ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: This volume brings together a collection of papers that summarize current ideas and recent progress in the study of granite-related mineralization systems. They provide a combination of field, experimental and theoretical studies. Papers are grouped according to the main granite-related ore systems: granite-pegmatite, skarn and greisen-veins, porphyry, orogenic gold, intrusion-related, epithermal and porphyry-related gold and base metal, iron oxide copper gold (IOCG), and special case studies. The studies provide a broad spread in terms of both space and time, highlighting granite-related ore deposits from Europe (Russia, Sweden, Croatia and Turkey), the Middle East (Iran), Asia (Japan and China) and South America (Brazil and Argentina) and spanning rocks from Palaeoproterozoic to Miocene in age.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents:Crystal Structure - Species - Crystallisation.- Crystal Chemistry of Clay Minerals.- Energy Balances.- Isotopic Composition of Clay Minerals.- Surface Properties.- Clays in Soils and Weathered Rocks.- Clays in Sedimentary Environments.- Diagenesis and Very Low-Grade Metamorphism.- Hydrothermal Process- Thermal Metamorphism.- Clays Under Extreme Conditions

Description / Table of Contents: Inhalt: 1 Tone und Tongesteine. - 2 Aufbau und Strukturprinzipien der silicatischen Tonminerale. - 3 Systematik der Tonmineralstrukturen. - 4 Tonmineralneubildung und ihre Voraussetzungen. - 5 Spezielle Tonmineralogie. - 6 Spezielle Eigenschaften der silicatischen Tonkomponenten. - 7 Tonminerale in einer anthropogen veränderten Umwelt. - 8 Hinweise zur mineralogischen Untersuchung von Tongesteinen. - Anhang: Zusammensetzung und Eigenschaften wichtiger Tonminerale. - Anmerkungen. - Literatur. - Sachregister

Description / Table of Contents: Die Tonminerale gehören u. a. wegen ihrer hohen Reaktionsempfindlichkeit gegenüber Milieuveränderungen zu den eigentümlichsten Erscheinungen unserer anorganischen Welt. Sie nehmen in einigen Bereichen der gegenwärtigen Umweltproblematik geradezu (nicht immer klar erkannte) Schlüsselpositionen ein - so z. B. bei den Waldschäden. So wurde in diesem Buch versucht, nach einleitenden Betrachtungen zur Verbreitung und Genese von Tongesteinen und neben einer zusammenfassenden Darstellung der heutigen Tonmineralogie, vor allem das Verhalten der Tone und Tonminerale durch Ableitung von ihren Struktureigenschaften auch einem breiteren Interessentenkreis verständlich zu machen.

Description / Table of Contents: Fourteen years ago the American Geological Institute (AGI) sponsored a Short Course on Chain Silicates. At that time, a substantial amount was known about the crystal chemistry and phase equilibria of pyroxenes, and this knowledge has been of fundamental importance in guiding research on pyroxenes in the years following the AGI Short Course. In 1966, single-crystal x-ray diffractometry was well advanced and good crystal structure refinements were available for jadeite, spodumene, hypersthene, c1inoferrosi1ite, orthoferrosi1ite, and omphacite; the distinction between the c1inoenstatite (pigeonite) and diopside (augite) structures had been established, and the structure of protoenstatite was known, although some doubt existed about the space group of protoenstatite. Phase diagrams for several joins in the pyroxene quadrilateral had been published, but often equilibrium had not been established in the experiments and not enough was known about the effects of pressure, oxygen fugacity, and non-quad elements such as aluminum on the phase equilibria. Also, inversion relations of Ca-poor pyroxenes were not well understood, and petrologists had just become aware of the effect of stress on orthoto-clinopyroxene transitions. In 1966 few of us would have guessed how-much new data and new analytical results would become available in the next fourteen years. Although most, if not all, of the important instrumental techniques we use today were available in 1966, the truly spectacular development and application of these techniques did not take place until the Apollo 11 samples and the attendant funding from NASA became available. Pyroxene research has profited immensely from the application of Mossbauer, optical, and infrared spectroscopy, x-ray and electron diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, automated electron microprobes, and digital computers. During these years experimentalists extended the capabilities of their equipment to examine the behavior of pyroxenes under conditions of controlled oxygen fugacity, pressure, and temperature, conditions more nearly like those under which pyroxenes crystallize in natural systems. Looking back, one remembers the excitement of seeing the first lunar samples. We were surprised at the large amounts of pigeonite and the quality of crystals unaffected by water or the presence of sodium. The influence of the lunar program on pyroxene research was extraordinary, and our understanding of pyroxene relationships in terrestrial occurrences benefited tremendously because the lunar pyroxenes provided a basis for comparison with the more complex chemical and structural behavior of terrestrial environments. Probably the most impressive development in the early lunar sample studies was the application of transmission electron microscopy to mineralogy. We were able to see exsolution and other textural features in crystals that looked homogeneous in the optical microscope, thus opening up a wide range of research possibilities that had not existed previously. Advanced crystal growth experiments, detailed phase equilibria, x-ray diffraction at high temperatures, and statistical analyses of microprobe data were all applied to lunar pyroxenes and then extended to terrestrial and meteorite investigations, making this period one of the most productive in history. In the compilation of this volume, an attempt has been made to review the essential aspects of pyroxene research, primarily those of the last ten or fifteen years. Although the largest fraction of pyroxene research has been performed in the U.S.A., significant advances have been made in other countries, particularly in Europe, Japan, Canada, and Australia, with interest and activity in these countries probably growing at a faster rate than in the United States. Recently, Deer, Howie and Zussman (DHZ) published a second edition of their volume in the Rock-Forming Minerals series, Single-Chain Silicates, Vol. 2A (John Wiley, New York, 1978). The present volume is intended to be complementary to DHZ and to provide material covered lightly or not at all in DHZ, such as electron microscopy, spectroscopy, and detailed thermodynamic treatments. However, because the range of pyroxene research has grown so much in recent years, there still are important areas not covered comprehensively in either of these volumes. Some of these areas are kinetics, diffusion, crystal defects, deformation, and nonsilicate pyroxene crystal chemistry. Because of these omissions and because this volume is intended for use with the MSA Short Course on Pyroxenes to be held at Emory University in conjunction with the November, 1980 meeting of the Society, a Symposium on Pyroxenes was organized by J. Stephen Huebner for the meeting that is designed to present the latest research results on several different topics, including those above. With DHZ, this volume, and publications from the Symposium, the student of pyroxenes should be well-equipped to advance our knowledge of pyroxenes in the decades ahead.

