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  • 1
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    Toward an adequate level of detail in flood risk assessments (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-24
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Flood risk assessments require different disciplines to understand and model the underlying components hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. Many methods and data sets have been refined considerably to cover more details of spatial, temporal, or process information. We compile case studies indicating that refined methods and data have a considerable effect on the overall assessment of flood risk. But are these improvements worth the effort? The adequate level of detail is typically unknown and prioritization of improvements in a specific component is hampered by the lack of an overarching view on flood risk. Consequently, creating the dilemma of potentially being too greedy or too wasteful with the resources available for a risk assessment. A “sweet spot” between those two would use methods and data sets that cover all relevant known processes without using resources inefficiently. We provide three key questions as a qualitative guidance toward this “sweet spot.” For quantitative decision support, more overarching case studies in various contexts are needed to reveal the sensitivity of the overall flood risk to individual components. This could also support the anticipation of unforeseen events like the flood event in Germany and Belgium in 2021 and increase the reliability of flood risk assessments.〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: BMBF http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: Federal Environment Agency http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100010809
    Description: http://howas21.gfz-potsdam.de/howas21/
    Description: https://www.umwelt.niedersachsen.de/startseite/themen/wasser/hochwasser_amp_kustenschutz/hochwasserrisikomanagement_richtlinie/hochwassergefahren_und_hochwasserrisikokarten/hochwasserkarten-121920.html
    Description: https://download.geofabrik.de/europe/germany.html
    Description: https://emergency.copernicus.eu/mapping/list-of-components/EMSN024
    Description: https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/collection/id-0054
    Description: https://oasishub.co/dataset/surface-water-flooding-footprinthurricane-harvey-august-2017-jba
    Description: https://www.wasser.sachsen.de/hochwassergefahrenkarte-11915.html
    Keywords: ddc:551.48 ; decision support ; extreme events ; integrated flood risk management ; risk assessment
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Small lateral air pressure gradients generated by a large chamber system have a strong effect on CO2 transport in soil (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-09
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Gas transport in soils is usually assumed to be purely diffusive, although several studies have shown that non‐diffusive processes can significantly enhance soil gas transport. These processes include barometric air pressure changes, wind‐induced pressure pumping and static air pressure fields generated by wind interacting with obstacles. The associated pressure gradients in the soil can cause advective gas fluxes that are much larger than diffusive fluxes. However, the contributions of the respective transport processes are difficult to separate. We developed a large chamber system to simulate pressure fields and investigate their influence on soil gas transport. The chamber consists of four subspaces in which pressure is regulated by fans that blow air in or out of the chamber. With this setup, we conducted experiments with oscillating and static pressure fields. CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 concentrations were measured along two soil profiles beneath the chamber. We found a significant relationship between static lateral pressure gradients and the change in the CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 profiles (R〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 = 0.53; 〈italic toggle="no"〉p〈/italic〉‐value 〈2e‐16). Even small pressure gradients between −1 and 1 Pa relative to ambient pressure resulted in an increase or decrease in CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 concentrations of 8% on average in the upper soil, indicating advective flow of air in the pore space. Positive pressure gradients resulted in decreasing, negative pressure gradients in increasing CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 concentrations. The concentration changes were probably caused by an advective flow field in the soil beneath the chamber generated by the pressure gradients. No effect of oscillating pressure fields was observed in this study. The results indicate that static lateral pressure gradients have a substantial impact on soil gas transport and therefore are an important driver of gas exchange between soil and atmosphere. Lateral pressure gradients in a comparable range can be induced under windy conditions when wind interacts with terrain features. They can also be caused by chambers used for flux measurements at high wind speed or by fans used for head‐space mixing within the chambers, which yields biased flux estimates.〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; advective flux ; chamber flux measurements ; static air pressure fields ; wind‐induced pressure pumping
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Redoxtrons – An experimental system to study redox processes within the capillary fringe (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-18
    Description: Spatiotemporal characterisation of the soil redox status within the capillary fringe (CF) is a challenging task. Air‐filled porosities (ε), oxygen concentration (O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉) and soil redox potential (EH) are interrelated soil variables within active biogeochemical domains such as the CF. We investigated the impact of water table (WT) rise and drainage in an undisturbed topsoil and subsoil sample taken from a Calcaric Gleysol for a period of 46 days. We merged 1D (EH and matric potential) and 2D (O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉) systems to monitor at high spatiotemporal resolution redox dynamics within self‐constructed redoxtron housings and complemented the data set by a 3D pore network characterization using X‐ray microtomography (X‐ray μCT). Depletion of O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 was faster in the organic matter‐ and clay‐rich aggregated topsoil and the CF extended 〉10 cm above the artificial WT. The homogeneous and less‐aggregated subsoil extended only 4 cm above the WT as indicated by ε–O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉–EH data during saturation. After drainage, 2D O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 imaging revealed a fast aeration towards the lower depths of the topsoil, which agrees with the connected ε derived by X‐ray μCT (ε〈sub〉CT_conn〈/sub〉) of 14.9% of the total porosity. However, small‐scaled anoxic domains with O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 saturation 〈5% were apparent even after lowering the WT (down to 0.25 cm〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 in size) for 23 days. These domains remained a nucleus for reducing soil conditions (E〈sub〉H〈/sub〉 〈 −100 mV), which made it challenging to characterise the soil redox status in the CF. In contrast, the subsoil aeration reached O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 saturation after 8 days for the complete soil volume. Values of ε〈sub〉CT_conn〈/sub〉 around zero in the subsoil highlighted that soil aeration was independent of this parameter suggesting that other variables such as microbial activity must be considered when predicting the soil redox status from ε alone. The use of redoxtrons in combination with localised redox‐measurements and image based pore space analysis resulted in a better 2D/3D characterisation of the pore system and related O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 transport properties. This allowed us to analyse the distribution and activity of microbiological niches highly associated with the spatiotemporal variable redox dynamics in soil environments. Highlights: The time needed to turn from reducing to oxidising (period where all platinum electrodes feature E〈sub〉H〈/sub〉 〉 300 mV) condition differ for two samples with contrasting soil structure. The subsoil with presumably low O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 consumption rates aerated considerably faster than the topsoil and exclusively by O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 diffusion through medium‐ and fine‐sized pores. To derive the soil redox status based upon the triplet ε–O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉–E〈sub〉H〈/sub〉 is challenging at present in heterogeneous soil domains and larger soil volumes than 250 cm〈sup〉3〈/sup〉. Undisturbed soil sampling along with 2D/3D redox measurement systems (e.g., redoxtrons) improve our understanding of redox dynamics within the capillary fringe.
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; environmental monitoring ; incubation experiments ; redox processes ; soil reducing conditions ; undisturbed soil ; X‐ray microtomography
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    The dilemma of analytical method changes for soil organic carbon in long‐term experiments (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-17
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈sec xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="ejss13362-sec-1003" xml:lang="en"〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Long‐term experiments (LTEs) have provided data to modellers and agronomists to investigate changes and dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) under different cropping systems. As treatment changes have occurred due to agricultural advancements, so too have analytical soil methods. This may lead to method bias over time, which could affect the robust interpretation of data and conclusions drawn. This study aims to quantify differences in SOC due to changes in dry combustion methods over time, using soil samples of a LTE established in 1963 that focuses on mineral and organic fertilizer management in the temperate zone of Northeast Germany. For this purpose, 1059 soil samples, collected between 1976 and 2008, have been analysed twice, once with their historical laboratory method right after sampling, and a second time in 2016 when all samples were analysed using the same elementary analyser. In 9 of 11 soil sampling campaigns, a paired 〈italic toggle="no"〉t〈/italic〉‐test provided evidence for significant differences in the historical SOC values when compared with the re‐analysed concentrations of the same LTE sample. In the sampling years 1988 and 2004, the historical analysis obtained about 0.9 g kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 lower SOC compared with the re‐analysed one. For 1990 and 1998, this difference was about 0.4 g kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉. Correction factors, an approach often used to correct for different analytical techniques, could only be applied for 5 of 11 sampling campaigns to account for constant and proportional systematic method error. For this particular LTE, the interpretation of SOC changes due to agronomic management (here fertilization) deviates depending on the analytical method used, which may weaken the explanatory power of the historical data. We demonstrate that analytical method changes over time present one of many challenges in the interpretation of time series data of SOC dynamics. Therefore, LTE site managers need to ensure providing all necessary protocols and data in order to retrace method changes and if necessary recalculate SOC.〈/p〉 〈/sec〉〈sec xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="ejss13362-sec-0003" xml:lang="en"〉 〈title〉Highlights〈/title〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉〈list list-type="bullet" id="ejss13362-list-0001"〉 〈list-item id="ejss13362-li-0001"〉〈p〉A total of 1059 LTE soil samples taken between 1976 and 2008 were re‐analysed for SOC in 2016〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item id="ejss13362-li-0002"〉〈p〉Several methodological changes for SOC determination led to significant different SOC concentration in the same sample〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item id="ejss13362-li-0003"〉〈p〉Interpretation and time series of LTE soil data suffer from consideration of analytical method changes and poor documentation of the same〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item id="ejss13362-li-0004"〉〈p〉Soil archive establishment, thorough method protocols and diligent proficiency testing after soil method changes ameliorate the dilemma〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉〈/p〉 〈/sec〉
    Description: Brandenburger Staatsministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kultur http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004581
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004937
    Description: https://doi.org/10.4228/zalf-acge-b683
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; Bland–Altman ; carbon stocks ; data trueness ; Deming regression ; method bias ; soil archive ; soil survey
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Optimised use of data fusion and memory‐based learning with an Austrian soil library for predictions with infrared data (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-12
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Infrared spectroscopy in the visible to near‐infrared (vis–NIR) and mid‐infrared (MIR) regions is a well‐established approach for the prediction of soil properties. Different data fusion and training approaches exist, and the optimal procedures are yet undefined and may depend on the heterogeneity present in the set and on the considered scale. The objectives were to test the usefulness of partial least squares regressions (PLSRs) for soil organic carbon (SOC), total carbon (C〈sub〉t〈/sub〉), total nitrogen (N〈sub〉t〈/sub〉) and pH using vis–NIR and MIR spectroscopy for an independent validation after standard calibration (use of a general PLSR model) or using memory‐based learning (MBL) with and without spiking for a national spectral database. Data fusion approaches were simple concatenation of spectra, outer product analysis (OPA) and model averaging. In total, 481 soils from an Austrian forest soil archive were measured in the vis–NIR and MIR regions, and regressions were calculated. Fivefold calibration‐validation approaches were carried out with a region‐related split of spectra to implement independent validations with n ranging from 47 to 99 soils in different folds. MIR predictions were generally superior over vis–NIR predictions. For all properties, optimal predictions were obtained with data fusion, with OPA and spectra concatenation outperforming model averaging. The greatest robustness of performance was found for OPA and MBL with spiking with 〈italic toggle="no"〉R〈/italic〉〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 ≥ 0.77 (N), 0.85 (SOC), 0.86 (pH) and 0.88 (C〈sub〉t〈/sub〉) in the validations of all folds. Overall, the results indicate that the combination of OPA for vis–NIR and MIR spectra with MBL and spiking has a high potential to accurately estimate properties when using large‐scale soil spectral libraries as reference data. However, the reduction of cost‐effectiveness using two spectrometers needs to be weighed against the potential increase in accuracy compared to a single MIR spectroscopy approach.〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; data fusion ; independent validation ; infrared spectroscopy ; MBL ; nitrogen ; outer product analysis ; pH ; soil organic carbon ; spiking ; total carbon
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    Importance of catchment hydrological processes and calibration of hydrological‐hydrodynamic rainfall‐runoff models in small rural catchments (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-19
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉In recent years, many two‐dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic models have been extended to include the direct rainfall method (DRM). This allows their application as a hydrological‐hydrodynamic model for the determination of floodplains in one model system. In previous studies on DRM, the role of catchment hydrological processes (CaHyPro) and its interaction with the calibration process was not investigated in detail. In the present, case‐oriented study, the influence of the spatiotemporal distribution of the processes precipitation and runoff formation in combination with the 2D model HEC‐RAS is investigated. In a further step, a conceptual approach for event‐based interflow is integrated. The study is performed on the basis of a single storm event in a small rural catchment (low mountain range, 38 km〈sup〉2〈/sup〉) in Hesse (Germany). The model results are evaluated against six quality criteria and compared to a simplified baseline model. Finally, the calibrated improved model is contrasted with a calibrated baseline model. The results show the enhancement of the model results due to the integration of the CaHyPro and highlight its interplay with the calibrated model parameters.〈/p〉
    Keywords: ddc:551.48 ; 2D hydrodynamic modeling ; calibration ; direct rainfall modeling ; hydrological processes ; radar data ; runoff formation
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    BODIUM—A systemic approach to model the dynamics of soil functions (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-26
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The increasing demand for biomass for food, animal feed, fibre and bioenergy requires optimization of soil productivity, while at the same time, protecting other soil functions such as nutrient cycling and buffering, carbon storage, habitat for biological activity and water filter and storage. Therefore, one of the main challenges for sustainable agriculture is to produce high yields while maintaining all the other soil functions. Mechanistic simulation models are an essential tool to fully understand and predict the complex interactions between physical, biological and chemical processes of soils that generate those functions. We developed a soil model to simulate the impact of various agricultural management options and climate change on soil functions by integrating the relevant processes mechanistically and in a systemic way. As a special feature, we include the dynamics of soil structure induced by tillage and biological activity, which is especially relevant in arable soils. The model operates on a 1D soil profile consisting of a number of discrete layers with dynamic thickness. We demonstrate the model performance by simulating crop growth, root growth, nutrient and water uptake, nitrogen cycling, soil organic matter turnover, microbial activity, water distribution and soil structure dynamics in a long‐term field experiment including different crops and different types and levels of fertilization. The model is able to capture essential features that are measured regularly including crop yield, soil organic carbon, and soil nitrogen. In this way, the plausibility of the implemented processes and their interactions is confirmed. Furthermore, we present the results of explorative simulations comparing scenarios with and without tillage events to analyse the effect of soil structure on soil functions. Since the model is process‐based, we are confident that the model can also be used to predict quantities that have not been measured or to estimate the effect of management measures and climate states not yet been observed. The model thus has the potential to predict the site‐specific impact of management decisions on soil functions, which is of great importance for the development of a sustainable agriculture that is currently also on the agenda of the ‘Green Deal’ at the European level.〈/p〉
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: https://git.ufz.de/bodium/bodium_v1.0
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; agriculture ; computational model ; simulation ; soil microbiology ; soil structure ; sustainable soil
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Temperature and soil moisture change microbial allocation of pesticide‐derived carbon (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-18
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Temperature and soil moisture are known to control pesticide mineralization. Half‐life times (DT〈sub〉50〈/sub〉) derived from pesticide mineralization curves generally indicate longer residence times at low soil temperature and moisture but do not consider potential changes in the microbial allocation of pesticide‐derived carbon (C). We aimed to determine carbon use efficiency (CUE, formation of new biomass relative to total C uptake) to better understand microbial utilization of pesticide‐derived C under different environmental conditions and to support the conventional description of degradation dynamics based on mineralization. We performed a microcosm experiment at two MCPA (2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid) concentrations (1 and 20 mg kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉) and defined 20°C/pF 1.8 as optimal and 10°C/pF 3.5 as limiting environmental conditions. After 4 weeks, 70% of the initially applied MCPA was mineralized under optimal conditions but MCPA mineralization reached less than 25% under limiting conditions. However, under limiting conditions, an increase in CUE was observed, indicating a shift towards anabolic utilization of MCPA‐derived C. In this case, increased C assimilation implied C storage or the formation of precursor compounds to support resistance mechanisms, rather than actual growth since we did not find an increase in the 〈italic toggle="no"〉tfdA〈/italic〉 gene relevant to MCPA degradation. We were able to confirm the assumption that under limiting conditions, C assimilation increases relative to mineralization and that C redistribution, may serve as an explanation for the difference between mineralization and MCPA dissipation‐derived degradation dynamics. In addition, by introducing CUE to the temperature‐ and moisture‐dependent degradation of pesticides, we can capture the underlying microbial constraints and adaptive mechanisms to changing environmental conditions.〈/p〉
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Changing environmental conditions alter the MCPA degradation dynamics and the allocation of pesticide‐derived carbon to anabolic or catabolic metabolism.〈boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="graphic" id="ejss13417-blkfxd-0001" xml:lang="en"〉 〈graphic position="anchor" id="jats-graphic-1" xlink:href="urn:x-wiley:13510754:media:ejss13417:ejss13417-toc-0001"〉 〈/graphic〉 〈/boxed-text〉〈/p〉
    Description: Collaborative Research Center 1253 CAMPOS (DFG)
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: DFG Priority Program 2322 “Soil System”
    Description: Ellrichshausen Foundation
    Description: Research Training Group “Integrated Hydrosystem modeling”
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5081655
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; anabolism ; carbon use efficiency ; catabolism ; effect of soil moisture and temperature ; gene‐centric process model ; MCPA biodegradation
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Fifty years after deep‐ploughing: Effects on yield, roots, nutrient stocks and soil structure (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-30
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Deep‐ploughing far beyond the common depth of 30 cm was used more than 50 years ago in Northern Germany with the aim to break root‐restricting layers and thereby improve access to subsoil water and nutrient resources. We hypothesized that effects of this earlier intervention on soil properties and yields prevailed after 50 years. Hence, we sampled two sandy soils and one silty soil (Cambisols and a Luvisol) of which half of the field had been deep‐ploughed 50 years ago (soils then re‐classified as Treposols). The adjacent other half was not deep‐ploughed and thus served as the control. At all the three sites, both deep‐ploughed and control parts were then conventionally managed over the last 50 years. We assessed yields during the dry year 2019 and additionally in 2020, and rooting intensity at the year of sampling (2019), as well as changes in soil structure, carbon and nutrient stocks in that year. We found that deep‐ploughing improved yields in the dry spell of 2019 at the sandy sites, which was supported by a more general pattern of higher NDVI indices in deep‐ploughed parts for the period from 2016 to 2021 across varying weather conditions. Subsoil stocks of soil organic carbon and total plant‐available phosphorus were enhanced by 21%–199% in the different sites. Root biomass in the subsoil was reduced due to deep‐ploughing at the silty site and was increased or unaffected at the sandy sites. Overall, the effects of deep‐ploughing were site‐specific, with reduced bulk density in the buried topsoil stripes in the subsoil of the sandy sites, but with elevated subsoil density in the silty site. Hence, even 50 years after deep‐ploughing, changes in soil properties are still detectable, although effect size differed among sites.〈/p〉
    Description: BonaRes http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100022576
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; aggregates ; carbon sequestration ; deep‐ploughing ; macronutrients ; subsoil ; Treposol
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Inspecting the Reliability of Geochemical Facies Identified for the Waterworks' Capture Zone in Germany (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Malden, US
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    Publication Date: 2022-09-27
    Description: Little research attention has been given to validating clusters obtained from the groundwater geochemistry of the waterworks' capture zone with a prevailing lake‐groundwater exchange. To address this knowledge gap, we proposed a new scheme whereby Gaussian finite mixture modeling (GFMM) and Spike‐and‐Slab Bayesian (SSB) algorithms were utilized to cluster the groundwater geochemistry while quantifying the probability of the resulting cluster membership against each other. We applied GFMM and SSB to 13 geochemical parameters collected during different sampling periods at 13 observation points across the Barnim Highlands plateau located in the northeast of Berlin, Germany; this included 10 observation wells, two lakes, and a gallery of drinking production wells. The cluster analysis of GFMM yielded nine clusters, either with a probability ≥0.8, while the SSB produced three hierarchical clusters with a probability of cluster membership varying from 〈0.2 to 〉0.8. The findings demonstrated that the clustering results of GFMM were in good agreement with the classification as per the principal component analysis and Piper diagram. By superimposing the parameter clustering onto the observation clustering, we could identify discrepancies that exist among the parameters of a certain cluster. This enables the identification of different factors that may control the geochemistry of a certain cluster, although parameters of that cluster share a strong similarity. The GFMM results have shown that from 2002, there has been active groundwater inflow from the lakes towards the capture zone. This means that it is necessary to adopt appropriate measures to reverse the inflow towards the lakes.
    Description: Article impact statement: The probability of cluster membership quantified using an algorithm should be validated against another probabilistic‐based classifier.
    Description: Federal Ministry of Education and Research http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Keywords: ddc:551.9 ; ddc:551.49
    Language: English
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  • 11
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    Application of mixed‐effects modelling and rule‐based models to explain copper variation in soil profiles of southern Germany (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-01
    Description: Copper (Cu) is an essential element for plants and microorganisms and at larger concentrations a toxic pollutant. A number of factors controlling Cu dynamics have been reported, but information on quantitative relationships is scarce. We aimed to (i) quantitatively describe and predict soil Cu concentrations (CuAR) in aqua regia considering site‐specific effects and effects of pH, soil organic carbon (SOC) and cation exchange capacity (CEC), and (ii) study the suitability of mixed‐effects modelling and rule‐based models for the analysis of long‐term soil monitoring data. Thirteen uncontaminated long‐term monitoring soil profiles in southern Germany were analysed. Since there was no measurable trend of increasing CuAR concentrations with time in the respective depth ranges of the sites, data from different sampling dates were combined and horizon‐specific regression analyses including model simplifications were carried out for 10 horizons. Fixed‐ and mixed‐effects models with the site as a random effect were useful for the different horizons and significant contributions (either of main effects or interactions) of SOC, CEC and pH were present for 9, 8 and 7 horizons, respectively. Horizon‐specific rule‐based cubist models described the CuAR data similarly well. Validations of cubist models and mixed‐effects models for the CuAR concentrations in A horizons were successful for the given population after random splitting into calibration and validation samples, but not after independent validations with random splitting according to sites. Overall, site, CEC, SOC and pH provide important information for a description of CuAR concentrations using the different regression approaches. Highlights: Information on quantitative relationships for factors controlling Cu dynamics is scarce. Site, CEC, SOC and pH provide important information for a description of Cu concentrations. Validations of cubist models and mixed‐effects models for A horizons were successful for a closed population of sites.
