ALBERT

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Freie Unversität Berlin, [ca. 1963] , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS PROBLEMSTELLUNG UND ZIELSETZUNG 1. BEMERKUNGEN ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSGELÄNDE UND ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSMATERIAL 1.1 Das Beobachtungsgelände 1.2 Das Beobachtungsmaterial 2. HOMOGENITÄTSBETRACHTUNGEN 2.1 Temperatur 2.2 Niederschlag 2.3 Wind 2.4 Sonnenschein und Bewölkung 3. TEMPERATURVERHÄLTNISSE 3.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 3.2 Tageswerte 3.3 Pentadenwerte 3.4 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 3.5 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 3.6 Der tägliche Gang 3.7 Vorkommen bestimmter Schwellenwerte 3.71 Frost- und Eistage 3.72 Sommer- und Tropentage 4. DER WASSERGEHALT DER LUFT 4.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 4.2 Tageswerte 4.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 4.4 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 4.5 Der tägliche Gang 5. BEWÖLKUNGSVERHÄLTNISSE 5.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 5.2 Tageswerte 5.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 5.4 Der tägliche Gang 5.5 Heitere und trübe Tage 5.6 Nebel 6. SONNENSCHEIN 6.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 6.2 Tageswerte 6.3 Der tägliche Gang 7. NIEDERSCHLAGSVERHÄLTNISSE 7.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 7.2 Niederschlagsbereitschaft 7.3 Tageswerte 7.4 Der tägliche Gang 7.5 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 7.6 Niederschlags- und Trockenperioden 7.7 Niederschlag und Wind· 7.8 Schneeverhältnisse 7.81 Schneefall und Schneedecke 7.82 Schneehöhe 7.9 Gewitter 8. WINDVERHÄLTNISSE 8.1 Windrichtung 8.2 Windgeschwindigkeit 8.21 Der jährliche Gang 8.22 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 8.23 Sturmtage und Windstillen 8.24 Der tägliche Gang 9.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VERZEICHNIS DER TEXTTABELLEN VERZEICHNIS DER ABBILDUNGEN LITERATURVERZEICHNIS TABELLENANHANG

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Freie Unversität Berlin, [ca. 1963] , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS PROBLEMSTELLUNG UND ZIELSETZUNG 1. BEMERKUNGEN ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSGELÄNDE UND ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSMATERIAL 1.1 Das Beobachtungsgelände 1.2 Das Beobachtungsmaterial 2. HOMOGENITÄTSBETRACHTUNGEN 2.1 Temperatur 2.2 Niederschlag 2.3 Wind 2.4 Sonnenschein und Bewölkung 3. TEMPERATURVERHÄLTNISSE 3.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 3.2 Tageswerte 3.3 Pentadenwerte 3.4 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 3.5 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 3.6 Der tägliche Gang 3.7 Vorkommen bestimmter Schwellenwerte 3.71 Frost- und Eistage 3.72 Sommer- und Tropentage 4. DER WASSERGEHALT DER LUFT 4.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 4.2 Tageswerte 4.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 4.4 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 4.5 Der tägliche Gang 5. BEWÖLKUNGSVERHÄLTNISSE 5.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 5.2 Tageswerte 5.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 5.4 Der tägliche Gang 5.5 Heitere und trübe Tage 5.6 Nebel 6. SONNENSCHEIN 6.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 6.2 Tageswerte 6.3 Der tägliche Gang 7. NIEDERSCHLAGSVERHÄLTNISSE 7.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 7.2 Niederschlagsbereitschaft 7.3 Tageswerte 7.4 Der tägliche Gang 7.5 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 7.6 Niederschlags- und Trockenperioden 7.7 Niederschlag und Wind· 7.8 Schneeverhältnisse 7.81 Schneefall und Schneedecke 7.82 Schneehöhe 7.9 Gewitter 8. WINDVERHÄLTNISSE 8.1 Windrichtung 8.2 Windgeschwindigkeit 8.21 Der jährliche Gang 8.22 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 8.23 Sturmtage und Windstillen 8.24 Der tägliche Gang 9.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VERZEICHNIS DER TEXTTABELLEN VERZEICHNIS DER ABBILDUNGEN LITERATURVERZEICHNIS TABELLENANHANG

Note: Contents: 1 Introduction. - 2 What is science?. - 3 Choices, choices, choices. - 4 The adviser and thesis committee. - 5 Questions drive research. - 6 Giving direction to our work. - 7 Turning challenges into opportunities. - 8 Ethics of research. - 9 Using the scientific literature. - 10 Communication. - 11 Publishing a paper. - 12 Time management. - 13 Writing proposals. - 14 The scientific career. - 15 Applying for a job. - 16 Concluding remarks. - Appendix A. Futher reading. - Appendix B. A sample curriculum. - Appendix C. The Refer and BibTeX format. - References. - About the authors. - Index.