Description / Table of Contents: Although it includes some discussion of chemically complex reactions and the chemographic relationships among amphiboles and other rockforming minerals, most of Volume 9A of Reviews in Mineralogy treats amphiboles and other hydrous pyriboles as isolated systems. In contrast, Volume 9B is dedicated more to an exploration of the social life of amphiboles and the amphibole personality in real rocks and in the experimental petrology laboratory. The chemical complexity of amphibole, which Robinson et al., refer to as "a mineralogical shark in a sea of unsuspecting elements," permits amphiboles to occur in a very wide variety of rock types, under a large range of pressure and temperature conditions, and in association with an impressive number of other minerals. The description of amphibole petrology and of petrologists' attempts to understand amphibole phase relations are therefore not simple matters, as the length of this volume suggests. Although they do not cover every type of amphibole occurrence, it is hoped that the papers in this volume will provide the amphibole student and researcher with an up-to-date summary of the most important aspects of amphibole petrology. Volume 9B, Amphiboles: Petrology and Experimental Phase Relations, was begun in 1981 in preparation for the Short Course on Amphiboles and Other Hydrous Pyriboles presented at Erlanger, Kentucky, October 29 - November 1, 1981, prior to the annual meetings of the Geological Society of America and associated societies. Unfortunately, only the first chapter was in manuscript form at the time of the short course, and publication was delayed by one year.