    Description: Bavarian State Ministry of the Environment and Consumer Protection http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100010219
    Description: Ministry of Agriculture and Environment Mecklenburg‐Western Pomerania
    Keywords: ddc:631.4
    Language: English
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    Millimetre scale aeration of the rhizosphere and drilosphere (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-04
    Description: Soil aeration is a critical factor for oxygen‐limited subsoil processes, as transport by diffusion and advection is restricted by the long distance to the free atmosphere. Oxygen transport into the soil matrix is highly dependent on its connectivity to larger pore channels like earthworm and root colonised biopores. Here we hypothesize that the soil matrix around biopores represents different connectivity depending on biopore genesis and actual coloniser. We analysed the soil pore system of undisturbed soil core samples around biopores generated or colonised by roots and earthworms and compared them with the pore system of soil, not in the immediacy of a biopore. Oxygen partial pressure profiles and gas relative diffusion was measured in the rhizosphere and drilosphere from the biopore wall into the bulk soil with microelectrodes. The measurements were linked with structural features such as porosity and connectivity obtained from X‐ray tomography and image analysis. Aeration was enhanced in the soil matrix surrounding biopores in comparison to the bulk soil, shown by higher oxygen concentrations and higher relative diffusion coefficients. Biopores colonised by roots presented more connected lateral pores than earthworm colonised ones, which resulted in enhanced aeration of the rhizosphere compared to the drilosphere. This has influenced biotic processes (microbial turnover/mineralization or root respiration) at biopore interfaces and highlights the importance of microstructural features for soil processes and their dependency on the biopore's coloniser.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:631.4
    Language: English
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    Response of subsoil organic matter contents and physical properties to long‐term, high‐rate farmyard manure application (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-26
    Description: Application of farmyard manure (FYM) is common practice to improve physical and chemical properties of arable soil and crop yields. However, studies on effects of FYM application mainly focussed on topsoils, whereas subsoils have rarely been addressed so far. We, therefore, investigated the effects of 36‐year FYM application with different rates of annual organic carbon (OC) addition (0, 469, 938 and 1875 g C m−2 a−1) on OC contents of a Chernozem in 0–30 cm (topsoil) and 35–45 cm (subsoil) depth. We also investigated its effects on soil structure and hydraulic properties in subsoil. X‐ray computed tomography was used to analyse the response of the subsoil macropore system (≥19 μm) and the distribution of particulate organic matter (POM) to different FYM applications, which were related to contents in total OC (TOC) and water‐extractable OC (WEOC). We show that FYM‐C application of 469 g C m−2 a−1 caused increases in TOC and WEOC contents only in the topsoil, whereas rates of ≥938 g C m−2 a−1 were necessary for TOC enrichment also in the subsoil. At this depth, the subdivision of TOC into different OC sources shows that most of the increase was due to fresh POM, likely by the stimulation of root growth and bioturbation. The increase in subsoil TOC went along with increases in macroporosity and macropore connectivity. We neither observed increases in plant‐available water capacity nor in unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. In conclusion, only very high application of FYM over long periods can increase OC content of subsoil at our study site, but this increase is largely based on fresh, easily degradable POM and likely accompanied by high C losses when considering the discrepancy between OC addition rate by FYM and TOC response in soil. Highlights A new image processing procedure to distinguish fresh and decomposed POM. The increase of subsoil C stock based to a large extend on fresh, labile POM. Potential of arable subsoils for long‐term C storage by large FYM application rates is limited. The increase in TOC has no effect on hydraulic properties of the subsoil.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:631.4
    Language: English
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    Non‐exchangeable stable hydrogen isotope ratios in clay minerals and soil clay fractions: A method test (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-20
    Description: Stable hydrogen isotope ratios (δ2H values) in structural hydroxyl groups of pedogenic clay minerals are inherited from the surrounding water at the time of their formation. Only non‐exchangeable H preserves the environmental forensic and paleoclimate information (δ2Hn value). To measure δ2Hn values in structural H of clay minerals and soil clay fractions, we adapted a steam equilibration method by accounting for high hygroscopicity. Our δ2Hn values for USGS57 biotite (−95.3 ± SD 0.9‰) and USGS58 muscovite (30.7 ± 1.4‰) differed slightly but significantly from the reported δ2H values (−91.5 ± 2.4‰ and −28.4 ± 1.6‰), because the minerals contained 1.1%–4.4% of exchangeable H. The low SD of replicate measurements (n = 3) confirmed a high precision. The clay separation method including destruction of Fe oxides, carbonates and soil organic matter, and dispersion did not significantly change the δ2Hn values of five different clay minerals. However, we were unable to remove all organic matter from the soil clay fractions resulting in an estimated bias of 1‰ in two samples and 15‰ in the carbon‐richest sample. Our results demonstrate that δ2Hn values of structural H of clay minerals and soil clay fractions can be reliably measured without interference from atmospheric water and the method used to separate the soil clay fraction. Highlights We tested steam equilibration to determine stable isotope ratios of structural H in clay. Gas‐tight capsule sealing in Ar atmosphere was necessary to avoid remoistening. Our steam equilibration method showed a high accuracy and precision. The clay separation method did not change stable isotope ratios of structural H in clay.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:549 ; controlled isotope exchange technique ; deuterium ; montmorillonite ; soil clay separation ; soil organic matter removal ; steam equilibration ; structural H ; USGS57 biotite ; vermiculite ; δ2H
    Language: English
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    Potential erodibility of semi‐arid steppe soils derived from aggregate stability tests (2022)
    Koza, Moritz ; Pöhlitz, Julia ; Prays, Aleksey ; [et al.]
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-26
    Description: Erosion is a severe threat to the sustainable use of agricultural soils. However, the structural resistance of soil against the disruptive forces steppe soils experience under field conditions has not been investigated. Therefore, 132 topsoils under grass‐ and cropland covering a large range of physico‐chemical soil properties (sand: 2–76%, silt: 18–80%, clay: 6–30%, organic carbon: 7.3–64.2 g kg−1, inorganic carbon: 0.0–8.5 g kg−1, pH: 4.8–9.5, electrical conductivity: 32–946 μS cm−1) from northern Kazakhstan were assessed for their potential erodibility using several tests. An adjusted drop‐shatter method (low energy input of 60 Joule on a 250‐cm3 soil block) was used to estimate the stability of dry soil against weak mechanical forces, such as saltating particles striking the surface causing wind erosion. Three wetting treatments with various conditions and energies (fast wetting, slow wetting, and wet shaking) were applied to simulate different disruptive effects of water. Results indicate that aggregate stability was higher for grassland than cropland soils and declined with decreasing soil organic carbon content. The results of the drop‐shatter test suggested that 29% of the soils under cropland were at risk of wind erosion, but only 6% were at high risk (i.e. erodible fraction 〉60%). In contrast, the fast wetting treatment revealed that 54% of the samples were prone to become “very unstable” and 44% “unstable” during heavy rain or snowmelt events. Even under conditions comparable to light rain events or raindrop impact, 53–59% of the samples were “unstable.” Overall, cropland soils under semi‐arid conditions seem much more susceptible to water than wind erosion. Considering future projections of increasing precipitation in Kazakhstan, we conclude that the risk of water erosion is potentially underestimated and needs to be taken into account when developing sustainable land use strategies. Highlights Organic matter is the important binding agent enhancing aggregation in steppe topsoils. Tillage always declines aggregate stability even without soil organic carbon changes. All croplands soil are prone to wind or water erosion independent of their soil properties. Despite the semi‐arid conditions, erosion risk by water seems higher than by wind.
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; climate change ; land use ; soil organic carbon ; soil texture ; water erosion ; wind erosion
    Language: English
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    Vertical SOC distribution and aromatic carbon in centuries old charcoal‐rich Technosols (2022)
    Bonhage, Alexander ; Raab, Thomas ; Schneider, Anna ; [et al.]
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-21
    Description: Charcoal‐rich Technosols on century‐old relict charcoal hearths (RCHs) are the subject of ongoing research regarding potential legacy effects that result from historic charcoal production and subsequent charcoal amendments on forest soil properties and forest ecosystems today. RCHs consist mostly of Auh horizons that are substantially enriched in soil organic carbon (SOC), of which the largest part seems to be of pyrogenic origin (PyC). However, the reported range of SOC and PyC contents in RCH soil also suggests that they are enriched in nonpyrogenic SOC. RCH soils are discussed as potential benchmarks for the long‐term influence of biochar amendment and the post‐wildfire influences on soil properties. In this study, we utilised a large soil sample dataset (n = 1245) from 52 RCH sites in north‐western Connecticut, USA, to quantify SOC contents by total element analysis. The contents of condensed highly aromatic carbon as a proxy for black carbon (BC) were predicted by using a modified benzene polycarboxylated acid (BPCA) marker method in combination with diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy‐based partial least square regression (r2 = 0.89). A high vertical spatial sampling resolution allowed the identification of soil organic matter (SOM) enrichment and translocation processes. The results show an average 75% and 1862% increase in TOC and BPCA‐derived carbon, respectively, for technogenic Auh horizons compared to reference soils. In addition to an increase in aromatic properties, increased carboxylic properties of the RCH SOC suggest self‐humification effects of degrading charcoal and thereby the continuing formation of leachable aromatic carbon compounds, which could have effects on pedogenic processes in buried soils. Indeed, we show BPCA‐derived carbon concentrations in intermediate technogenic Cu horizons and buried top/subsoils that suggest vertical translocation of highly aromatic carbon originating in RCH Auh horizons. Topmost Auh horizons showed a gradual decrease in total organic carbon (TOC) contents with increasing depth, suggesting accumulation of recent, non‐pyrogenic SOM. Lower aliphatic absorptions in RCH soil spectra suggest different SOM turnover dynamics compared to reference soils. Furthermore, studied RCH soils featured additional TOC enrichment, which cannot be fully explained now. Highlights BC to TOC ratio and high resolution vertical SOC distribution in 52 RCH sites were studied. RCH soils non‐BC pool was potentially different to reference soils. RCH soils feature TOC accumulation in the topmost horizon. There is BC translocation into buried soils on RCH sites.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; benzene polycarboxylated acid marker (BPCA) ; black carbon ; charcoal degradation ; charcoal kiln ; pyrogenic carbon ; relict charcoal hearth ; biochar
    Language: English
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    Defining Hydrogeological Site Similarity with Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Malden, US
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-28
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Hydrogeological information about an aquifer is difficult and costly to obtain, yet essential for the efficient management of groundwater resources. Transferring information from sampled sites to a specific site of interest can provide information when site‐specific data is lacking. Central to this approach is the notion of site similarity, which is necessary for determining relevant sites to include in the data transfer process. In this paper, we present a data‐driven method for defining site similarity. We apply this method to selecting groups of similar sites from which to derive prior distributions for the Bayesian estimation of hydraulic conductivity measurements at sites of interest. We conclude that there is now a unique opportunity to combine hydrogeological expertise with data‐driven methods to improve the predictive ability of stochastic hydrogeological models.〈/p〉
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉〈italic〉Article impact statement〈/italic〉: This article introduces hierarchical clustering as a method for defining a notion of site similarity; the aim of this method is to improve the derivation of prior distributions in Bayesian methods in hydrogeology.〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: https://github.com/GeoStat-Bayesian/geostatDB
    Description: https://github.com/GeoStat-Bayesian/exPrior
    Description: https://github.com/GeoStat-Bayesian/siteSimilarity
    Keywords: ddc:551.49 ; hydrogeological sites ; hydrogeological modeling
    Language: English
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    Reducing tillage intensity benefits the soil micro‐ and mesofauna in a global meta‐analysis (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-22
    Description: Soil fauna drives crucial processes of energy and nutrient cycling in agricultural systems, and influences the quality of crops and pest incidence. Soil tillage is the most influential agricultural manipulation of soil structure, and has a profound influence on soil biology and its provision of ecosystem services. The objective of this study was to quantify through meta‐analyses the effects of reducing tillage intensity on density and diversity of soil micro‐ and mesofaunal communities, and how these effects vary among different pedoclimatic conditions and interact with concurrent management practices. We present the results of a global meta‐analysis of available literature data on the effects of different tillage intensities on taxonomic and functional groups of soil micro‐ and mesofauna. We collected paired observations (conventional vs. reduced forms of tillage/no‐tillage) from 133 studies across 33 countries. Our results show that reduced tillage intensity or no‐tillage increases the total density of springtails (+35%), mites (+23%), and enchytraeids (+37%) compared to more intense tillage methods. The meta‐analyses for different nematode feeding groups, life‐forms of springtails, and taxonomic mite groups showed higher densities under reduced forms of tillage compared to conventional tillage on omnivorous nematodes (+53%), epedaphic (+81%) and hemiedaphic (+84%) springtails, oribatid (+43%) and mesostigmatid (+57%) mites. Furthermore, the effects of reduced forms of tillage on soil micro‐ and mesofauna varied with depth, climate and soil texture, as well as with tillage method, tillage frequency, concurrent fertilisation, and herbicide application. Our findings suggest that reducing tillage intensity can have positive effects on the density of micro‐ and mesofaunal communities in areas subjected to long‐term intensive cultivation practices. Our results will be useful to support decision making on the management of soil faunal communities and will facilitate modelling efforts of soil biology in global agroecosystems. HIGHLIGHTS Global meta‐analysis to estimate the effect of reducing tillage intensity on micro‐ and mesofauna Reduced tillage or no‐tillage has positive effects on springtail, mite and enchytraeid density Effects vary among nematode feeding groups, springtail life forms and mite suborders Effects vary with texture, climate and depth and depend on the tillage method and frequency
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: https://doi.org/10.20387/bonares-eh0f-hj28
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; agricultural land use ; conservation agriculture ; conventional agriculture ; soil biodiversity ; soil cultivation
    Language: English
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    Evaluating learning spaces in flood risk management in Germany: Lessons for governance research (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: Efforts to collaboratively manage the risk of flooding are ultimately based on individuals learning about risks, the decision process, and the effectiveness of decisions made in prior situations. This article argues that much can be learned about a governance setting by explicitly evaluating the relationships through which influential individuals and their immediate contacts receive and send information to one another. We define these individuals as “brokers,” and the networks that emerge from their interactions as “learning spaces.” The aim of this article is to develop strategies to identify and evaluate the properties of a broker's learning space that are indicative of a collaborative flood risk management arrangement. The first part of this article introduces a set of indicators, and presents strategies to employ this list so as to systematically identify brokers, and compare their learning spaces. The second part outlines the lessons from an evaluation that explored cases in two distinct flood risk management settings in Germany. The results show differences in the observed brokers' learning spaces. The contacts and interactions of the broker in Baden‐Württemberg imply a collaborative setting. In contrast, learning space of the broker in North Rhine‐Westphalia lacks the same level of diversity and polycentricity.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: MWK Baden‐Württemberg
    Keywords: 333.91 ; brokerage ; collaborative water governance ; comanagement ; comparative analysis ; social networks
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    Synthetic resampling strategies and machine learning for digital soil mapping in Iran (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-04
    Description: Most common machine learning (ML) algorithms usually work well on balanced training sets, that is, datasets in which all classes are approximately represented equally. Otherwise, the accuracy estimates may be unreliable and classes with only a few values are often misclassified or neglected. This is known as a class imbalance problem in machine learning and datasets that do not meet this criterion are referred to as imbalanced data. Most datasets of soil classes are, therefore, imbalanced data. One of our main objectives is to compare eight resampling strategies that have been developed to counteract the imbalanced data problem. We compared the performance of five of the most common ML algorithms with the resampling approaches. The highest increase in prediction accuracy was achieved with SMOTE (the synthetic minority oversampling technique). In comparison to the baseline prediction on the original dataset, we achieved an increase of about 10, 20 and 10% in the overall accuracy, kappa index and F‐score, respectively. Regarding the ML approaches, random forest (RF) showed the best performance with an overall accuracy, kappa index and F‐score of 66, 60 and 57%, respectively. Moreover, the combination of RF and SMOTE improved the accuracy of the individual soil classes, compared to RF trained on the original dataset and allowed better prediction of soil classes with a low number of samples in the corresponding soil profile database, in our case for Chernozems. Our results show that balancing existing soil legacy data using synthetic sampling strategies can significantly improve the prediction accuracy in digital soil mapping (DSM). Highlights Spatial distribution of soil classes in Iran can be predicted using machine learning (ML) algorithms. The synthetic minority oversampling technique overcomes the drawback of imbalanced and highly biased soil legacy data. When combining a random forest model with synthetic sampling strategies the prediction accuracy of the soil model improves significantly. The resulting new soil map of Iran has a much higher spatial resolution compared to existing maps and displays new soil classes that have not yet been mapped in Iran.
    Description: Alexander von Humboldt‐Stiftung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100005156
    Description: German Research Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: Soil and Water Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
    Keywords: 631.4 ; covariates ; imbalanced data ; machine learning ; random forest ; soil legacy data
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    Impact of biochar on nutrient supply, crop yield and microbial respiration on sandy soils of northern Germany (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-16
    Description: The application of biochar to agricultural soils to increase nutrient availability, crop production and carbon sequestration has gained increasing interest but data from field experiments on temperate, marginal soils are still under‐represented. In the current study, biochar, produced from organic residues (digestates) from a biogas plant, was applied with and without digestates at low (3.4 t ha−1) and intermediate (17.1 t ha−1) rates to two acidic and sandy soils in northern Germany that are used for corn (Zea mays L.) production. Soil nutrient availability, crop yields, microbial biomass and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from heterotrophic respiration were measured over two consecutive years. The effects of biochar application depended on the intrinsic properties of the two tested soils and the biochar application rates. Although the soils at the fallow site, with initially low nutrient concentrations, showed a significant increase in pH, soil nutrients and crop yield after low biochar application rates, a similar response was found at the cornfield site only after application of substantially larger amounts of biochar. The effect of a single dose of biochar at the beginning of the experiment diminished over time but was still detectable after 2 years. Whereas plant available nutrient concentrations increased after biochar application, the availability of potentially phytotoxic trace elements (Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr) decreased significantly, and although slight increases in microbial biomass carbon and heterotrophic CO2 fluxes were observed after biochar application, they were mostly not significant. The results indicate that the application of relatively small amounts of biochar could have positive effects on plant available nutrients and crop yields of marginal arable soils and may decrease the need for mineral fertilizers while simultaneously increasing the sequestration of soil organic carbon. Highlights A low rate of biochar increased plant available nutrients and crop yield on marginal soils. Biochar application reduced the availability of potentially harmful trace elements. Heterotrophic respiration showed no clear response to biochar application. Biochar application may reduce fertilizer need and increase carbon sequestration on marginal soils.
    Description: German Academic Exchange Service http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001655
    Description: Institute Strategic Programme grants, “Soils to Nutrition”
    Keywords: 631.4 ; black carbon ; carbon sequestration ; corn ; digestate ; heterotrophic respiration ; marginal soils ; microbial biomass
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    Self‐stated recovery from flooding: Empirical results from a survey in Central Vietnam (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
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    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Social inequalities lead to flood resilience inequalities across social groups, a topic that requires improved documentation and understanding. The objective of this paper is to attend to these differences by investigating self‐stated flood recovery across genders in Vietnam as a conceptual replication of earlier results from Germany. This study employs a regression‐based analysis of 1,010 respondents divided between a rural coastal and an urban community in Thua Thien‐Hue province. The results highlight an important set of recovery process‐related variables. The set of relevant variables is similar across genders in terms of inclusion and influence, and includes age, social capital, internal and external support after a flood, perceived severity of previous flood impacts, and the perception of stress‐resilience. However, women were affected more heavily by flooding in terms of longer recovery times, which should be accounted for in risk management. Overall, the studied variables perform similarly in Vietnam and Germany. This study, therefore, conceptually replicates previous results suggesting that women display slightly slower recovery levels as well as that psychological variables influence recovery rates more than adverse flood impacts. This provides an indication of the results' potentially robust nature due to the different socio‐environmental contexts in Germany and Vietnam.
