --- Shear Relaxation, Pages 17-32 --- Volume Relaxation, Pages 33-43 --- Enthalpy Relaxation, Pages 45-62 --- Summary, Pages 63-72

Note: Pages 1-6, Introduction, Etsuro Shimokawa --- Pages 7-26, Prediction of debris flow for warning and evacuation, Muneo Hirano --- Pages 27-45, Large and small debris flows—Occurrence and behaviour, Tim R. Davies --- Pages 46-63, Field survey for debris flow in volcanic area, Etsuro Shimokawa, Takashi Jitousono --- Pages 65-69, Introduction, Pierre Julien --- Pages 70-92, A comparison between gravity flows of dry sand and sand-water mixtures, Haruyuki Hashimoto --- Pages 93-116, Review dynamic modeling of debris flows, Chyan-Deng Jan, Hsieh Wen Shen --- Pages 117-143, Dynamics of the inertial and viscous debris flows, Tamotsu Takahashi --- Pages 144-162, Selected notes on debris flow dynamics, P. Y. Julien, J. S. O'Brien --- Pages 163-165, Introduction, Aronne Armanini --- Pages 166-185, Development of new methods for countermeasures against debris flows, Shun Okubo, Hiroshi Ikeya, Yoshiharu Ishikawa, Takashi Yamada --- Pages 186-207, Torrent check dams as a control measure for debris flows, Martin N. R. Jaeggi, Stefano Pellandini --- Pages 208-226, On the dynamic impact of debris flows, Aronne Armanini

Note: Grundlagen der magnetischen Erscheinungen --- Allgemeine Theorie des Ferromagnetismus --- Die Vorgänge bei der Magnetisierung --- Die Begleiterscheinungen der Magnetisierung --- Der Einfluß verborgener magnetischer Vorgänge auf das mechanische Verhalten --- Die ferromagnetischen Werkstoffe und ihre Verwendung

Note: Contents 1 Dynamical Processes in the Arctic Atmosphere / Marius O. Jonassen, Dmitry Chechin, Alexey Karpechko,Christof Lüpkes, Thomas Spengler, Annick Tepstra, Timo Vihma,and Xiangdong Zhang 2 Thermodynamics of the Arctic Atmosphere / Claudio Tomasi, Boyan H. Petkov, Oxana Drofa, and Mauro Mazzola 3 Trace Gases in the Arctic Atmosphere / Kimberly Strong, William R. Simpson, Kristof Bognar,Rodica Lindenmaier, and Sébastien Roche 4 Arctic Aerosols / Roberto Udisti, Rita Traversi, Silvia Becagli, Claudio Tomasi,Mauro Mazzola, Angelo Lupi, and Patricia K. Quinn 5 A Climatological Overview of Arctic Clouds / Abhay Devasthale, Joseph Sedlar, Michael Tjernström,and Alexander Kokhanovsky 6 Arctic Ice Fog: Its Microphysics and Prediction / Ismail Gultepe, Andrew J. Heymsfield, and Martin Gallagher 7 Polar Stratospheric Clouds in the Arctic / Francesco Cairo and Tiziana Colavitto 8 Noctilucent Clouds: General Properties and Remote Sensing / Christian von Savigny, Gerd Baumgarten, and Franz-Josef Lübkenix 9 Remote Sensing of Arctic Atmospheric Aerosols / Alexander Kokhanovsky, Claudio Tomasi, Alexander Smirnov,Andreas Herber, Roland Neuber, André Ehrlich, Angelo Lupi, Boyan H. Petkov, Mauro Mazzola, Christoph Ritter, Carlos Toledano,Thomas Carlund, Vito Vitale, Brent Holben, Tymon Zielinski,Simon Bélanger, Pierre Larouche, Stefan Kinne, Vladimir Radionov,Manfred Wendisch, Jason L. Tackett, and David M. Winker 10 Radiation in the Arctic Atmosphere and Atmosphere –Cryosphere Feedbacks / Claudio Tomasi, Boyan H. Petkov, Angelo Lupi, Mauro Mazzola,Christian Lanconelli, and Ismail Gultepe 11 Climate Change in the Arctic / Torben Koenigk, Jeff Key, and Timo Vihma Index

Note: Integrated Fault Seal Analysis: An Introduction / Steven R. Ogilvie, Steve J. Dee, Robert W. Wilson and Wayne R. Bailey / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 496, 1-8, 7 May 2020, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP496-2020-51 --- Fault seal behaviour in Permian Rotliegend reservoir sequences: case studies from the Dutch Southern North Sea / K. van Ojik, A. Silvius, Y. Kremer and Z. K. Shipton / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 496, 9-38, 13 November 2019, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP496-2018-189 --- An experimental and numerical investigation on the hydromechanical behaviour of carbonate fault zones upon reactivation: the impact of carbonate mud sealing layers and overall research outcomes / M. Nogueira Kiewiet, C. Lima, A. Giwelli, C. Delle Piane, V. Lemiale, L. Esteban, F. Falcao, M. B. Clennell, J. Dautriat, L. Kiewiet, J. Raimon, S. Kager and D. Dewhurst / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 496, 39-73, 8 November 2019, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP496-2018-153 --- Fault failure modes, deformation mechanisms, dilation tendency, slip tendency, and conduits v. seals / David A. Ferrill, Kevin J. Smart and Alan P. Morris / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 496, 75-98, 16 December 2019, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP496-2019-7 --- Fault zone architecture and its scaling laws: where does the damage zone start and stop? / A. Torabi, T. S. S. Ellingsen, M. U. Johannessen, B. Alaei, A. Rotevatn and D. Chiarella / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 496, 99-124, 11 October 2019, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP496-2018-151 --- Fault fictions: systematic biases in the conceptualization of fault-zone architecture / Z. K. Shipton, J. J. Roberts, E. L. Comrie, Y. Kremer, R. J. Lunn and J. S. Caine / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 496, 125-143, 16 December 2019, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP496-2018-161 --- Validation and analysis procedures for juxtaposition and membrane fault seals in oil and gas exploration / Titus A. Murray, William L. Power, Anthony J. Johnson, Greg J. Christie and David R. Richards / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 496, 145-161, 11 November 2019, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP496-2018-171 --- Stochastic modelling of fault gouge zones: implications for fault seal analysis / Neil T. Grant / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 496, 163-197, 24 October 2019, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP496-2018-135 --- Efficient handling of fault properties using the Juxtaposition Table Method / Tor Anders Knai and Guillaume Lescoffit / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 496, 199-207, 23 March 2020, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP496-2018-192 --- A knowledge database of hanging-wall traps that are dependent on fault-rock seal / Peter G. Bretan, Graham Yielding and Einar Sverdrup / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 496, 209-222, 27 September 2019, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP496-2018-157 --- Subsurface observations of deformation bands and their impact on hydrocarbon production within the Holstein Field, Gulf of Mexico, USA / Scott J. Wilkins, Russell K. Davies and Steve J. Naruk / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 496, 223-252, 11 October 2019, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP496-2018-139 --- Enhancing trap and fault seal analyses by integrating observations from HR3D seismic data with well logs and conventional 3D seismic data, Texas inner shelf / Johnathon L. Osmond and Timothy A. Meckel / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 496, 253-279, 19 December 2019, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP496-201

Note: Vorwort 1. Rationalität in Politik und Wirtschaft 2. Worum geht es in der Rational–Choice–Theorie? 3. Methodologische Defekte 4. Das Paradox der Wahlbeteiligung 5. Soziale Dilemmata und das Trittbrettfahrerproblem 6. Gesetzgebung und Abstimmungsparadox 7. Räumliche Theorien des politischen Wettbewerbs 8. Erwiderungen auf mögliche Gegenargumente Literatur Index