Description / Table of Contents: The development of modern isotope geochemistry is without doubt attributed to the efforts, begun in the 1930's and 1940's, of Harold Urey (Columbia University and the University of Chicago) and Alfred O.C. Nier (University of Minnesota). Urey provided the ideas, theoretical foundation, the drive, and the enthusiasm, but none of this would have made a major impact on Earth Sciences without the marvelous instrument developed by Nier and later modified and improved upon by Urey, Epstein, McKinney, and McCrea at the University of Chicago. Harold Urey's interest in isotope chemistry goes back to the late 1920's when he and I.I. Rabi returned from Europe and established themselves at Columbia to introduce the then brand-new concepts of quantum mechanics to students in the United States. Urey, of course, rapidly made an impact with his discovery of deuterium in 1932, the 'magical' year in which the neutron and positron were also discovered. Urey followed up his initial important discovery with many other experimental and theoretical contributions to isotope chemistry. During this period, Al Nier developed the most sophisticated mass spectrometer then available anywhere in the world, and made a series of surveys of the isotopic ratios of as many elements as he could. Through these studies, which were carried out mainly to obtain accurate atomic weights of the various elements, Nier and his co-workers clearly demonstrated that there were some fairly large variations in the isotopic ratios of the lighter elements. However, the first inkling of a true application to the Earth Sciences didn't come until 1946 when Urey presented his Royal Society of London lecture on 'The Thermodynamic Properties of Isotopic Substances' (now a classic paper referenced in most of the published papers on stable isotope geochemistry). With the information discovered by Nier and his co-workers that limestones were about 3 percent richer in 18O than ocean water, and with his calculations of the temperature coefficient for the isotope exchange reaction between CaCO3 and H2O, Urey realized that it might be possible to apply these concepts to determining the paleotemperatures of the oceans. Urey was never one to overlook important scientific problems, regardless of the field of scientific inquiry involved. In fact, he always admonished his students to 'work only on truly important problems!' Urey, then a Professor at the University of Chicago, decided to take a hard look into the experimental problems of developing an oxygen isotope paleotemperature scale. Although the necessary accuracy had not yet been attained, the design of the Nier instrument seemed to offer a good possibility, with suitable modifications, of making the kinds of precise measurements necessary for a sufficiently accurate determination of the 18O/16O ratios of both CaCO3 (limestone) and ocean water. Enormous efforts would be required to do this, because even if all the mass spectrometric problems could be solved, every analytical and experimental procedure would have to be invented from scratch, including the experimental calibration of the temperature coefficient of the equilibrium fractionation factor between calcite and water at low temperatures. To carry out this formidable study, Urey gathered around himself a remarkable group of students, postdoctoral fellows, and technicians, as well as his paleontologist colleague Heinz Lowenstam. With Sam Epstein at the center of the effort and acting as the principal driving force, the rest, as they say, 'is history.' The marvelous nature of the Nier-Urey mass spectrometer is attested to by the fact that the basic design is still being used, and that there are now hundreds of laboratories throughout the world where this kind of work is being done. For example, the original instrument built by Sam Epstein and Chuck McKinney at Caltech in 1953 is still in use and has to date produced more than 90,000 analyses. University, government, and industrial laboratories have found these instruments to be an indispensable tool. Enormous and widely varying application of the original concepts have been made throughout the whole panoply of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences. In the present volume we concentrate on an important sub-field of this effort. That particular sub-field was inaugurated in Urey's laboratories at Chicago by Peter Baertschi and Sol Silverman, who developed the fluorination technique for extracting oxygen from silicate rocks and minerals. This technique was later refined and improved in the late 1950's by Sam Epstein, Hugh Taylor, Bob Clayton, and Toshiko Mayeda, and has become the prime analytical method for studying the oxygen isotope composition of rocks and minerals. The original concepts and potentialities of high-temperature oxygen isotope geochemistry were developed by Samuel Epstein and his first student, Bob Clayton. Also, Bob Clayton, A.E.J. Engel, and Sam Epstein carried out the first application of these techniques to the study of ore deposits. The first useful experimental calibrations of the high-temperature oxygen isotope geothermometers quartz-calcite-magnetite-H2O were carried out initially by Bob Clayton, and later with his first student Jim O'Neil. In the meantime, Sam Epstein and his second student, Hugh Taylor, had begun a systematic study of 18O/16O variations in igneous and metamorphic rocks, and were the first to point out the regular order of 18O/16O fractionations among coexisting minerals, as well as their potential use as geochemical tracers of petrologic processes. During this period, a parallel development of sulfur isotope geochemistry was being carried out by Harry Thode and his group at McMaster University in Canada. They developed all the mass spectrometric and extraction techniques for this element, and also provided the theoretical and experimental foundation for understanding the equilibrium and kinetic isotope chemistry of sulfur. Starting from these beginnings, most of which took place either at the University of Chicago, Caltech, or McMaster University (but also with important input from Irving Friedman's laboratory at the U.S. Geological Survey, from Athol Rafter's laboratory in New Zealand, and from Columbia, Penn State, and the Vernadsky Institute in Moscow), there followed during the decades of the late 60's, 70's, and early 80's the development and maturing of the sub-field of high-temperature stable isotope geochemistry. This discipline is now recognized as an indispensable adjunct to all studies of igneous and metamorphic rocks and meteorites, particularly in cases where fluid-rock interactions are a major focus of the study. The twin sciences of ore deposits and the study of hydrothermal systems, both largely concerned with such fluid-rock interactions, have been profoundly and completely transformed. Virtually no issue of Economic Geology now appears without 3 or 4 papers dealing with stable isotope variations. No one writes papers on the development of the hydrosphere, hydrothermal alteration, ore deposits, melt-fluid-solid interactions, etc. without taking into account the ideas and concepts of stable isotope geochemistry. Although the present volume represents only a first effort to fill the need for a general survey of this sub-field for students and for workers in other disciplines, and although it is still obviously not completely comprehensive, it should give the interested student an idea of the present 'state-of-the-art' in the field. It should also provide an entry into the pertinent literature, as well as some understanding of the basic concepts and potential applications. Some thought went into the arrangement and choice of chapters for this volume. The first three chapters focus on the theory and experimental data base for equilibrium, disequilibrium, and kinetics of stable isotope exchange reactions among geologically important minerals and fluids. The fourth chapter discusses the primordial oxygen isotope variations in the solar system prior to formation of the Earth, along with a discussion of isotopic anomalies in meteorites. The fifth chapter discusses isotopic variations in the Earth's mantle and the sixth chapter reviews the variations in the isotopic compositions of natural waters on our planet. In Chapters 7, 8, 9 and 10, these isotopic constraints and concepts are applied to various facets of the origin and evolution of igneous rocks, bringing in much material on radiogenic isotopes as well, because these problems require a multi-dimensional attack for their solution. In Chapters 11 and 12, the problems of hydrothermal alteration by meteoric waters and ocean water are considered, together with discussions of the physics and chemistry of hydrothermal systems and the 18O/16O history of ocean water. Finally, in Chapters 13 and 14, these concepts are applied to problems of metamorphic petrology and ore deposits, particularly with respect to the origins of the fluids involved in those processes. It seems clear to us (the editors) that this sub-field of stable isotope geochemistry can only grow and become even more pertinent and dominant in the future. One of the most fruitful areas to pursue is the development of microanalytical techniques so that isotopic analyses can be accurately determined on ever smaller and smaller samples. Such techniques would open up vast new territories for exploitation in every aspect of stable isotope geochemistry. Exciting new methods have recently been developed whereby a few micromoles of CO2 and SO2 can be liberated for isotopic analyses from polished sections of carbonates and sulfides by laser impact. There are also new developments in mass spectrometry like RIMS (resonance ionization mass spectrometry), Fourier transform mass spectrometry and the ion microprobe that offer considerable promise for these purposes. Stable isotope analyses of large-sized samples (even those that must be obtained by reactions of silicates with fluorinating reagents) have now become so routine and so rapid that they represent an 'easy' way to gather a lot of data in a hurry. In fact 'mass production' techniques for rapidly processing samples are starting to become prevalent, so much so that one of the biggest worries in the future may be that a flood of data will overwhelm us and outstrip our abilities to carefully define and carry out sampling strategies, as well as to think carefully and in depth about the data. An organized system of handling the D/H, 13C/12C, 15N/14N, 18O/16O, and 34S/32S data, and/or a computerized data base that could be manipulated and added to would be a useful path to follow in the future, particularly if it were integrated into a larger data base containing radiogenic isotope data, major- and trace-element analyses, electron microprobe data, x-ray crystallographic data, and petrographic data (particularly modal data on mineral abundances in the rocks).