    Keywords: 333.7 ; flood recovery ; resilience ; societal equity ; vulnerability
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    The potential of ryegrass as cover crop to reduce soil N2O emissions and increase the population size of denitrifying bacteria (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-05
    Description: Nitrogen (N) fertilization is the major contributor to nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agricultural soil, especially in post‐harvest seasons. This study was carried out to investigate whether ryegrass serving as cover crop affects soil N2O emissions and denitrifier community size. A microcosm experiment was conducted with soil planted with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and bare soil, each with four levels of N fertilizer (0, 5, 10 and 20 g N m−2; applied as calcium ammonium nitrate). The closed‐chamber approach was used to measure soil N2O fluxes. Real‐time PCR was used to estimate the biomass of bacteria and fungi and the abundance of genes involved in denitrification in soil. The results showed that the presence of ryegrass decreased the nitrate content in soil. Cumulative N2O emissions of soil with grass were lower than in bare soil at 5 and 10 g N m−2. Fertilization levels did not affect the abundance of soil bacteria and fungi. Soil with grass showed greater abundances of bacteria and fungi, as well as microorganisms carrying narG, napA, nirK, nirS and nosZ clade I genes. It is concluded that ryegrass serving as a cover crop holds the potential to mitigate soil N2O emissions in soils with moderate or high NO3− concentrations. This highlights the importance of cover crops for the reduction of N2O emissions from soil, particularly following N fertilization. Future research should explore the full potential of ryegrass to reduce soil N2O emissions under field conditions as well as in different soils. Highlights This study was to investigate whether ryegrass serving as cover crop affects soil N2O emissions and denitrifier community size; Plant reduced soil N substrates on one side, but their root exudates stimulated denitrification on the other side; N2O emissions were lower in soil with grass than bare soil at medium fertilizer levels, and growing grass stimulated the proliferation of almost all the denitrifying bacteria except nosZ clade II; Ryegrass serving as a cover crop holds the potential to mitigate soil N2O emissions.
    Description: China Scholarship Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004543
    Description: The National Science Project for University of Anhui Province
    Keywords: 551.9 ; 631.4 ; denitrification ; perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) ; soil bacteria ; soil CO2 emissions ; soil N2O emissions
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    ogs5py: A Python‐API for the OpenGeoSys 5 Scientific Modeling Package (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Malden, US
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-04
    Description: High‐performance numerical codes are an indispensable tool for hydrogeologists when modeling subsurface flow and transport systems. But as they are written in compiled languages, like C/C++ or Fortran, established software packages are rarely user‐friendly, limiting a wider adoption of such tools. OpenGeoSys (OGS), an open‐source, finite‐element solver for thermo‐hydro‐mechanical–chemical processes in porous and fractured media, is no exception. Graphical user interfaces may increase usability, but do so at a dramatic reduction of flexibility and are difficult or impossible to integrate into a larger workflow. Python offers an optimal trade‐off between these goals by providing a highly flexible, yet comparatively user‐friendly environment for software applications. Hence, we introduce ogs5py, a Python‐API for the OpenGeoSys 5 scientific modeling package. It provides a fully Python‐based representation of an OGS project, a large array of convenience functions for users to interact with OGS and connects OGS to the scientific and computational environment of Python.
    Description: German Federal Environmental Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100007636
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: 551.49 ; hydrogeology ; subsurface flow ; modeling ; software
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    High‐Resolution Integrated Transport Model for Studying Surface Water–Groundwater Interaction (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Malden, US
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Transport processes that lead to exchange of mass between surface water and groundwater play a significant role for the ecological functioning of aquatic systems, for hydrological processes and for biogeochemical transformations. In this study, we present a novel integral modeling approach for flow and transport at the sediment–water interface. The model allows us to simultaneously simulate turbulent surface and subsurface flow and transport with the same conceptual approach. For this purpose, a conservative transport equation was implemented to an existing approach that uses an extended version of the Navier–Stokes equations. Based on previous flume studies which investigated the spreading of a dye tracer under neutral, losing and gaining flow conditions the new solver is validated. Tracer distributions of the experiments are in close agreement with the simulations. The simulated flow paths are significantly affected by in‐ and outflowing groundwater flow. The highest velocities within the sediment are found for losing condition, which leads to shorter residence times compared to neutral and gaining conditions. The largest extent of the hyporheic exchange flow is observed under neutral condition. The new solver can be used for further examinations of cases that are not suitable for the conventional coupled models, for example, if Reynolds numbers are larger than 10. Moreover, results gained with the integral solver provide high‐resolution information on pressure and velocity distributions at the rippled streambed, which can be used to improve flow predictions. This includes the extent of hyporheic exchange under varying ambient groundwater flow conditions.
    Description: Technische Universität Berlin, Germany
    Description: German Research Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: 551.4 ; aquatic systems ; sediment-water interface ; transport model
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    Iron isotope fractionation in soil and graminaceous crops after 100 years of liming in the long‐term agricultural experimental site at Berlin‐Dahlem, Germany (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-05
    Description: Sustainable arable cropping relies on repeated liming. Yet, the associated increase in soil pH can reduce the availability of iron (Fe) to plants. We hypothesized that repeated liming, but not pedogenic processes such as lessivage (i.e., translocation of clay particles), alters the Fe cycle in Luvisol soil, thereby affecting Fe isotope composition in soils and crops. Hence, we analysed Fe concentrations and isotope compositions in soil profiles and winter rye from the long‐term agricultural experimental site in Berlin‐Dahlem, Germany, where a controlled liming trial with three field replicates per treatment has been conducted on Albic Luvisols since 1923. Heterogeneity in subsoil was observed at this site for Fe concentration but not for Fe isotope composition. Lessivage had not affected Fe isotope composition in the soil profiles. The results also showed that almost 100 years of liming lowered the concentration of the HCl‐extractable Fe that was potentially available for plant uptake in the surface soil (0–15 cm) from 1.03 (standard error (SE) 0.03) to 0.94 (SE 0.01) g kg−1. This HCl‐extractable Fe pool contained isotopically lighter Fe (δ56Fe = −0.05 to −0.29‰) than the bulk soil (δ56Fe = −0.08 to 0.08‰). However, its Fe isotope composition was not altered by the long‐term lime application. Liming resulted in relatively lower Fe concentrations in the roots of winter rye. In addition, liming led to a heavier Fe isotope composition of the whole plants compared with those grown in the non‐limed plots (δ56FeWholePlant_ + Lime = −0.12‰, SE 0.03 vs. δ56FeWholePlant_‐Lime = −0.21‰, SE 0.01). This suggests that the elevated soil pH (increased by one unit due to liming) promoted the Fe uptake strategy through complexation of Fe(III) from the rhizosphere, which favoured heavier Fe isotopes. Overall, the present study showed that liming and a related increase in pH did not affect the Fe isotope compositions of the soil, but may influence the Fe isotope composition of plants grown in the soil if they alter their Fe uptake strategy upon the change of Fe availability. Highlights Fe concentrations and stocks, but not Fe isotope compositions, were more heterogeneous in subsoil than in topsoil. Translocation of clay minerals did not result in Fe isotope fractionation in the soil profile of a Luvisol. Liming decreased Fe availability in topsoil, but did not affect its δ56Fe values. Uptake of heavier Fe isotopes by graminaceous crops was more pronounced at elevated pH.
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Keywords: 551.9 ; liming ; plant‐available Fe pool in soil ; winter rye ; δ56Fe
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    How to Find Aquifer Statistics Utilizing Pumping Tests? Two Field Studies Using welltestpy (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Malden, US
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-01
    Description: We present a workflow to estimate geostatistical aquifer parameters from pumping test data using the Python package welltestpy. The procedure of pumping test analysis is exemplified for two data sets from the Horkheimer Insel site and from the Lauswiesen site, Germany. The analysis is based on a semi‐analytical drawdown solution from the upscaling approach Radial Coarse Graining, which enables to infer log‐transmissivity variance and horizontal correlation length, beside mean transmissivity, and storativity, from pumping test data. We estimate these parameters of aquifer heterogeneity from type‐curve analysis and determine their sensitivity. This procedure, implemented in welltestpy, is a template for analyzing any pumping test. It goes beyond the possibilities of standard methods, for example, based on Theis' equation, which are limited to mean transmissivity and storativity. A sensitivity study showed the impact of observation well positions on the parameter estimation quality. The insights of this study help to optimize future test setups for geostatistical aquifer analysis and provides guidance for investigating pumping tests with regard to aquifer statistics using the open‐source software package welltestpy.
    Description: Article impact statement: We present a workflow to infer parameters of subsurface heterogeneity from pumping test data exemplified at two sites using welltestpy.
    Description: German Federal Environmental Foundation (DBU) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100007636
    Keywords: ddc:551.49
    Language: English
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    Importance of sources of variability, scales and experimental design: A case study about the effects of biochar and slurry application on soil properties in agricultural silty loam soils (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-01
    Description: In designed experiments, different sources of variability and an adequate scale of measurement need to be considered, but not all approaches in common usage are equally valid. In order to elucidate the importance of sources of variability and choice of scale, we conducted an experiment where the effects of biochar and slurry applications on soil properties related to soil fertility were studied for different designs: (a) for a field‐scale sampling design with either a model soil (without natural variability) as an internal control or with composited soils, (b) for a design with a focus on amendment variabilities, and (c) for three individual field‐scale designs with true field replication and a combined analysis representative of the population of loess‐derived soils. Three silty loam sites in Germany were sampled and the soil macroaggregates were crushed. For each design, six treatments (0, 0.15 and 0.30 g slurry‐N kg−1 with and without 30 g biochar kg−1) were applied before incubating the units under constant soil moisture conditions for 78 days. CO2 fluxes were monitored and soils were analysed for macroaggregate yields and associated organic carbon (C). Mixed‐effects models were used to describe the effects. For all soil properties, results for the loess sites differed with respect to significant contributions of fixed effects for at least one site, suggesting the need for a general inclusion of different sites. Analysis using a multilevel model allowed generalizations for loess soils to be made and showed that site:slurry:biochar and site:slurry interactions were not negligible for macroaggregate yields. The use of a model soil as an internal control enabled observation of variabilities other than those related to soils or amendments. Experiments incorporating natural variability in soils or amendments resulted in partially different outcomes, indicating the need to include all important sources of variability. Highlights Effects of biochar and slurry applications were studied for different designs and mixed‐effects models were used to describe the effects. Including an internal control allowed observation of, e.g., methodological and analytical variabilities. The results suggested the need for a general inclusion of different sites. Analysis using a multilevel model allowed generalizations for loess soils. The results indicated the need to include all important sources of variability.
    Keywords: ddc:631.4
    Language: English
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    Do tree species affect decadal changes in soil organic carbon and total nitrogen stocks in Danish common garden experiments? (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
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    Publication Date: 2022-04-01
    Description: Temperate forest soils are often considered as an important sink for atmospheric carbon (C), thereby buffering anthropogenic CO2 emissions. However, the effect of tree species composition on the magnitude of this sink is unclear. We resampled a tree species common garden experiment (six sites) a decade after initial sampling to evaluate whether forest floor (FF) and topsoil organic carbon (Corg) and total nitrogen (Nt) stocks changed in dependence of tree species (Norway spruce—Picea abies L., European beech—Fagus sylvatica L., pedunculate oak—Quercus robur L., sycamore maple—Acer pseudoplatanus L., European ash—Fraxinus excelsior L. and small‐leaved lime—Tilia cordata L.). Two groups of species were identified in terms of Corg and Nt distribution: (1) Spruce with high Corg and Nt stocks in the FF developed as a mor humus layer which tended to have smaller Corg and Nt stocks and a wider Corg:Nt ratio in the mineral topsoil, and (2) the broadleaved species, of which ash and maple distinguished most clearly from spruce by very low Corg and Nt stocks in the FF developed as mull humus layer, had greater Corg and Nt stocks, and narrow Corg:Nt ratios in the mineral topsoil. Over 11 years, FF Corg and Nt stocks increased most under spruce, while small decreases in bulk mineral soil (esp. in 0–15 cm and 0–30 cm depth) Corg and Nt stocks dominated irrespective of species. Observed decadal changes were associated with site‐related and tree species‐mediated soil properties in a way that hinted towards short‐term accumulation and mineralisation dynamics of easily available organic substances. We found no indication for Corg stabilisation. However, results indicated increasing Nt stabilisation with increasing biomass of burrowing earthworms, which were highest under ash, lime and maple and lowest under spruce. Highlights We studied if tree species differences in topsoil Corg and Nt stocks substantiate after a decade. The study is unique in its repeated soil sampling in a multisite common garden experiment. Forest floors increased under spruce, but topsoil stocks decreased irrespective of species. Changes were of short‐term nature. Nitrogen was most stable under arbuscular mycorrhizal species.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaff (DFG)
    Keywords: ddc:551.9 ; ddc:631.41
    Language: English
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    The ‘Flood Resilience Rose’: A management tool to promote transformation towards flood resilience (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-09-29
    Description: Coping with the growing impacts of flooding in EU countries, a paradigm shift in flood management can be observed, moving from safety‐based towards risk‐based approaches and holistic perspectives. Flood resilience is a common denominator of most of the approaches. In this article, we present the ‘Flood Resilience Rose’ (FRR), a management tool to promote harmonised action towards flood resilience in European regions and beyond. The FRR is a result of a two‐step process. First, based on scientific concepts as well as analysis of relevant policy documents, we identified three ‘levels of operation’. The first level refers to the EU Floods Directive and an extended multi‐layer safety approach, comprising the four different layers of protection, prevention, preparedness and recovery, and related measures to be taken. This level is not independent but depends both on the institutional (second level) and the wider (third level) context. Second, we used surveys, semi‐structured interviews and group discussions during workshops with experts from Belgium, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom to validate the definitions and the FRR's practical relevance. The presented FRR is thus the result of rigorous theoretical and practical consideration and provides a tool capable to strengthen flood risk management practice.
    Description: European Regional Development Fund http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100008530
    Keywords: 551.48 ; flood defence measures ; governance and institutions ; integrated flood risk management ; resilience
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    Urban pluvial flood adaptation: Results of a household survey across four German municipalities (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-30
    Description: In recent years, German cities were heavily impacted by pluvial flooding and related damage is projected to increase due to climate change and urbanisation. It is important to ask how to improve urban pluvial flood risk management. To understand the current state of property level adaptation, a survey was conducted in four municipalities that had recently been impacted by pluvial flooding. A hybrid framework based on the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) and the Protection Action Decision Model (PADM) was used to investigate drivers of adaptive behaviour through both descriptive and regression analyses. Descriptive statistics revealed that participants tended to instal more low‐ and medium‐cost measures than high‐cost measures. Regression analyses showed that coping appraisal increased protection motivation, but that the adaptive behaviour also depends on framing factors, particularly homeownership. We further found that, while threat appraisal solely affects protection motivation and responsibility appraisal affects solely maladaptive thinking, coping appraisal affects both. Our results indicate that PMT is a solid starting point to study adaptive behaviours in the context of pluvial flooding, but we need to go beyond that by, for instance, considering factors of the PADM, such as responsibility, ownership, or respondent age, to fully understand this complex decision‐making process.
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Keywords: ddc:551.489 ; ddc:363.34
    Language: English
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    Das System der Erde - was bewegt die Welt? Lebensraum und Zukunftsperspektiven (2018)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
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    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Our planet earth is a system - scarcely understood - of geological, biological und cosmic processes of great variety, which make it an interesting object of research. The papers listed here deal with topics of a series of lectures open to the public, presented at the Academy of Sciences and at the Georg August University of Göttingen, which were organised by the publishers of this book. It is the publishers' aim to bring before the public a few important and interesting geoscientific aspects. Needless to say, there is no claim to cover all aspects of this subject area. However, the publishers would like to initiate readers to concentrate more deeply on scientific topics. The selected material should help them to find their way through the diversity of this branch of research.
    Keywords: geology; earth science; history of earth ; OAPEN ; 551 ; 38.10 ; RB ; PSAJ ; R
    Language: German
    Type: anthology , publishedVersion
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    Kulturlandschaftswandel in Zentralsulawesi; historisch-geographische Analyse einer indonesischen Bergregenwaldregion (2018)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
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    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Die Lore-Lindu-Region in der indonesischen Provinz Zentralsulawesi befindet sich gegenwärtig im Spannungsfeld zwischen dem Schutz des Regenwaldes einerseits und den Interessen für ein zukunftsfähiges Auskommen seitens der dort lebenden Bevölkerung andererseits. Als eine der entscheidenden Grundlagen für eine nachhaltige Lösung dieser Problematik enthüllt dieser Band den facettenreichen Kulturlandschaftswandel in dieser Region. Für den Zeitraum von der präkolonialen Phase über die Kolonialzeit bis in die Gegenwart zeigt der Autor dabei Kontinuitäten und Brüche sowie die enorme räumliche und zeitliche Heterogenität der regionalen Entwicklung auf.
    Description: Located within the Indonesian province of Central Sulawesi, the Lore Lindu region currently represents an area of conflict between the conservation of the rainforest on the one hand and the future-oriented livelihood interests of the local people on the other hand. As one of the indispensable preconditions for a sustainable solution of this problem this volume discloses the facet-rich change of the cultural landscape in this region. Covering a time frame from the pre-colonial phase via the colonial period into the present, the author demonstrates continuities and disruptions as well as the enormous spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the regional development.
    Keywords: Asien; Zentralcelebes; Regenwald; Kulturlandschaftswandel ; 551 ; 74.21 ; RG ; RGBL
    Language: German
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    The Pacific challenge ; development trends in the 21st century. (2018)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
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    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: The enormous leaps of growth and development experienced by Eastern and Southeast Asian states since the 1960s on account of their astonishing industrial development have led to concerns that a resulting global economic and political shift might favour the Pacific region at the expense of the "Atlantic region". A "Pacific century" was proclaimed, in which it was predicted that Asian-Pacific countries would outpace the traditional leading powers of the West. A more careful look quickly reveals that this view is too simplistic. From the point of view of various disciplines and covering different nations like China, Vietnam, Indonesia, Singapore, the Philippines and Papua New Guinea the authors of this publication pursue the question whether the 21st century can already be labelled the "Pacific Century". This was also the title of the interdisciplinary series of lectures held at the University of Göttingen/Germany in the winter semester 2003/2004. This series of lectures was jointly organized by the Department of Geography, the University of Göttingen and the Association of Pacific Studies e.V. (APSA). This 10th volume of the publication series "Pazifik Forum" contains contributions by W. Kreisel, M. Taube & Ka-Wai Yiu, M. Waibel, A. Croissant, B. Dahm, H. Schneider, R. Seib and R. Jordan.
    Keywords: Entwicklungsökonomie; Pazifischer Raum; Südostasien; Konjunkturaufschwung ; development aid: southeast asia; pacific ; OAPEN ; 551 ; 83.46 ; 1F ; KCM ; GTF ; KCM
    Language: English
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    Global Health (2018)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen | Göttingen
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    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Human, animal and plant health is a field of work which offers opportunities for inter- and trans-disciplinary research. The whole topic bridges the natural and social sciences. Today, in a world of global environmental change it is widely recognized that human socities and their wellbeing depend on a sustainable equilibrium of ecosystem services and the possibility of cultural adaption to global environmental change. The need to identify and quantify health risks related to global environmental change is now one of the most important challenges of humankind. Describing spatial (geographic, intra/inter-population) and temporal differences in health risks is an urgent task to understand societies' vulnerabilities and pritorities for interventions better. The Göttingen International Health Network (GIHN) is a research and teaching network in relation to this cross-cutting topic. The book provides a collection of articles which contribute to this issue of overriding importance and presents an overview of the GIHN launch event.
    Keywords: Health; Global Environmental Change; Health Risks; GIHN Goettingen International Health Network ; 551
    Language: English
    Type: monograph , publishedVersion
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    Proceedings International Symposium "The stability of tropical rainforest margins - linking ecological, economic and social constraints of land use and conservation" (2011)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
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    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: This proceeding volume results from the submitted abstracts of the international symposium “The Stability of Rainforest Margins: Linking Ecological, Economic and Social Constraints” held on September 19 – 23, 2005 in Göttingen, Germany. Tropical rainforests disappear at an alarming rate causing unprecedented losses in biodiversity and ecosystem services. Rainforests are hot spots of biodiversity as well as important carbon sinks. Despite an increased recognition of the value of these and other valuable public goods provided by tropical rainforests at national and international levels, the rainforests of Asia, Africa, Australia and Latin America continue to be seriously threatened by various forms of human encroachment. The analysis of policies and socio-economic and ecological determinants that either stabilize or threaten tropical forest margins requires a holistic interdisciplinary scientific approach. Such an approach has been adopted by a large scale research program titled “Stability of Rainforest Margins in Indonesia” (www.storma.de). This research program started in 2000 and is jointly conducted by the two German Universities, the Georg-August-University of Göttingen (GAUG) and the University of Kassel (UNIK), and by two Indonesian Universities, the Agricultural University of Bogor (Institut Pertanian Bogor, IPB) and the Tadulako University (UNTAD) in Palu. Referring to the main research foci of STORMA, the symposium features three interconnected thematic foci of interdisciplinary research. They refer to changes in the extent and intensity of agricultural and forest land use in tropical forest margins and their implications for rural development and for conservation of natural resources such as biodiversity, soils and water. The first focus “Integrated spatial modeling of land use in tropical forest margins” concerns rain forest margins around the world which comprise a variety of landuse systems, with forest gardens, annual crops in slash-and-burn and agroforestry systems, as well as intensive cultivation, mostly in the valleys. An understanding of the dynamics of land-use change and related resource degradation under various policies scenarios is required, and strategies to reduce and potentially reverse degradation processes are to be developed. The second focus “Sustainable management of agroforestry systems” concerns lowintensity agroforestry which may support high biodiversity stabilizing ecosystem functioning, in particular when shaded by natural trees and neighboured by natural forest. In contrast, high-intensity agroforestry with planted shade trees and in an agricultural landscape context may be characterized by less environmental benefits and high agrochemical inputs. In this focus, the ecological and socio-economic benefits of different management practices will be compared and related to patterns and processes in natural forests. The third focus “Ecological and socio-economic impacts of different forest-use intensities” analyzes ecological and socio-economic benefits and costs across different types of forest use. The consequences of low- and medium-intensity forest-use practices, such as selective timber and rattan extraction, for biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are assessed. We are grateful to our sponsors, namely the German Research Council (DFG), the Georg-August-University Göttingen and the University of Kassel. Our special Thanks goes to the Universities Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB) and Tadulako University (UNTAD) in Palu for their cooperation in the Collaborative Research Centre (SFB 552) “Stability of Rainforest Margins in Indonesia” (STORMA).