Note: Contents About IFLA Preface / Susan Reilly Acknowledgements / Jessica Coates, Victoria Owen and Susan Reilly Part I: Copyright Basics 1 Foundations of Copyright / Tom Cochrane 2 Fundamentals of Modern Copyright / Jessica Coates Part II: User Rights and the Public Interest 3 With Respect to Rights – In the Public Interest / Victoria Owen 4 Why Libraries Need Limitations and Exceptions / Jonathan Band and Brandon Butler 5 Applications of Limitations and Exceptions in Higher Education in the European Union / David Meehan 6 The Public Domain and Libraries: History, Contexts, Threats and Opportunities / Lise Brin and Mark Swartz 7 Unintended Consequences of the Digital Shift / Christina de Castell 8 Rights Issues in the Digitization of Library Collections / Sara Benson 9 International Copyright Issues in Digital Preservation / Sara Klein and Jessica Whyte Part III: International Developments: the Case for Library Engagement 10 WIPO, Copyright and Libraries / Stephen Wyber 11 Success for People with Print Disabilities: The Marrakesh Treaty / Justus Dreyling and Teresa Hackett 12 A New Form of Contract: International Free Trade Agreements / Anubha Sinha 13 Copyright Education and Information Literacy / Chris Morrison and Jane Secker 14 Copyright Reform In South Africa from a Librarian’s Perspective: A Case Study Approach / Denise Rosemary Nicholson Part 4: Emerging Issues in Copyright 15 Taking Control of the Future: Towards Workable Elending / Rebecca Giblin and Kimberlee Weatherall 16 Creative Commons and Open Access in an Academic Library: Implementation, Tools, Policy and Education / Timothy Vollmer 17 Use of Filters by Online Intermediaries and the Rights of Users: Developments in the European Union, Mexico, India and China / Zoi Krokida 18 Navigating Respectful Practice to Support Indigenous Cultural and Intellectual Property Rights in Australian Libraries / Kirsten Thorpe and Lauren Booker 19 User-Generated Content: Tensions Between Freedom of Expression and Copyright / Amalia Toledo and Sydney Mai-Yen Sheridan 20 Artificial Intelligence and Text and Data Mining: Future Rules for Libraries? / H. Andres Izquierdo Contributors

Note: Table of Contents Introduction N. J. Price and K. R. McClay https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.01 What is a Thrust? What is a Nappe? J. G. Dennis, R. A. Price, J. K. Sales, R. Hatcher, A. W. Bally, W. J. Perry, H. P. Laubscher, R. E. Williams, D. Elliott, D. K. Norris, D. W. Hutton, T. Emmett, and K. R. McClay https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.02 I. Mechanics of Thrusts and Nappes Thoughts on the tectonics of folded belts A. W. Bally https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.03 Pore pressure, discontinuities, isostasy and overthrusts P. E. Gretener https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.04 Gravitational gliding in deltas G. Mandl and W. Crans https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.05 Thrust sheet deformation at a ramp: summary and extensions of an earlier model D. V. Wiltschko https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.06 Deformation and secondary faulting near the leading edge of a thrust fault D. A. Rodgers and W. D. Rizer https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.07 Mechanical model of thrust sheet gliding and imbrication G. Mandl and G. K. Shippam https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.08 The rock mechanics of thrust and nappe formation S. A. F. Murrell https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.09 Subduction and coeval thrust belts, with particular reference to North America A. G. Smith https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.10 The role of gravity in orogenic belts H. Ramberg https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.11 II. Rock Products of Thrusting Dynamic analysis of a small imbricate thrust and related structures, Front Ranges, Southern Canadian Rocky Mountains J. H. Spang and S. P. Brown https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.12 The microfabric of calcite tectonites from the Helvetic Nappes (Swiss Alps) S. M. Schmid, M. Casey, and J. Starkey https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.13 Very low grade metamorphism with a reverse gradient induced by an overthrust in Haute-Savoie (France) J. Aprahamian and J.-L. Pairis https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.14 Saline horizons acting as thrust planes along the southern margin of the Damara Orogen (Namibia/SW-Africa) H. J. Behr, H. Ahrendt, A. Schmidt, and K. Weber https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.15 Sliding and other deformation mechanisms in a glacier of salt, S Iran C. J. Talbot https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.16 The Caledonides of northern Norway: relation between preferred orientation of quartz lattice, strain and translation of the nappes A.-M. Boullier and J.-M. Quenardel https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.17 Structure and distribution of fault rocks in the Alpine Fault Zone, New Zealand R. H. Sibson, S. H. White, and B. K. Atkinson https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.18 Uplift rates and thermal structure in the Alpine Fault Zone and Alpine Schists, Southern Alps, New Zealand C. J. Adams https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.19 III. Thrust and Nappe Regimes. A. ‘The Old World’ Caledonides The internal geometry of nappes: criteria for models of emplacement M. A. Cooper https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.20 The strain profile above a major thrust fault, Finnmark, N Norway N. J. Milton and G. D. Williams https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.21 The Moine Thrust Zone: an overview K. R. McClay and M. P. Coward https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.22 Tectonic slides in the Caledonides D. H. W. Hutton https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.23 Estimation of the rate and amount of absolute lateral shortening in an orogen using diachronism and strike slipped segments W. E. A. Phillips https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.24 Strain within thrust sheets M. P. Coward and J. H. Kim https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.25 III. Thrust and Nappe Regimes. A. ‘The Old World’ Alpine Tectonics of the Helvetic Nappes J. G. Ramsay https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.26 The 3D propagation of décollement in the Jura H. P. Laubscher https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.27 Fold-and-thrust tectonics in the Helvetic Nappes (E Switzerland) O. A. Pfiffner https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.28 Some observations on the development of thrust faults in the Ultradauphinois Zone, French Alps A. Beach https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.29 Gravity sliding in the Maritime Alps R. H. Graham https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.30 III. Thrust and Nappe Regimes. A. ‘The Old World’ Eurasia Sutures, thrusts and nappes in the Variscan Arc of western Europe: plate tectonic implications Ph. Matte and J. P. Burg https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.31 Wrench related thrusting along a Mesozoic-Cenozoic continental margin: Antalya Complex, SW Turkey N. H. Woodcock and A. H. F. Robertson https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.32 Thrust and strike slip fault interaction along the Chaman transform zone, Pakistan R. D. Lawrence and R. S. Yeats S. H. Khan, A. Farah, and K. A. DeJong https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.33 Active thrusting and the evolution of the Zagros fold belt J. A. Jackson and T. J. Fitch D. P. McKenzie https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.34 An overview of thrusts and nappes of western Himalaya V. C. Thakur https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.35 Ambiguity in interpretation of seismic data from modern convergent margins: an example from the IPOD Japan Trench transect R. von Huene, M. Arthur, and B. Carson https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.36 Geometrical problems and implications of large scale over-thrusting in the Banda Arc -Australian margin collision zone M. G. Audley-Charles https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.37 Neogene thrust emplacement from a frontal arc in New Guinea J. Milsom https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.38 IV. Thrust and Nappe Regimes. B. ‘The New World’ The Americas The Cordilleran foreland thrust and fold belt in the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains R. A. Price https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.39 The nature and significance of large ‘blind’ thrusts within the northern Rocky Mountains of Canada R. I. Thompson https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.40 Metamorphic complex of SE Canadian Cordillera and relationship to foreland thrusting R. L. Brown https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.41 Thrust nappes in the Rocky Mountain Foothills near Mountain Park, Alberta H. A. K. Charlesworth and W. E. Kilby https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.42 Deformational styles in two Mesozoic fault zones, western Washington, USA D. S. Cowan and R. B. Miller https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.43 Thrusts and nappes in the North American Appalachian Orogen R. D. Hatcher, Jr. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.44 COCORP seismic reflection profiling across thrust faults J. A. Brewer, F. A. Cook, L. D. Brown, J. E. Oliver, S. Kaufman, and D. S. Albaugh https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.45 Mechanisms for basement shortening in the Andean foreland fold belt of southern South America Margaret A. Winslow https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.46