Description / Table of Contents: Volume 13 of Reviews in Mineralogy presented much of our present-day knowledge of micas. At the time of that volume (1984), I mentioned that there was too much material available to attempt to cover all of the hydrous phyllosilicates in one volume. The micas were treated first because of their abundance in nature and the fact that more detailed studies had been carried out on them than on the rest of the phyllosilicates. The serpentines, kaolins, smectites, chlorites, etc. would have to wait their turn. Now, four years later, that tum has come. Hence the peculiar nature of the title of this volume. We know less about the rest of the phyllosilicates than we do about the micas, primarily because many of them are of finer grain sizes and lower crystallinities than most of the micas. As a result, we have been unable to determine as much detail regarding their structures, crystal chemistries, and origins. Nevertheless, there is a considerable body of literature about them, and this volume will attempt to collate and evaluate that literature. One compensating factor that has helped greatly in the accumulation of knowledge about these minerals is that some of them occur in large deposits that are of great economic value and thus stimulate interest. For this reason considerable emphasis in this volume will be related to the occurrence, origin, and petrology of the minerals. S. W. Bailey, Madison, Wisconsin, USA September 1,1988 The authors of this volume presented a short course by the same title to about 120 participants in Denver, Colorado, October 29-30,1988, just prior to the 100th anniversary meeting of the Geological Society of America. S. W. ("Bull") Bailey convened the course and edited this volume, his second for Reviews in Mineralogy. Because he is retiring at the end of this academic year after 38 years' teaching at the University of Wisconsin (Madison), his colleagues, friends and I (a diligent student of "Bull" thirty years ago) agreed that it would be appropriate to dedicate this volume to him, odd though it seems to have him editing a book honoring himself. He had no advance knowledge of this dedication.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume of was prepared in conjunction with the Mineralogical Society of America Short Course on Amphiboles and Other Hydrous Pyriboles, Fall, 1981. Had it not been split into two volumes, 9A and 9B, it would have resembled in some respects the Manhattan telephone directory (it is hoped, however, that the content is more readable and relevant to the geological sciences). The length of this collection of papers appears to result from a combination of phenomena. The amphiboles themselves must accept most of the blame: their structural complexity and resulting chemical variability and diversity of petrologic behavior preclude brief description. In addition, while some of these papers are relatively brief summaries of the published literature that easily and quickly can be consumed by students, others are exhaustive (and lengthy) discourses that may not be digestible in one sitting by even the most dedicated amphibole researcher. Finally, it appears that some geologists, probably with justification, love amphiboles so much that they would never have stopped writing had there been no publication deadline. The extremely short time between the preparation of papers and publication of Reviews in Mineralogy and the authors' intimate knowledge of their fields ensure that the papers reflect the very latest in research results. The rapid production of the "Reviews," however, inevitably results in a few errors that might be caught in a more leisurely publication process; the editors apologize for any such errors that are included in this volume. In addition, the sequence of presentation of papers reflects not only the editors' notions of order in the amphibole universe, but also somewhat the order in which papers were received. Although a collection of reviews of this sort cannot claim to give exhaustive coverage to all aspects of a topic, it is hoped that the papers presented here do review most of the important areas of active amphibole research. The papers have been split in a somewhat arbitrary fashion into Volume 9A, Amphiboles and Other Hydrous Pyriboles - Mineralogy, and Volume 9B, Amphiboles: Petrology and Experimental Phase Relations. Everyone is encouraged to purchase both volumes, however, because there is a hefty dose of petrology in 9A (witness the paper by Thompson, for example) and not a little mineralogy in 9B.

Description / Table of Contents: This book is written with two goals in mind. The first is to derive the 32 crystallographic point groups, the 14 Bravais lattice types and the 230 crystallographic space group types. The second is to develop the mathematical tools necessary for these derivations in such a manner as to lay the mathematical foundation needed to solve numerous basic problems in crystallography and to avoid extraneous discourses. To demonstrate how these tools can be employed, a large number of examples are solved and problems are given. The book is, by and large, self-contained. In particular, topics usually omitted from the traditional courses in mathematics that are essential to the study of crystallography are discussed. For example, the techniques needed to work in vector spaces with noncartesian bases are developed. Unlike the traditional group-theoretical approach, isomorphism is not the essential ingredient in crystallographic classification schemes. Because alternative classification schemes must be used, the notions of equivalence relations and classes which are fundamental to such schemes are defined, discussed and illustrated. For example, we will find that the classification of the crystallographic space groups into the traditional 230 types is defined in terms of their matrix representations. Therefore, the derivation of these groups from the point groups will be conducted using the 37 distinct matrix groups rather than the 32 point groups they represent. We have been greatly influenced by two beautiful books. Hermann Heyl's book entitled Symmetry based on his lectures at Princeton University gives a wonderful development of the point groups as well as an elegant exposition of symmetry in art and nature. Fredrik W. H. Zachariasen's book entitled Theory of X-ray Diffraction in Crystals presents important insights on the derivation of the Bravais lattice types and the crystallographic space groups. These two books provided the basis for many of the ideas developed in this book. The theorems, examples, definitions and corollaries are labelled sequentially as a group whereas the problems are labelled separately as a group as are the equations. The manner in which these are labelled is self-explanatory. For example, T4.15 refers to Theorem (T) 15 in Chapter 4 while DAl.l refers to Definition (D) 1 in Appendix (A) 1. We have strived to write this book so that it is self-teaching. The reader is encouraged to attempt to solve the examples before appealing to the solution presented and to work all of the problems. Preface to the Revised Edition of Mathematical Crystallography In the Revised Edition we have corrected the errors, misprints and omissions that we have found and our students and other users have kindly pointed out to us. The Revised Edition also includes a more comprehensive index and a set of solutions for all of the problems presented in the book.