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 333.7 ; QEL 000 ; QG 380 ; UBA 700 ; UBO 600 ; VOI 210 ; QFC 210 ; QFC 200 ; QFC 450 ; QFC 445 ; human activity ; tropical environment ; rain forests ; land-use ; natural resources ; water balance ; pollution ; ecosystems ; biodiversity ; symposia ; meeting ; 38.09
    Language: English
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    Geochemische Klassifikation und Sm-Nd Isotopensystematik proterozoischer Metasedimente des Baltischen Schildes (Västervik Region, SESchweden) (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
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    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Die Västervik Region liegt an einer Haupt-Terran-Grenze im Baltischen Schild. Im NE schließen sich die Einheiten des Südsvecofennischen Vulkanitgürtels mit Altern 〉1,85Ga an, im SW folgen die Granitoide des Transskandinavischen Magmatitgürtles (TMZ) mit Altern 〈1,85Ga. Die Metasedimente der Västervik Formation bilden die stratigraphisch älteste Einheit der Västervik Region. Ihre Stellung in Bezug auf die svecofennischen Metasedimente des Bothnischen Beckens ist noch unklar. Sie können nach ihren mineralogischen Paragenesen in vier Gruppen klassifiziert werden: reine Quarzite, glimmerführende Quarzite, Glimmerquarzite und quarzitische Gneise. Vermutlich zeitgleich mit der Intrusion der großvolumigen Granitoidmagmen ab 1.85 Ga wurde die Västervik Formation amphibolitfaziell überprägt. Dies führte innerhalb der Metasedimente zur Bildung von Cordierit, Sillimanit und Andalusit sowie akzessorischem Granat. Der Beginn der Sedimentation ist begrenzt durch das Vorkommen detritischer Zirkone mit Altern ab 1.87Ga. Etwa 75% der gemessenen detritische Zirkone zeigt eine Altersgruppierung von 1,8 bis 2,1 Ga, die restlichen 25% zeigen archaische U/Pb-Alter von 2,8 bis 3,0 Ga (Claesson et al. 1993, Sultan et al. 2005). Die Nd-Isotopensignaturen der Proben zeigen eine sehr homogene Mischung und Schüttung der Sedimente mit subparallelem Verlauf der Nd- Entwicklungslinien und einem sehr engen TDM (Nd) Altersspektrum von 2,2 bis 2,4Ga. Diese Ergebnisse deuten auf ein konstantes Mischungsverhältnis von proterozoischen und archaischen Anteilen hin...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VBO 000 ; VBN 500 ; VKB 292 ; VKB 250 ; VJJ 110 ; VJB 312 ; VED 200 ; VEG 110 ; Isotopengeologie ; Geochronologie einzelner Regionen im allgemeinen ; Metamorphe Komplexe, übriges Europa {Petrologie} ; Metasedimente {Petrologie} ; Geochemie der Stabilen Isotopen ; Geochemie der Metamorphite ; Schweden {Geologie} ; Europäische Plattform {Geologie} ; Svekofenniden ; Västervik 〈Region〉 ; Proterozoikum ; Metasediment ; Samarium ; Neodym ; Isotopengeochemie
    Language: German
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    Deformation of the Onaping Formation in the NE-lobe of the Sudbury Igneous Complex, Canada: Evidence for fold adjustment flow in the core of a km-scale fold (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
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    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: The synformal geometry of the 1.85Ga Sudbury Igneous Complex (SIC), an impact melt sheet resulting from largemagnitude meteorite impact, attests to post-impact deformation. However, in contrast to the overlying Onaping Formation, a heterolithic impact melt breccia, the SIC shows little evidence for pervasive ductile strain. This pertains in particular to its NE-lobe characterized by a curvature of about 100° in plain view. This curvature has been interpreted either as a fold or as a primary feature. In order to test these scenarios, a detailed structural analysis was conducted in the core of the NE-lobe, which consists of rocks of the Onaping Formation...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VKB 280 ; VKB 295 ; VAE 140 ; VEV 127 ; VKA 200 ; Impaktgesteine {Petrologie} ; Metamorphe Komplexe, Nordamerika {Petrologie} ; Gesteinsdeformation {Strukturgeologie} ; Ontario {Geologie} ; Gefügekunde der Gesteine ; Sudbury 〈Ontario. Region〉 ; Mehrfachringbassin ; Proterozoikum ; Impaktmetamorphes Gestein ; Deformation 〈Geologie〉
    Language: German
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    Deformationsanalyse und mechanische Kopplung eines aktiven fore-arcs in Raum und Zeit, Kamtschatka, Russische Föderation (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
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    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Seit dem Mesozoikum wächst die kontinentale Kruste am aktiven Plattenrand von Kamtschatka durch Akkretion allochthoner Terrane. Dieses Wachstum manifestiert sich in der differenziellen Exhumierung und Hebung tektonischer Blöcke innerhalb des Akkretionskeils, parallel zum Kamtschatka- Graben. Die Kinematik der Exhumierung soll mittels strukturgeologischer und neotektonischer Deformationsanalyse erfasst und mit thermochronologischen Untersuchungen an Apatiten bis etwa ins Untere Pliozän quantifiziert werden.
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VAE 880 ; VAE 400 ; VBN 500 ; VEG 190 ; Passive und aktive Kontinentalränder {Geologie} ; Tektogenese {Geologie} ; Geochronologie einzelner Regionen im allgemeinen ; Koriakia-Kamtchatkasystem {Geologie} ; Kamtschatka 〈Oblast〉 ; Kontinentalrand ; Deformation 〈Geologie〉 ; Hebung 〈Geologie〉
    Language: German
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    Kinematik des Deckenkontaktes zwischen der Combinzone und der Zermatt-Saas-Zone (Penninische Decken, Westalpen) und deren Bedeutung für die Exhumierung der Zermatt-Saas-Zone (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Die Grenze zwischen zwei ophiolithischen Decken der penninischen Alpen, der Zermatt-Saas-Zone (unten) und der Combinzone (oben), markiert zugleich einen bedeutenden Sprung der bei der tertiären alpinen Metamorphose maximal erreichten Drücke. Während die Zermatt-Saas-Zone Ultrahochdruckmetamorphose (25–30 kbar/550–600°C, Bucher et al. 2005) erfuhr, erreichte die Combinzone lediglich blauschieferfazielle Bedingungen (13–18 kbar/380– 550°C, Bousquet et al. 2004). Vor allem die Polarität des Drucksprunges führte dazu, daß die Deckengrenze zumeist als gewaltige südostvergente Abschiebung interpretiert wurde (z.B. Ballèvre & Merle 1993, Reddy et al. 1999). Strukturgeologische Geländebeobachtungen ergeben jedoch sowohl für das Hangende als auch das Liegende der Combinstörung die folgende kinematische Entwicklung: i) Nordwestvergente, überschiebende Scherung (D1), ii) (Süd)westvergente Scherung (D2),iii) Südostvergente, abschiebende Scherung (D3). Alle drei Deformationsphasen fanden in beiden Einheiten unter grünschieferfaziellen Bedingungen statt... Die Rekonstruktion ergibt, daß die Combinstörung hauptsächlich als Überschiebung aktiv war. Die Exhumierung der Gesteinseinheiten im Liegenden wurde nicht durch Extension, sondern durch vertikale Ausdünnung der Kruste während horizontaler Kontraktion bewirkt.
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VAE 811 ; VAE 400 ; VEB 168 ; VAE 140 ; Alpidische Orogene {Geologie} ; Tektogenese {Geologie} ; Schweizer Alpen {Geologie} ; Gesteinsdeformation {Strukturgeologie} ; Penninikum ; Tektonische Decke ; Scherzone ; Deformation 〈Geologie〉 ; Hebung 〈Geologie〉
    Language: German
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  • 41
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    The significance of fractures in Europe (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Analytical modelling of geological fractures is now at an exciting stage. In view of the ever-mounting amount of fracture data available, and the need for a European overview of the state of the art, we correlate fractures from across the continent. In order to achieve relevant and meaningful statistics, the dataset of millions of entries was downsampled to filter out inadequate and irrelevant values. The resulting data are the object of this study...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VEA 000 ; VAE 150 ; VAE 830 ; Europa insgesamt {Geologie} ; Strukturelle Erscheinungen {Strukturgeologie} ; Bruchschollenstrukturen {Geologie} ; Europa ; Bruchtektonik
    Language: German
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  • 42
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    Asymmetrical deformation of the Piton de la Fournaise (Réunion Island) summit cone (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Piton de la Fournaise (Réunion Island) is an active basaltic shield volcano in the south-western part of the Indian Ocean. The activity consists essentially of lava being issued from two rift zones close to the summit cone. The summit cone has been monitored since 1980 by the OVPF (Volcanological Observatory of Piton de la Fournaise). Geodetic data and radar interferometry show a systematic asymmetric pattern of deformation associated with all the N–S trending eruptive fissures (Briole et al. 1998, Sigmundsson et al. 1999). The asymmetric deformation has been interpreted in various ways. The two main models proposed are (1) eastward dip of the dykes, based on inversion of data provided by radar interferometry (Sigmundsson et al 1999), and (2) the existence of a free boundary in the east part of the volcano. The second model allows the accommodation of dykes by eastward displacements, whilst the western part of the volcano is supported by the existing Piton des Neiges (Lénat et al., 1989). However,no displacements occur along the eastern coastline of Piton de la Fournaise. The only parts of the volcano affected by deformation are the rift zones and the summit cone. Moreover, geodetic data provided by the new real-time GPS network show that there is an asymmetric deformation of the summit cone prior to eruption (Staudacher 2005). The deformation itself seems to be related to pressure increase in the magma chamber. Absence of permanent displacements during periods of rest (such as 1992–1998) (Briole et al. 1998) support this link between magmatic pressure and deformation. Here we complement previous deformation studies by the results of several numerical models that aim at understanding the internal processes resulting in deformation of the volcano...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VAD 700 ; VAD 300 ; VAE 200 ; VEZ 200 ; Regionaler Vulkanismus {Geologie} ; Vulkanformen und Vulkantypen {Geologie} ; Geodynamik der Lithosphäre {Geologie} ; Indischer Ozean {Geologie} ; Piton de la Fournaise ; Schildvulkan ; Deformation 〈Geologie〉
    Language: German
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  • 43
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    The fate of sandstone during impact cratering: shock compaction, cataclastic flow, and granular fluidization (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Impact of solid bodies is the most fundamental of all processes that have taken place on the terrestrial planets in our Solar system (Shoemaker 1977). On Earth, impact cratering was the dominant geologic process during the period of the early heavy bombardment until 3.8Ga. A constant asteroid impact flux exists since that time. Although deformation of the crust by meteorite impacts is now subordinate with respect to tectonics, it represents an important, but often underestimated fraction of the bulk crustal deformation. Short-term deformation during hypervelocity impact events differs in many respects from standard tectonics: Unique conditions exist at pressures above the so-called Hugoniot elastic limit (HEL) of a particular mineral or rock. This state of compression is reached in a shock wave that propagates from the point of impact. Shock waves travel at supersonic velocity, heat and irreversibly deform the rock, and cause a residual motion of the material they have passed, which ultimately leads to the formation of parabolically shaped crater cavity of much larger extent than the projectile diameter. At pressure above the HEL minerals are subjected to shock metamorphism...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VKB 280 ; Impaktgesteine {Petrologie} ; Sandstein ; Impaktmetamorphose
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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  • 44
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    A new practical and economical technique for the obtention of high quality thin section photographs with the help of a simple optical microscope (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
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    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Microscopic study is an indispensable step in the determination of the petrographic characteristics of rocks. In Cameroon just like in most developing countries, simple polarizing microscopes of the 20th Century constitute the only available material for macroscopic studies. A major difficulty encountered in the use of these instruments resides in the realisation of photographs of the different parts of the thin section that require illustrations. The technique that has been used upto now has been inefficient and unsatisfactory. Faced with this recurrent situation, we thought of setting up a new, semi-modern, practical and very economical technique for photographing the thin section.
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VAE 120 ; VGB 400 ; VKA 130 ; Methodik {Strukturgeologie} ; Optische Bestimmungsmethoden {Mineralogie} ; Optische Petrographie ; Dünnschliffmikroskopie ; Mikrofotographie
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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  • 45
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    Extensional crustal-scale shear zones in the Western Cyclades (Kea, Greece) (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Intense seismicity and intensely developed active and ancient fault systems are common to the Aegean Region. Extending/ thinning crust involves a complex interplay of (1) Gulf of Corinth riftexpansion, (2) west- and south-ward retreat of the Hellenic Trench, (3) westward impingement of the Anatolian Platen, and/or (4) propagation of the Anatolian Fault system into the Aegean. New geological/structural investigations on Kea (also known as Tzia), in the Western Cyclades reveal a low angle crustal-scale, detachment-type ductile shear zone probably formed during Miocene extension and thinning of the continental crust...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VEF 300 ; VAE 130 ; VKB 270 ; VAE 400 ; Griechenland und griechische Inseln {Geologie} ; Geomechanik ; Produkte mechanischer Deformation {Petrologie} ; Tektogenese {Geologie} ; Kea ; Erdkruste ; Extension 〈Geologie〉 ; Scherzone
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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  • 46
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    Über die mechanischen Ursachen von parallelen Abschiebungen (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
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    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Gruppen von parallel einfallenden Abschiebungen treten in der Natur sehr häufig und in unterschiedlichsten Dimensionen auf. Existierende, überwiegend experimentelle Arbeiten führen einheitliches Einfallen auf laterale Festigkeitsschwankungen oder, vor allem, auf horizontale Scherspannungen zurück (e.g. Brun et al. 1994, Behn et al. 2002). Einheitliche horizontale Scherspannungen im großen Maßstab werden mit einer konsistenten Fließrichtung in der mittleren und/oder unteren Kruste erklärt. Beobachtungen in einigen der bedeutensten Rift-Systeme lassen jedoch beide Erklärungen als zentrale Ursache unwahrscheinlich erscheinen. In der Basin-and-Range-Provinz in den westlichen Vereinigten Staaten ändert sich die Einfallrichtung von parallelen Abschiebungen im Streichen der Störungen, so dass strukturelle Domänen mit intern einheitlicher Einfallrichtung entstehen, die von Blattverschiebungen untereinander getrennt werden. Eine solche Geometrie ließe sich nur mit bizarren Fließmustern in der Unterkruste erklären. Wir präsentieren numerische Extensionsexperimente von sprödem Material, das auf einem linear-viskosen Substrat ruht... In unseren Modell sind parallele Abschiebungen nicht, wie bisher angenommen, auf einheitlichen horizontalen Scherstress, sondern auf vertikale Normalspannungen zurückzuführen, d.h. auf den Widerstand, den das viskose Substrat vertikalen Blockbewegungen in der spröden Lage entgegensetzt. Wenn unser Modell richtig ist, würde das für Gebiete wie die Basin-and- Range-Provinz bedeuten, dass die spröde Oberkruste auf einer wenige Kilometer dicken, viskosen mittleren Kruste liegt, die wiederum ein festeres Substrat hat. Die Unterkruste müsste deutlich fester sein als die mittlere Kruste. Es scheint, dass Folgen von parallelen Abschiebungen häufig in dünnen, niedrig viskosen Lagen (etwa Ton oder Salz) wurzeln.
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VAE 830 ; VAE 130 ; VAE 120 ; VBE 000 ; Bruchschollenstrukturen {Geologie} ; Geomechanik ; Methodik {Strukturgeologie} ; Modellierung von Prozessen in der Geosphäre ; Bruchscholle ; Abschiebung 〈Geologie〉 ; Geomechanik ; Numerisches Modell
    Language: German
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  • 47
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    Strain Localisation, Fracturing and Hydrothermal Mineralisation: Numerical Models of the Mount Isa Copper Deposit, Australia (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: There is substantial need in mineral exploration to understand the structural controls on ore deposition for these types of deposits in order to predict the localities of new ones. Application of basic principles of rock mechanics, and numerical simulations of deformation and fluid flow processes provide fundamental insights to Proterozoic hydrothermal mineralization atMount Isa, Australia. The rheology of layered meta-sedimentary rocks, and the orientation and position of these layered rocks relative to major fault systems were the key controls on ore deposition...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VQB 000 ; VQD 200 ; VRA 300 ; VTS 400 ; VQC 000 ; Tektonik von Lagerstätten ; Metamorphe Lagerstätten ; Buntmetalle {Lagerstättenkunde} ; Queensland {Rohstoffgeologie} ; Lagerstättengenese ; Mount-Isa-Gebiet ; Hydrothermale Erzlagerstätte ; Geodynamik ; Metallogenese
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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  • 48
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    Structural record of an oblique impact: the central uplift of the Upheaval Dome impact structure, Utah, USA (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Most asteroids strike their target at an oblique angle (Pierazzo & Melosh 2000). The common criterion for identifying craters formed by an oblique impact is the pattern of the ejecta blanket. On Earth, however, ejecta blankets are rarely preserved and morphological, structural, geophysical as well as depositional criteria were used to infer an oblique impact (e.g. for Chicxulub, Schultz & D’Hondt 1996, Ries- Steinheim, Stöffler et al. 2003, Mjölnir & Tsikalas 2005). However, the significance of such criteria in predicting impact angle or direction is a matter of debate (c.f. Schultz & Anderson, 1996, Ekholm & Melosh 2001). Particularly, it is not yet known whether there is an influence of the impact angle on the displacement field during the collapse of large transient cavities, and thus, the final crater. For most impact angles, the shape of the final crater is controlled by its size. At a critical diameter (ca. 2–5 km on Earth), simple bowl shaped craters are getting gravitationally unstable and collapse to form complex craters, with a flat floor and a terraced rim (Melosh 1989). During collapse, the crater floor rises to form a central uplift, that may or may not be visible as a central peak, or, when the peak in turn collapses, as a peak ring at yet larger diameters.
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VAE 150 ; VAX 000 ; VEV 277 ; Strukturelle Erscheinungen {Strukturgeologie} ; Akkretion extraterrestrischen Materials {Geologie} ; Utah {Geologie} ; Utah 〈Südost〉 ; Impaktstruktur ; Strukturgeologie
    Language: German
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  • 49
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    Deformation mechanisms in the eastern Sudbury Igneous Complex, Canada: Evidence for meteorite impact into an active orogen (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: The 1.85 Ga Sudbury Igneous Complex (SIC) in central Ontario is now widely considered to be the erosional remnant of a deformed paleo-horizontal impact melt sheet, about 2.5 km in thickness. Deformed impact melt breccias of the Onaping Formation and postimpact metasedimentary rocks overlie the layered SIC, which in turn rests on shocked Archean basement and Paleoproterozoic cover rocks. The main mass of the Igneous Complex is subdivided from top to bottom into granophyre, quartz-gabbro and norite layers. Previous workers considered noncylindrical folding and NW-directed reverse faulting as the main structural processes that formed the asymmetric, syn-formal geometry of the SIC apparent in map view and seismic section. Structural studies support this model in the southern part of the impact structure, where greenschist-facies metamorphic tectonites of the South Range Shear Zone (SRSZ) accomplished structural uplift of the southern SIC by NW-directed reverse shearing. However, little evidence for pervasive ductile strain has been reported from the weakly metamorphosed eastern part of the SIC, the East Range, which is characterised by steep basal dips and maximal curvature in plan view. The objective of this study is to assess the structural inventory of the East Range in terms of post-emplacement deformation mechanisms. Our interpretation is based on published and newly acquired structural data. Planar mineral shape fabrics of cumulate plagioclase and pyroxene are developed in the intermediate quartz-gabbro and lower norite layers of the southern East Range SIC. Microstructures show little intracrystalline deformation in quartz. Euhedral cumulate plagioclase retains an angular outline indicating magmatic mineral fabric development. This magmatic foliation is concordant to SIC contacts or large-scale discontinuities in their vicinity (Fig. 1). Magmatic fabrics are observed rarely in the northern portion of the East Range. Here, tectonic foliations and S–C fabrics are developed sporadically at, and concordant to, brittle structures striking N–S. A weak tectonic foliation defined by chlorite that replaces magmatic minerals is developed in the upper granophyric SIC of the NE-lobe that connects the SIC’s North and East Ranges via a 105° arc. This foliation grades into a shape-preferred orientation of primary, i.e., magmatic, mafic minerals observed in the lower granophyre and underlying layers of the SIC. Mineral fabrics observed in the NE-lobe SIC are concordant to metamorphic foliations developed in the overlying Onaping Formation breccias. Both foliations strike parallel to the NE-Lobe’s acute bisectrix and, thus, display an axial-planar geometry typical for fabrics formed in the core of a buckle fold (Fig. 1). Brittle structures including centimetre-scale shear-fractures to kilometre-scale faultzones are observed in the eastern SIC and its host rocks. Largescale faults striking N–S cut the NElobe’s eastern limb causing variable magnitudes of strike separation of SIC contacts. Centimetre- to metrescale, brittle faults and chlorite-filled brittle-ductile shear-zones occur pervasively in the eastern SIC, often causing centimetre-scale offset of markers. Microstructures from first-order fault-zones indicate deformation at, and below, greenschist-facies metamorphic conditions. The concordance of magmatic and tectonic mineral shape fabrics in the NElobe indicates progressive deformation of the SIC during cooling from the magmatic state to lower greenschistfacies metamorphic conditions. Synmagmatic deformation of the SIC suggests that it was emplaced during ongoing orogenic deformation. Furthermore, maximum principal stress directions inferred from inversion of faultslip data collected in the Onaping Formation are orthogonal to metamorphic foliation surfaces at the same localities. This points to a similar deformation regime in the Onaping Formation during ductile and brittle deformation. The concordance of magmatic, metamorphic and brittle fabrics is explained best by a single progressive deformation event that was active while the SIC cooled and solidified. The lack of pervasive ductile deformation fabrics in the East Range SIC can be explained by rapid cooling of the impact melt sheet (within 100–500 ka) with respect to natural tectonic strain rates. While the geometry of mineral fabrics in the study area is compatible with large-scale, non-cylindrical folding, the low levels of ductile deformation suggest that shape-change of the eastern SIC has been accomplished mainly by discontinuous deformation. This deformation mechanism may have accomplished bulk NW-SE shortening that was accommodated by reverse shearing within the SRSZ, resulting in large strike separations of SIC contacts observed in the western part of the impact structure. By contrast, the eastern SIC may have accomplished such shortening by brittleductile, non-cylindrical folding at the eastern terminus of the SRSZ. The complex post-impact deformation pattern of the central Sudbury Structure results from impact into an active orogen.
