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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Ecosystem Collapse and Climate Change (2021)
    Cham :Springer International Publishing :
    Details
    Keywords: Biotic communities. ; Ecology . ; Conservation biology. ; Environmental management. ; Physical geography. ; Sustainability. ; Ecosystems. ; Ecology. ; Conservation Biology. ; Environmental Management. ; Earth System Sciences. ; Sustainability.
    Description / Table of Contents: Ecosystem Collapse and Climate Change: An Introduction -- PART I. Polar and Boreal Ecosystems -- Ecosystem Collapse on a Sub-Antarctic Island -- Permafrost Thaw in Northern Peatlands: Rapid Changes in Ecosystem and Landscape Functions -- Post-fire Recruitment Failure as a Driver of Forest to Non-forest Ecosystem Shifts in Boreal Regions -- A Paleo-perspective on Ecosystem Collapse in Boreal North America -- PART II. Temperate and Semi-arid Ecosystems -- The 2016 Tasmanian Wilderness Fires: Fire Regime Shifts and Climate Change in a Gondwanan Biogeographic Refugium -- Climate-Induced Global Forest Shifts due to Heatwave-Drought -- Extreme Events Trigger Terrestrial and Marine Ecosystem Collapses in the Southwestern USA and Southwestern Australia -- PART III. Tropical and Temperate Coastal Ecosystems -- Processes and Factors Driving Change in Mangrove Forests: An Evaluation Based on the Mass Dieback Event in Australia’s Gulf of Carpentaria -- Recurrent Mass-Bleaching and the Potential for Ecosystem Collapse on Australia’s Great Barrier Reef -- Sliding Toward the Collapse of Mediterranean Coastal Marine Rocky Ecosystems -- Marine Heatwave Drives Collapse of Kelp Forests in Western Australia -- Impact of Marine Heatwaves on Seagrass Ecosystems.
    Abstract: Human-driven greenhouse emissions are increasing the velocity of climate change and the frequency and intensity of climate extremes far above historical levels. These changes, along with other human-perturbations, are setting the conditions for more rapid and abrupt ecosystem dynamics and collapse. This book presents new evidence on the rapid emergence of ecosystem collapse in response to the progression of anthropogenic climate change dynamics that are expected to intensify as the climate continues to warm. Discussing implications for biodiversity conservation, the chapters provide examples of such dynamics globally covering polar and boreal ecosystems, temperate and semi-arid ecosystems, as well as tropical and temperate coastal ecosystems. Given its scope, the volume appeals to scientists in the fields of general ecology, terrestrial and coastal ecology, climate change impacts, and biodiversity conservation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: VIII, 366 p. 93 illus., 86 illus. in color. , online resource.
    Edition: 1st ed. 2021.
    ISBN: 9783030713300
    Series Statement: Ecological Studies, Analysis and Synthesis, 241
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71330-0
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-71330-0
    DDC: 577
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Ecosystem collapse and climate change (2021)
    Cham : Springer
    Associated volumes
    Details
    Call number: 9783030713300 (e-book)
    In: Ecological studies, Volume 241
    Description / Table of Contents: Human-driven greenhouse emissions are increasing the velocity of climate change and the frequency and intensity of climate extremes far above historical levels. These changes, along with other human-perturbations, are setting the conditions for more rapid and abrupt ecosystem dynamics and collapse. This book presents new evidence on the rapid emergence of ecosystem collapse in response to the progression of anthropogenic climate change dynamics that are expected to intensify as the climate continues to warm. Discussing implications for biodiversity conservation, the chapters provide examples of such dynamics globally covering polar and boreal ecosystems, temperate and semi-arid ecosystems, as well as tropical and temperate coastal ecosystems. Given its scope, the volume appeals to scientists in the fields of general ecology, terrestrial and coastal ecology, climate change impacts, and biodiversity conservation.