Description / Table of Contents: The Mineralogical Society of America (MSA) sponsored a short course by this title December 1990 at the Cathedral Hill Hotel in San Francisco, California. It was organized by the editors, Jim Nicholls and Kelly Russell, and presented by the authors of this volume to about 80 participants in conjunction with the Fall Meeting of the American Geophysical Union. Igneous petrology, in its broadest applications, treats the transfer of matter and energy from planetary interiors to their exteriors. Over the past several decades igneous petrology has gained sophistication in three areas that deal with such transfers: the properties of silicate melts and solids can be estimated as functions of pressure, temperature and composition; some results of experimental and theoretical studies of the physics of multiphase flow are available; and many of the algorithms for realistically modeling magmatic processes are in place. Each of these fields of study, to some extent, have to be pursued independently. In our opinion, now is an ideal time to collect some features of these studies as preparation for more integrated future work and to show some consequences of applying current ideas to the study of igneous processes. We have attempted to bring together the basic data and fundamental theoretical constraints on magmatic processes with applications to specific problems in igneous petrology.

Description / Table of Contents: In 1978 the Short Course Committee decided to forego activities because the annual meeting of the M.S.A. was held together with the Mineralogical Association of Canada, who sponsored a Short Course in Uranium Deposits and published a book by the same title. A number of mineralogists expressed regret at the potential loss of momentum in MSA's production of this series and encouraged several authors of this book to press on with their idea of publishing Volume 5 -- Orthosilicates. Work was begun in 1978; however, without the pressure of a deadline associated with presenting the material to students of a short course at the annual meeting, procrastination set in and the first edition of this volume was not completed until September 1980 (with the exception of Chapters 1 and 2 which were submitted in their present form in 1978). In the meantime Volume 6, Marine Minerals, appeared in time for the annual meeting of the Society and a Short Course in San Diego in November 1979. In 1980 the Council of the MSA changed the name of the published volumes from SHORT COURSE NOTES to REVIEWS in MINERALOGY in order to more aptly describe the material contained in this now highly successful series. The First Edition of Orthosilicates was the first volume to appear under the REVIEWS banner. This is the Second Edition of Orthosilicates. It contains an updating and minor revisions of Chapters 3 through 10 (only) and two new chapters originally intended for the First Edition. The intent of this volume is to emphasize the crystal chemistry and related physical properties of the major rock-forming orthosilicates. Though in some chapters more attention is given to phase equilibria and paragenesis than in others, these are for the most part cursorily treated with references to the more important papers and to review articles (also see Deer, Howie and Zussman, 1962, Rock-forming Minerals, Vol. 1, Ortho- and Ring Silicates). Some confusion will inevitably result from the definition of the term used as the title for this volume. In Chapter 1 Liebau (p. 14) says that "silicates containing (SiO4) groups should be called monosilicates rather than orthosilicates or nesosilicates." The editor chose not to adopt Liebau's terminology for the title, because monosilicate is not yet widely accepted (although it might well be). To set manageable boundaries for the scope of the First Edition of Orthosilicates, an editorial option was exercised in rejecting as "orthosilicates" those minerals with both (SiO4) tetrahedra and (Si2O7) groups (zoisite, epidote, vesuvianite, etc.), as well as those with (SiO4) tetrahedra that are polymerized to other tetrahedra by sharing corners with (BeO4), (BO4), (A1O4), (ZnO4), etc. However, as mentioned in the Foreword, Chapter 13 has been added to the Second Edition to correct for the latter omission. Chapter 12 contains very brief descriptions of the paragenesis and crystal chemistry of many orthosilicates that fit the description stated in the Preface (p. iv). It may be used as an index, because all orthosilicates are listed alphabetically, including those discussed in Chapters 2 through 11.

Description / Table of Contents: This book and accompanying MSA short course was first considered in 1987 in response to what seemed to be a growing interest in the chemical reactions that take place at mineral-water interfaces. Now, in 1990, this area of work is firmly established as one of the major directions in mineralogical and geochemical research (see Chapter 1). We believe that there are two major reasons for this. The first is that there is a growing awareness within various earth science disciplines that interface chemistry is very important in many natural processes, i.e., these processes cannot be adequately described, much less understood, unless the role of interface chemistry is carefully considered. Perhaps the best illustration of this increase in awareness is the diverse backgrounds of the scientists who will be attending the short course. Participants have research interests in aqueous and environmental geochemistry, mineralogy, petrology, and crystallography. In the final list of participants, one-quarter are from outside the United States, and include scientists from Australia, Canada, England, France, Israel, The Netherlands, Sweden, and Switzerland. The second reason that this field is one of the major new research directions in the earth sciences is because many methods, both experimental and theoretical, have relatively recently become available to study mineral surfaces and mineral-water interfaces. Many important spectroscopic techniques now used routinely to characterize surfaces and interfaces were not available twenty years ago, and some were not available just five years ago. To emphasize the importance of these methods, two Nobel prizes were awarded in the 1980's to the developers of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). We have directed ourselves and the other authors of this book to follow the general guidelines of writing for "Reviews in Mineralogy". However, for the subject of mineral-water interface geochemistry, this is not easy because the field is far from mature. Several chapters are not reviews in the traditional sense in that they cover research that is relatively recent for which a considerable amount of work remains. In any case, we believe that this book describes most of the important concepts and contributions that have driven mineral-water interface geochemistry to its present state. We begin in Chapter 1 with examples of the global importance of mineral-water interface reactions and a brief review of the contents of the entire book. Thereafter, we have divided the book into four sections, including atomistic approaches (Chapters 2- 3), adsorption (Chapters 4-8), precipitation and dissolution (Chapters 9-11), and oxidation-reduction reactions (Chapters 11-14).

