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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2023-01-17
    Description: In this study, we investigated the phase stability of Al‐free and Al‐bearing superhydrous phase B (shy‐B) up to 55 GPa and 2500 K. In comparison with Al‐free shy‐B, the incorporation of 11.7 wt.% Al2O3 in shy‐B expands the stability by ∼400–800 K at 20–30 GPa. The determined dehydration boundary for Al‐bearing phase D indicates that it could be present even at normal mantle geotherm conditions at 30–40 GPa. Up to 23.8 mol.% Al2O3 can be dissolved into the structures of akimotoite and bridgmanite as a result of the decomposition reactions of Al‐bearing shy‐B and phase D between 20 and 40 GPa. Results of further experiments indicate that δ‐AlOOH is the stable hydrous phase coexisting with Al‐depleted bridgmanite at pressures above 52 GPa. This study shows that the incorporation of Al in dense hydrous magnesium silicates can have a profound impact on our picture of the water cycle in the deep Earth.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Constraining the deep cycle of water has a tremendous impact on our picture of the current state of the Earth and the evolution of the Earth's interior. Dense hydrous magnesium silicates (DHMSs) are considered potential H2O carriers in the Earth's mantle. However, the DHMSs can only be present at the relatively cold conditions of subduction slabs due their limited thermal stability. We determined the phase stability of Al‐bearing DHMSs at high pressure and temperature (P‐T) conditions. Our results show that the thermal stability of Al‐bearing shy‐B extends by 400–800 K with respect to its Al‐free counterpart at 600–800 km depth. The incorporation of Al also expands the phase stability of phase D and enhances the likelihood of its occurrence at normal mantle conditions at 800–1100 km. In addition, we observe that 23.8 mol.% Al2O3 can be dissolved into the structures of akimotoite and bridgmanite as a result of the decomposition reactions of Al‐bearing shy‐B and phase D between 600 and 100 km depth. Furthermore, δ‐AlOOH is the stable hydrous phase coexisting with Al‐depleted bridgmanite in the MgO‐SiO2‐Al2O3‐H2O system at pressures above 52 GPa and 1500 K.
    Description: Key Points: In comparison with Al‐free shy‐B, the incorporation of 11.7 wt.% Al2O3 in superhydrous phase B (shy‐B) expands the stability by ∼400–800 K at 20–30 GPa. Al‐bearing phase D could be present even at normal mantle geotherm conditions at 30–40 GPa. δ‐AlOOH is the stable hydrous phase coexisting with Al‐depleted bridgmanite at pressures above 52 GPa.
    Description: Center for Molecular Water Science, CMWS
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6320835
    Keywords: ddc:549 ; Al‐bearing superhydrous phase B ; phase D ; phase stability ; high pressure and temperature ; deep Earth water cycle
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Physics and chemistry of minerals 22 (1995), S. 108-114 
    ISSN: 1432-2021
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Polarized infrared absorption spectra of thin single-crystal slabs parallel to (010) and (001) of a staurolite from Pizzo Forno, Ticino, with analyzed composition (Fe2.9Mg0.9Zn0.1Mn0.1)Al17.5Ti0.1(Si7.7Al0.3)O48H3 have been measured in the range of 3000–4000 cm−1. From the pleochroitic behaviour of the OH-vibrations three groups of bands can be distinguished: the bands of group I, a strong band at 3445 cm−1 plus a weak shoulder at 3358 cm−1, and the bands of group II, a weak band centered at 3677 cm−1 plus a shoulder at 3635 cm−1, are assigned to the H1 and H2 protons, respectively. The bands of group III, a weak band at 3577 cm−1 plus a shoulder, cannot be interpreted on the basis of the proton positions known so far. We assign them to an additional proton H3, which is bonded to O1 and shows a bifurcated hydrogen bridge to two O5 in a vacant T2 site.