Note: 1. Introduction --- Robin Nicholson: Caledonian correlations: Britain and Scandinavia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:3-18, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.01 Anthony K. Higgins and W. E. Adrian Phillips: East Greenland Caledonides—an extension of the British Caledonides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:19-32, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.02 M. J. Kennedy: The continuation of the Canadian Appalachians into the Caledonides of Britain and Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:33-64, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.03 2. Basement-Cover Relationships: Map: Basement-Cover Relationships / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:67-91, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.04 David Bamford: Seismic constraints on the deep geology of the Caledonides of northern Britain / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:93-96, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.06 Ian S. Sanders: Observations on eclogite- and granulite-facies rocks in the basement of the Caledonides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:97-100, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.07 Paul A. Rathbone and Anthony L. Harris: Basement-cover relationships at Lewisian inliers in the Moine rocks / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:101-107, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.08 Derek Flinn, P. L. Frank, Maureen Brook, and I. R. Pringle: Basement-cover relations in Shetland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:109-115, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.09 G. S. Johnstone, Jane Plant, and Janet V. Watson: Regional geochemistry of the Northern Highlands of Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:117-128, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.10 Martin Brewer, Maureen Brook, and Derek Powell: Dating of the tectono-metamorphic history of the southwestern Moine, Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:129-137, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.11 - M. A. J. Piasecki and O. van Breemen: The ‘Central Highland Granulites’: cover-basement tectonics in the Moine / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:139-144, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.12 Donald M. Ramsay and Brian A. Sturt: The status of the Banff nappe / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:145-151, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.13 Charles Barry Long and Bruce William Yardley: The distribution of pre-Caledonian basement in the Ox Mountains inlier, Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:153-156, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.14 - P. S. Kennan, W. E. A. Phillips, and P. Strogen: Pre-Caledonian basement to the paratectonic Caledonides in Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:157-161, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.15 3. Tectonics --- M. R. W. Johnson, D. J. Sanderson, and N. J. Soper: Deformation in the Caledonides of England, Ireland and Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:163-186, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.17 M. P. Coward and A. W. B. Siddans: The tectonic evolution of the Welsh Caledonides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:187-198, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.18 J. L. Roberts and J. E. Treagus: Stratigraphical and structural correlation between the Dalradian rocks of the SW and Central Highlands of Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:199-204, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.19 Peter R. Thomas: New evidence for a Central Highland Root Zone / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:205-211, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.20 H. J. Bradbury, A. L. Harris, and R. A. Smith: Geometry and emplacement of nappes in the Central Scottish Highlands / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:213-220, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.21 Ben Harte: The Tarfside succession and the structure and stratigraphy of the eastern Scottish Dalradian rocks / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:221-228, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.22 Graham J. Borradaile: Pre-tectonic reconstruction of the Islay anticline: implications for the depositional history of Dalradian rocks in the SW Highlands / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:229-238, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.23 D. H. W. Hutton: Dalradian structure in the Creeslough area, NW Donegal, Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:239-241, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.24 Peter William Geoffrey Tanner and Robert Milner Shackleton: Structure and stratigraphy of the Dalradian rocks of the Bennabeola area, Connemara, Eire / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:243-256, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.25 W. E. A. Phillips, A. M. Flegg, and T. B. Anderson: Strain adjacent to the Iapetus suture in Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:257-262, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.26 T. B. Anderson and T. D. J. Cameron: A structural profile of Caledonian deformation in Down / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:263-267, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.27 Martin H. Eales: Structure of the Southern Uplands of Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:269-273, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.28 Thomas J. Kelly and Michael D. Max: A strain section across part of the Caledonian orogen in W Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:275-280, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.29 Patrick M. Shannon: The tectonic evolution of the lower Palaeozoic rocks of extreme SE Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:281-285, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.30 Lindsay M. Parson: The state of strain adjacent to the Great Glen fault / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:287-289, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.31 J. R. Mendum: Caledonian thrusting in NW Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:291-297, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.32 Robert Milner Shackleton: The British Caledonides: comments and summary / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:299-304, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.33 4. Metamorphism --- D. J. Fettes: A metamorphic map of the British and Irish Caledonides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:305-321, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.35 Ben Harte and Neil F. C. Hudson: Pelite facies series and the temperatures and pressures of Dalradian metamorphism in E Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:323-337, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.36 P. R. A. Wells and S. W. Richardson: Thermal evolution of metamorphic rocks in the Central Highlands of Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:339-344, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.37 J. A. Winchester and K. H. Whittles: The pattern of three-dimensional metamorphism in the Killin area, Inverness-shire: a direct method of determining the thickness of metamorphic zones in the Caledonides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:345-349, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.38 Harry J. Bradbury: Migmatisation, deformation and porphyroblast growth in the Dalradian of Tayside, Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:351-356, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.39 J. R. Ashworth: Textural and mineralogical evolution of migmatites / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:357-361, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.40 R. St J. Lambert, J. A. Winchester, and J. G. Holland: Time, space and intensity relationships of the Precambrian and lower Palaeozoic metamorphisms of the Scottish Highlands / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:363-367, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.41 Bruce W. D. Yardley, C. Barry Long, and Michael D. Max: Patterns of metamorphism in the Ox Mountains and adjacent parts of Western Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:369-374, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.42 B