Description / Table of Contents: Oxygen and silicon are the two most common elements in the earth's crust, together constituting an estimated 74.32 weight % and 83.77 atom % of crustal rocks (Mason and Moore, 1982). Thus, it is not surprising that SiO2 or silica, is the most abundant oxide on the earth's surface. In his widely cited survey, Clarke (1904) calculated that quartz alone comprises 12.0% of the crust by volume, ranking behind the mineral groups that include feldspar (59.5%) and amphibole/pyroxene (16.8%). Consequently, research into the silica system is motivated foremost by the prevalence of silica in man's immediate environment. The ubiquity of silica in igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks has led earth scientists to seek its uses as an indicator of large-scale geological processes, ranging from mountain-building to meteorite impacts. In industry, quartz has long played a prosaic but essential role as an inexpensive and relatively inert constituent of concrete aggregates, and modern electronics technology still relies on quartz oscillators. Silica phases also have played a prominent role in our understanding of the solid state. Physicists first discovered optical activity in crystals and the existence of soft modes during their investigations of quartz. Many scientists have written substantial reviews documenting the importance of silica in the earth, materials, and physical sciences. Notable among these are Robert Sosman, who followed his Properties of Silica (1927) with The Phases of Silica (1965), and Clifford Frondel, who devoted the third volume of Dana's System of Mineralogy (1962) exclusively to the silica minerals. These treatises continue to serve as encyclopedic resources for those interested in silica, and their historical analyses and descriptions of mineral varieties, morphologies, and localities will remain forever useful. Nevertheless, the past three decades have witnessed a first-order expansion of our knowledge of the silica system, and it is time to provide an updated silica review. The present volume focuses on the most recent developments, and it is intended to supplement rather than replace the earlier works of Sosman and Frondel. The contributions to this volume cover silica chemistry in the following fashion: Chapters 1 through 3 describe the crystal structures and phase transitions of silica and its stuffed derivatives. Recent studies of the low-pressure polymorphs quartz, tridymite, and cristobalite have demonstrated unusual superperiodic phases and other anomalies associated with structural transformations (Chapter 1). Spectacular progress in multianvil and diamond cell technologies has made the high-pressure regime accessible, revealing new transitions in the coesite and stishovite systems as well as the phenomenon of pressureinduced amorphization (Chapter 2). Stoichiometric substitution of cations within the frameworks of both low- and high-pressure polymorphs produces a dizzying variety of derivative compounds that are of geological and industrial importance (Chapter 3). Chapters 4 through 9 bridge the relationship between the microstructural character of real silica minerals and the behavior of silica in the geological environment. Incorporation of small amounts of H dramatically weakens quartz exposed to stress (Chapter 4). Consequently, tectonic pressures may lead not to brittle fracture but to the production of high densities of dislocations and preferred orientation in polycrystalline quartz (Chapter 5). The low pressures and temperatures in sedimentary settings may promote the crystallization of highly defective silica phases that are frequently metastable (Chapter 6); through diagenetic processes, these minerals anneal to macrocrystalline quartz (Chapter 7). The nature of the surface structure of quartz strongly influences the mechanisms and kinetics of silica dissolution in aqueous fluids (Chapter 8). Chapters 9 through 13 treat the basic physical properties of the phases of silica. Recent calorimetric studies of some of the more unusual silica compounds have added insight into the stability of the silica framework (Chapter 9). Quantum mechanical considerations of the Si-O bond have yielded a fundamental understanding of the bond lengths and angles within the polymorphous silica system (Chapter 10). Calculations based upon first-principles theory have achieved significant success in explaining and predicting silica transitions at high temperatures and pressures (Chapter 11). Spectroscopic analyses of silica (Chapters 12 and 13) have revealed vibrational behaviors in response to variations in temperature, pressure, and composition that have deepened our understanding of the dynamic interactions within the silica structure. Chapters 14 through 16 detail the uses of silica for industrial purposes. For instance, doping silica with other cations produces ceramics with low expansion on heating (Chapter 14), and high-silica zeolites are being explored for their properties as catalysts and molecular sieves (Chapter 15). High concentrations of silica dust in the workplace long have been linked with the incidence of respiratory diseases, such as silicosis, and recent evidence suggests that crystalline silica may be carcinogenic (Chapter 16).

Description / Table of Contents: Einführung in die Grundlagen der Mineralogie und Petrologie. Das Buch stellt die wichtigsten Minerale und Gesteine vor und ermöglicht deren Bestimmung. Mineralogische Konzepte werden ebenso erläutert wie die Prozesse der Gesteinsentstehung und -veränderung. Zudem bietet das Werk einen Überblick über die wichtigsten optischen und analytischen Methoden.

Description / Table of Contents: describes the interaction between geophysics and condensed matter physics. Condensed matter physics leads to a first-principles way of looking at crystals, enabling physicists and mineralogists to study the rich and sometimes unexpected behavior that minerals exhibit under the extreme conditions, such as high pressure and high temperature, found deep within the earth. Leading international researchers from both geosciences and condensed matter physics discuss the state-of-the-art of this interdisciplinary field. A summary for specialists and graduate students researching mineralogy and crystallography.