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VEV 127 ; VAE 150 ; VKB 280 ; VAE 400 ; Ontario {Geologie} ; Strukturelle Erscheinungen {Strukturgeologie} ; Impaktgesteine {Petrologie} ; Tektogenese {Geologie} ; Sudbury 〈Ontario, Region〉 ; Mehrfachringbassin ; Tiefengestein ; Impaktmetamorphes Gestein ; Deformation 〈Geologie〉
    Language: German
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  • 50
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    Separation of magnetic subfabrics by high-field, lowtemperature torque measurements (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) can serve as a good indicator of strain in deformed carbonate rocks with diamagnetic susceptibility (Owens and Rutter 1978; de Wall 2000). However, the magnetic fabric due to the diamagnetic carbonate minerals is usually very weak and interpretation of the AMS in these rocks is often complicated by the presence of paramagnetic and ferromagnetic phases which overprint the diamagnetic subfabric. For this reason contributions from ferromagnetic and paramagnetic minerals to the AMS should be separated for a reliable interpretation of the AMS. Ferromagnetic contributions to the AMS can be separated by high-field measurements, using a torque magnetometer (Martin- Hernandez and Hirt 2001). The remaining paramagnetic and diamagnetic contributions can be discriminated by their different temperature dependencies. The paramagnetic susceptibility increases as an inverse function of temperature, whereas the diamagnetic part remains constant. Altogether, AMS measurements at high fields and low temperatures allow for the discrimination of all three subfabrics. Test measurements with the high-field torque magnetometer at liquid nitrogen temperature were performed. It is possible to keep the specimens at low temperature over the measurement period using a cryostat. The main problem is the suppression of mechanical disturbances during the measurement so that the sensitivity of the instrument is retained. The torque of paramagnetic minerals increases strongly at low temperature which results in an amplification of the paramagnetic subfabric. The quantitative separation of diamagnetic and paramagnetic subfabric is under investigation. The result is promising when there is a significant diamagnetic signal.
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; TQB 000 ; TOT 310 ; VAE 120 ; Erdmagnetische Verfahren {Geophysik} ; Gesteinsmagnetismus {Geophysik} ; Methodik {Strukturgeologie} ; Magnetische Suszeptibilität ; Drehmagnetometer
    Language: German
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  • 51
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    GPS-gestützte Kartierung gravitativer Massenverlagerungen an der Röt/ Muschelkalk-Grenze im Göttinger Wald (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
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    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Gravitative Massenverlagerungen entlang der Muschelkalkschichtstufe gehören zur natürlichen Morphodynamik. Durch die unterschiedliche Erosionsresistenz der relativ inkompetenten Ton- und Mergelsteine des Röt und der direkt darüber anstehenden widerstandsfähigeren Kalkgesteinen des Unteren Muschelkalks hat sich ein Steilhang im Übergang dieser Einheiten ausgeprägt. Ein unruhiges Relief des Schichtstufenhangs zeugt an vielen Stellen von gravitativen Massenverlagerungen. Zur detaillierten Kartierung dieser gravitativen Massenverlagerungen am Hünstollen im Göttinger Wald (10km nordöstlich von Göttingen) wurden Zweifrequenz-GPS-Messungen durchgeführt. Mittels differentieller Korrektur der gesammelten GPS-Daten konnte eine horizontale Präzision der Positionsbestimmung von bis zu 10 cm auf freier Fläche und bis zu 40 cm im Wald erreicht werden. Zusammen mit Schichtflächenmessungen ermöglichen die gesammelten Daten eine hochauflösende Darstellung einzelner Strukturelemente, Rückschlüsse auf die stattgefundenen Bewegungsabläufe sowie eine relative zeitliche Zuordnung der einzelnen Rutschkörper...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VEB 126 ; VDH 110 ; VDH 120 ; VAJ 100 ; VBG 100 ; Niedersächsisches Bergland {Geologie} ; Untere Trias ; Mittlere Trias ; Massenbewegungen {Geologie} ; Geologisches Kartieren ; Göttinger Wald ; Röt-Muschelkalk-Grenze ; Massentransport 〈Geowissenschaften〉 ; Kartierung
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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  • 52
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    Gefügecharakterisierung von Calcitmyloniten und Marmoren bezüglich senkrecht zueinander stehender Faltenteilstrukturen, Alpi Apuane, Italien (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
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    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Im nördlichen Teil des Appenin in Italien ist der metamorphe Komplex der Alpi Apuane in Form eines tektonischen Fensters sehr gut aufgeschlosssen. Die metamorphen Gesteine der Alpi Apuane — Metakarbonate, Kiesel- und Karbonatschiefer sowie Phyllite — sind aufgrund der Kollision der korsischsardischen Mikroplatte mit der italienischen Halbinsel im mm bis km- Maßstab verfaltet worden. Im zentralen Teil der Alpi Apuane biegt das generelle N–S Streichen der Faltenstrukturen in eine E–W Richtung um. Faltenstrukturen mit senkrecht zueinander stehenden Faltenachsen sind charakteristisches Strukturmerkmal u.a. ‘Metamorpher Kernkomplexe’ und Schlüssel zum Verständnis von Deformationsgeschichte und mechanismen. Die Entwicklung dieser Strukturen wird kontrovers diskutiert...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VEF 200 ; VKB 292 ; VKB 270 ; VKA 200 ; VAE 140 ; VAE 120 ; Italien {Geologie} ; Metamorphe Komplexe, übriges Europa {Petrologie} ; Produkte mechanischer Deformation {Petrologie} ; Gefügekunde der Gesteine ; Gesteinsdeformation {Strukturgeologie} ; Methodik {Strukturgeologie} ; Apuaner Alpen ; Karbonatgestein ; Marmor ; Deformation 〈Geologie〉 ; Faltentektonik ; Gefüge 〈Gesteinskunde〉
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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  • 53
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    A further step toward a thermochronological 3-D model of the SE Black Forest (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Fission-track (FT) data always depend on the thermal history of a 3-D geological complex. Therefore it is expedient to display FT data sets in 3-D models. Such a model in which tectonic, sedimentological and hydrological features are combined can greatly improve the interpretation of the palaeo-thermal pattern derived from FT analyses. Since 1988 several FT studies have been conducted in the Black Forest (BF) (Michalski 1988, Wyss 2000, Timar- Geng et al. 2004, 2005). Timar-Geng et al. (2006) analyse the crystalline basement and the Permian Rotliegend beneath the Mesozoic units in the Tabular Jura (TJ) east of Basel, Switzerland, using samples taken from the three Nagra boreholes at Kaisten, Riniken and Leuggern. In particular Timar-Geng et al. (2005, 2006) characterise the thermal history of this pre-Mesozoic basement. For the BF they estimate at least one heating phase during the lower and middle Mesozoic while similar heating could not be observed in northern Switzerland. However, the FT-data in both regions show moderate to rapid cooling during the Cretaceous and Lower Eocene, which was followed by an Upper Eocene heating event. The software package GOCAD (Geological Objects Computer-Aided Design) was used to build a digital elevation model (DEM), which provide a new detailed view of these FT data sets. The model is located about 20 km east of Basel, Switzerland, and extends over an area of about 21km by 24 km and spans a vertical height difference of about 2 km. The data sets described above along with two additional FT analyses from the Buntsandstein which lies directly on the BF crystalline, were compiled and plotted at their topographic heights in the DEM. The FT central-ages (Galbraith & Laslett 1993) of this region range between 25 ± 2Ma and 98 ± 6.5 Ma. The topographic positions extend between −1412m at the Borehole Riniken and 960m in the BF with mean sea level as a reference. FT central-age isochron surfaces were drawn in order to visualize the thermal evolution within the model range. Because the FT central-ages also correspond to a closure temperature, these surfaces can also be considered an isotherm. The FT closure temperature of apatite is about 90±30°C (Laslett et al. 1987). Therefore each surface shows the position and shape of the ca. 90°C isotherm of a specific age. This 3-D model points out an important difference in the thermal evolution of the BF und the TJ. The vertical distance between the isothermal surfaces increases from north to south. Between 90Ma and 60Ma the ca. 90°C isotherm drops at the Kaisten borehole by 1000m while in the same time span in the BF a lowering of the same isotherm by 300m can be observed. In the eastern part of the model this feature is not as marked as in the west but nevertheless it is observable. To explain this entirely different thermal evolution it is necessary to turn to the tectonic and other geological features of the region. South of the exposed BF crystalline and beneath the TJ there lies an old Variscan structure: the Permo-Carboniferous trough (PCT). This trough strikes in WSWENE direction and extends from Lake Constance to the Bresse Graben and contains up to 6000m of Palaeozoic sediments. Additionally, some Variscan fault structures strike in WNW–ESE direction and cut both the BF an the PCT, for example the Eggberg Fault and the Vorwald Fault. Beside the tectonic structures the hydrological characteristics played an important role during the palaeo-thermal evolution. Circulating hot fluids controlled the thermal pattern. Variscan faults were often reactivated during the Mesozoic (e.g. Wetzel et al. 2003) and also during the formation of the Upper Rhine Graben. (e.g. Illies 1967) These faults are the major water-conducting features in the crystalline basement of the BF, joints and fracture networks are tributaries. Below the aquifers within the Mesozoic of the TJ, the PCT trough sediments predominantly act as an aquitard. Only the border faults of the trough were important pathways for fluids (Thury 1994). Considering the Mesozoic sedimentological history of the region it is unlikely that fault movements are responsible for the different palaeo-thermal pattern of the BF and the TJ. Only different magnitudes of heat flow caused by hydrothermal circulating fluids can explain the ‘warm’ BF crystalline in comparison to the ‘cold’ basement of the TJ at the transition between the Mesozoic and Tertiary.
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VBN 500 ; VBN 200 ; VEB 143 ; Geochronologie einzelner Regionen im allgemeinen ; Radiometrische Altersbestimmung ; Oberrheinische Massen {Geologie} ; Schwarzwald 〈Südost〉 ; Kernspaltspurenmethode
    Language: German
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  • 54
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    Origin of Central Andean collapse calderas (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Regional strains in tectonically active volcanic provinces may have a profound influence on the mode of collapse caldera formation. Conversely, the deformation pattern, more specifically, the symmetry of plan-view strain fields imparted to caldera floors may assist in elucidating the regional deformation active during caldera formation. The symmetry of plan-view strain fields is chiefly controlled by the mode of floor subsidence, particularly whether subsidence is uniform, symmetric or asymmetric, portraying collapse mechanisms known respectively as plate, downsag and trapdoor. Plate and downsag subsidence generates centro-symmetric strain fields characterized by radial and concentric discontinuities and subvolcanic dikes. Such strain fields appear to develop preferably where magma pressure controls collapse. By contrast, rectilinear horizontal strain fields form under unidirectional stretching and generate normal faults and subvolcanic dikes transverse to the stretching direction. Rectilinear strain fields are typical for trapdoor subsidence but also for straight orogenic belts and suggests that the formation of both may be related. This was tested for six central Andean collapse calderas that formed between 10.5 and 2Ma and are located on prominent NW–SE striking fault zones. A combined geochronological and structural analysis of the Miocene Negra Muerta Caldera in particular was designed to better understand caldera formation associated with the prominent Olacapato – El Toro Fault Zone...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VAE 150 ; VEX 100 ; VAD 300 ; VAE 400 ; VAE 200 ; Strukturelle Erscheinungen {Strukturgeologie} ; Anden {Geologie} ; Vulkanformen und Vulkantypen {Geologie} ; Tektogenese {Geologie} ; Geodynamik der Lithosphäre {Geologie} ; Zentralanden ; Caldera ; Einsturzstruktur ; Deformation 〈Geologie〉 ; Geodynamik
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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  • 55
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    Evolution and structure of the Upper Rhine Graben — quantitative insights from numerical modelling approaches (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: The Upper Rhine Graben forms the major segment of the Cenozoic Rift system of Western Europe. Although the rift was the target of many seismic and geological investigations, the style of lithospheric extension below the inferred faults, the depth to detachment, and the amounts of horizontal extension and lateral translation are still being debated. In this study, the date base to the Upper Rhine Graben was subjected to a finite element approach in order to include thermomechanical processes of the lithosphere as well as erosion and sedimentation. The study concentrated on the consequences of extension and lateral translational events on the structure and evolution in terms of basin geometry, sediment layer thicknesses, Moho elevation, and shoulder uplift on a lithospheric scale. The numerical approach was three dimensional in order to incorporate the lateral crustal heterogenities in the Upper Rhine area and the varying ambient stress field...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VEB 145 ; VAE 840 ; VAE 400 ; VAE 120 ; VBE 000 ; Rhein-Main-Tiefland {Geologie} ; Rifts {Geologie} ; Tektogenese {Geologie} ; Methodik {Strukturgeologie} ; Modellierung von Prozessen in der Geosphäre ; Oberrheingraben ; Tektonik ; Rifting ; Numerisches Modell
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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  • 56
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    Magnetische Charakteristik von Pyroklastika des Ság-hegy Vulkan Komplex, Kleine Ungarische Tiefebene (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Der Ság-hegy Vulkan Komplex befindet sich in dem Vulkanfeld der Kleinen Ungarischen Tiefebene. Eine 39Ar/40Ar Datierung ergab ein Alter von 5, 42 ± 0, 06Ma für den Ság-hegy (Wijbrans et al. 2004). Die Entwicklung des Vulkans weist zwei verschiedene Ereignisse auf. Als erstes trifft aufsteigendes Magma auf meteorisches Wasser in einer fluviolakustinen Umgebung (fuel-coolant interaction FCI). Die FCI von Wasser bzw. wassergesättigtem Sediment und Magma führte zur Bildung eines phreatomagmatischen Tuffrings. Nachdem das Wasserangebot aufgebraucht war, füllte sich das Innere des Tephrarings mit einem Lavasee. Lokal kollabierte der Tuffring, so dass Lava aus dem See herausfließen konnte. Durch die Anlage eines Steinbruches im zentralen Bereich des Vulkankomplexes ergibt sich ein 3-D Aufschluss mit hervorragenden Einblick auf die Intrusionsbeziehungen von Förderdykes, Sills und Überresten des Lavasees (Martin & Németh, 2004). In dieser Studie sollen die magnetischen Charakteristika einer Sektion von pyroklastischen Gesteinen, die von Dykes und Sills abgeschnitten wird, untersucht werden. Vorläufige Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die magnetische Suszeptibilität aller pyroklastischen Einheiten im Bereich der ferrimagnetischen Suszeptibilität liegt und von (2 − 20 × 10−3 SI variiert...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VAD 500 ; VAD 700 ; VKB 128 ; TOT 320 ; TQB 000 ; TSE 000 ; VEE 200 ; Exhalationen und postvulkanische Erscheinungen {Geologie} ; Regionaler Vulkanismus {Geologie} ; Pyroklastika {Petrologie} ; Paläomagnetismus {Geophysik} ; Erdmagnetische Verfahren {Geophysik} ; Südosteuropa {Geophysik} ; Pannonisches Becken {Geologie} ; Ungarische Tiefebene ; Pyroklastit ; Magnetische Suszeptibilität
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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  • 57
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    Application of Photogrammetry in Geology: 3D Investigation of Rock Fracture Distributions (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Geology as a science has an important visual component and the knowledge of any geologist is deeply linked to visual experience of rock outcrops, thin sections and analytical images. One of the shortcomings of most geological images such as maps, cross sections and outcrop photographs is that they are 2D, while processes geologists are interested in are typically occurring in 3D space. The 3D geometry of faults, fractures and joints is crucial to quantify geological processes related to fracture mechanics, such as hydrothermal mineralization and ground water flow, but also geotechnical problems such as rock mass stability. A number of studies have shown that some geological structures can be described with a scale invariant, fractal distribution. So far these observations on which these findings are based were restricted to one and two dimensions and has been difficult to obtain a full spatial geometric picture of fracture sets from rock outcrops, because much of the rock is not directly accessible. However, without taking into account the spatial distribution of geological structures the true geometry of joint patterns cannot be fully described and scaling laws, fractal or not, cannot be derived. We present images of joint patterns based on datasets acquired by digital photographs which are processed to three dimensional images using the photogrammetry software Siro3D. This technique allows to obtain a highly accurate 3D picture of the visible outcrop. The spatial pattern of joints in nature is investigated using the software SiroJoint. For the analysis of joint systems a large data set was collected from the Heavitree Quarzite at Ormiston Gorge, near Alice Springs. The Heavitree Quartzite is fragmented by a spectacularly regular three-dimensional joint pattern, which is repeated at different scales and therefore represents a perfect laboratory for our investigations (Hobbs 1993). Siro3D generates a spatially fully referenced 3D image from overlapping digital images, such that each pixel of the image is assigned spatial coordinates. The software SiroJoint routinely constructs planes from the intersection of the rock-face with the linear trace of planar features (Poropat 2001). It provides stereographic plots of structural elements and additionally measures joint persistence, area, and joint spacing. Our measurements allow to analyse geometrical scaling relationships of joint sets with high accuracy and will help explore the character of their 3D complexity. Several hundred joint planes were defined with SiroJoint in an Ormiston Gorge outcrop. Three different joint sets can be distinguished. Joint set one and two are characterized by steeply inclined planes with joint spacings ranging between 2 cm to 40 cm and 2 cm to 10m respectively. Both joints sets depict a power law distribution in joint spacing/frequency plots. The third set is defined by a subhorizontal orientation. It shows a very regular spacing in the meter scale and lacks an exponential distribution. We intend to use the results as a basis to compare observed fracture pattern with those generated by computational methods like Iterated Function Systems. This might help to understand how physical rock properties influence the spatial complexity of fracture systems and develop constitutive scaling relationships for certain rock types.
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VAE 120 ; VBH 000 ; VAE 150 ; Methodik {Strukturgeologie} ; Fernerkundung ; Strukturelle Erscheinungen {Strukturgeologie} ; Klüftung ; Bruch 〈Geologie〉 ; Photogrammetrie ; Dreidimensionale Rekonstruktion
    Language: German
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  • 58
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    Geowissenschaften und Bergbaugeschichte in der Dreiländer-Region Hessen, Thüringen, Niedersachsen : Eine Bibliographie der Landschaft Diemel und Schleuse, Borkener Senke und Rhume. Band 1: Verzeichnis nach Autorennamen (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Die Region - mit den markanten Erhebungen des Hohen Meißners und des Thüringer Waldes - stellt geologisch und bergbaugeschichtlich einen Teil der deutschen Mittelgebirge dar, der Fachleute sowie Amateure und Naturfreunde gleichermaßen fasziniert. Die vorliegende Bibliographie versucht erstmals länderübergreifend die umfangreiche Fachliteratur der Dreiländer-Region zu erschließen. Dabei wurden sowohl fachwissenschaftliche als auch heimatkundliche Publikationen und unveröffentlichtes Material berücksichtigt.