Note: Articles Introduction J. Brooks https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.01 Geological and Geochemical Studies of Northwest European Continental Shelf The role of the Department of Energy in petroleum exploration of the United Kingdom P. J. Walmsley https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.02 Gas Exploration and Reserves in Europe A. Makourine https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.03 A Review of Geochemical Data Related to the Northwest European Gas Province P. C. Barnard and B. S. Cooper https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.04 Surface Geochemical Exploration in the North Sea J. L. Gevirtz, B. D. Carey, and S. R. Blanco https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.05 Analytic Procedure and Results of an Isotope Geochemical Surface Survey in an Area of the British North Sea E. Faber and W. Stahl https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.06 Petroleum Offshore Sniffer Exploration J. Sigalove https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.07 Petroleum Exploration Onshore U.K. G. J. Candy https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.08 North Sea petroleum exploration T. P. Brennand https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.09 Exploration of the Norwegian Shelf Hans Rønnevik, Svein Eggen, and Jan Vollset https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.10 Stratigraphy and Sedimentation of the Palaeocene Sands in the Northern North Sea D. C. Mudge and G. M. Bliss https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.11 Geochemistry of Porosity Enhancement and Reduction in Clastic Sediments C. D. Curtis https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.12 Applications of Geochemistry to Sandstone Reservoir Studies Hilary Irwin and Andrew Hurst https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.13 Organofacies and Early Maturation Effects in Upper Jurassic Sediments From the Inner Moray Firth Basin, North Sea M. J. Pearson and D. Watkins https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.14 Aspects of Burial Diagenesis, Organic Maturation and Palaeothermal History of an Area in the South Viking Graben, North Sea M. J. Pearson, D. Watkins, and J-L Pittion D. Caston and J. S. Small https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.15 Some Geological Controls on Oil Composition in the U.K. North Sea C. Cornford, J. A. Morrow, A. Turrington, J. A. Miles, and J. Brooks https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.16 Kerogen Types, Organic Maturation and Hydrocarbon Occurrences in the Moray Firth and South Viking Graben, North Sea Basin M. J. Fisher and Jennifer A. Miles https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.17 Geochemistry of North and South Brae Areas, North Sea R. H. Reitsema https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.18 The Search for Petroleum in Northern Ireland A. E. Griffith https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.19 Frontier exploration in Western and Northwest Europe D. G. Roberts https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.20 Petroleum Exploration of Europe Origins of Natural Gas in the Po Valley, N. Italy L. Mattavelli, T. Ricchiuto, and D. Grighani M. Schoell https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.21 Isotope Geochemistry of Natural Gases in Central Europe M. Schoell and M. J. Whiticar https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.22 Geochemical Observations and Oil Genesis in the German Alps and their foreland K. Kuckelkorn, H. Wehner, and H. Hufnagel https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.23 Basin Evolution and Hydrocarbon Generation D. P. McKenzie https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.25 Oil Potential of Coals: A Geochemical Approach B. Durand and M. Paratte https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.26 Pyrolysis-Mass Spectrometry in Coal Chemistry: a study of the coalification of vitrites and the typification of Australian Brown Coals P. A. Schenck, J. W. de Leeuw, and T. C. Viets J. Haverkamp https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.27 Identification of Amorphous Sedimentary Organic Matter by Transmitted Light Microscopy D. J. Batten https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.28 Spectral Correlation of Spore Coloration Standards P. M. R. Smith https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.29 Selection Criteria for the Use of Vitrinite Reflectance as a Maturity Tool J. M. A. Buiskool Toxopeus https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.30 Use of Porphyrins as a Maturity Parameter for Oils and Sediments A. J. G. Barwise https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.31 Petroleum Geochemical Principles and Techniques Organic Geochemistry and Basin Modelling — Important Tools in Petroleum Exploration D. H. Welte, M. A. Yükler, M. Radke, D. Leythaeuser, U. Mann, and U. Ritter https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.24 Geological Information on Hydrocarbon Exploration on the U.K. Continental Shelf Introduction G. G. Baxter https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.32 The Compilation of an Earth Science Bibliography for the North Sea and Adjacent Areas D. J. McKay https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.33 Commercially Available Geological Databanks—U.K.C.S. P. Wigley https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.34 Geological Information from Hydrocarbon Exploration on the United Kingdom Continental Shelf J. R. V. Brooks https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.35 EXPHST—A Program to Analyse the History of Exploration Success within a Basin or Country K. J. Chew and H. Stephenson https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.36 The Use of Computerized Information in Britoil, Exploration Division G. G. Baxter https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.37

Note: Contents Volume 1 1 The Climate System: Its Functioning and History / Sylvie Joussaume and Jean-Claude Duplessy 2 The Changing Face of the Earth Throughout the Ages / Frédéric Fluteau and Pierre Sepulchre 3 Introduction to Geochronology / Hervé Guillou 4 Carbon-14 / Martine Paterne, Élisabeth Michel, and Christine Hatté et Jean-Claude Dutay 5 The 40 K/ 40 Ar and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar Methods / Hervé Guillou, Sébastien Nomade, and Vincent Scao 6 Dating of Corals and Other Geological Samples via the Radioactive Disequilibrium of Uranium and Thorium Isotopes / Norbert Frank and Freya Hemsing 7 Magnetostratigraphy: From a Million to a Thousand Years / Carlo Laj, James E. T. Channell, and Catherine Kissel 8 Dendrochronology / Frédéric Guibal and Joël Guiot 9 The Dating of Ice-Core Archives / Frédéric Parrenin 10 Reconstructing the Physics and Circulation of the Atmosphere / Valérie Masson-Delmotte and Joël Guiot 11 Air-Ice Interface: Polar Ice / Valérie Masson-Delmotte and Jean Jouzel 12 Air-Vegetation Interface: Pollen / Joël Guiot 13 Ground-Air Interface: The Loess Sequences, Markers of Atmospheric Circulation / Denis-Didier Rousseau and Christine Hatté 14 Air-Ground Interface: Reconstruction of Paleoclimates Using Speleothems / Dominique Genty and Ana Moreno 15 Air-Interface: d18O Records of Past Meteoric Water Using Benthic Ostracods from Deep Lakes / Ulrich von Grafenstein and Inga Labuhn 16 Vegetation-Atmosphere Interface: Tree Rings / Joël Guiot and Valérie Daux 17 Air-Vegetation Interface: An Example of the Use of Historical Data on Grape Harvests / Valérie Daux 18 Air-Ground Interface: Sediment Tracers in Tropical Lakes / David Williamson 19 Air-water Interface: Tropical Lake Diatoms and Isotope Hydrology Modeling / Florence Sylvestre, Françoise Gasse, Françoise Vimeux, and Benjamin Quesada 20 Air-Ice Interface: Tropical Glaciers / Françoise Vimeux 21 Climate and the Evolution of the Ocean: The Paleoceanographic Data / Thibaut Caley, Natalia Vázquez Riveiros, Laurent Labeyrie, Elsa Cortijo, and Jean-Claude Duplessy Volume 2 22 Climate Evolution on the Geological Timescale and the Role of Paleogeographic Changes / Frédéric Fluteau and Pierre Sepulchre 23 Biogeochemical Cycles and Aerosols Over the Last Million Years / Nathaelle Bouttes, Laurent Bopp, Samuel Albani, Gilles Ramstein, Tristan Vadsaria, and Emilie Capron 24 The Cryosphere and Sea Level / Catherine Ritz, Vincent Peyaud, Claire Waelbroeck, and Florence Colleoni 25 Modeling and Paleoclimatology / Masa Kageyama and Didier Paillard 26 The Precambrian Climate / Yves Goddéris, Gilles Ramstein, and Guillaume Le Hir 27 The Phanerozoic Climate / Yves Goddéris, Yannick Donnadieu, and Alexandre Pohl 28 Climate and Astronomical Cycles / Didier Paillard 29 Rapid Climate Variability: Description and Mechanisms / Masa Kageyama, Didier M. Roche, Nathalie Combourieu Nebout, and Jorge Alvarez-Solas 30 An Introduction to the Holocene and Anthropic Disturbance / Pascale Braconnot and Pascal Yiou 31 From the Climates of the Past to the Climates of the Future / Sylvie Charbit, Nathaelle Bouttes, Aurélien Quiquet, Laurent Bopp, Gilles Ramstein, Jean-Louis Dufresne, and Julien Cattiaux