Description / Table of Contents: The Mineralogical Society of America sponsored a short course for which this was the text at Stanford University December 9 and 10, 1995, preceding the Fall Meeting of the American Geophysical Union and MSA in San Fransisco, with about 100 professionals and graduate students in attendance. A silicate melt phase is the essential component of nearly all igneous processes, with dramatic consequences for the properties of the Earth's interior. Throughout Earth history and continuing to the present day, silicate melts have acted as transport agents in the chemical and physical differentiation of the Earth into core, mantle and crust. The occurrence of such magmatic processes leads to the definition of our planet as "active," and the resulting volcanism has a profound impact on the Earth's atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. Although near-surface melts are observed directly during volcanic eruptions, the properties of magmas deep within the Earth must be characterized and constrained by laboratory experiments. Many of these experiments are designed to aid in developing an atomic level understanding of the structure and dynamics of silicate melts under the P- T conditions of the Earth's crust and mantle, which will make extrapolation from the laboratory results to the behavior of natural magmas as reliable as possible. Silicate melts are also the archetypal glass-forming materials. Because of the ready availability of raw materials, and the ease with which molten silicates can be vitrified, commercial "glass" has necessarily implied a silicate composition, over most of the history of glass technology. The properties of the melt, or "slag" in metallurgical extractions, determine the nature of the glass formed, and the needs of the glass industry have provided much of the impetus for understanding the structure-property relations of molten silicates as well as for the glasses themselves. It is now recognized that any liquid might become glassy, if cooled rapidly enough, and understanding the thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of the glass transition, or passage between the liquid and glassy states of matter, has become a subject of intense interest in fundamental physics and chemistry. Glasses have also been studied in many geochemical investigations, often as substitutes for the high temperature melts, with the results being extrapolated to the liquid state. In many cases, in situ techniques for direct investigation of these refractory systems have only recently become available. Much valuable information concerning the melt structure has been gleaned from such studies. Nevertheless, there are fundamental differences between the liquid and glassy states. In liquids, the structure becomes progressively more disordered with increasing temperature, which usually gives rise to major changes in all thermodynamic properties and processes. These changes must, in general, be investigated directly by in situ studies at high temperature. Studies of glass only represent a starting point, which reflect a frozen image of the melt "structure" at the glass transition temperature. This is generally hundreds of degrees below the near-liquidus temperatures of greatest interest to petrologists. Since the early 1980s, a much deeper understanding of the structure, dynamics, and properties of molten silicates has been developed within the geochemical community, applying techniques and concepts developed within glass science, extractive metallurgy and liquid state physics. Some of these developments have far-reaching implications for igneous petrology. The purpose of this Short Course and volume is to introduce the basic concepts of melt physics and relaxation theory as applied to silicate melts, then to describe the current state of experimental and computer simulation techniques for exploring the detailed atomic structure and dynamic processes which occur at high temperature, and finally to consider the relationships between melt structure, thermodynamic properties and rheology within these liquids. These fundamental relations serve to bridge the extrapolation from often highly simplified melt compositions studied in the laboratory to the multicomponent systems found in nature. This volume focuses on the properties of simple model silicate systems, which are usually volatile-free. The behavior of natural magmas has been summarized in a previous Short Course volume (Nicholls and Russell, editors, 1990: Reviews in Mineralogy, Vol. 24), and the effect of volatiles on magmatic properties in yet another (Carroll and Holloway, editors, 1994: Vol. 30). In the chapters by Moynihan, by Webb and Dingwell, and by Richet and Bottinga, the concepts of relaxation and the glass transition are introduced, along with techniques for studying the rheology of silicate liquids, and theories for understanding the transport and relaxation behavior in terms of the structure and thermodynamic properties of the liquid. The chapter by Dingwell presents applications of relaxation-based studies of melts in the characterization of their properties. Chapters by Stebbins, by Brown, Farges and Calas, and by McMillan and Wolf present the principal techniques for studying the melt structure and atomic scale dynamics by a variety of spectroscopic and diffraction methods. Wolf and McMillan summarize our current understanding of the effects of pressure on silicate glass and melt structure. Chapters by Navrotsky and by Hess consider the thermodynamic properties and mixing relations in simple and multicomponent aluminosilicate melts, both from a fundamental structural point of view and empirical chemical models which can be conveniently extrapolated to natural systems. The chapter by Chakraborty describes the diffusivity of chemical species in silicate melts and glasses, and the chapter by Poole, McMillan and Wolf discusses the application of computer simulation methods to understanding the structure and dynamics of molten silicates. The emphasis in this volume is on reviewing the current state of knowledge of the structure, dynamics and physical properties of silicate melts, along with present capabilities for studying the molten state under conditions relevant to melting within the Earth, with the intention that these techniques and results can then be applied to understanding and modeling both the nature of silicate melts and the role of silicate melts in nature.

Description / Table of Contents: This book reviews current thinking on the fundamental processes that control chemical weathering of silicates, including the physical chemistry of reactions at mineral surfaces, the role of experimental design in isolating and quantifying these reactions, and the complex roles that water chemistry, hydrology, biology, and climate play in weathering of natural systems. The chapters in this volume are arranged to parallel this order of development from theoretical considerations to experimental studies to characterization of natural systems. Secondly, the book is meant to serve as a reference from which researchers can readily retrieve quantitative weathering rate data for specific minerals under detailed experimental controls or for natural weathering conditions. Toward this objective, the authors were encouraged to tabulate available weathering rate data for their specific topics. Finally this volume serves as a forum in which suggestions and speculations concerning the direction of future weathering research are discussed. The comprehensive nature of the volume provides opportunities to address important temporal and spacial issues that often separate the work and thinking of investigators working on specific aspects of chemical weathering. As has become apparent in assembling this volume, a number of important issues related to chemical weathering are unresolved. No effort was made to reach a consensus on these issues. Divergences in opinion were accepted between various authors and are apparent in the chapters of this volume.