Note: Contents: Introduction. - List of abbreviations. - 1. Balance of energy as a contemporary challenge. - 1.1. Energy resources and needs. - 1.2. Natural gas balance at the beginning of 21st century. - 1.3. Economic and political conditions at the European gas market. - 1.4. European Union facing the problem of energy supplies. - 2. Energy security - Norden - Basic issues. - 2.1. Subject and scope of national energy security. - 2.2. Nordic countries in international life. - 2.3. Norden and the energy issues of the Baltic states. - 2.4. Nordic countries - European Union in the context of energy security. - 3. Basic elements of the energy balance in Norden states. - 3.1. The Republic of Iceland. - 3.2. The Kingdom of Denmark. - 3.3. The Kingdom of Sweden. - 3.4. The Republic of Finland. - 4. Position of the Kingdom of Norway. - 4.1. Norway as an oil and gas producer. - 4.2. Norway in the energy balance of the region. - 4.3. High North - strategy vision and plan of Norway. - 4.4. High North - relations with the Russian Federation in the field of energy. - 5. Energy and climate - directions of activities of countries from Nordic region. - 5.1. Activities concerning energy and environmental protection and climate changes. - 5.2. Research and development - overcoming negative relations between progress and environment degradation. - 5.3. Nordic states versus contemporary energy security challenges. - Conclusion. - Literature. - List of figures and tables.

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 1.1 Was ist Statistische Datenanalyse? 1.2 Ziele 1.3 Hinweise 1.4 Literatur zur angewandten Statistik 1 Beschreibende Statistik 2 Beschreibung eindimensionaler Stichproben 2.1 Histogramme 2.2 Einige Bezeichnungen und Begriffe 2.3 Kennzahlen für eine quantitative Stichprobe 2.4 Klassierte Daten 2.5 Mehrere Stichproben 2.6 Transformationen von beobachteten Werten 2.7 Wertebereiche, Datensorten 2.8 Transformationen und Unterschiede zwischen Beobachtungen 3 Beschreibende Statistik mehrdimensionaler Daten 3.1 Grafische Darstellungen fur zwei zusammenhangende Grossen 3.2 Die Produktmomenten-Korrelation 3.3 Rangkorrelation 3.4 Zur Interpretation von Korrelationen 3.5 Regression 3.6 Multivariate Beobachtungen 3.7 Zeitreihen und räumliche Daten 3.8 Allgemeines zu grafischen Darstellungen 3.9 Wie weiter? Literatur zu Teil I II Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung 4 Wahrscheinlichkeit 4.1 Einleitung 4.2 Grundbegriffe und Grundeigenschaften 4.3 Zufallsvariable 4.4 Zufallszahlen 4.5 Zwei Zufallsvariable, gemeinsame Verteilung 4.6 Unabhangige Ereignisse und Zufallsvariable 4.7 Bedingte Wahrscheinlichkeit 4.8 Bedingte Verteilung 4.9 Der Satz von Bayes 4.10 Was ist eine Wahrscheinlichkeit? 4.11 Wie weiter? 5 Diskrete Verteilungen 5.1 Binomial-Verteilung 5.2 Die Poisson-Verteilung 5.3 Kennzahlen 5.4 Verteilungsfamilien 5.5 Die multinomiale Verteilung 5.6 Summen von Zufallsvariablen 5.7 Zufalls-Stichproben 5.8 Gesetze der grossen Zahl 5.9 Stochastische Prozesse 6 Stetige Verteilungen 6.1 Grundlagen 6.2 Grundbegriffe, Exponential-und uniforme Verteilung 6.3 Kennzahlen für stetige Verteilungen 6.4 Transformationen von Zufallsvariablen 6.5 Die Normalverteilung 6.6 Die Lognormal- Verteilung 6.7 Weitere stetige Verteilungsfamilien 6.8 Gemeinsame und bedingte Verteilung 6.9 Unabhangige Zufallsvariable und Correlation 6.10 Funktionen von mehreren Zufallsvariablen 6.11 Gausssche Fehler-Fortpflanzung 6.12 Der Zentrale Grenzwertsatz 6.13 Rückblick Literatur zu Teil II III Schliessende Statistik 7 Schätzungen 7.1 Drei Grundfragen der schliessenden Statistik 7.2 Schätzungen für B, V und M 7.3 Eigenschaften von Schätzungen 7.4 Die Maximum-Likelihood-Methode 7.5 Robuste Schätzungen 8 Tests 8.1 Einführende Beispiele und Begriffe 8.2 Test fiir eine Wahrscheinlichkeit 