Note: Contents The Impact of Microplastics on Filter-Feeding Megafauna / Maria Cristina Fossi, Matteo Baini, and Cristina Panti Microplastic Contamination of Sediment and Water Column in the Seine River Estuary / Soline Alligant, Johnny Gasperi, Aline Gangnery, Frank Maheux, Benjamin Simon, Marie-Pierre Halm-Lemille, Maria El Rakwe, Catherine Dreanno, Jérôme Cachot, and Bruno Tassin Plastic Debris in Urban Water and in Freshwater: Lessons Learned from Research Projects Launched in the Seine Basin Catchment / Johnny Gasperi, Soline Alligant, Rachid Dris, Romain Tramoy, Robin Treilles, and Bruno Tassin Insights on Ecotoxicological Effects of Microplastics in Marine Ecosystems: The EPHEMARE Project / Francesco Regoli, Marina Albentosa, Carlo Giacomo Avio, Annika Batel, Maria João Bebianno, Marie-Laure Bégout, Ricardo Beiras, Juan Bellas, Ronny Blust, Agathe Bour, Thomas Braunbeck, Jérôme Cachot, Camilla Catarci Carteny, Bettie Cormier, Xavier Cousin, Alberto Cuesta, María Ángeles Esteban, Marco Faimali, Chiara Gambardella, Francesca Garaventa, Stefania Gorbi, Lúcia Guilhermino, Ketil Hylland, Steffen H. Keiter, Kathrin Kopke, Bénédicte Morin, Alexandre Pacheco, Lucia Pittura, Raewyn M. Town, and Luis R. Vieira What Can Model Polystyrene Nanoparticles Can Teach Us on the Impact of Nanoplastics in Bivalves? Studies in Mytilus from the Molecular to the Organism Level / Manon Auguste, Teresa Balbi, Caterina Ciacci, and Laura Canesi In Vitro Effects of Mercury (Hg) on the Immune Function of Mediterranean Mussel (Mytilus Galloprovincialis) Are Enhanced in Presence of Microplastics in the Extracellular Medium / Concepción Martínez-Gómez, Juan Santos-Echeandía, José R. Rivera-Hernández, Ramón Ortuño, Marina Albentosa, and Víctor M. León Study of Chemical Pollutants over Marine Microplastics Based on Their Composition and Degradation Rate / Bárbara Abaroa-Pérez, Daura Vega-Moreno, and J. Joaquín Hernández-Brito Marine Litter: Are There Solutions to This Environmental Challenge? / Richard C. Thompson and Francesca De Falco Development of a Thermo Degradation Method to Assess Levels and Distribution of Microplastics in Marine Sediments and Its Application in Two Case Studies: The Northern Adriatic Sea (Italy) and Boknafjord (Norway) / Alessio Gomiero, Kjell Birger Øysæd, Pierluigi Strafella, Gianna Fabi, and Giuseppe Scarcella Microplastics Extraction and Counting from Wastewater and Sludge Through Elutriation and Hydrocyclone / Rubén Rodríguez-Alegre, Javier Eduardo Sánchez-Ramírez, Laura Pastor, Silvia Doñate, Adrián Marí, Abel Lara, and Edxon Licon Microfiber Pollution from Source to Mitigation / Francesca De Falco, Emilia Di Pace, Gennaro Gentile, Roberto Avolio, Maria Emanuela Errico, Maurizio Avella, and Mariacristina Cocca Textile Fibres in Mediterranean Surface Waters: Abundance and Composition / Giuseppe Suaria, Marta Musso, Aikaterini Achtypi, Deborah Bassotto, and Stefano Aliani When Size Matters – Textile Microfibers into the Environment / Francisco Belzagui, Carmen Gutiérrez-Bouzán, Antonio Álvarez-Sánchez, and Mercedes Vilaseca Derelict Fishing Gear – Removing a Source of Microplastics from the Marine Environment / Andrea Stolte, Jochen Lamp, Gabriele Dederer, Falk Schneider, Marta Kalinowska, Sylwia Migdal, Marek Press, Vesa Tschernij, and Andreas Frössberg Biodegradable Plastics Do not Form Chemically Persistent Microplastics / Francesco Degli Innocenti Controlled Aging and Degradation of Selected Plastics in Marine Environment: 12 Months of Follow-up / Luca Fambri, Roberto Caria, Fabrizio Atzori, Riccardo Ceccato, and Denis Lorenzi Inhalable Microplastics: A New Cause for Concern? / Frank J. Kelly, Joseph Levermore, and Stephanie Wright Microplastics and Nanoplastics Occurrence and Composition in Drinking Water from Akureyri Urban Area, Iceland / Ásta Margrét Ásmundsdóttir, Alessio Gomiero, and Kjell Birger Øysæd Association of Potential Human Pathogens with Microplastics in Freshwater Systems / Loriane Murphy, Kieran Germaine, David N. Dowling, Thomais Kakouli-Duarte, and John Cleary Sample Preparation and Analysis Methods of Microplastics / Tiziano Battistini, Masenka Mikuz, Giulia Dalla Fontana, Alessio Montarsolo, and Raffaella Mossotti INTO THE MED: Searching for Microplastics from Space to Deep-Sea / Catharina Pieper, Ana Martins, Erik Zettler, Clara Magalhães Loureiro, Victor Onink, Anu Heikkilä, Alexandre Epinoux, Ethan Edson, Vincenzo Donnarumma, Fons de Vogel, Kara Lavender Law, and Linda Amaral-Zettler Analysis of Marine Microplastics in the Water Column Sampled up to 300 M Depth / Daura Vega-Moreno, Bárbara Abaroa-Pérez, and J. Joaquín Hernández-Brito Macro and Microplastics in Stormwater and Combined Sewer Overflows in Paris Megacity / Robin Treilles, Johnny Gasperi, Mohamed Saad, Alain Rabier, Jérôme Breton, Vincent Rocher, Sabrina Guérin, and Bruno Tassin The Effect of Drinking Water Ozonation on Different Types of Submicron Plastic Particles / Gerardo Pulido-Reyes, Denise M. Mitrano, Ralf Kägi, and Urs von Gunten Microplastic in Coastal Areas - Impact of Waves, Sediments and Saltwater on the Degradation Behaviour / Maximilian P. Born and Holger Schüttrumpf The Role of Humic Acids on the Effects of Nanoplastics in Fish / I. Brandts, J. C. Balasch, A. Tvarijonaviciute, A. Barreto, M. A. Martins, L. Tort, M. Oliveira, and M. Teles Preliminary Data on the Polymer Type Identification from Estuarine Environmental Samples / Gonçalo Brás Gomes, Vanessa Morgado, and Carla Palma Qualitative and Quantitative Screening of Organic Pollutants Associated on Microplastics from Ofanto River (South Italy) / Claudia Campanale, Giuseppe Bagnuolo, Georg Dierkes, Carmine Massarelli, and Vito Felice Uricchio Assessment of Microplastic Pollution in Sarno River / Francesca De Falco, Emilia Di Pace, Gennaro Gentile, Rachele Castaldo, Roberto Avolio, Maria Emanuela Errico, Maurizio Avella, Giancarlo Chiavazzo, Mariateresa Imaparato, Francesca Montuoro, Luca Pucci, Stefania Di Vito, and Mariacristina Cocca Holistic Approach to the Marine Microplastics: Sampling, Characterization, Consequences / Agnieszka Dąbrowska Marine Microplastics at Santuario Pelagos / Agnieszka Dąbrowska Microplastics Uptake and Egestion Dynamics in Pacific Oysters, Magallana Gigas (Thunberg, 1793), Under Controlled Conditions / Philip Graham, Luca Palazzo, Stefano Carboni, Trevor Telfer, Maura Baroli, and Giuseppe Andrea de Lucia Extraction Protocol Optimization for Detection of Microplastics in Digestive System Contents of Loggerhead Turtle (Caretta Caretta) / Ludovica Di Renzo, Giuseppina Mascilongo, Federica Di Giacinto, Daniela Zezza, Gabriella Di Francesco, Vincenzo Olivieri, Miriam Berti, Antonio Petrini, and Nicola Ferri Study of Plastics Debris Collected on the North Beaches of the Garda Lake After the Severe Storm Vaia in Autumn 2018 / Luca Fambri, Giada Bombardelli, Claudia Gavazza, Alfredo Casagranda, Paola Battocchi, and Renzo Tomasi Microplastics and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Occurrence in a Demersal Fish (Solea solea) in the Adriatic Sea / Emanuela Frapiccini, Giulio Pellini, Alessio Gomiero, Giuseppe Scarcella, Stefano Guicciardi, Anna Annibaldi, Mattia Betti, and Mauro Marini Ecotoxicological Effects of Microplastics in Marine Zooplankton / Silvia Morgana, Chiara Gambardella, Elisa Costa, Veronica Piazza, Francesca Garaventa, and Marco Faimali Occurrence of Microplastics in the Gastrointestinal Tracts (GITs) of the Common Dolphinfish, Coryphaena Hippurus, from the Western Mediterranean Sea / Gabriella Schirinzi, Cristina Pedà, Franco Andaloro, Matteo Baini, Pietro Battaglia, Michela D’Alessandro, Martina Genovese, Marinella Farré, Cristina Panti, Maria Cristina Fossi, and Teresa Romeo Effects of Polymethacrylate Nanoplastics on Lipid Metabolism in Sparus Aurata / C. Barría, I. Brandts, J. C. Balasch, A. Tvarijonaviciute, A. Barreto, M. A. Martins, L. Tort, M. Oliveira, and M. Teles Measuring the Size and the Charge of Microplastics in Aqueous Suspensions With and With