    Type of Medium: 12
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (viii, 366 Seiten) , Illustrationen, Diagramme
    Edition: corrected publication 2021
    ISBN: 9783030713300 , 978-3-030-71330-0
    ISSN: 0070-8356 , 2196-971X
    Series Statement: Ecological studies 241
    URL: Ebook (access only within the AWI network)
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-71330-0
    Language: English
    Note: Contents 1 Ecosystem Collapse and Climate Change: An Introduction / Josep G. Canadell and Robert B. Jackson Part I Polar and Boreal Ecosystems 2 Ecosystem Collapse on a Sub-Antarctic Island / Dana M. Bergstrom, Catherine R. Dickson, David J. Baker, Jennie Whinam, Patricia M. Selkirk, and Melodie A. McGeoch 3 Permafrost Thaw in Northern Peatlands: Rapid Changes in Ecosystem and Landscape Functions / David Olefeldt, Liam Heffernan, Miriam C. Jones, A. Britta K. Sannel, Claire C. Treat, and Merritt R. Turetsky 4 Post-fire Recruitment Failure as a Driver of Forest to Non-forest Ecosystem Shifts in Boreal Regions / Arden Burrell, Elena Kukavskaya, Robert Baxter, Qiaoqi Sun, and Kirsten Barrett 5 A Paleo-perspective on Ecosystem Collapse in Boreal North America / Serge Payette Part II Temperate and Semi-arid Ecosystems 6 The 2016 Tasmanian Wilderness Fires: Fire Regime Shifts and Climate Change in a Gondwanan Biogeographic Refugium / David M. J. S. Bowman, Dario Rodriguez-Cubillo, and Lynda D. Prior 7 Climate-Induced Global Forest Shifts due to Heatwave-Drought / Francisco Lloret and Enric Batllori 8 Extreme Events Trigger Terrestrial and Marine Ecosystem Collapses in the Southwestern USA and Southwestern Australia / Katinka X. Ruthrof, Joseph B. Fontaine, David D. Breshears, Jason P. Field, and Craig D. Allen Part III Tropical and Temperate Coastal Ecosystems 9 Processes and Factors Driving Change in Mangrove Forests: An Evaluation Based on the Mass Dieback Event in Australia’s Gulf of Carpentaria / Norman C. Duke, Lindsay B. Hutley, Jock R. Mackenzie, and Damien Burrows 10 Recurrent Mass-Bleaching and the Potential for Ecosystem Collapse on Australia’s Great Barrier Reef / Morgan S. Pratchett, Scott F. Heron, Camille Mellin, and Graeme S. Cumming 11 Sliding Toward the Collapse of Mediterranean Coastal Marine Rocky Ecosystems / Joaquim Garrabou, Jean-Baptiste Ledoux, Nathaniel Bensoussan, Daniel Gómez-Gras, and Cristina Linares 12 Marine Heatwave Drives Collapse of Kelp Forests in Western Australia / Thomas Wernberg 13 Impact of Marine Heatwaves on Seagrass Ecosystems / Oscar Serrano, Ariane Arias-Ortiz, Carlos M. Duarte, Gary A. Kendrick, and Paul S. Lavery Correction to: Ecosystem Collapse on a Sub-Antarctic Island / Dana M. Bergstrom, Catherine R. Dickson, David J. Baker, Jennie Whinam, Patricia M. Selkirk, and Melodie A. McGeoch Index
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  • 3
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    Soil inorganic carbon content from great plains of the United States of America and Pampas of Argentina (2020)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-30
    Description: This dataset compiles soil carbonate (i.e., soil inorganic carbon or SIC) content (% C) up to 7.8 m depth under natural vegetation (grassland or woodland) and cropland (rain-fed or irrigated). The dataset was collected to examine whether SIC content changes with decades-old agricultural conversion of natural vegetation. SIC represent more than a quarter of the terrestrial carbon pool and are often considered to be relatively stable, with fluxes significant only on geologic timescales. However, given the importance of climatic water balance on SIC accumulation, we tested the hypothesis that increased soil water storage and transport resulting from cultivation may enhance dissolution of SIC, altering their local stock at decadal timescales. We compared SIC storage to 7.3 m depth in eight sites across the Great Plains of the United States of America and the Pampas grasslands of Argentina, each site having paired plots of native vegetation and rain-fed croplands, and half of the sites having additional irrigated cropland plots. We took soil samples down to 8.5 m depth using a direct-push coring rig in the US sites and hand augers at the Argentinean sites. Sampling increments were every 0.3 m in the top 0.61 m of the soil and every 0.61 m thereafter in the US sites, and every 0.2 m to 1 m depth, then every 0.3 m to 4 m depth, and every 0.5 m thereafter in the Argentina sites. Sieved and homogenized soil samples were oven-dried at 60°C for for SIC measurement with a Carlo Erba Elemental Analyzer using the two-temperature combustion method. SIC contents are expressed as %C by weight; we note that this differs from carbonate contents reported by local soil surveys, which are %CaCO3 by weight. Inorganic carbon contents (%C) of the soil and carbonate nodules by depth were multiplied by soil and nodule weights and summed to estimate SIC storage.