8.3 Die Teststatistik 8.4 Vorgehen bei einem statistischen Test 8.5 Tests für eine Stichprobe oder zwei gepaarte Stichproben 8.6 Interpretation von Testergebnissen 8.7 Bemerkungen zum P-Wert 8.8 Vergleich von zwei quantitativen Stichproben 8.9 Macht 8.10 Asymptotische Tests und Randomisierungs-Tests 8.11 Sinn und Unsinn statistischer Tests 9 Vertrauensintervalle 9.1 Vertrauensintervalle für Binomial-und Poisson-Verteilung 9.2 Die Grundeigenschaft von Vertrauensintervallen 9.3 Vertrauensintervalle für Lageparameter 9.4 Bootstrap und andere Resampling-Methoden 9.5 Vertrauens- und andere Intervalle 9.6 Schätzungen, Tests und Vertrauensintervalle im Vergleich 9.7 Wo stehen wir? Literatur zu Teil III IV Methoden der Datenanalyse 10 Nominate Daten 10.1 Multinomiale Verteilung und Chiquadrat-Test 10.2 Der Chiquadrat-Anpassungstest 10.3 Der Chiquadrat-Test in Kontingenztafeln 10.4 Die häufigsten Fehler beim Chiquadrat-Test 11 Überprüfung von Voraussetzungen 11.1 Problemstellung 11.2 Quantil-Quantil-Diagramme 11.3 Anpassungstests 11.4 Bedeutung von Tests zur Prüfung von Voraussetzungen 11.5 Unabhiingigkeit 12 Varianzanalyse 12.1 Vergleich mehrerer Stichproben, einfache Varianzanalyse 12.2 Multiple Vergleiche, multiple Tests 12.3 Mehrere verbundene Stichproben 12.4 Zweiweg-Varianzanalyse 12.5 Zufallige Effekte, Varianz-Komponenten 12.6 Ausblick Literatur 13 Regression 13.1 Das Modell der einfachen linearen Regression 13.2 Schätzung der Parameter 13.3 Tests und Vertrauensintervalle für die Koeffizienten 13.4 Vertrauens-und Vorhersage-Bereiche 13.5 Multiple lineare Regression 13.6 Vielfalt der Modelle der multiplen linearen Regression 13.7 Interpretation von Regressionskoeffizienten 13.8 Residuen-Analyse 13.9 Einflussreiche Beobachtungen 13.10 Modellwahl 13.11 Allgemeinere Modelle für stetige Zielgrossen 13.12 Verallgemeinerte lineare Modelle Literatur 14 Versuchsplanung 14.1 Einleitung 14.2 Allgemeine Überlegungen 14.3 Versuchsplane 14.4 Eine Checkliste Literatur 15 Multivariate Statistik 15.1 Mehrdimensionale Zufallsvariable 15.2 Schatzung von Erwartungswert und Kovarianz-Matrix 15.3 Die mehrdimensionale Normalverteilung 15.4 Statistik der Normalverteilung 15.5 Hauptkomponenten 15.6 Diskriminanz- Analyse Literatur 16 Zeitreihen 16.1 Fragestellungen 16.2 Auto-Korrelation 16.3 ARMA-Modelle 16.4 Statistik von Zeitreihen 16.5 Vorhersage 16.6 Zustandsraum-Modelle 16.7 Spektralanalyse 16.8 Raumliche Korrelation 16.9 Regression mit Zeitreihen Literatur 17 Stichproben-Erhebungen 17.1 Einleitung 17.2 Einfache Zufalls-Stichprobe 17.3 Geschichtete Stichproben 17.4 Weitere Stichproben-Plane 17.5 Weitere Schatzmethoden 17.6 Auswertung von Umfragen 17.7 Eine Checkliste Literatur 18 Ausblick 18.1 Bedeutung von Wahrscheinlichkeit-Modellen 18.2 Grosse Datensatze, beschreibende Modelle 18.3 Die Statistik und ihre Anwendungen Nachwort A Anhang: Kurzfassung des wichtigsten Stoffes Literaturverzeichnis Sachwortverzeichnis

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1. The status of forest regeneration problem in slash-fire felled area (history, state of study). - 2. Region, objects and methods of research. - 3. Natural forest regeneration in slash-fire felled areas of mossy-berrylike pine forests. - 4. Natural forest regeneration in slash-fire felled areas of motley-grass pine forests. - Forest-regeneration processes in felled areas of border-line forest types. - 6. The main soil and forestry factors and optimum methods determining success of forest regeneration in felled areas. - Conclusion. - Literature cited. - Appendices. , In kyrill. Schr. - Summary and table of contents also in English