    Description: bibliography
    Keywords: 551 ; VEB 125 ; VEB 126 ; Hessisch-thüringisches Bergland {Geologie} ; Niedersächsisches Bergland {Geologie} ; Nordhessen ; Thüringen 〈West〉 ; Niedersachsen 〈Süd〉 ; Werra-Meißner-Kreis ; Geowissenschaften ; Bergbau ; Bibliographie ; 38.55 ; 57.01
    Language: German
    Type: monograph , publishedVersion , monograph
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  • 59
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    Effect of crystallography and temperature on the development of quartz high-angle grain boundaries in metamorphic rocks (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Grain boundary migration during dynamic recrystallization of quartz results in grain boundary suturing of various extent. The geometry of the sutured boundaries is affected not only by temperature, strain rate, finite strain and differential stress, but also by internal properties such as the defect distribution and crystallographic orientations. Consequently, the grain boundary geometry may provide information about these conditions and properties. In continuation of a previous study (Kuntcheva et al.) the complete crystallographic orientation of quartz grain boundaries was measured, based on a combination of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and universal-stage (U-stage) measurements. For this purpose a sample of granite from the northern Aar Massif (Central Alps, Switzerland) was taken, deformed at temperatures up to 300–350°C at the end of the Lepontine event of the Alpine Orogenesis...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VKA 200 ; VAE 120 ; VAE 130 ; Gefügekunde der Gesteine ; Methodik {Strukturgeologie} ; Geomechanik ; Aare-Massiv ; Granitgneis ; Quarz ; Rekristallisationstextur
    Language: German
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  • 60
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    Magnetische Suszeptibilitätsmessungen an Gängen vom Ostrand des Hauzenberger Granitplutons — Bayerischer Wald (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Am Ostrand des Hauzenberger Plutons im südlichen Bayerischen Wald treten Ganggesteine auf, die spät- bis postvariskische Granitoide und ihre Rahmengesteine (anatektische und diatektische Gneise) durchschlagen. Die Intrusion der Gänge wurde auf 307Ma datiert (Siebel, pers. comm.). Sie stellen somit das jüngste magmatische Ereignis mit deutlichem zeitlichen Hiatus zur Platznahme der Granitplutone des Bayerischen Waldes zwischen 316 und 324Ma (Propach 2000) dar. Die Hauptverbreitung dieser Ganggesteine liegt in einem herzynisch verlaufenden Zug von Oberndorf im Nordwesten über Waldkirchen zum Oberfrauenwald und weiter nachWegscheid im Südosten. Die Gänge streichen in den zwei Hauptrichtungen WNW–ESE (etwa 140°), also in etwa parallel zum Bayerischen Pfahl, sowie annähernd N–S (etwa 170°). Die Gänge stehen generell saiger und haben Mächtigkeiten von wenigen dm bis zu 15 m. An 14 Gängen wurde im Gelände und Labor die magnetische Suszeptibilität gemessen.
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VEB 211 ; VKB 130 ; TSB 000 ; TOT 310 ; TQB 000 ; VKA 200 ; Baden Württemberg {Geologie} ; Petrologie der Ganggesteine ; Mitteleuropa {Geophysik} ; Gesteinsmagnetismus {Geophysik} ; Erdmagnetische Verfahren {Geophysik} ; Gefügekunde der Gesteine ; Bayerischer Wald ; Gang 〈Geologie〉 ; Magnetische Suszeptibilität ; Gefüge 〈Gesteinskunde〉
    Language: German
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  • 61
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    Structural investigations of the W termination of the ‘Schneeberg Zug’ — Austroalpine Unit, Southern Tyrol: Results from a crustal scale shear zone (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
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    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: The Austroalpine microplate traces the Alpine collision event between the Africa-related southern Alpine realm and the European continent. The southern margin of this microplate, the basement to the north of Meran (including Texel unit and Schneeberg Zug) is characterized by regional eo-Alpine high-pressure metamorphism (Hoinkes & Thöni, 1987). PT conditions decrease from SE (Texel unit) to the pre-alpine basement in the NW. The HP Rocks were exhumed within a ca. 15km broad SW-NE-striking, NWdipping high strain zone (Sölva et al. 2001). The high-pressure Texel crystalline is tectonically underlain by the Campo unit in the south and overlain by the Ötztal-Stubai Basement in the north(west). The Schneeberg Zug forms an up to 5km thick shear zone at its base, representing the study area. It shows normal-sense kinematics and separates pre-Alpine basement rocks in the hanging wall from high-pressure rocks in the footwall, the Texel unit. These were emplaced on top of pre-Alpine basement rocks (Campo unit) by an eo-Alpine ductile thrust. Lithologically the western termination of the Schneeberg Zug comprises characteristic garnet micaschists, marble layers, amphibolites, quartzites, hornblende-garben-schists and calcschists. These lithologies are called Bunte Serie (Mauracher, 1981) and differ from the polyphase adjacent Texel unit and the polymetamorphic basement rocks in the hanging wall due to their lithological content and their monometamorphic evolution. Petrological and geochronological investigations on the eastern continuation of these characteristic metapelitic rocks evidence the time of garnet growth during D1 close to the Cretaceous pressure peak. Sm-Nd isochron data of these continuously zoned garnets yielded crystallization ages between 90 and 95 Ma. Preliminary structural investigations yielded four major deformation events: D1 produced a compositional layering and a mylonitic foliation; generally this ductile deformation in the northwestern portion of the Schneeberg Zug is characterized by contemporaneous shearing and folding forming isoclinal folds with axes oriented parallel to the NW–SE plunging stretching lineation. Deformation stage D2 formed tight folds with steep NW to WSW plunging axes and NW to W dipping axial planes, which refold the D1 related structures. Deformation stage D3 is characterized by a crenulation with NW-plunging axes and NW-dipping axial planes. Lower greenschist-facies shear-zones dipping to the W and with shear sense top to W– WNW represent the last ductile event. They crosscut the older structural inventory. Brittle deformation evidences normal faulting reactivating the NW dipping main foliation as well as related dextral strike slip movement. Geochronological data and structural investigations indicate a continuous eo- Alpine tectono-metamorphic evolution, which started at high grade conditions homogenously distributed over the whole shear zone. With decreasing temperature conditions the deformation progressively partitioned into distinct shear zones.
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VEB 163 ; VAE 150 ; VAE 850 ; VKB 291 ; Zentrale Ostalpen {Geologie} ; Strukturelle Erscheinungen {Strukturgeologie} ; Festländische Lineamente {Geologie} ; Metamorphe Komplexe, Alpen {Petrologie} ; Südtirol ; Campo-Kristallin ; Scherzone
    Language: German
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  • 62
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    Exkursion 6: Trias und Jura von Göttingen und Umgebung (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Die Exkursion stellt repräsentative Aufschlüsse triassischer und jurassischer Sedimente aus der direkten Umgebung von Göttingen vor. Dabei werden deren stratigraphische Stellung, Ablagerungsmilieus und Fossilgemeinschaften diskutiert. Zunächst werden Aufschlüsse auf der östlichen Schulter des Leinetalgrabens (Muschelkalk- Plateau des Göttinger Waldes), danach auch im Leinetalgraben selbst (Keuper, Schwarzjura) besucht. Hinreichend gute Aufschlußbedingungen sind vor allem in Tongruben (Röt, Mittlerer Keuper, Schwarzjura) und Steinbrüchen (Unterer Muschelkalk) gegeben.
    Description: excursionguide
    Keywords: 551 ; VEB 126 ; VDH 100 ; VDH 200 ; Niedersächsisches Bergland {Geologie} ; Trias ; Jura ; Göttingen ; Geologie ; Trias ; Jura 〈Geologie〉 ; 38.10
    Language: German
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  • 63
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    Rock fabrics in palaeoweathering profiles below basement-cover interfaces (AMS-study on drill cores from the Caledonian margin, Central Sweden) (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
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    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Basement-cover-interfaces are important crustal boundaries. In many cases they act as detachment horizons. Criteria like pre-erosional basement characteristics, intensity of palaeoweathering and post-erosional processes during burial stage lead to a huge variety of observable alteration and fabric features of basement-cover-interfaces, which may influence the shear-strength. Unconformity-parallel planar fabrics in the weathering profile were facilitated by palaeo-alteration and later processes (Angerer 2005 unpubl. data). Such fabrics may be a factor for lowering the shear-strength (e.g. Wintsch et al. 1995). The probably ubiquitous existence of those fabrics at basement-coverinterfaces is investigated in case studies by means of AMS-fabric analysis, which is a sensitive indicator of rock fabric changes. The present case study is based on sections from two drill cores across the erosional unconformity between Fennoscandian Granite (Revsund) and Cambrian Gärdsjön Fm. (Långviken SGU 73007 and Hara 79002) (petrographic descriptions in Gee, 1978 and Gee et al. 1982).
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VAH 000 ; VAE 813 ; TOT 310 ; VED 200 ; Verwitterung {Geologie} ; Kaledonische Orogene {Geologie} ; Gesteinsmagnetismus {Geophysik} ; Schweden {Geologie} ; Mittelschweden ; Kaledoniden ; Verwitterungshorizont ; Magnetische Anisotropie ; Gesteinsgefüge ; Magnetische Suszeptibiblität
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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  • 64
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    The importance of lithological heterogeneity of the Onaping Formation for understanding post-impact deformation of the Sudbury Impact Structure, Canada (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
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    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: The suevitic Onaping Formation overlies the layered Main Mass of the 1.85Ga Sudbury Igneous Complex (SIC) of the Sudbury Impact Structure, Ontario. The Formation consists of four Members, namely from top to bottom, the Black, the Green, the Gray and the Basal. Post-impact NWSE shortening during the Penokean Orogeny (ca. 1.9–1.75 Ga) affected the Onaping Formation and led to the lobate shape of the SIC in plan view. In order to investigate the possible fold origin of the NE-lobe of the SIC, a field-based structural analysis of the Onaping Formation was conducted in the Frenchman Lake area. The analysis is based on structural measurements at 580 stations and encompasses the orientation of mineral shape fabrics as well as their intensity. In addition to these quantities, lithological variation and metamorphic overprint of the Onaping Formation was examined. Special attention was paid thereby to the Green Member since previous workers stated that it forms a continuous unit at the base of the Black Member...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VKB 280 ; VKB 295 ; VAE 140 ; VEV 127 ; VKA 200 ; Impaktgesteine {Petrologie} ; Metamorphe Komplexe, Nordamerika {Petrologie} ; Gesteinsdeformation {Strukturgeologie} ; Ontario {Geologie} ; Gefügekunde der Gesteine ; Sudbury 〈Ontario. Region〉 ; Mehrfachringbassin ; Proterozoikum ; Impaktmetamorphes Gestein ; Suevit ; Deformation 〈Geologie〉
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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  • 65
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    Entwicklung einer fluidbeeinflussten Scherzone am Beispiel der Glarner Hauptüberschiebung (Schweiz) (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Lokalisierung unter retrograden Deformationsbedingungen kann häufig in groß-maßstäblichen Scherzonen beobachtet werden. Dabei nimmt die Scherzonenbreite kontinuierlich ab. Gleichzeitig passt sich das Gefüge (Korngröße, Kornform, Kornorientierung, Zwillingsdichte, kristallographische Orientierung, usw.) den neuen Umgebungsbedingungen (Temperatur, Spannung und Verformungsrate) an. Die Glarner Hauptüberschiebung in den Ostschweizer Alpen ist ein gutes Beispiel, um das Ausmaß und die Entwicklung einer Verformungslokalisierung zu bestimmen. In der Vergangenheit wurde sie detailliert in Hinblick auf ihre Isotopenverteilung und daraus resultierenden Fluidbewegungen und Überprägungen untersucht. Dies erlaubt das Zusammenspiel der Lokalisierung und der Fluidüberprägung zur Zeit der Platznahme der Glarnerdecke zu bestimmen...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VAE 130 ; VAE 400 ; VAE 150 ; VJC 400 ; VEB 168 ; Geomechanik ; Tektogenese {Geologie} ; Strukturelle Erscheinungen {Strukturgeologie} ; Fluid-Gestein-Wechselwirkungen {Geochemie} ; Schweizer Alpen {Geologie} ; Glarner Alpen ; Scherzone ; Deformation 〈Geologie〉 ; Fluid-Fels-System
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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  • 66
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    Lithologierekonstruktion von submarinen Einheiten des Mauna Kea Vulkans mit bohrlochgeophysikalischen Messungen der magnetischen Suszeptibilität, HSDP Bohrung, Hawai’i (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Als Teil des International Continental Drilling Projects (ICDP), wurde von März bis September 1999 im Rahmen des Hawai’i Scientific Drilling Projects (HSDP) die etwa 3109m tiefe HSDP-2 Bohrung in der Nähe von Hilo auf Big Island, Hawai’i niedergebracht. Die mit einem Durchmesser von 98mm (3.8500) durchgehend gekernte Bohrung, durchteuft sowohl die subaerischen Einheiten des Mauna Loa, als auch die darunter liegenden submarinen Laven des Mauna Kea. Ab etwa 1080m Teufe wurden die jüngsten, während der Entwicklung dieses Vulkans abgelagerten submarinen Laven erbohrt. Die Verteilung von Hyaloklastiten, Pillowlaven, massiver Intrusiva sowie sedimentärer Ablagerungen, wurde durch die lithologische Beschreibung des durchgehend geförderten Kernprofils von DePaolo et al. (1999) aufgenommen. Verschiedene Autoren, wie z.B. Bücker et al. (1999) oder Helm-Clark et al. (2004) haben bereits gezeigt, dass sich Messungen der natürlichen Gammastrahlung (GR), die üblicherweise sehr gut zur lithologischen Einteilung von Gesteinen herangezogen werden können, in vergleichbaren Bohrungen nur sehr bedingt zur primären Unterscheidung basaltischer Gesteinseinheiten eignen. Dies ist vor allem auf die sehr geringe Variation des K-, U- und Th-Gehalts der Basalte zurückzuführen. Daher wurden von der Operational Support Group (OSG) des GFZ-Potsdam im November 2002 bohrlochgeophysikalische Messungen in dem 98mm Bohrloch in einem Bereich von etwa 1830 bis 2615m durchgeführt. Diese wurden speziell zum Test einer Bohrlochsonde zur Messung der magnetischen Suszeptibilität (MS) im Rahmen des DFG-Projektes Wa 1015/4 angesetzt. Dazu wurde die MSdH-2 Sonde der OSG, hergestellt von der Fa. Antares GmbH (Stuhr, Germany) eingesetzt.
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VAD 400 ; TOT 310 ; TQG 000 ; VEV 285 ; VBL 500 ; VKB 124 ; Vulkanische Förderprodukte {Geologie} ; Gesteinsmagnetismus {Geophysik} ; Geophysikalische Bohrlochmessungen ; Hawaii {Geologie} ; Geologische Bohrungen in einzelnen Regionen ; Basaltische Vulkanite {Petrologie} ; Mauna Kea ; Tiefbohrung ; Bohrlochgeophysik ; Magnetische Suszeptibilität ; Lava ; Basalt
    Language: German
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  • 67
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    Dyke emplacement in Tenerife (Canary Islands): Field studies and numerical models (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Dykes are magma-driven extension fractures and the main conduits for magma in volcanic eruptions. To understand the mechanics of dyke emplacement is thus essential to assess volcanic hazards. To improve the understanding of the processes of dyke initiation from shallow magma chambers and dyke propagation through a mechanicallylayered crust, field measurements and observations from Tenerife (Canary Islands) are used and compared with the results from numerical models. Careful studies of 550 dykes in three profiles in the Anaga massif (Tenerife) include measurements of dyke geometry and orientation. The results of these measurements show that dykes have been injected from a deep-seated reservoir during the shield-building phase. Furthermore, the dyke attitudes agree with the main axial trends of Tenerife that are preserved in the old massifs of Teno, Anaga, and Roque del Conde...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VAE 150 ; VEZ 130 ; Strukturelle Erscheinungen {Strukturgeologie} ; Inselgruppen {Atlantischer Ozean: Geologie} ; Teneriffa ; Gang 〈Geologie〉
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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  • 68
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    Textures in mylonitised granite from Banefo area in the central part of the Cameroon Central Shear Zone (central Africa) — Kinematics and gradian deformation indicators (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: The North Equatorial Panafrican belt is constituted by orthogneissified metamorphic and magmatic sets linked to tectonometamorphic events of the neoproterozoic orogeny. This belt whose formations are situated in the North of the congo craton is divided into three distinct geodynamic domains: a southern domain, a northern domain and a central domain. The deformation and metamorphism relationships are a function of the different geodynamic domains of the belt. The central domains, to which belongs the Banefo region, is affected by large strike-slip faults among which is the central cameroonian shear zone. This domain is marked out by numerous syntectonic granitoids. At Banefo (NE Bafoussam, West Cameroon), those massifs are mainly constituted by mylotinised orthogneisses and granites of various degrees. The country rock is made up of gneiss and amphibolite. In the Banefo massifs, the orthogneiss is the least deformed petrographic unit. It shows a heterogranular granoblastic texture with a mineral assemblage formed by quartz, K-feldspars, biotite, etc., within the orthogneiss, remains of magmatic fluidality can still be observed marked by feldspar megacrystal. Field observations reveal a net progression of the intensity of deformation of orthogeisses to ultramylotinised granites having an identical chemical composition as the orthogneisses...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VKA 200 ; VAE 140 ; VAE 850 ; VKB 270 ; VEP 500 ; Gefügekunde der Gesteine ; Gesteinsdeformation {Strukturgeologie} ; Festländische Lineamente {Geologie} ; Produkte mechanischer Deformation {Petrologie} ; Kamerun {Geologie} ; Kamerun-Linie ; Granitgneis ; Mylonit ; Deformation 〈Geologie〉
    Language: German
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  • 69
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    Discrimination of different volcanic rock units by magnetic properties — geothermal field at Reykjanes peninsula (SW-Iceland) (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: The geothermal field at Reykjanes peninsula is located at the boundary where the submarine Reykjanes Ridge passes over into the rift zone of southwestern Iceland. The geothermal field coincides with a magnetic low in the aeromagnetic anomaly map and is situated within a dense NE–SW fissure and fault zone. Surface geology is characterized by different historic fissure eruptions (youngest from 1226AD), shield lava (12.5–14.5 ka) and intercalated pillow basalt–hyaloclastite ridges probably formed during the last glacial episode (14.5–20 ka). During a field magnetic study in the vicinity of the geothermal field in summer 2005 different volcanic rock units have been sampled to correlate rock magnetic and magneto-mineralogical properties with magnetic field intensity. Additionally, measurements on a dense dolerite intrusion, recovered from the RN–19 borehole (2245–2248m depth) in May 2005 within the frame of IDDP, should shed light on the influence of crustal rocks on the total magnetic field intensity. Generally, the natural remanent magnetization and magnetic susceptibility, measured on rock specimen, is high, ranging between 2.5 and 33.6Am−1 and 2–37 ×10−3 SI, respectively...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; TOT 320 ; TSZ 100 ; TSD 000 ; TQB 000 ; VED 500 ; VEZ 110 ; VAE 890 ; VKA 150 ; VKB 326 ; Paläomagnetismus {Geophysik} ; Atlantischer Ozean {Geophysik} ; Nordeuropa {Geophysik} ; Erdmagnetische Verfahren {Geophysik} ; Island {Geologie} ; Teilgebiete {Geologie} ; Ozeanische Kruste {Tektonik} ; Physikalische Petrologie ; Magnetische Stratigraphie {Sedimentologie} ; Reykjanes ; Reykjanesrücken ; Ergussgestein ; Magnetische Suszeptibilität ; Magnetostratigraphie
    Language: German
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  • 70
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    Erkundung von Erdfallstrukturen in der Metropolregion Hamburg und Lüneburg mit dem Georadar (Ground Penetrating Radar) (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Der oberflächennahe geologische Untergrund Norddeutschlands wird durch das Auftreten zahlreicher Salzvorkommen geprägt. Während der Triaszeit und des unteren Juras herrschte ein EW gerichtetes, extensives tektonisches Regime vor. Durch zusätzliche Umlagerung klastischer Sedimente wurden darunter liegende Salzmassen permischen Alters (Zechstein) aus Tiefen von bis zu 5000Metern an die Erdoberfläche empor gepresst. Durch diesen Salzaufstieg wurden darüber liegende mesozoische Schichten durchschlagen, randlich der Salzdiapire deformiert und teilweise mitgeschleppt. Eine letzte Phase salztektonischer Aktivitäten während der oberen Kreide und des unteren Tertiärs zeichnet sich zum einen durch weiteren Salzaufstieg aus und zum anderen durch horizontale Einengung der Salzstöcke. Begleitgesteine der Salze, wie Gips, Anhydrit, und Karst, sowie Tertiäre und Quartäre Ablagerungen überlagern die Salzstöcke mit unterschiedlichen Mächtigkeiten. Das humide Klima Norddeutschlands begünstigt natürliche Auslaugungsprozesse (Subrosion) der Evaporite durch Grundwasser. Je nach Tiefenlage des Salzspiegels (Salzstock Lüneburg: −20 bis −40 m; Salzstock Othmarschen-Langenfelde (Hamburg): ca 0 bis −250 m) kann es zu intensiver Hohlraumbildung im tieferen Untergrund kommen. Die fortschreitende Vergrößerung einer solchen Höhle steht in Abhängigkeit zur Intensität der Lösungsprozesse, während die Stabilität des Hohlraumes zusätzlich von der Materialbeschaffenheit abhängt. So können feste Gesteine oder bindige Böden zwar ein stabiles Höhlendach bilden, jedoch ist bei andauernden Lösungsprozessen langfristig ein statisches Versagen des Höhlendaches unvermeidlich. Der damit verbundene Kollaps und die Verfüllung des Hohlraumes mit Sediment spiegelt sich häufig in Form von sub-zirkularen und konischen Einsturzröhren oder weitläufigen morphologischen Trichtern an der Erdoberfläche wieder. Die Terminologie der Erdfälle wird anhand der Subsidenzrate gewählt...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; TQD 800 ; VAO 120 ; VEB 110 ; Georadar {Geophysik} ; Karsterscheinungen an der Erdoberfläche ; Norddeutsche Senke {Geologie} ; Hamburg 〈Region〉 ; Lüneburg 〈Region〉 ; Erdfall ; Elektromagnetische Reflexionsmethode ; Risikoanalyse ; Salztektonik
    Language: German
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  • 71
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    Eo-Alpine imbrication of Middle Austroalpine units in the Gurktal Alps, Carinthia — questioning the existence of the Upper Austroalpine Murau Nappe (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Structural analysis of Paleozoic Middle and Upper Austroalpine (MAA, UAA) units of the Gurktal Nappe Complex (GNC) in combination with electron microprobe analyses of multiphase garnets reveal a complex Variscan and Alpidic tectonometamorphic evolution of the GNC. Our study is focussed on the UAA ‘Murau Nappe’ and its tectonic transition to the MAA respectively to the overlying UAA Stolzalpen Nappe. The ‘Murau Nappe’ may rather be interpreted as a major zone of imbricate thrust slices of the underlying and overlying units than a distinct nappe. The results of our study lead to a reinterpretation of the ‘Murau Nappe’ as a major shear zone generated during the Eo-Alpine thrusting of the Stolzalpen Nappe over the MAA. Concerning the central GNC we conclude, that the genetic term ‘Murau Nappe’ for the lower UAA unit between MAA and Stolzalpen Nappe is not valid. Instead, its reinterpretation as a major shear zone (‘Murau shear zone’), genetically belonging to the MAA, generated during Eo-Alpine overthrusting of the Stolzalpen Nappe, is favoured. The Mesozoic Stangalm unit is interpreted as a local sequence imbricated during the northward movement of the MAA units.