    Keywords: Calcium Carbonate; Carbon, inorganic, total; DEPTH, soil; Elemental analyzer, CARLO ERBA; Event label; General-Levalle_soil; Goodwell_soil; Great Plains, United States of America; Hole; LATITUDE; LONGITUDE; Pampas, Argentina; Parera_soil; Quanah_soil; Riesel_soil; Rio-Bamba_soil; San-Angelo_soil; Site; SOIL; soil carbonates; soil inorganic carbon; Soil profile; Tribune_soil; Vegetation type
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 5256 data points
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  • 4
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    Recalculation of air tempertures across the Eocene-Ologocene boundary of ODP Hole 151-913B (2012)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-09
    Keywords: 151-913B; AGE; Calculated; DEPTH, sediment/rock; DRILL; Drilling/drill rig; DSDP/ODP/IODP sample designation; Joides Resolution; Leg151; Methylation index of dominant branched tetraethers; North Greenland Sea; Ocean Drilling Program; ODP; Sample code/label; Temperature, air, annual mean
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 96 data points
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  • 5
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    Revised calibration of the MBT-CBT paleotemperature proxy (2012)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Peterse, Francien; van der Meer, Jaap; Schouten, Stefan; Weijers, Johan W H; Fierer, Noah; Jackson, Robert B; Kim, Jung-Hyun; Sinninghe Damsté, Jaap S (2012): Revised calibration of the MBT–CBT paleotemperature proxy based on branched tetraether membrane lipids in surface soils. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 96, 215-229, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.08.011
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-09
    Description: The MBT-CBT proxy for the reconstruction of paleotemperatures and past soil pH is based on the distribution of branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (brGDGT) membrane lipids. The Methylation of Branched Tetraether (MBT) and the Cyclisation of Branched Tetraether (CBT) indices were developed to quantify these distributions, and significant empirical relations between these indices and annual mean air temperature (MAT) and/or soil pH were found in a large data set of soils. In this study, we extended this soil dataset to 278 globally distributed surface soils. Of these soils, 26% contains all nine brGDGTs, while in 63% of the soils the seven most common brGDGTs were detected, and the latter were selected for calibration purposes. This resulted in new transfer functions for the reconstruction of pH based on the CBT index: pH = 7.90-1.97 × CBT (r**2 = 0.70; RMSE = 0.8; n = 176), as well as for MAT based on the CBT index and methylation index based on the seven most abundant GDGTs (defined as MBT'): MAT = 0.81-5.67 × CBT + 31.0 × MBT' (r**2 = 0.59; RMSE = 5.0 °C; n = 176). The new transfer function for MAT has a substantially lower correlation coefficient than the original equation (r**2 = 0.77). To investigate possible improvement of the correlation, we used our extended global surface soil dataset to statistically derive the indices that best describe the relations of brGDGT composition with MAT and soil pH. These new indices, however, resulted in only a relatively minor increase in correlation coefficients, while they cannot be explained straightforwardly by physiological mechanisms. The large scatter in the calibration cannot be fully explained by local factors or by seasonality, but MAT for soils from arid regions are generally substantially (up to 20 °C) underestimated, suggesting that absolute brGDGT-based temperature records for these areas should be interpreted with caution. The applicability of the new MBT'-CBT calibration function was tested using previously published MBT-CBT-derived paleotemperature records covering the last deglaciation in Central Africa and East Asia, the Eocene-Oligocene boundary and the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum. The results show that trends remain similar in all records, but that absolute temperature estimates and the amplitude of temperature changes are lower for most records, and generally in better agreement with independent proxy data.