Note: Inhalt: Zusammenfassung. - Summary. - 1 Einführung. - 2 Das Arbeitsgebiet. - 2.1 Lage und Abgrenzung. - 2.2 Relief. - 2.3 Gewässernetz. - 2.4 Geologisch-tektonischer Bau und Festgesteine. - 2.5 Quartäre Lockersedimente. - 2.6 Klima. - 2.7 Vegetation. - 3 Vergletscherung. - 3.1 Pleistozäne Vergletscherung. - 3.1.1 Saale- und weichseleiszeitliche Vergletscherungen. - 3.1.2 Spätweichseleiszeitliche Deglaziation. - 3.2 Holozäne Vergletscherung. - 3.2.1 Vergletscherung vor der „Kleinen Eiszeit“. - 3.2.2 Vergletscherung von der „Kleinen Eiszeit“ bis heute. - 3.2.2.1 Glaziärer Formenschatz. - 3.2.2.2 Stauchmoränen. - 3.2.3 Gletschertypen und -dynamik. - 3.2.3.1 Temperaturregime. - 3.2.3.2 Massenbilanz. - 3.2.3.3 Fließgeschwindigkeit und „Surge“-Verhalten. - 3.3 Gletscher als Klimaindikatoren. - 4 Permafrostboden. - 4.1 Verbreitung, Mächtigkeit und Alter. - 4.2 Geomorphologische Erscheinungsformen. - 4.2.1 Blockgletscher. - 4.2.2 Eiskeilpolygone. - 4.2.3 Pingos. - 4.2.4 Palsas. - 4.2.5 Frostblister. - 4.3 Permafrost als Klimaindikator. - 5 Ausgewählte themenbezogene Wanderexkursionen in Nordenskiøldland und Umgebung. - 5.1 Longyearbyen – Adventtal – Eskertal – Sassental – Tempelfjord – Sassenfjord – De Geertal – Helvetiatal – Adventtal – Longyearbyen (ca. 150 km). - 5.2 Longyearbyen – Adventtal – Total – Gangtal – Reintal – Vengsletta – Vasstal – Fridtjovhamna – Berzeliustal –Skartal – Grøntal – (Abstecher nach Kap Linné) – Grønfjord – Barentsburg – Heerodden – Kap Laila – Colesbucht – Fartal – Ental – Longyearbyen (ca. 180 km zuzüglich ca. 100 km Abstecher nach Kap Linné). - 5.3 Longyearbyen – Adventtal – Brentskard – Trehøgdtal – Vendomtal – Sassental – Fulmartal – Marmorbre – Skruisbre – Kropotkinfjell – Elfenbeinbre – Agardhtal – Agardhbucht – Bellsundtal – Nordre Bellsundpaß – Kjellstrømtal (Abstecher nach Sveagruva / Kap Amsterdam) – Lundstrømtal – Reindalspaß – Reintal – Tverrtal – Bolterpaß – Boltertal – Adventtal – Longyearbyen (ca. 200 km zuzüglich ca. 50 km Abstecher nach Sveagruva / Kap Amsterdam). - 6 Schlussfolgerungen und Ausblick. - 7 Literaturverzeichnis. , Zsfassung in dt. und engl. Sprache

Note: CONTENTS: PREFACE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 THE ANTARCTIC ENVIRONMENT AND THE GLOBAL SYSTEM 1.1 THE PHYSICAL SETTING 1.2 THE ANTARCTIC CRYOSPHERE 1.3 THE ROLE OF THE ANTARCTIC IN THE GLOBAL CLIMATE SYSTEM 1.4 OBSERVATIONS FOR STUDIES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE IN THE ANTARCTIC 1.5 THE CLIMATE OF THE ANTARCTIC AND ITS VARIABILITY 1.6 BIOTA OF THE ANTARCTIC 1.6.1 Terrestrial 1.6.2 Marine 2 OBSERVATIONS, DATA ACCURACY AND TOOLS 2.1 OBSERVATIONS, DATA ACCURACY AND TOOLS 2.1.1 Introduction 2.1.2 Meteorological and ozone observing in the Antarctic 2.1.3 In-situ ocean observations 2.1.4 Sea ice observations 2.1.5 Observations of the ice sheet and permafrost 2.1.6 Sea level 2.1.7 Marine biology 2.1.8 Terrestrial biology 2.1.9 Models 2.2 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS AND RESEARCH NEEDS 3 ANTARCTIC CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENT HISTORY IN THE PREINSTRUMENTAL PERIOD 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.2 DEEP TIME 3.2.1 The Greenhouse world: from Gondwana breakup to 34 million years 3.2.2 Into the Icehouse world: the last 34 million years 3.3 THE LAST MILLION YEARS 3.3.1 Glacial interglacial cycles: the ice core record 3.3.2 The transition to Holocene interglacial conditions: the ice core record 3.3.3 Deglaciation of the continental shelf, coastal margin and continental interior 3.3.4 Antarctic deglaciation and its impact on global sea level 3.3.5 Sea ice and climate 3.4 THE HOLOCENE 3.4.1 Holocene climate change: regional to hemispheric perspectives 3.4.2 Changes in sea ice extent through the Holocene 3.4.3 Regional patterns of Holocene climate change in Antarctica 3.5 BIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO CLIMATE CHANGE 3.5.1 The terrestrial environment 3.5.2 The marine environment 3.4.3 Regional patterns of Holocene climate change in Antarctica 3.