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VEB 163 ; VAE 400 ; VKB 291 ; VAE 811 ; Zentrale Ostalpen {Geologie} ; Tektogenese {Geologie} ; Metamorphe Komplexe, Alpen {Petrologie} ; Alpidische Orogene {Geologie} ; Gurktaler Decke ; Alpidische Gebirgsbildung ; Tektogenese ; Metamorphose 〈Geologie〉
    Language: German
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  • 72
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    Identification of uppercrustal discontinuities using dip curvature analysis of isostatic residual gravity: examples from the central Andes (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Structural analysts are often faced with the problem of identifying prominent structural discontinuities covered by post-tectonic sedimentary or volcanic rocks. Gravity fields are often used to delineate the trace of buried discontinuities but are frequently found to be too crude to localize discontinuities adequately. Here, we introduce the importance of dip curvature of the isostatic residual gravity for identifying upper-crustal discontinuities. The relationship between Bouguer gravity, isostatic residual gravity and its dip curvature, first-order structural elements and distribution of Neogene volcanic rocks was examined in the central Andean plateau, more specifically, the southern Altiplano and the Puna...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; TSX 000 ; TQA 000 ; VAE 811 ; VEX 100 ; Südamerika {Geophysik} ; Gravimetrische Verfahren {Geophysik} ; Alpidische Orogene {Geologie} ; Anden {Geologie} ; Zentralanden ; Erdkruste ; Diskontinuität 〈Geologie〉 ; Gravimetrie
    Language: German
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  • 73
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    Strukturgeologische Analysen des Thingvellir Spaltenschwarms, Südwest Island (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Der Holozäne Thingvellir Spaltenschwarm ist Teil des 60 km langen Hengill Vulkansystems, das sich in der Westvulkanischen Zone in Island befindet und ein etwa 9000 Jahre altes basaltisches Lavafeld nördlich des Sees Thingvallavatn durchquert. Dieser Spaltenschwarm enthält einige der größten postglazialen Verwerfungen und Brüche, die in der Riftzone Islands anzutreffen sind. Das Zentrum des Hengill Vulkansystems bildet der 0.8 Ma alte gleichnamige Vulkan. Der Gipfel des Vulkans ist durchzogen von NE-SW streichenden Abschiebungen, von denen einige bis zum See Thingvallavatn verfolgt werden können. Der Thingvellir Spaltenschwarm wird von nahezu vertikalen Zugbrüchen und geöffneten Abschiebungen dominiert...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VAE 830 ; VAE 150 ; VED 500 ; Bruchschollenstrukturen {Geologie} ; Strukturelle Erscheinungen {Strukturgeologie} ; Island {Geologie} ; Island ; Thingvellir ; Abschiebung 〉Geologie〉
    Language: German
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  • 74
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    Methodische Untersuchungen am Kreta-Detachment (Kreta, Griechenland): Anzeichen für eine alpidische Metamorphose der Hangendscholle (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Die Insel Kreta bildet den südlichen Rand der externen Helleniden, welche üblicherweise in zwei Deckenstapel untergliedert werden: Die unteren Decken (Plattenkalk und Phyllit-Quarzit- Einheit) sind durch eine alpidische HP-Metamorphose (Oligozän/Miozän) gekennzeichnet (Seidel et al. 1982, Jolivet et al. 1996), welche im Hangenden bislang nicht nachgewiesen wurde. Die Oberen Decken (i.w. Tripolitza- und Pindos-Einheit) bestehen aus karbonatischen Gesteinen und sind für eine petrologische PT-Abschätzung ungeeignet. Aufgrund des Gesteinshabitus wurden sie als unmetamorph eingestuft. Schlußfolgernd wird der Kontakt der beiden Stapel seit etwa zwanzig Jahren als krustales Megadetachment (‚Kreta- Detachment‘) aufgefaßt (Jolivet et al. 1996, Fassoulas et al. 1994, Kilias et al. 1994), wobei Versatzbeträge von über 100km angenommen werden (Ring et al. 2001, 2001). Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede der unmittelbar an das Detachment angrenzenden Einheiten herauszuarbeiten, um Rückschlüsse auf die tatsächliche Signifikanz der Störungszone zu ziehen.
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VEF 000 ; VAE 140 ; VAE 400 ; VKA 200 ; VKB 292 ; VKB 250 ; Südeuropa und Mittelmeergebiet {Geologie} ; Gesteinsdeformation {Strukturgeologie} ; Tektogenese {Geologie} ; Gefügekunde der Gesteine ; Metamorphe Komplexe, übriges Europa {Petrologie} ; Metasedimente {Petrologie} ; Kreta ; Abscherung ; Deformation 〈Geologie〉 ; Alpidische Gebirgsbildung ; Metamorphose 〈Geologie〉
    Language: German
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  • 75
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    Oligocene emplacement of the Eclogite Zone of the central Tauern Window, Eastern Alps, Austria (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: The EZ is an approximately 20km long and 2–3km wide coherent unit of the Tauern Window in the Eastern Alps. It is sandwiched between the Venedigerand the Glockner Nappe. While rocks in the EZ experienced HP metamorphic conditions (24 kbar/650°C), rocks from the underlying Venediger Nappe and the overlying Glockner Nappe only record lower alpine metamorphic conditions with peak pressures not exceeding 10 and 8 kbar, respectively. While metamorphism in the EZ is well dated with an average age of 31.5±0.7Ma (Glodny et al. 2005) the final emplacement of these different nappes is still under debate. Our Rb-Sr-data indicate that top-N thrusting at the base and large-scale folding of the EZ was coeval with sinistral strike-slip faulting at its upper boundary and eclogite-facies metamorphism in the EZ. The data also indicate that today’s nappe architecture must have been established in less than 2Ma after the eclogite facies metamorphism in the EZ. Very fast exhumation of the EZ was accomplished in a transpressional setting, which might explain why the exposed EZ is such a small unit.
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VEB 163 ; VKB 291 ; VAE 400 ; VBN 500 ; VAE 811 ; Zentrale Ostalpen {Geologie} ; Metamorphe Komplexe, Alpen {Petrologie} ; Tektogenese {Geologie} ; Geochronologie einzelner Regionen im allgemeinen ; Alpidische Orogene {Geologie} ; Tauernfenster ; Decke 〈Geologie〉 ; Eklogit ; Rubidium-Strontium-Methode ; Überschiebung ; Oligozän
    Language: German
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  • 76
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    Microstructural evidence of impact-induced crystalplastic deformation and postshock annealing of quartz (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: During impact, rocks at the surface and accessible depths encounter extreme conditions. The hydrostatic component of the shock wave-associatedstress, the so-called shock pressure, canreach several tens of GPa in the central part of the structure. The shock crust and its comprehensive experimental calibration. Two distinct types of quartz microstructure in charnockitic target rocks and quartz veins of the Charlevoix impact structure are compared and contrasted in order to distinguish shock-induced microstructures that indicate a high hydrostatic stress component of the shock wave-associated stress from those that indicate a high deviatoric component, as well as associated microstructures that were generated during post-shock relaxation...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VKA 200 ; VAE 140 ; VHB 400 ; VKB 280 ; VEB 128 ; Gefügekunde der Gesteine ; Gesteinsdeformation {Strukturgeologie} ; Oxide und Hydroxide {Mineralogie} ; Impaktgesteine {Petrologie} ; Saxothuringikum {Geologie} ; Charlevoix 〈Quebec〉 ; Impaktstruktur ; Impaltmetamorphes Gestein ; Deformation 〈Geologie〉 ; Quarz ; Mikrostruktur
    Language: German
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  • 77
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    Remote Sensing Analyses of Neotectonic Active Regions in East-Kamchatka (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: The tectonic history of the Kamchatka Peninsula is dominated by continuous accumulation and amalgamation of terranes with different origins, which were delivered by convergence between the Pacific plate and in former times, the Kula plate against Eurasia (Freitag, 2002). The Kronotsky and Cape Kamchatka Peninsulas show that the collision of terranes and the resulting tectonics are still important for major parts of East-Kamchatka. While the collision of the Kronotsky Peninsula is sorely influenced by the convergence of the Pacific plate, the Cape Kamchatka Peninsula is affected by the collision of the Aleutian Arc with Kamchatka, what gives the opportunity to compare two different processes that resulted in the amalgamation of terranes to Kamchatka.
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VEG 190 ; VAE 400 ; VAE 300 ; VAE 120 ; VBJ 000 ; Koriakia-Kamtchatkasystem {Geologie} ; Tektogenese {Geologie} ; Epirogenese {{Geologie}} ; Methodik {Strukturgeologie} ; Satellitenbildgeologie ; Kamtschatka 〈Oblast〉 ; Neotektonik ; Fernerkundung
    Language: German
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  • 78
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    (U-Th)/He thermochronology — methodology and a case study: dating of faulting in the Southern Alps (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: The radiogeic 4He isotope is continuously forming in the lithosphere mainly by the alpha-decay of U, Th and Sm. This decay process was discovered already at the beginning of the 20th century, and the first U/He dating was made by Rutherford (1905). Although his result indicated that the dimensions of the Earth’s history ranges to millions of years, the U/He method was used only scarcely later on because the minerals are usually not closed to the decay product. The helium is extremely mobile and diffuse through the crystal lattices. Thus, the apparent U/He ages were always younger than the radiometric ages determined by other isotope geochronometers like U/Pb, Rb/Sr or K/Ar. The current renaissance of the method has been started at the end of eighties, when H. Lippolt, P. Zeitler, K. Farley and their co-workers have described the parameters of diffusion of some uraniumbearing minerals (e.g. Lippolt & Weigel 1987, Zeitler et al. 1987). It turned out that the (U-Th)/He apparent ages do carry meaningful geological information. The closure temperature of the most widely used apatite-He system is around 70°C. Thus, by the usage of this mineral/method pair it became possible to date low-temperature geological processes, which were undatable by other geochronometers...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VBN 200 ; VBN 500 ; VEB 164 ; Radiometrische Altersbestimmung ; Geochronologie einzelner Regionen im allgemeinen ; Südalpen {Geologie} ; Helium-Methode ; Thermochronologie ; Südalpen
    Language: German
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  • 79
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    Empirische Feldstudien über elektromagnetische Emissionen in Gesteinen unter aktiven Krustenspannungen (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: In den vergangenen Jahren wurden von den Mitgliedern unseres Departments mehrere Feldstudien über elektromagnetische Emissionen in tektonisch aktiven Regionen durchgeführt. Die Untersuchungsgebiete lagen in Südspanien, Sizilien, Malta, Eger-Graben/Tschechische Republik und die Provence/Frankreich als auch in Süd-Chile. Das Ziel dieser Untersuchungen war die Erfassung der größten horizontalen Spannungs-Richtung in der oberen Erdkruste. Dazu wurden die Intensität des elektromagnetischen Feldes in Bezug zu der Orientierung einer Richtantenne gemessen. Diese Ergebnisse wurden mit aktiven Stress-Richtungen verglichen die aus Doorstopper-Messungen, Bohrloch- Randausbrüchen, Herdflächenlösungen und neotektonischen Strukturanalysen gewonnen wurden. Die Richtungen der größten Horizontalspannungen stimmen sehr gut mit der Orientierung der maximalen elektromagnetischen Emission überein.
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VAE 120 ; VAE 130 ; TQD 000 ; Methodik {Strukturgeologie} ; Geomechanik ; Elektrische Verfahren {Geophysik} ; Erdkruste ; Spannung 〈Geologie〉 ; Spannungszustand ; Elektromagnetisches Verfahren
    Language: German
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  • 80
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    Über 50 Jahre Schwerpunktbibliothek für die überregionale Informationsversorgung der Geowissenschaften - vom systematischen Zettelkatalog zur verteilten Virtuellen Fachbibliothek GEO-LEO (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Der Aufsatz beschreibt die geowissenschaftlichen Sondersammelgebiete der Niedersäschsischen Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen und die Entwicklungsgeschichte internetbasierter Informationssysteme für die Geowissenschaften.
    Description: report
    Keywords: 551 ; V 200 ; Wissenschaftsorganisation und -Pflege {Geologische Wissenschaften} ; Göttingen ; Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek ; Geowissenschaften ; Sondersammelgebiet ; Virtuelle Bibliothek ; 38.04
    Language: German
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  • 81
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    Geowissenschaften und Bergbaugeschichte in der Dreiländer-Region Hessen, Thüringen, Niedersachsen : Eine Bibliographie der Landschaft zwischen Diemel und Schleuse, Borkener Senke und Rhume. Band 2 – Verzeichnis nach Sachgebieten (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Die Region - mit den markanten Erhebungen des Hohen Meißners und des Thüringer Waldes - stellt geologisch und bergbaugeschichtlich einen Teil der deutschen Mittelgebirge dar, der Fachleute sowie Amateure und Naturfreunde gleichermaßen fasziniert. Die vorliegende Bibliographie versucht erstmals länderübergreifend die umfangreiche Fachliteratur der Dreiländer-Region zu erschließen. Dabei wurden sowohl fachwissenschaftliche als auch heimatkundliche Publikationen und unveröffentlichtes Material berücksichtigt.
    Description: bibliography
    Keywords: 551 ; VEB 125 ; VEB 126 ; Hessisch-thüringisches Bergland {Geologie} ; Niedersächsisches Bergland {Geologie} ; Nordhessen ; Thüringen 〈West〉 ; Niedersachsen 〈Süd〉 ; Werra-Meißner-Kreis ; Geowissenschaften ; Bergbau ; Bibliographie ; 38.55 ; 57.01
    Language: German
    Type: monograph , publishedVersion , monograph
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  • 82
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    Fracturing and vein formation in the middle crust - a record of co-seismic loading and post-seismic stress relaxation (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Metamorphic rocks approaching the crustal scale brittle-ductile transition (BDT) during exhumation are expected to become increasingly affected by short term stress fluctuations related to seismic activity in the overlying seismogenic layer (schizosphere), while still residing in a long-term viscous environment (plastosphere). The structural and microstructural record of quartz veins in low grade – high pressure metamorphic rocks from southern Evia, Greece, yields insight into the processes and conditions just beneath the long-term BDT at temperatures of about 300 to 350°C, with switches between brittle failure and viscous flow as a function of imposed stress or strain rate...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VAE 400 ; VAE 150 ; VKB 130 ; VEF 300 ; Tektogenese {Geologie} ; Strukturelle Erscheinungen {Strukturgeologie} ; Petrologie der Ganggesteine ; Griechenland und griechische Inseln {Geologie} ; Euböa ; Krustenbewegung ; Hydraulische Rissbildung ; Bruch 〈Geologie〉 ; Quarzgang
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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  • 83
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    How stress transfer between volcanic and seismic zones affects volcanic and earthquake (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Oceanic transform faults and ridge segments form a network where mechanical interaction is to be expected. In particular, dike emplacement in ridge segments is likely to affect earthquake activity in the adjacent transform faults through processes such as stress transfer. Similarly, strike-slip displacement across transform faults may trigger dike injections and, eventually, eruptions in the adjacent ridge segments. For obvious reasons, direct observations of the possible mechanical interaction between submarine transform zones and ridge segments at mid-ocean ridges are difficult. The subaerial seismic zones of Iceland, however, are in clear spatial connections with the adjacent volcanic zones. These zones, therefore, provide excellent opportunities to study stress transfer between volcanic and seismic zones (Gudmundsson 2000)...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VAE 130 ; VAE 200 ; TOH 520 ; VAD 200 ; Geomechanik ; Geodynamik der Lithosphäre {Geologie} ; Mechanismen von Erdbeben und seismischen Störungen {Geophysik} ; Vulkanische Tätigkeit {Geologie} ; Island ; Horizontalverschiebung ; Vulkanismus ; Induzierte Seismizität
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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  • 84
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    Strukturanalyse juveniler Fragmente in Vulkaniklastika des Messel Maar-Diatrems (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Geophysikalische Untersuchungen im Gebiet der Grube Messel (25km südlich von Frankfurt) ließen schon vor einigen Jahren eine Maar-Diatrem-Struktur im Untergrund vermuten. Jedoch erst die gekernte Forschungsbohrung im Jahr 2001 bewies die Existenz eines durch phreatomagmatische Eruptionen gekennzeichneten Maar- Vulkans, der vor ca. 48Ma aktiv war. Neben den berühmten fossilreichen Ölschiefern wurde im Teufenbereich zwischen −240m und −370m unter der Erdoberfläche vulkaniklastisches Material entdeckt. Unterhalb des so genannten Lapillituffs wurden bis zur Endteufe von −433m Gesteine der Diatrem-Brekzie erbohrt. Um das schwer differenzierbare, vulkanische Gestein in situ detaillierter untersuchen zu können, sind gesteinsmagnetische Messungen besonders wertvoll. Hierbei kann die magnetische Suszeptibilität (MS), die Magnetisierbarkeit eines Gesteins, für quantitative und qualitative Analysen sehr hilfreich sein. Die juvenilen Lapilli, an die die ferrimagnetischen Minerale bzw. die magnetischen Träger gebunden sind, sind dabei von besonderem Interesse. Bildanalytische Auswertungen sowohl an Kernen als auch an Dünnschliffen dienen dabei zur Interpretation des Suszeptibilitätslogs der durchgeführten Bohrlochmessungen. In dieser Studie ist weiterhin ein besonderes Augenmerk dem magnetischen Gefüge der Vulkaniklastika verliehen. Dabei liefern Messungen der Anisotropie der magnetischen Suszeptibilität (AMS) Informationen über die räumliche Anordnung der magnetischen Minerale (Foliation und Lineation) und offenbaren dadurch interne Strukturen des Gesteins.
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VAD 700 ; TOT 310 ; VAD 400 ; TQG 000 ; TSB 000 ; VEB 149 ; Regionaler Vulkanismus {Geologie} ; Gesteinsmagnetismus {Geophysik} ; Vulkanische Förderprodukte {Geologie} ; Geophysikalische Bohrlochmessungen ; Mitteleuropa {Geophysik} ; Tertiäre Vulkangebiete und Nördlinger Ries {Geologie} ; Messel Grube ; Maar ; Bohrlochmessung ; Vulkanoklastische Ablagerung ; Magnetische Suszeptibilität ; Pipe 〈Geologie〉
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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  • 85
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    Feldspar deformation in greenschist facies shear zones (Aar-Massif, Switzerland) (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Granitic gneisses of the Central Aar Granite host a shear zone network that formed at greenschist facies conditions. The work area is located in the Bächlital (Grimsel area, Central Switzerland) and was chosen for the analysis of shear zones because of the weakly anisotropic fabric of the host gneisses. Contrary to previous publications (e.g. Choukroune & Gapais, 1983), none of these host rocks are undeformed. They contain a penetrative foliation (S1) that strikes consistently ENE-WSW with a steep dip of around 70° to the south. This foliation is overprinted by the aforementioned shear zone network, which was the main focus of this study...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VAE 140 ; VKA 200 ; VKB 291 ; VEB 168 ; VKB 230 ; VKB 270 ; Gesteinsdeformation {Strukturgeologie} ; Gefügekunde der Gesteine ; Metamorphe Komplexe, Alpen {Petrologie} ; Schweizer Alpen {Geologie} ; Metamorphite aus sauren bis intermediären Edukten {Petrologie} ; Produkte mechanischer Deformation {Petrologie} ; Aarmassiv ; Scherzone ; Granitgneis ; Feldspäte ; Deformation 〈Geologie〉
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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  • 86
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    Fossil overpressures compartments? A case study from the Eifel area and some general aspects (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Fluid overpressures are well known from hydrocarbon exploration in many sedimentary basins. They can reach almost lithostatic values, and may cause the fracturing of rock. Fracturing allows the discharge of fluid overpressure, and fluid flows along a hydraulic gradient towards a low pressure reservoir. Different mechanisms may cause the precipitation from the fluid, such as a fluid pressure drop, a variation of temperature at the low pressure reservoir, or a different rock type inducing different Eh-pH conditions. Such precipitates in fractures are called veins, which often display paleo-fluid overpressures in rocks. In this study, we present some results from Devonian clastic sedimentary rocks of the Eifel area. Results are compared with other sedimentary basins to highlight some general aspects.