    Keywords: Ocean Drilling Program; ODP
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 3 datasets
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 6
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    Compilation of worldwide branched GDGTs distribution, and MBT' and CBT determination in surface soils (2012)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-12
    Keywords: Branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether; Comment; Cyclization ratio of branched tetraethers; DEPTH, sediment/rock; LATITUDE; LONGITUDE; Methylation index of dominant branched tetraethers; Ocean Drilling Program; ODP; pH, soil; Precipitation, annual mean; Reference/source; Sample code/label; Temperature, air, annual mean
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 3943 data points
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  • 7
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    Compilation of worldwide branched GDGTs distribution in surface soils (2012)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-12
    Keywords: Branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether; Comment; DEPTH, sediment/rock; LATITUDE; LONGITUDE; Methylation index of dominant branched tetraethers; Ocean Drilling Program; ODP; pH, soil; Reference/source; Sample code/label; Temperature, air, annual mean
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 3951 data points
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  • 8
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    The Global Methane Budget 2000–2017 (2021)
    EGU - Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-17
    Description: Understanding and quantifying the global methane (CH4) budget is important for assessing realistic pathways to mitigate climate change. Atmospheric emissions and concentrations of CH4 continue to increase, making CH4 the second most important human-influenced greenhouse gas in terms of climate forcing, after carbon dioxide (CO2). The relative importance of CH4 compared to CO2 depends on its shorter atmospheric lifetime, stronger warming potential, and variations in atmospheric growth rate over the past decade, the causes of which are still debated. Two major challenges in reducing uncertainties in the atmospheric growth rate arise from the variety of geographically overlapping CH4 sources and from the destruction of CH4 by short-lived hydroxyl radicals (OH). To address these challenges, we have established a consortium of multidisciplinary scientists under the umbrella of the Global Carbon Project to synthesize and stimulate new research aimed at improving and regularly updating the global methane budget. Following Saunois et al. (2016), we present here the second version of the living review paper dedicated to the decadal methane budget, integrating results of top-down studies (atmospheric observations within an atmospheric inverse-modelling framework) and bottomup estimates (including process-based models for estimating land surface emissions and atmospheric chemistry, inventories of anthropogenic emissions, and data-driven extrapolations). For the 2008–2017 decade, global methane emissions are estimated by atmospheric inversions (a top-down approach) to be 576 TgCH4 yr􀀀1 (range 550–594, corresponding to the minimum and maximum estimates of the model ensemble). Of this total, 359 TgCH4 yr􀀀1 or 60% is attributed to anthropogenic sources, that is emissions caused by direct human activity (i.e. anthropogenic emissions; range 336–376 TgCH4 yr􀀀1 or 50 %–65 %). The mean annual total emission for the new decade (2008–2017) is 29 TgCH4 yr􀀀1 larger than our estimate for the previous decade (2000–2009), and 24 TgCH4 yr􀀀1 larger than the one reported in the previous budget for 2003–2012 (Saunois et al., 2016). Since 2012, global CH4 emissions have been tracking the warmest scenarios assessed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Bottom-up methods suggest almost 30% larger global emissions (737 TgCH4 yr􀀀1, range 594–881) than top-down inversion methods. Indeed, bottom-up estimates for natural sources such as natural wetlands, other inland water systems, and geological sources are higher than top-down estimates. The atmospheric constraints on the top-down budget suggest that at least some of these bottom-up emissions are overestimated. The latitudinal distribution of atmospheric observation-based emissions indicates a predominance of tropical emissions ( 65% of the global budget, 〈30 N) compared to mid-latitudes ( 30 %, 30–60 N) and high northern latitudes ( 4 %, 60–90 N). The most important source of uncertainty in the methane budget is attributable to natural emissions, especially those from wetlands and other inland waters. Some of our global source estimates are smaller than those in previously published budgets (Saunois et al., 2016; Kirschke et al., 2013). In particular wetland emissions are about 35 TgCH4 yr􀀀1 lower due to improved partition wetlands and other inland waters. Emissions from geological sources and wild animals are also found to be smaller by 7 TgCH4 yr􀀀1 by 8 TgCH4 yr􀀀1, respectively. However, the overall discrepancy between bottom-up and top-down estimates has been reduced by only 5% compared to Saunois et al. (2016), due to a higher estimate of emissions from inland waters, highlighting the need for more detailed research on emissions factors. Priorities for improving the methane budget include (i) a global, high-resolution map of water-saturated soils and inundated areas emitting methane based on a robust classification of different types of emitting habitats; (ii) further development of process-based models for inland-water emissions; (iii) intensification of methane observations at local scales (e.g., FLUXNET-CH4 measurements) and urban-scale monitoring to constrain bottom-up land surface models, and at regional scales (surface networks and satellites) to constrain atmospheric inversions; (iv) improvements of transport models and the representation of photochemical sinks in top-down inversions; and (v) development of a 3D variational inversion system using isotopic and/or co-emitted species such as ethane to improve source partitioning.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1561–1623