Note: Contents Part I 1 An Introduction / Douglas C. Nord 2 NordForsk as a Facilitator of Integrated Research on the Arctic / Gunnel Gustafsson Part II 3 CLINF: Climate-Change Effects on the Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, and the Associated Impacts on Northern Societies / Birgitta Evengård and Tomas Thierfelder 4 CLINF: An Integrated Project Design / Tomas Thierfelder and Birgitta Evengård 5 Modeling Climate Sensitive Infectious Diseases in the Arctic / Gia Destouni, Zahra Kalantari, Shaun Quegan, Didier Leibovici, Juha Lemmetyinen, and Jaakko Ikonen 6 Reindeer Herding and Coastal Pastures: Adaptation to Multiple Stressors and Cumulative Effects / Grete K. Hovelsrud, Camilla Risvoll, Jan Åge Riseth, Hans Tømmervik, Anna Omazic, and Ann Albihn Part III 7 The ARCPATH Project: Assessing Risky Environments and Rapid Change: Research on Climate, Adaptation and Coastal Communities in the North Atlantic Arctic / Astrid E. J. Ogilvie, Yongqi Gao, Níels Einarsson, Noel Keenlyside, and Leslie A. King 8 The Climate Model: An ARCPATH Tool to Understand and Predict Climate Change / Shuting Yang, Yongqi Gao, Koenigk Torben, Noel Keenlyside, and François Counillon 9 Whale Ecosystem Services and Co-production Processes Underpinning Human Wellbeing in the Arctic: Case Studies from Greenland, Iceland and Norway / Laura Malinauskaite, David Cook, Brynhildur Davíðsdóttir, and Helga Ögmundardóttir 10 “Small Science”: Community Engagement and Local Research in an Era of Big Science Agendas / Catherine Chambers, Leslie A. King, David Cook, Laura Malinauskaite, Margaret Willson, Astrid E. J. Ogilvie, and Níels Einarsson Part IV 11 Project ReiGN: Reindeer Husbandry in a Globalizing North–Resilience, Adaptations and Pathways for Actions / Øystein Holand, Jon Moen, Jouko Kumpula, Annette Löf, Sirpa Rasmus, and Knut Røed 12 What Drives the Number of Semi-domesticated Reindeer? Pasture Dynamics and Economic Incentives in Fennoscandian Reindeer Husbandry / Antti-Juhani Pekkarinen, Jouko Kumpula, and Olli Tahvonen 13 Reindeer Herders as Stakeholders or Rights-Holders? Introducing a Social Equity-Based Conceptualization Relevant for Indigenous and Local Communities / Simo Sarkki, Hannu I. Heikkinen, and Annette Löf 14 Working Together: Reflections on a Transdisciplinary Effort of Co-producing Knowledge on Supplementary Feeding in Reindeer Husbandry Across Fennoscandia / Tim Horstkotte, Élise Lépy, and Camilla Risvoll Part V 15 Is There Such a Thing as ‘Best Practice’? Exploring the Extraction/Sustainability Dilemma in the Arctic / Sverker Sörlin 16 When Mines Go Silent: Exploring the Afterlives of Extraction Sites / Dag Avango and Gunhild Rosqvist 17 Mining Emotions: Affective Approaches to Resource Extraction / Frank Sejersen and Kirsten Thisted Part VI 18 The Challenge of Synthesis: Lessons from Arctic Climate Predictions: Pathways to Resilient, Sustainable Societies (ARCPATH) / Leslie A. King and Astrid E. J. Ogilvie 19 The Assessment and Evaluation of Arctic Research – Where Have We Come From and Where Do We Need to Go in the Future? / Andre van Amstel, Amy Lauren Lovecraft, Maureen Biermann, Roberta Marinelli, and Douglas C. Nord 20 Findings and Conclusions: Pathways to Action / Douglas C. Nord

Note: Contents 1 Introduction / Jørgen Berge, Geir Johnsen, and Jonathan H. Cohen 2 The Marine Physical Environment During the Polar Night / Finlo Cottier and Marie Porter 3 Light in the Polar Night / Jonathan H. Cohen, Jørgen Berge, Mark A. Moline, Geir Johnsen, and Artur P. Zolich 4 Marine Micro- and Macroalgae in the Polar Night / Geir Johnsen, Eva Leu, and Rolf Gradinger 5 Zooplankton in the Polar Night / Jørgen Berge, Malin Daase, Laura Hobbs, Stig Falk-Petersen, Gerald Darnis, and Janne E. Søreide 6 Benthic Communities in the Polar Night / Paul E. Renaud, William G. Ambrose Jr., and Jan Marcin Węsławski 7 Fish Ecology During the Polar Night / Maxime Geoffroy and Pierre Priou 8 Biological Clocks and Rhythms in Polar Organisms / Kim S. Last, N. Sören Häfker, Vicki J. Hendrick, Bettina Meyer, Damien Tran, and Fabio Piccolin 9 Sensor-Carrying Platforms / Asgeir J. Sørensen, Martin Ludvigsen, Petter Norgren, Øyvind Ødegård, and Finlo Cottier 10 Operative Habitat Mapping and Monitoring in the Polar Night / Geir Johnsen, Aksel A. Mogstad, Jørgen Berge, and Jonathan H. Cohen 11 Life and Light at the Dead of Night / Jørgen Berge and Geir Johnsen Index