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Nervous system ; insect ; Central body ; Protocerebrum ; Golgi impregnation ; Lucifer yellow ; Schistocerca gregaria (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. We have investigated the anatomical organization of the lower division of the central body in the brain of the locust Schistocerca gregaria. Bodian preparations, Golgi impregnations, and intracellular filling with Lucifer yellow have revealed that the lower division of the central body is organized into six horizontal layers and sixteen vertical columns. Neurons of the lower division of the central body have been classified into five types of tangential neuron (TL1–TL5) and two types of columnar neuron (CL1, CL2). TL1–TL4 neurons ramify in specific layers in the lower division of the central body and in the lateral triangle (TL1, TL2 neurons), the median olive (TL3 neurons), or the dorsal shell (TL4 neurons) of the lateral accessory lobe. TL5 neurons ramify in the protocerebral bridge, in the lateral accessory lobe, and in all layers of the lower division of the central body. The two types of columnar neurons have arborizations in the protocerebral bridge and in the lower division of the central body and project to the lateral triangle of the lateral accessory lobe (CL1 neurons) or to the lower subunit of the nodulus (CL2 neurons). Possible functional implications for the processing of neuronal information in the central complex are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: 5-HT ; immunohistochemistry ; neuronal patterns ; Annelida ; Clitellata ; phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The organization of the nervous system and the distribution of serotoninergic neurons were analysed in three species of Naididae using immunohistochemical labelling methods in conjunction with confocal laser-scanning microscopy. In the posterior region of the ventral nerve cord the serotoninergic neurons are arranged in an alternating pattern in successive ganglia, clearly different from the pattern in the anterior neuromeres. This unique arrangement of 5HT-neurons is presumably an autapomorphic character of the Naididae or at least of a subtaxon including these three species. In all three species the cerebral ganglion is located in segments behind the prostomium, as has previously been found in terrestrial oligochaetes, where the relocation of the brain from the initially anterior position in the prostomium into the following segments can be explained as a functional adaptation to a life spent burrowing through comparatively firm substrates. This structural correspondence is regarded as an indication that the Naididae, being typical limnic oligochaetes, are derived from a terrestrial form.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Intramolekulare Wechselwirkungen und behinderte Rotation in Tropinon-urethanen: Eine kombinierte PE-, ET- und DNMR-spektroskopische UntersuchungEine kürzlich postulierte 1,5-nNnO through-space-Wechselwirkung im Azabicyclo-[2.2.2]octanon 1 wurde mit Hilfe des isomeren Tropinon-urethans 3 experimentell bestätigt. In 3 verschwindet aus topologischen und lokalsymmetrischen Gründen das entsprechende Matrixelement 〈nN | H | nO〉. Die kombinierte Anwendung der Photoelektronen- (PES) und Elektronentransmissionsspektroskopie (ETS) läßt die deutliche Unterscheidung zwischen Einflüssen auf symmetrische π- bzw. antisymmetrische π*-Orbitale zu. Es wurde beobachtet, daß die Urethangruppe NCO2CH3 in 4 einen induktiven Effekt ausübt, der praktisch mit dem des O-Atoms in 7 übereinstimmt. Die temperaturabhängigen NMR-Spektren von 3, 4 und 6 lassen sich mit behinderter N—CO-Rotation deuten und nicht, wie im Fall von 6 behauptet, mit einer O—CO-Rotation. Es zeigt sich, daß die CC-Doppelbindung in Dehydrotropinon 4 die Rotationsbarriere erhöht, was durch die lokale Symmetrie und Topologie dieses Tropinongerüstes erklärbar ist. Dieser Effekt ist im Einklang mit den Ergebnissen der PES- und ETS-Messungen.