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS 4 THE INSTRUMENTAL PERIOD 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2 CHANGES OF ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION 4.2.1 Modes of variability ..? 4.2.2 Depression tracks 4.2.3 Teleconnections 4.3 TEMPERATURE 4.3.1 Surface temperature 4.3.2 Upper air temperature changes 4.3.3 Attribution 4.4 CHANGES IN ANTARCTIC SNOWFALL OVER THE PAST 50 YEARS 4.4.1 General spatial and temporal characteristics of Antarctic snowfall 4.4.2 Long-term Antarctic snowfall accumulation estimates 4.4.3 Recent trends in Antarctic snowfall 4.5 ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY 4.5.1 Antarctic stratospheric ozone in the instrumental period 4.5.2 Antarctic tropospheric chemistry 4.5.3 Aerosol, clouds and radiation 4.6 THE SOUTHERN OCEAN 4.6.1 Introduction 4.6.2 Australian sector 4.6.3 The Amundsen/Bellingshausen Seas 4.6.4 Variability and change in Ross Sea shelf waters 4.6.5 The Weddell Sea sector 4.6.6 Small-scale processes in the Southern Ocean 4.6.7 Dynamics of the circulation and water masses of the ACC and the polar gyres from model results 4.7 . ANTARCTIC SEA ICE COVER DURING THE INSTRUMENTAL PERIOD 4.7.1 Introduction 4.7.2 Sea ice cover in the pre-satellite era 4.7.3 Variability and trends in sea ice using satellite data 4.8 THE ICE SHEET AND PERMAFROST 4.8.1 Introduction 4.8.2 The Antarctic Peninsula 4.8.3 West Antarctica 4.8.4 East Antarctica 4.8.5 Calving 4.8.6 Sub-glacial water movement 4.8.7 Other changes in the ice sheet 4.8.8 Attribution of changes to the ice sheet 4.8.9 Conclusions regarding the ice sheet 4.8.10 Changes in Antarctic permafrost and active layer over the last 50 years 4.9 LONG TERM SEA LEVEL CHANGE 4.10 MARINE BIOLOGY 4.10.1 The open ocean system 4.10.2 Sea ice ecosystems 4.10.3 ENSO links and teleconnections to vertebrate life histories and population 4.10.4 Invertebrate physiology 4.10.5 Seasonality effect on the high Antarctic benthic shelf communities? 4.10.6 Macroalgal physiology and ecology 4.10.7 Marine/terrestrial pollution 4.11 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY - SOUTHERN OCEAN CARBON CYCLE RESPONSE TO HISTORICAL CLIMATE CHANGE 4.11.1 Introduction 4.11.2 CO2 fluxes in the Southern Ocean 4.11.3 Historical change - observed response 4.11.4 Historical change - simulated view 4.11.5 Changes in CO2 inventories 4.11.6 Concluding remarks 4.12 TERRESTRIAL BIOLOGY 5 THE NEXT 100 YEARS 5.1 INTRODUCTION 5.2 CLIMATE CHANGE 5.2.1 IPCC scenarios 5.2.2 Climate models 5.2.3 Atmospheric circulation 5.2.4 Temperature change over the Twenty First Century 5.2.5 Precipitation change over the Twenty First Century 5.2.6 Antarctic stratospheric ozone over the next 100 years 5.3 OCEAN CIRCULATION AND WATER MASSES 5.3.1 Simulation of present-day conditions in the Southern Hemisphere 5.3.2 Projections for the Twenty First Century 5.3.3 Long-term evolution of the Southern Ocean 5.3.4 Conclusions 5.4 SEA ICE CHANGE OVER THE TWENTY FIRST CENTURY 5.5 THE TERRESTRIAL CRYOSPHERE 5.5.1 Introduction 5.5.2 East Antarctic ice sheet 5.5.3 West Antarctic ice sheet 5.5.4 Antarctic Peninsula 5.5.5 Conclusions 5.5.6 Summary and needs for future research 5.6 EVOLUTION OF ANTARCTIC PERMAFROST 5.7 PROJECTIONS OF SEA LEVEL IN ANTARCTIC AND SOUTHERN OCEAN WATERS BY 2100 5.7.1 Regional projections of mean sea-level rise 5.8 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY - RESPONSE OF THE SOUTHERN OCEAN CARBON CYCLE TO FUTURE CLIMATE CHANGE 5.8.1 Background 5.8.2 Future Southern Ocean carbon response 5.8.3 Response to increased CO2 uptake 5.8.4 Concluding remarks 5.9 BIOLOGY 5.9.1 Terrestrial Biology 5.9.2 Marine Biology 5.9.3 The Antarctic marine ecosystem in the year 2100 6 RECOMMENDATIONS 7 REFERENCES.