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 9
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    The global methane budget 2000–2012 (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-29
    Description: The global methane (CH4) budget is becoming an increasingly important component for managing realistic pathways to mitigate climate change. This relevance, due to a shorter atmospheric lifetime and a stronger warming potential than carbon dioxide, is challenged by the still unexplained changes of atmospheric CH4 over the past decade. Emissions and concentrations of CH4 are continuing to increase, making CH4 the second most important human-induced greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide. Two major difficulties in reducing uncertainties come from the large variety of diffusive CH4 sources that overlap geographically, and from the destruction of CH4 by the very short-lived hydroxyl radical (OH). To address these difficulties, we have established a consortium of multi-disciplinary scientists under the umbrella of the Global Carbon Project to synthesize and stimulate research on the methane cycle, and producing regular ( biennial) updates of the global methane budget. This consortium includes atmospheric physicists and chemists, biogeochemists of surface and marine emissions, and socio-economists who study anthropogenic emissions. Following Kirschke et al. (2013), we propose here the first version of a living review paper that integrates results of top-down studies (exploiting atmospheric observations within an atmospheric inverse-modelling framework) and bottom-up models, inventories and data-driven approaches (including process-based models for estimating land surface emissions and atmospheric chemistry, and inventories for anthropogenic emissions, data-driven extrapolations). For the 2003–2012 decade, global methane emissions are estimated by top-down inversions at 558 TgCH4 yr􀀀1, range 540–568. About 60% of global emissions are anthropogenic (range 50–65 %). Since 2010, the bottom-up global emission inventories have been closer to methane emissions in the most carbon intensive Representative Concentrations Pathway (RCP8.5) and higher than all other RCP scenarios. Bottom-up approaches suggest larger global emissions (736 TgCH4 yr􀀀1, range 596–884) mostly because of larger natural emissions from individual sources such as inland waters, natural wetlands and geological sources. Considering the atmospheric constraints on the top-down budget, it is likely that some of the individual emissions reported by the bottom-up approaches are overestimated, leading to too large global emissions. Latitudinal data from top-down emissions indicate a predominance of tropical emissions ( 64% of the global budget, 〈 30 N) as compared to mid ( 32 %, 30–60 N) and high northern latitudes ( 4 %, 60–90 N). Top-down inversions consistently infer lower emissions in China ( 58 TgCH4 yr􀀀1, range 51–72, 􀀀14 %) and higher emissions in Africa (86 TgCH4 yr􀀀1, range 73–108, C19 %) than bottom-up values used as prior estimates. Overall, uncertainties for anthropogenic emissions appear smaller than those from natural sources, and the uncertainties on source categories appear larger for top-down inversions than for bottom-up inventories and models. The most important source of uncertainty on the methane budget is attributable to emissions from wetland and other inland waters. We show that the wetland extent could contribute 30–40% on the estimated range for wetland emissions. Other priorities for improving the methane budget include the following: (i) the development of process-based models for inland-water emissions, (ii) the intensification of methane observations at local scale (flux measurements) to constrain bottom-up land surface models, and at regional scale (surface networks and satellites) to constrain top-down inversions, (iii) improvements in the estimation of atmospheric loss by OH, and (iv) improvements of the transport models integrated in top-down inversions. The data presented here can be downloaded from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (http://doi.org/10.3334/CDIAC/GLOBAL_METHANE_BUDGET_2016_V1.1) and the Global Carbon Project.
    Description: Published
    Description: 697–751
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 10
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    Global Carbon Budget 2017 (2018)
    In:  EPIC3Earth System Science Data, 10(1), pp. 405-448, ISSN: 1866-3516
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-27
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
    Format: application/pdf
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