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VAE 812 ; VAE 140 ; Variszisch-herzynische Orogene {Geologie} ; Gesteinsdeformation {Strukturgeologie} ; Rheinisches Schiefergebirge 〈West〉 ; Unterdevon ; Quarzgang ; Hydraulische Rissbildung
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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  • 87
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    Holocene shield volcanoes in Iceland (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Holocene shield volcanoes (lava shields) are common in Iceland, but they are restricted in space and time. As regards space, most of the shield volcanoes in Iceland occur within two bands in the West and North Volcanic Zones. There are no shields in the East Volcanic Zone apart from the island of Surtsey. The shields are mostly at the margins of or outside the volcanic systems. As regards time, many Holocene shield volcanoes formed some 5000–10000 years ago during early postglacial time. Apart from the shield on top of the island of Surtsey, there are no known shields in Iceland younger than about 3500B.P....
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VAD 700 ; VAD 300 ; Regionaler Vulkanismus {Geologie} ; Vulkanformen und Vulkantypen {Geologie} ; Island ; Holozän ; Schildvulkan
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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  • 88
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    Microstructures of fibrous halite veins (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Halite veins hosted in clastic sedimentary rocks are frequently observed next to evaporite layers. Their microstructure can be enhanced by gamma irradiation and etching, which can be used to infer the deformation mechanism of halite (e.g. Howard & Kerr 1960, Schleder & Urai 2005). In this study, we present results from gammadecorated vein microstructures of fibrous halite veins hosted in claystone.
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VAE 160 ; VKA 200 ; VAE 140 ; Salztektonik {Strukturgeologie} ; Gefügekunde der Gesteine ; Gesteinsdeformation {Strukturgeologie} ; Steinsalz ; Mikrogefüge ; Deformation 〈Geologie〉 ; Salztektonik
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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  • 89
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    Deformation der karbonatischen Espanola-Formation im zentralen Teil der Sudbury-Impaktstruktur, Kanada (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Archaische Granitoide und paläoproterozoische Metasedimente der Huronian Supergroup werden von dem schüsselförmigen und partiell erodierten 1.85 Ga alten Impaktschmelzkomplex der Sudbury-Impaktstruktur überlagert. Huronische Metasedimente und deren basaler Kontakt zum granitoiden Grundgebirge stehen in einer Entfernung bis zu 15km von dem lagigen Komplex und um diesen herum steil. Obwohl diese Steilstellung durch die Bildung eines impakt-induzierten Zentralberges erklärt werden kann, ist unklar, ob orogene Verformung vor dem Impakt an der Steilstellung beteiligt war. Um hierüber Aufschluss zu gewinnen, wurden die basalen Huronischen Einheiten, insbesondere die karbonatische Espanola Formation und deren benachbarte Metakonglomerate und Metasandsteine, nordöstlich des Impaktschmelzkomplexes strukturell untersucht. Aufgrund er Nähe der metasedimentären Einheiten zu dem 2,5km mächtigen Schmelzkomplex wurde daher auch dessen möglicher thermischer Einfluss auf die Metasedimente untersucht...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VKB 280 ; VKB 295 ; VAE 140 ; VEV 127 ; VKA 200 ; Impaktgesteine {Petrologie} ; Metamorphe Komplexe, Nordamerika {Petrologie} ; Gesteinsdeformation {Strukturgeologie} ; Ontario {Geologie} ; Gefügekunde der Gesteine ; Sudbury 〈Ontario. Region〉 ; Mehrfachringbassin ; Proterozoikum ; mpaktmetamorphes Gestein ; Karbonatgestein ; Deformation 〈Geologie〉
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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  • 90
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    The role of the Ranotsara Zone in southern Madagascar for Gondwana correlations (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: The Precambrian basement of southern Madagascar was reworked at high-grade metamorphic conditions during the East African Orogen (EAO of Stern, 1994) that formed during assembly of Gondwana in late Neoproterozoic/early Paleozoic times. At the end of the EAO, Madagascar is generally thought to be sandwiched between southern India and eastern Africa. Constraints on its paleoposition are often inferred from similarities in structural features on now dispersed continental fragments, in particular high-strain zones. Major zones with (sub)vertical foliation planes can be traced over hundreds of kilometres in southern Madagascar and have been interpreted as major vertical ductile shear zones (e.g. Windley et al. 1994; Martelat, 1998). The NW–SE trending Ranotsara Zone (dashed rectangle in Fig. 1) is regarded as an intracrustal mega strike-slip shear zone with a sinistral sense of shear that formed at the end of the Proterozoic (e.g. Nicollet, 1990; de Wit et al., 2001). A large number of studies have used the Ranotsara Zone to propose Gondwana reconstructions. The Ranotsara Zone has been correlated with various ductile shear zones in southern India, e.g. with the Bhavani Shear Zone or the Moyar Shear Zone (Katz & Premoli, 1979), the Palghat-Cauvery Shear Zone (de Wit et al., 1995), the Karur-Kamban- Painavum-Trichur Shear Zone (de Wit et al., 2001; Ghosh et al. 2004) or with the Achankovil Shear Zone (Windley et al., 1994; Martelat, 1998). Within Madagascar, the Ranotsara Zone has been correlated along strike with the more N–S trending Bongolava Zone in central-western Madagascar (Hottin 1976), and the Bongolava- Ranotsara Zone has been further traced into the Surma Shear Zone (Windley et al. 1994) and its along-strike continuation, the Aswa Shear Zone in eastern Africa (Müller 2000). Chetty (2003) suggested that the Ranotsara Zone is not only a mega shear zone, but also a terrane boundary separating a region with Archean crust to the north from a region with Neoproterozoic crust to the south. Our remote sensing and field studies of southern Madagascar indicate that the Ranotsara Zone is neither a major terrane boundary nor an intracrustal mega strike-slip shear zone and therefore can not be used as a ‘piercing point’ in Gondwana reconstructions...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VAE 700 ; VAE 500 ; VAE 850 ; VEQ 300 ; VKB 294 ; Bau der Erdkruste großer Regionen der Erde {Geologie} ; Geotektonische Entwicklung der Erdkruste {Geologie} ; Festländische Lineamente {Geologie} ; Madagaskar {Geologie} ; Metamorphe Komplexe, Afrika {Petrologie} ; Madagaskar 〈Süd〉 ; Präkambrium ; Kristallin ; Scherzone ; Korrelation ; Gondwana
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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  • 91
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    Neutron time-of-flight texture measurements in Dubna: Status and developments (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: The multidetector texture diffractometer SKAT (from Russian: Spektrometer Kolitshestvennovo Analiza Tekstury) at the pulsed reactor IBR-2 in Dubna, Russia, started operation in March 1997 and is open for users from all countries. Application of time-of-flight (TOF) diffraction to texture measurements offers the opportunity to record complete diffraction patterns, i.e., to measure several pole figures simultaneously. To allow high spectral resolution for measurements on polyphase geological samples with many diffraction patterns, the instrument was placed at the end of an over 100m long flight path. In this paper, we will summarize advantages and disadvantages of the SKAT, as well as intended improvements.
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VAE 120 ; VGA 440 ; VGB 900 ; VKA 200 ; Methodik {Strukturgeologie} ; Sonstige Methoden {Mineralogie: Kristallographie} ; Sonstige: Luminiszens etc. {Mineralogie} ; Gefügekunde der Gesteine ; Dubna ; SKAT ; Neutronendiffraktrometer ; Neutronendiffraktrometrie ; Texturanalyse
    Language: German
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  • 92
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    Geotechnical characterization of trench- and slope sediments off Southern Chile: preliminary results (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: To understand seismogenesis in shallow parts of subduction zones, it is vital to know about strength and frictional parameters of subducted sediment. For this purpose, PETROTEC, as part of the TIPTEQ-Project, gathers geotechnical data for sediments deposited on the incoming Nazca Plate, the trench and the slope off the southern Chilean coast during the last 5 Ma, and whose equivalents are now being underthrusted into the seismogenic zone beneath South America. Material comes from gravity cores collected during R/V SONNE Cruises SO181 (Flüh E. & Grevemeyer I (Editors) 2005), SO102 (Hebbeln D, Wefer G, et al. 1995) and SO156 (Hebbeln D, et al. 2001), as well as from ODP Leg 141 (Behrmann JH, et al. 1992) drill cores. Sediment strength and frictional properties are determined by triaxial testing, ring shear testing and direct shear testing...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VAT 210 ; VBP 100 ; VBP 400 ; VAE 130 ; VKB 311 ; Untersuchungsverfahren mariner Sedimente {Geologie} ; Methodik, Untersuchungsverfahren und Instrumente {Ingenieurgeologie} ; Felsmechanik, Gebirgsmechanik, Gebirgsdruck ; Geomechanik ; Untersuchungsmethoden und Probennahme im Gelände {Sedimentologie} ; Chile ; Kontinentalrand ; Konturit ; Gesteinsmechanik
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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  • 93
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    Tertiäre Landoberflächen in Mitteldeutschland als Anzeiger tektonischer Bewegungen — Eine Rekonstruktion mittels Einsatz von Geo-Informationssystemen (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Aus der Verteilung und Lage tertiärer und quartärer Ablagerungen in Mitteleuropa lassen sich tertiäre Paläooberflächen rekonstruieren. Die spätere Verstellung dieser Oberflächen erlaubt es, die vertikalen Krustenbewegungen der jüngeren und jüngsten geologischen Vergangenheit zu quantifizieren. Diese Hebungs- und Senkungsbewegungen sind nur wenig durch die lokale Heraushebung der mitteldeutschen Mittelgebirge beeinflusst. Sie sind vor allem die Folge sehr großräumiger Verstellungen der Erdkruste zwischen Nordsee und Fichtelgebirge, bei denen Prozesse im Erdmantel einen entscheidenden Einfluss im großräumigen (mitteleuropäischen) Maßstab haben.
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VAG 130 ; VEB 210 ; VAE 400 ; VAE 120 ; VBF 000 ; Paläogeomorphologie {Geomorphologie} ; Deutschland {Geologie} ; Tektogenese {Geologie} ; Methodik {Strukturgeologie} ; Elektronische Datenverarbeitung in der Geologie ; Mitteldeutschland ; Tertiär ; Quartär ; Hebung 〈Geologie〉 ; Rezente Krustenbewegung ; Geoinformationssystem ; Fossile Erdoberfläche ; Rekonstruktion
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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  • 94
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    Effects of damage-zone thickness on fault displacement (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: When viewed as ideal elastic cracks, seismogenic faults are often modeled as decreases from the host rock to the boundary between the core and the damage zone. mode II or mode III cracks in semiinfinite elastic bodies or half spaces. These models normally assume the rock to be homogeneous and isotropic. Such assumptions may be justified and necessary when using closed-form analytical solutions for fault displacement. They are not justified, however, when we attempt to understand fault-displacement profiles along earthquake rupture sites or in paleofault studies. This follows because crustal segments hosting faults are, as a rule, not homogeneous and isotropic, but rather heterogeneous and anisotropic. In particular, the fault rocks commonly form layers or units parallel with the fault plane. Also, the mechanical properties of the rocks next to the fault change as the fault develops (Gudmundsson 2004). During repeated earthquakes in a seismogenic fault zone, two main rock units develop around the fault plane. One unit is the core, located next to the fault plane and normally composed of soft (low Young’s modulus) breccia, gouge, and other cataclastic rocks. The other unit is the damage zone, containing some cataclastic rocks but characterized by fractures of various types...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VAE 140 ; VAE 150 ; Gesteinsdeformation {Strukturgeologie} ; Strukturelle Erscheinungen {Strukturgeologie} ; Bruchzone ; Deformation 〈Geologie〉 ; Verwerfung ; Modellierung
    Language: German
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  • 95
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    Grain coarsening and hydrothermal alteration in metacarbonates of the Damara Orogen, Namibia (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Grain coarsening is a process that occurs in a wide variety of rock types. The application of grain growth theory to natural geologic materials has its beginnings in the theoretical foundations of the metallurgical and material sciences. Two types of grain growth can be statistically defined: 1) normal grain growth describing a uniform grain structure and 2) abnormal grain growth, where some grains grow more rapidly in size at the expense of matrix grains, thus creating a bimodal grain size distribution. This study aims to understand the grain coarsening phenomenon in metacarbonate rocks, to determine the mechanisms involved and to elucidate the role of fluids (e.g. hydrothermal alteration). Metacarbonate units exhibiting coarsely crystalline fabrics, representing abnormal grain growth, and hydrothermal alteration have been investigated from two major geologic formations of the Damara Orogen (Namibia)...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VKA 200 ; VKB 294 ; VKB 250 ; VAE 814 ; VER 200 ; Gefügekunde der Gesteine ; Metamorphe Komplexe, Afrika {Petrologie} ; Metasedimente {Petrologie} ; Präkambrische Orogene {Geologie} ; Namibia {Geologie} ; Damara Orogen ; Marmor ; Korngröße ; Gefügeumwandlung ; Hydrothermalprozess
    Language: German
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  • 96
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    Tektonische Entwicklung des Geitafell-Vulkans, Südost-Island (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Der Geitafell-Vulkan ist ein erloschener tertiärer Zentralvulkan (Stratovulkan) in Südost-Island. Aufgrund tiefer glazialer Erosion ist das Innere des Vulkans bis hinab zur erloschenen krustalen Magmakammer aufgeschlossen. Das bietet die einmalige Möglichkeit, die Infrastruktur und die tektonische Entwicklung eines typischen isländischen Zentralvulkans zu untersuchen. Der Geitafell-Vulkan besteht aus einer Abfolge von eruptiven Materialien unterschiedlicher mechanischer Eigenschaften wie zum Beispiel basaltische Laven, Hyaloklastite und saure Extrusiva. Im Kern des Vulkans ist der obere Teil einer erloschenen krustalen Magmakammer in Form mehrerer Gabbrokörper aufgeschlossen. Im direkten Kontakt mit der Magmakammer befindet sich ein sehr dichter Schwarm von Kegelgängen, die von der Magmakammer injiziert wurden, als der Geitafell-Vulkan von etwa 5 bis 6Ma aktiv war (Fridleifsson, 1983). Um unser Verständnis über die vulkanotektonische Entwicklung des Zentralvulkans zu verbessern, wurden im Geitafell-Gebiet mehr als 500 Gänge und Kegelgänge, 400 Mineralgänge und etwa 1100 Klüfte gemessen...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VAD 300 ; VAD 700 ; VEZ 130 ; Vulkanformen und Vulkantypen {Geologie} ; Regionaler Vulkanismus {Geologie} ; Inselgruppen {Atlantischer Ozean: Geologie} ; Island ; Stratovulkan
    Language: German
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  • 97
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    Evolution of the Tamtsag Basin / NE-Mongolia — part I: basin fill (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: The Tamtsag Basin in NE Mongolia is part of a widespread basin system which formed during Late Jurassic and Cretaceous times (Graham et al. 2001, Qing-Ren et al. 2003). It is filled with continental sediments and volcanics which can reach up to 4 km in thickness. Rifting and subsequent basin inversion led to a complex basin geometry characterized by several horst and graben structures. The geodynamic causes for regional basin formation are discussed controversially and several hypothesis ranging from orogenic collaps via subduction rollback to collision-induced rifting have been put forward. Scientific research on the Mesozoic basins in Mongolia has so far concentrated on the East Gobi Basin to the south (Graham et al 2001, Prost 2004, Johnson 2004) and some work has also been published on the Hailar Basin (Qing-Ren et al. 2003), the northeastward continuation of the Tamtsag Basin into China. Fundamental data on the fill and tectonics of the Tamtsag Basin in between is still missing. This is partly due to poor exposure as most of the basin fill is covered by Cenozoic sediments and only locally, near the bordering faults, rocks are accessible for surface investigations. However, recent discoveries of oil in the Tamtsag and Hailar Basins have resulted in intense exploration activity and a strong interest in the area. This contribution describes the results of a field campaign in fall 2005 focusing on the basin fill while a companion paper (Davaa et al. this volume) deals with the basin structure and hydrocarbon potential of the Tamtsag Basin.
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VAE 820 ; VEK 500 ; VAE 200 ; Sedimentationsbecken als Erdkrustentypen {Geologie} ; Mongolei (Mongolische Volksrepublik) {Geologie} ; Geodynamik der Lithosphäre {Geologie} ; Mongolei 〈Südost〉 ; Sedimentationsbecken ; Geodynamik
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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    Structural investigation and strain analysis of a polyphase flower structure in the Lower Saxony Basin, Germany (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: The Lower Saxony Basin (LSB) is a part of the post-Variscan Central European Basin System. We used a 3-D reflection seismic dataset in the northern LSB, provided by RWE-DEA AG, Hamburg (c.f. Lohr et al. submitted) for our investigation, which is concerned with the detailed structural and kinematic analysis of a flower structure within Mesozoic strata. This data is used in turn to determine input parameters for further 3-D geometrical retro-deformation. The retro-deformation verifies our assumptions about the structure and tectonic processes, and gives further information about sub-seismic strain distribution with respect to the branch faults of the flower structure.
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; TQC 220 ; TSB 000 ; VAE 820 ; VAE 830 ; VEB 110 ; VAE 120 ; VBE 000 ; Reflexionsseismik {Geophysik} ; Mitteleuropa {Geophysik} ; Sedimentationsbecken als Erdkrustentypen {Geologie} ; Bruchschollenstrukturen {Geologie} ; Norddeutsche Senke {Geologie} ; Methodik {Strukturgeologie} ; Modellierung von Prozessen in der Geosphäre ; Niedersächsiches Becken ; Dreidimensionale Seismik ; Strukturgeologie ; Modell
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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  • 99
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    Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) and its interpretation in terms of stresses in the lithosphere (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) as measured at the surface of the lithosphere or underground shows preferred orientations, which can be related to microcracks and other brittle structures at micro and nano scales (see Bahat et al. 2005 and references therein). During the last years, numerous studies showed the applicability of EMR measurements for the determination of active fractures and stress orientations. EMR is determined with a ‘Cerescope’, which picks up EMR signals at frequencies from 5– 50 kHz (Obermeyer, 2005) with a ferrite aerial and processes them electronically so that the results can be displayed on a screen or copied to a computer. With the help of oriented EMR measurements, intensity variations are determined, which can be related to preferred crack fracture orientations. From this information, orientations of the principal stresses can be calculated. In addition, the intensity of the EMR is related to stress magnitudes...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; TQD 000 ; VAE 120 ; VAE 150 ; VAE 140 ; Elektrische Verfahren {Geophysik} ; Methodik {Strukturgeologie} ; Strukturelle Erscheinungen {Strukturgeologie} ; Gesteinsdeformation {Strukturgeologie} ; Lithosphäre ; Fraktographie ; Spannungstensor ; Elektromagnetisches Verfahren
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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  • 100
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    Strukturgeologische Geländestudie im Mittleren Buntsandstein zur Nutzung als geothermisches Reservoir (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Zur Nutzung von Erdwärme aus Teufen zwischen 2–5 km werden häufig Systeme aus einer Injektions- und Förderbohrung (‚Dubletten-System‘) genutzt. Dabei wird durch die Injektionsbohrung ein Fluid in den Untergrund verpresst, welches sich erhitzt und durch die Förderbohrung wieder an die Oberfläche gelangt. Ein wesentlicher Parameter für die produktive Nutzung von solchen Dubletten-Systemen ist eine hohe Permeabilität der Gesteine im Untergrund. Häufig werden in solchen geothermischen Reservoiren die Wegsamkeiten für Fluide von Brüchen kontrolliert, die bereits vorhanden sind oder künstlich erzeugt werden müssen (hydraulische Stimulation). Deshalb ist die Kenntnis über existierende Bruchgeometrien sowie Vernetzung der Bruchsysteme von fundamentaler Notwendigkeit zur Abschätzung der Permeabilität von geothermischen Reservoiren. Seismische Verfahren und Bohrkernanalysen besitzen im Allgemeinen dafür eine zu geringe Auflösung. Daher bieten sich dreidimensionale Rekonstruktionen des Bruchsystems aus analogen Obertageaufschlüssen an (vgl. Philipp et al. 2005; 2006)...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VDH 110 ; VAE 150 ; TOO 000 ; VRG 000 ; Untere Trias ; Strukturelle Erscheinungen {Strukturgeologie} ; Geothermik {Geophysik} ; Geothermalfelder ; Karlshafen 〈Region〉 ; Reinhausen 〈Gleichen, Göttingen, Region〉 ; Mittlerer Buntsandstein ; Strukturgeologie ; Permeabiblität ; Geothermische Energie
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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