Note: Contents: 1 Introduction / Pinxian Wang and Qianyu Li. - References. - 2 Oceanographical and Geological Background / Pinxian Wang and Qianyu Li. - Introduction. - 2.1 Bathymetry and Geomorphology. - 2.2 Oceanography. - Monsoon. - Surface Circulation. - Surface Temperature and Salinity. - Thermocline and Upwelling. - Water Exchange with Pacific and Kuroshio Intrusion. - Deep Water Circulation. - Other Oceanographic Features. - Oceanographic Summary. - 2.3 Tectonic History and Sedimentary Basins. - Prior Terrains and Opening of the SCS. - Step-Wise Closure of the Sea Basin. - Formation of Shelf-Slope Sedimentary Basins. - Sediments of the SCS Shelf-Slope Basins: An Overview. - Summary of Tectonics and Basin Formation. - References. - 3 Stratigraphy and Sea Level Changes. - Introduction. - 3.1 Lithostratigraphic Overview / (Li Q. and Zhong G.). - Pre-Cenozoic Basement. - Lithostratigraphy of Syn-Rift Sediments. - Post-Rift Sediments in Shelf-Slope Basins. - Deep Water Lithostratigraphy. - 3.2 Biostratigraphic Framework / (Li Q.). - Floral and Shallow-Water Faunal Assemblages. - Planktonic Foraminiferal and Nannofossil Biostratigraphy. - Quaternary Lithobiostratigraphic Events. - 3.3 Isotopic and Astronomical Stratigraphy / (Tian J. and Li Q.). - Neogene Isotopic Records at Site 1148. - Pliocene–Pleistocene Isotopic Records at Site 1143. - 3.4 Stratigraphy of Major Shelf and Slope Basins / (Zhong G. and Li Q.). - Northern South China Sea Basins. - Southern South China Sea Basins. - 3.5 Regional Sea Level Changes / (Zhong G. and Li Q.). - Late Quaternary Sea Level Changes. - Long-Term Sea Level Changes Since the Oligocene. - New Approach Toward Fine-Scale Sea Level Magnitude. - Summary of South China Sea stratigraphy. - References. - 4 Sedimentology. - Introduction. - 4.1 Surface Deposition Patterns / (Liu Z.). - Deposit Distribution Patterns. - Sediment Transport. - 4.2 Terrigenous Deposition / (Liu Z.). - Clay Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Source Areas. - Clay Minerals. - Geochemistry. - Terrigenous Sediment Supply in Glacial Cycles. - Long-Term Changes of Terrigenous Sediment Supply. - 4.3 Biogenic Deposition. - Carbonate / (Li J. and Wang P.). - Opal / (Wang R.). - 4.4 Coral Reefs / (Yu K. and Zhao J.). - Modern Coral Reef Distribution. - Carbonate Platform Sediments and Calcium Carbonate Production. - Reef History. - 4.5 Volcanic Deposition / (Liu Z.). - Volcanic Rock Distribution. - Volcanic Ash Records. - Case Studies: Pinatubo, Toba. - 4.6 Estimation of Deposit Mass Since the Oligocene / (Huang W. and Wang P.). - Data Sources and Analyses. - Sediment Distribution and Mass. - Estimation of Terrigenous and Carbonate Masses. - Depositional Patterns. - Major Characteristics of SCS Sedimentation. - References. - 5 Upper Water Structure and Paleo-Monsoon. - Introduction. - 5.1 Sea Surface Temperature History / (Jian Z. and Tian J.). - SST Proxies. - Paleo-SST Reconstruction. - Paleo-SST Patterns. - 5.2 Thermocline Depth History / (Tian J. and Jian Z.). - Proxies of Thermocline Depth. - Paleo-Thermocline Depth. - 5.3 Vegetation History in Deep-Sea Record / (Sun X.). - Pollen Distribution in Surface Sediments. - Long-Term Evolution. - Last Glacial Pollen Records: North-South Differences. - North-South Comparison of the Vegetation During the LGM. - 5.4 Monsoon History / (Jian Z. and