Description / Table of Contents: At the time of the first printing (1996), interest in the element boron was growing rapidly. We felt that it was an opportune moment to ask investigators active in research on boron to review developments in their respective fields so that readers could learn what was-and wasn't-known about boron and its minerals, geochemistry and petrology. Since 1996, interest in boron has, if anything, increased, and continued demand for the Reviews in Mineralogy "boron bible" has motivated the Mineralogical Society of America to reprint the volume. Demand is reflected in citations, and according to ISI's Science Citation Index, the number of citations since publication to the volume is about 380, with some individual chapters having been cited as many as 44 times. In preparation for this printing, authors of 15 of the 19 original chapters have updated, corrected or added to their chapters within the constraints that no pages be added. Most addenda are bibliographies of literature published since 1996; a few also include summaries of significant findings. Addenda for each chapter follow the chapter, except for those for Chapters 1 and 2, which are merged onto pages 115-116 and 385. A table of new B-minerals since 1996 is given on p. 28, and many modifications were made to the table (p. 7-27) of B-minerals known prior to 1996 (corrections to formulae, mineral names, localities, etc.). Similar up-datings of Table 1 (p. 223) in Chapter 5 and numerous tables in Chapter 9 (p. 387) were undertaken, and Figure 15 in Chapter 11 (p. 619), which-embarrassingly-was missing from the first printing, has been supplied. Addenda to Chapter 13 are introduced on p. 744 and completed on p. 863 and 864. The following salient developments in research related to B are mentioned in the addenda: New minerals. Twenty-two boron minerals have been or are about to be described, and four more have been approved by the International Mineralogical Association, representing an increase of 10%, comparable to the increase in the number of all new minerals described during the same period (Anovitz and Grew, Chapter 1) Tourmaline group. In addition to four new tourmaline species, a new classification has been proposed. Another tourmaline, olenite, has been shown to contain substantial amounts of excess B in tetrahedral coordination, a finding that has revolutionized our view of tourmaline crystal chemistry (Werding and Schreyer, Chapter 3; references in addendum to Henry and Dutrow, Chapter 10). Boron isotopes. New techniques for measuring isotope ratios using secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) with the ion microprobe open up new opportunities for in situ analyses of individual grains and fluid inclusions (Hervig, Chapter 16). Boron isotopes have found applications in paleoceanography and thus add to the tools available for the study of past climates (Palmer and Swihart, Chapter 13). One of the major questions facing the use of hydrogeochemical models is whether or not they can be used with confidence to predict future evolution of groundwater systems. There is much controversy concerning the validity and uncertainties of non-reactive fluid flow systems. Adding chemical interaction to these flow models only confounds the problem. Although such models may accurately integrate the governing physical and chemical equations, many uncertainties are inherent in characterizing the natural system itself. These systems are inherently heterogeneous on a variety of scales rendering it impossible to know precisely the many details of the flow system and chemical composition of the host rock. Other properties of natural systems such as permeability and mineral surface area, to name just two, may never be known with any great precision, and in fact may be unknowable. Because of these uncertainties, it remains an open question as to what extent numerical models of groundwater flow and reactive transport wilI be useful in making accurate quantitative predictions. Nevertheless, reactive transport models should be able to predict the outcome for the particular representation of the porous medium used in the model. Finally, it should be mentioned that numerical models are often our only recourse to analyze such environmental problems as safe disposal of nuclear waste where predictions must be carried out over geologic time spans. Without such models it would be impossible to analyze such systems, because they involve times too long to perform laboratory experiments. The results of model calculations may affect important political decisions that must be made. Therefore, it is all the more important that models be applied and tested in diverse environments so that confidence and understanding of the limitations and strengths of model predictions are understood before irreversible decisions are made that could adversely affect generations to come.

Description / Table of Contents: Fluids rich in water, carbon and sulfur species and a variety of dissolved salts are a ubiquitous transport medium for heat and matter in the Earth’s interior. Fluid transport through the upper mantle and crust controls the origin of magmatism above subduction zones and results in natural risks of explosive volcanism. Fluids passing through rocks affect the chemical and heat budget of the global oceans, and can be utilized as a source of geothermal energy on land. Fluid transport is a key to the formation and the practical utilization of natural resources, from the origin of hydrothermal mineral deposits, through the exploitation of gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons as sources of energy and essential raw materials, to the subsurface storage of waste materials such as CO2. Different sources of fluids and variable paths of recycling volatile components from the hydrosphere and atmosphere through the solid interior of the Earth lead to a broad range of fluid compositions, from aqueous liquids and gases through water-rich silicate or salt melts to carbon-rich endmember compositions. Different rock regimes in the crust and mantle generate characteristic ranges of fluid composition, which depending on pressure, temperature and composition are miscible to greatly variable degrees. For example, aqueous liquids and vapors are increasingly miscible at elevated pressure and temperature. The degree of this miscibility is, however, greatly influenced by the presence of additional carbonic or salt components. A wide range of fluid–fluid interactions results from this partial miscibility of crustal fluids. Vastly different chemical and physical properties of variably miscible fluids, combined with fluid flow from one pressure – temperature regime to another, therefore have major consequences for the chemical and physical evolution of the crust and mantle. Several recent textbooks and review articles have addressed the role and diverse aspects of fluids in crustal processes. However, immiscibility of fluids and the associated phenomena of m ultiphase fluid flow are generally dealt with only in subsections with respect to specific environments and aspects of fluid mediated processes. This volume of Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry attempts to fill this gap and to explicitly focus on the role that co-existing fluids play in the diverse geologic environments. It brings together the previously somewhat detached literature on fluid–fluid interactions in continental, volcanic, submarine and subduction zone environments. It emphasizes that fluid mixing and unmixing are widespread processes that may occur in all geologic environments of the entire crust and upper mantle. Despite different P-T conditions, the fundamental processes are analogous in the different settings.