Note: Contents Part I Pigments and Pigment Organelles 1 Pigments in Insects / Ryo Futahashi and Mizuko Osanai-Futahashi 2 Melanins in Vertebrates / Kazumasa Wakamatsu and Shosuke Ito 3 Body Color Expression in Birds / Toyoko Akiyama and Keiji Kinoshita 4 Pigments in Teleosts and their Biosynthesis / Tetsuaki Kimura 5 Bioluminescence and Pigments / José Paitio and Yuichi Oba Part II Pigment Cell and Patterned Pigmentation 6 Development of Melanin-Bearing Pigment Cells in Birds and Mammals / Heinz Arnheiter and Julien Debbache 7 Pigment Cell Development in Teleosts / Hisashi Hashimoto, Makoto Goda, and Robert N. Kelsh 8 Pigment Patterning in Teleosts / Jennifer Owen, Christian Yates, and Robert N. Kelsh 9 Theoretical Studies of Pigment Pattern Formation / Seita Miyazawa, Masakatsu Watanabe, and Shigeru Kondo 10 Evolution of Pigment Pattern Formation in Teleosts / David M. Parichy and Yipeng Liang 11 Mechanisms of Feather Structural Coloration and Pattern Formation in Birds / Shinya Yoshioka and Toyoko Akiyama 12 Mechanism of Color Pattern Formation in Insects / Yuichi Fukutomi and Shigeyuki Koshikawa Part III Color Changes 13 Physiological and Morphological Color Changes in Teleosts and in Reptiles / Makoto Goda and Takeo Kuriyama 14 Color Change in Cephalopods / Yuzuru Ikeda 15 Physiological and Biochemical Mechanisms of Insect Color Change Towards Understanding Molecular Links / Minoru Moriyama

Note: Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 What is Deep Learning? 1.2 Pros and Cons of Deep Learning 1.3 Recent Applications of Deep Learning in Hydrometeorological and Environmental Studies 1.4 Organization of Chapters 1.5 Summary and Conclusion References 2 Mathematical Background 2.1 Linear Regression Model 2.1.1 Simple Linear Regression 2.1.2 Multiple Linear Regression 2.2 Time Series Model 2.2.1 Autoregressive Model (AR) 2.3 Probability Distributions 2.3.1 Normal Distributions 2.3.2 Gamma Distribution 2.4 Exercises References 3 Data Preprocessing 3.1 Normalization 3.2 Data Splitting for Training and Testing 3.3 Exercises 4 Neural Network 4.1 Terminology in Neural Network 4.1.1 Components of Neural Network 4.1.2 Activation Functions 4.1.3 Error and Loss Function 4.1.4 Softmax and One-Hot Encoding 4.2 Artificial Neural Network 4.2.1 Simplest Network 4.2.2 Feedforward and Backward Propagation 4.2.3 Network with Multiple Input and Output Variables 4.2.4 Python Coding of the Simple Network 4.3 Exercises 5 Training a Neural Network 5.1 Initialization 5.2 Gradient Descent 5.3 Backpropagation 5.3.1 Simple Network 5.3.2 Full Neural Network 5.3.3 Python Coding of Network 5.4 Exercises Reference 6 Updating Weights 6.1 Momentum 6.2 Adagrad 6.3 RMSprop 6.4 Adam 6.5 Nadam 6.6 Python Coding of Updating Weights 6.7 Exercises References 7 Improving Model Performance 7.1 Batching and Minibatch 7.2 Validation 7.2.1 Python Coding of K-Fold Cross-Validation 7.3 Regularization 7.3.1 L-Norm Regularization 7.3.2 Dropout 7.3.3 Python Coding of Regularization 7.4 Exercises Reference 8 Advanced Neural Network Algorithms 8.1 Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) 8.1.1 Basic ELM 8.1.2 Generalized ELM 8.1.3 Python Coding 8.2 Autoencoder 8.2.1 Vanilla Autoencoder 8.2.2 Regularized Autoencoder 8.2.3 Python Coding of Regularized AE 8.3 Exercises Reference 9 Deep Learning for Time Series 9.1 Recurrent Neural Network 9.1.1 Backpropagation 9.1.2 Backpropagation Through Time (BPTT) 9.2 Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) 9.2.1 Basics of LSTM 9.2.2 Example of LSTM 9.2.3 Backpropagation of a Simple LSTM 9.2.4 Backpropagation Through Time (BPTT) 9.3 Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) 9.3.1 Basics of GRU 9.3.2 Example of GRU 9.3.3 Backpropagation of a Simple GRU Model 9.4 Exercises References 10 Deep Learning for Spatial Datasets 10.1 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) 10.1.1 Definition of Convolution 10.1.2 Elements of CNN 10.2 Backpropagation of CNN 10.3 Exercises 11 Tensorflow and Keras Programming for Deep Learning 11.1 Basic Keras Modeling 11.2 Temporal Deep Learning (LSTM and GRU) 11.3 Spatial Deep Learning (CNN) 11.4 Exercises References 12 Hydrometeorological Applications of Deep Learning 12.1 Stochastic Simulation with LSTM 12.1.1 Mathematical Description for Stochastic Simulation with LSTM 12.1.2 Colorado Monthly Streamflow 12.1.3 Results of Colorado River 12.1.4 Python Coding 12.1.5 Matlab Coding 12.2 Forecasting Daily Temperature with LSTM 12.2.1 Preparing the Data 12.2.2 Methodology 12.2.3 Results 12.2.4 Python Coding 12.3 Exercises References 13 Environmental Applications of Deep Learning 13.1 Remote Sensing of Water Quality Using CNN 13.1.1 Introduction 13.1.2 Study Area and Monitoring 13.1.3 Field Data Collection 13.1.4 Point-Centered Regression CNN (PRCNN) 13.1.5 Results and Discussion 13.1.6 Conclusion 13.1.7 Python Coding References