Tian J.). - Monsoon Proxies. - Tectonic-Scale Long-Term Evolution. - Orbital-Scale Variability. - Suborbital-Scale Variability. - Summary. - References. - 6 Deep Waters and Oceanic Connection / Quanhong Zhao, Qianyu Li and Zhimin Jian. - Introduction. - 6.1 Modern Deep Waters and Their Faunal Features. - Marginal Seas in the Western Pacific. - Modern Intermediate and Deep Waters in the South China Sea. - Modern Deep-Sea Benthic Foraminifera and Ostracods. - 6.2 Late Quaternary Deep-Water Faunas and Stable Isotopes. - 6.3 Neogene and Oligocene Deep-Water Benthic Faunas from ODP Leg 184 Sites. - Site 1148 Benthic Foraminifera. - Site 1148 Ostracods. - Faunal Indication of Deep-Water Mass Changes. - 6.4 Deep Water Evolution: Evidence from Carbonate. - Preservation and Isotopes. - Carbonate Dissolution. - Isotopic Records. - 6.5 Oceanic Connection. - Summary. - References. - 7 Biogeochemistry and the Carbon Reservoir. - Introduction. - 7.1 Productivity and Nutrient Dynamics in the Modern South China Sea / (Zhao M.). - Primary Productivity. - Nutrient Supplies. - Community Structure, Export Productivity and Sedimentary Biogenic Content. - 7.2 Paleoproductivity Reconstruction of the South China Sea / (Zhao M.). - Patterns of Productivity Changes During Glacial-Interglacial Oscillations. - Pre-Pleistocene Paleoproductivity Changes. - 7.3 Carbon Reservoir Changes / (Wang P., Tian J. and Li J.). - Modern Carbon Cycling. - Late Quaternary δ13C Cyclicity. - Long-Term Trend of Carbon Isotopes. - Summary. - References. - 8 History of the South China Sea – A Synthesis / Pinxian Wang and Qianyu Li. - Introduction. - 8.1 Evolution of the South China Sea Basin. - Pre-Spreading Stage in the Early Paleogene. - Seafloor Spreading in the Oligocene-Early Miocene. - Post-Spreading Stage Since the Late Miocene. - 8.2 Evolution of the East Asian Monsoon. - Summer Monsoon and Chemical Weathering. - Winter Monsoon and North-South Contrast. - East and South Asian Monsoons. - 8.3 Evolution of Continent-Ocean Interactions. - References. - Index.

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1 Vorwort: ein Backrezept?. - 2 Das Drama mit dem Gugelhupf. - 2.1 Thema Ihrer Bachelorarbeit: „Backen Sie einen Gugelhupf!". - 2.2 „Scientific Googlehoopf": Erfolgsfaktoren einer wissenschaftlichen Arbeit. - 2.3 Jetzt ganz neu „Gugelhupfrezept mit Backblockadenblocker!". - 2.3.1 Piemont-Kirschen, Königsnüsse, Megaperls - und Schreibkrisen. - 2.3.2 „Schreibprobleme" lösen - aber wie?. - 3 Der Inhalt einer wissenschaftlichen Arbeit (Teil I): SIE bestimmen, welchen Gugelhupf Sie servieren. - 3.1 Die Suche nach dem generellen Thema: Welchen Kuchen wollen Sie backen?. - 3.1.1 Hilfe bei der Themensuche. - 3.1.2 Was tun, wenn es Ihren Kuchen bereits gibt?. - 3.2 Die Suche nach der zentralen Forschungsfrage: Welches Rezept soll's denn sein?. - 3.2.1 Beschreibung (Deskription). - 3.2.2 Erklärung (Explikation). - 3.2.3 Prognose. - 3.2.4 Gestaltung. - 3.2.5 Kritik (Bewertung) und Utopie. - 3.3 Formulieren Sie Ihr Thema möglichst präzise!. - 4 Der Inhalt einer wissenschaftlichen Arbeit (Teil II): Verarbeiten Sie nur Zutaten, die man für einen Gugelhupf benötigt!. - 4.1 Das Leid mit der Literatur. - 4.1.1 Qualität ist das beste Rezept. - 4.1.2 Die besten Zutaten finden: Strategien der Literaturrecherche. - 4.1.2.1 Methode der konzentrischen Kreise. - 