    Notes: A recently proposed direct 1,5-nNnO through-space interaction in the azabicyclo-[2.2.2]octanone 1 has been confirmed experimentally by investigating the isomeric tropinone urethane 3. In 3 the corresponding homoconjugative matrix element 〈nN | H | nO 〉 vanishes by reasons of topology and local symmetry The combined application of photoelectron (PE) and electron transmission (ET) spectroscopy allows the distinct differentiation between influences upon symmetric π and antisymmetric π* orbitals. It has been found that the urethane group NCO2CH3 in 4 exerts an inductive effect virtually identical with that of the oxygen atom in 7. The variable temperature NMR spectra of 3, 4 and 6 have been interpreted in terms of hindered N — CO rotations and not, as has been claimed in the case of 6, as O — CO rotation. The CC double bond in dehydrotropinone 4 turns out to increase the rotational barrier, a phenomenon which is explained by the local symmetry and topology of this tropinone skeleton and is further supported by the PES and ETS measurements.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Lone-pair orientation ; Lone pair interaction ; Precanonical orbitals ; Orbitals, localized ; Calculations, ab initio STO-3G, MNDO, MM2 force field ; PE Spectroscopy ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The He(I) photoelectron spectra (PE) of 7-azanorbornane (5), 7-azanorbornene (6), and 7-azanorbornadiene (7) as well as of related urethanes have been recorded. The syntheses of these bicyclic compounds are described in detail. A most convenient analysis of the PE spectroscopic results is based on the procedure of Heilbronner-Schmelzer on an ab initio STO-3G level. This method allows to construct fragment orbitals elucidating the orientation of the nitrogen lone pair, the through-space interaction with π bonds, and the participation of σ bond orbitals. The result is remarkable: whereas the direct interaction of localized lone-pair and π orbitals is significant in both syn;- and anti-orientation, the interaction of a localized lone pair with a precanonical fragment π orbital is completely different in the two geometries. In 6;-syn a considerable interaction matrix element FantiΨnπ=-0.71 eV comes to the fore, whereas the corresponding parameter in 6;-anti turns out to be almost zero, FantiΨnπ=+ 0.09 eV. Since 6;-syn is calculated to be more stable than 6;-anti, it is this invertomer, 6;-syn, which is likely to be responsible for the main bands in the PE spectrum of 6. The comparatively large experimental split between the first two PE bands of 6 (0.98 eV) is in accord with the 6;-syn geometry and compares well with the calculated band separation of 1.26 eV for 6;-syn.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 7
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2008-12-24
    Print ISSN: 0021-8561
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-5118
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2012-07-01
    Description: First-principles calculations based on density-functional theory (DFT) and low-T IR spectroscopy were performed to gain more insight into the structure of the so-called 3.65 Å phase, a high-pressure phase of the composition MgSi(OH)6. DFT-calculations predict a monoclinic symmetry with ordered sixfold-coordinated Mg and Si and six unique hydrogen sites as the most stable structure. Adapting the structural parameters of the DFT-determined lowest-energy configuration and assuming (MgSi)-ordering, a new Rietveld refinement of the powder XRD pattern of the 3.65 Å phase was performed, which resulted in excellent refinement statistics and successful assignment of X-ray reflections that were unassigned in former structural models with orthorhombic symmetry. A configuration with ordered Mg and Si at the octahedral positions causes a small monoclinic distortion of the network of strongly tilted octahedra and thus leads to space group P21. The structural refinement yields the following unit-cell parameters: a = 5.1131(3), b = 5.1898(3), c = 7.3303(4) Å, β = 90.03(1)°, V = 194.52(2) Å3, space group: P21, Z = 2, ρ = 2.637 g/cm3. The structure of the 3.65 Å phase can be considered as a modified A-site defective perovskite with a unique network of corner-sharing alternating Mg(OH)6 and Si(OH)6 octahedra and is probably related to the structure of stottite group minerals. Low-T IR spectroscopy confirms the presence of 6 different H-positions in the proposed structure. Measured IR-spectra and computed spectra compare favorably, which further supports the computed structure as the correct model for the 3.65 Å phase.
    Print ISSN: 0003-004X
    Electronic ISSN: 1945-3027
    Topics: Geosciences
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