Note: Contents Part I Introduction Introduction to Limnogeology: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities: A Tribute to Elizabeth Gierlowski-Kordesch / Michael R. Rosen, Lisa Park Boush, David B. Finkelstein, and Sila Pla-Pueyo Part II African Lake Modern and Ancient Animal Traces in the Extreme Environments of Lake Magadi and Nasikie Engida, Kenya Rift Valley / Jennifer J. Scott, Robin W. Renaut, Luis A. Buatois, R. Bernhart Owen, Emma P. McNulty, Mona Stockhecke, Kennie Leet, Tim K. Lowenstein, and M. Gabriela Mángano Part III European Lakes Lake-Level Fluctuations and Allochthonous Lignite Deposition in the Eocene Pull-Apart Basin “Prinz von Hessen” (Hesse, Germany) – A Palynological Study / Maryam Moshayedi, Olaf K. Lenz, Volker Wilde, and Matthias Hinderer How Changes of Past Vegetation and Human Impact Are Documented in Lake Sediments: Paleoenvironmental Research in Southwestern Germany, a Review / Manfred Rösch, Karl-Heinz Feger, Elske Fischer, Matthias Hinderer, Lucas Kämpf, Angelika Kleinmann, Jutta Lechterbeck, Elena Marinova, Antje Schwalb, Gegeensuvd Tserendorj, and Lucia Wick Large-Scale Slumps and Associated Resedimented Deposits in Miocene Lake Basins from SE Spain / José P. Calvo, David Gómez-Gras, and Miguel A. Rodríguez-Pascua Lacustrine and Fluvial Carbonate Microbialites in the Neogene of the Ebro Basin, Spain: A Summary of Up-to-Date Knowledge / Concha Arenas-Abad, Leticia Martin-Bello, F. Javier Pérez-Rivarés, Nerea Santos-Bueno, and Marta Vázquez-Urbez Part IV North America Ecological Response of Ostracodes (Arthropoda, Crustacea) to Lake-Level Fluctuations in the Eocene Green River Formation, Fossil Basin, Wyoming, USA /Lisa E. Park Boush, Christine M. S. Hall, Lucas S. Antonietto, and Andrew J. McFarland History of Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA: since the Termination of Lake Bonneville / Charles G. Oviatt, Genevieve Atwood, and Robert S. Thompson What’s New About the Old Bonneville Basin? Fresh Insights About the Modern Limnogeology of Great Salt Lake / Kathleen Nicoll Middle Holocene Hydrologic Changes Catalyzed by River Avulsion in Big Soda Lake, Nevada, USA / Michael R. Rosen, Liam Reidy, Scott Starratt, and Susan R. H. Zimmerman Diatom Record of Holocene Moisture Variability in the San Bernardino Mountains, California, USA / Scott W. Starratt, Matthew E. Kirby, and Katherine Glover A 12,000 Year Diatom-Based Paleoenvironmental Record from Lago De Zirahuén, Mexico / Isabel Israde-Alcántara, C. G. Vázquez, Sarah Davies, Ben Aston, and Margarita Caballero Miranda Sedimentary Record of the Zacapu Basin, Michoacán, México, and Implications for P’urhépecha Culture During the Preclassic and Postclassic Periods / Diana C. Soria-Caballero, Víctor Hugo Garduño-Monroy, Isabel Israde-Alcántara, Ángel G. Figueroa-Soto, M. Gabriela Gómez-Vasconcelos, and Nathalie Fagel Stratigraphy and Sedimentology of the Upper Pleistocene to Holocene Lake Chalco Drill Cores (Mexico Basin) / Blas Valero-Garcés, Mona Stockhecke, Socorro Lozano-García, Beatriz Ortega, Margarita Caballero, Peter Fawcett, Josef P. Werne, Erik Brown, Susana Sosa Najera, Kristin Pearthree, David McGee, Alastair G. E. Hodgetts, and Rodrigo Martínez Submarine Groundwater Discharge as a Catalyst for Eodiagenetic Carbonate Cements Within Marine Sedimentary Basins / Elizabeth H. Gierlowski-Kordesch, Gar W. Rothwell, Ruth A. Stockey, and David B. Finkelstein Part V South America Reconstructing Paleoenvironmental Conditions Through Integration of Paleogeography, Stratigraphy, Sedimentology, Mineralogy and Stable Isotope Data of Lacustrine Carbonates: An Example from Early Middle Triassic Strata of Southwest Gondwana, Cuyana Rift, Argentina / C. A. Benavente, A. C. Mancuso, and K. M. Bohacs Part VI Asia Modern Sedimentary Systems of Qinghai Lake / Jiang Zaixing and Liu Chao Freshwater Microbialites in Early Jurassic Fluvial Strata of the Pranhita-Godavari Gondwana Basin, India / Suparna Goswami and Parthasarathi Ghosh Index

Note: Contents Part I Defining the Problem 1 Introduction 1.1 A Comment on the Guide 1.2 If You Are Studying for a PhD 1.3 If You Are a PhD Supervisor or PhD Course Coordinator 1.4 If You Are a Concerned Friend or Family Member References 2 Challenging Perceptions: What Is Mental Health Anyway? 2.1 The Mental Health Continuum 2.2 Barriers to Seeking Help 2.3 Recognising the Signs 2.4 Helping Others 2.5 What Mental Health Isn’t 2.6 To Declare or Not to Declare?: That Is the Question References 3 Setting the Scene: Understanding the PhD Mental Health Crisis 3.1 Exploring the Data 3.2 What Is the Cause? 3.3 Research Culture 3.4 The Ups and Downs of the PhD Journey 3.5 There Is Hope References Part II Mindset Matters 4 Self-Care: Without You There Is No PhD 4.1 Setting the Foundations 4.2 Establishing a Good Sleep Schedule 4.3 Eat Nutritious Food 4.4 Physical Exercise 4.5 Managing Finances 4.6 Examples of Self-Care 4.7 Putting Self-Care in Context of a PhD 4.8 Acknowledging There May Be a Problem: Addiction 4.9 Setting Boundaries 4.10 What to Do If You Reach Burnout 4.11 Navigating Self-Care as a Part-Time PhD Student References 5 Not Another Yoga Session: University Wellbeing Programs and Why They so Often Miss the Mark 5.1 Reactive Not Proactive 5.2 Trying Something New 5.3 Building Resilience 5.4 The Darker Side of Resilience References 6 “I’ll Read It Later” and Other Lies We Tell Ourselves: Managing Expectations and Guilt 6.1 Starting Out 6.2 Changing the World 6.3 Planning Your PhD 6.4 You Are Entitled to (and Deserve) Breaks 6.5 Becoming an Expert 6.6 First Time Failing 6.7 Be Grateful (or Else) 6.8 Productivity and Time Management 6.9 Prioritising References 7 Why You Earned It: Fighting the Impostor 7.1 Understanding the Value You Bring 7.2 Receiving Recognition 7.3 Receiving Critique 7.4 Comparing Yourself With Others 7.5 Asking for Help 7.6 Redefining Your Self-Worth 7.7 Perfectionism 7.8 Email ‘Anxiety’ 7.9 Presentation Nerves 7.10 Fighting Back 7.11 Discriminatory Gaslighting References Part III Environmental Stressors 8 Dismantling the Ivory Tower: Systemic Issues That Might Impact Your Mental Health 8.1 The Ivory Tower 8.2 Systemic Racism 8.3 Gender Discrimination 8.4 Sexual Harassment 8.5 Bullying 8.6 LGBT+ Discrimination 8.7 Being “First Generation” 8.8 Classism 8.9 Financial Concerns 8.10 Ableism, Disability and Neurodivergence 8.11 Ageism 8.12 Isolation and Culture Shock 8.13 A Comment on Intersectionality 8.14 Changing the Research Culture 8.15 In the Meantime, What Can You Do? 8.16 Finding Light in a Dark Place References 9 Perhaps It’s Not You It’s Them: PhD Student-Supervisor Relationships 9.1 Choosing Your Supervisor 9.2 The Role of a PhD Supervisor 9.3 Understanding What Makes a Supportive Supervisor 9.4 At Odds 9.5 The Flaw in the System 9.6 Identifying Your Supervisor’s Working Style 9.7 Pervasive, Damaging Biases 9.8 When Things Go Seriously Wrong (and It Is Definitely not Your Fault) 9.9 What You Can Do If Your Supervisor Is Abusive 9.10 Effective Communication 9.11 What to Do if You Have a Disagreement References 10 Publish or Perish: On the Myth of Meritocracy 10.1 It Is Not an Equal Playing Field 10.2 The Publication Process 10.3 Managing Reviewer 2 10.4 Publishing Options 10.5 Who Is Perishing, Anyway? 10.6 Perfectionism 10.7 Writing Your Thesis 10.8 Research Misconduct 10.9 What to Do if You Realise Research Misconduct Is Happening References 11 The High-Walled Rose Garden: Understanding There Is Life Outside the Academy 11.1 So What Does This Mean for You and Surviving Your PhD? 11.2 Finding Out What You Truly Enjoy 11.3 Reframing Your Skillsets 11.4 Transitioning from Your PhD 11.5 Debunking the Myths 11.6 Should I Stay or Should I Go? References Part IV Seeking Help 12 Thriving, Not Just Surviving 12.1 Identifying the Problem Set 12.2 Sharing the Hypothesis with Others 12.3 Conversation Starters 12.4 Finding a Support Network 12.5 Online Communities 12.6 Speaking About Your Mental Health with Your PhD Superviso 12.7 Lack of Understanding 12.8 Seeking External Assistance to Achieve Your Goal 12.9 If You Are at Crisis Point 12.10 The Elephant in the Room 12.11 Leading the Change 12.12 Not Just Surviving References Resources