4.1.2.2 Systematische Suche. - 4.1.2.3 Vorwärts gerichtete Suche. - 4.1.3 Kaufen Sie Ihre Zutaten nicht im nächstbesten Internetshop. - 4.2 Die Zutaten bereitlegen: Lesen und Exzerpieren von Texten. - 4.3 Nicht zu wenige und nicht zu viele Zutaten: Quantität der verarbeiteten Literatur. - 4.4 Geriebene Zitronenschale und ein paar Rosinen: Nicht nur die Literatur macht's. - 5 Der Inhalt einer wissenschaftlichen Arbeit (Teil III): Rühren Sie Ihre Zutaten richtig zusammen!. - 5.1 Die Zutaten Schritt für Schritt dazugeben: Stellenwert der Gliederung. - 5.2 Die leidige „Einleitung" (=1. Kapitel). - 5.3 „Grundlagen und Definitionen" (=2. Kapitel). - 5.3.1 Eigentliche Bedeutung von „Grundlagen und Definitionen". - 5.3.2 Die Kurzgeschichte von der traurigen Definition mit ihren unendlich vielen Kindern. - 5.4 „Hauptteil": Das Herzstück Ihrer Arbeit (= 3. Kapitel). - 5.4.1 Die Zutaten stehen bereit - und nun?. - 5.4.2 Eigentliche Herausforderung: die Zutaten angemessen verarbeiten (= korrekter Umgang mit Hypothesen, Aussagen, Daten). - 5.4.2.1 Hypothesen. - 5.4.2.2 Aussagen. - 5.4.3 Analyse empirischer Daten. - 5.4.3.1 Mehr als nur Häufigkeiten. - 5.4.3.2 Mit univariaten Verfahren in die eigentliche Analyse einsteigen. - 5.4.3.3 Mit bivariaten Analyseverfahren einfache Zusammenhänge entdecken. - 5.4.3.4 Klarheit im Datenwust: Multivariate Analyseverfahren. - 5.5 Der vernachlässigte „Schluss" (=4. Kapitel). - 5.6 Die Zubereitung variieren: Mögliche Gliederungen einer wissenschaftlichen Arbeit. - 6 Der Stil wissenschaftlicher Arbeiten: Damit ihr Gugelhupf gelingt, brauchen Sie das richtige Händchen. - 6.1 Sie backen - schreiben - für Leser!. - 6.2 Verwenden Sie die richtigen Wörter - und verwenden Sie die Wörter richtig!. - 6.2.1 Verben . - 6.2.1.1 Leisten Sie Verzicht auf Funktionsverben!. - 6.2.1.2 Achten Sie auf die „Stilhöhe"!. - 6.2.1.3 Reanimieren Sie tote Verben!. - 6.2.1.4 Doppelt quält besser: Pleonasmen und Verben mit unnötigen Vorsilben. - 6.2.1.5 Beizeiten das Tempus beherrschen. - 6.2.1.6 Hätte da was im Konjunktiv stehen müssen?. - 6.2.1.7 Sollten Passivsätze seitens des Autors vermieden werden?. - 6.2.1.8 Infinitive ad infinitum?. - 6.2.2 Substantive. - 6.2.2.1 Nominalkonstruktionen? No!. - 6.2.2.2 Ein konkretes Substantiv für einen konkreten Sachverhalt. - 6.2.2.3 Zu Ihrer Rückerinnerung ein Testversuch als Gratisgeschenk: keine pleonastischen Substantive!. - 6.2.2.4 (Wort-)Blähungen der besonderen Art. - 6.2.2.5 Das Substantivaneinanderreihungsproblem. - 6.2.2.6 Geeignete Synonyme statt Wortwiederholungen. - 6.2.2.7 Männliche und/oder weibliche Ausdrucksform?. - 6.2.3 Adjektive. - 6.2.3.1 Misstrauen Sie Adjektiven!. - 6.2.3.2 Wählen Sie präzise Adjektive!. - 6.2.3.3 Sperren Sie schwarze Raben in die Vogelvoliere!. - 6.2.3.4 Adverb ≠ Adjektiv. - 6.2.3.5 Die maximalste Steigerungsstufe ist immer die optimalste! Oder etwa nicht?. - 6.2.3.6 Sie arbeiten nicht in der Kreativabteilung. - 6.2.4 „Simpel = unwissenschaftlich"? Zum Umgang mit Fachbegriffen, Fremdwörtern und Amerikanismen/Anglizismen. - 6.2.4.1 Muss man kasuistisch auf ein Kompendium extraordinärer Termini rekurrieren?. - 6.2.4.2 Fremdwort ≠ Fachbegriff. - 6.2.4.3 Weitere coole Infos. - 6.2.5 Präpositionen. - 6.2.6 Hinweise zur Wortwahl. - 6.2.6.1 Nicht journalistisch, nicht salopp. - 6.2.6.2 Der Kontext Ihrer Wörter ist wichtig. - 6.2.6.3 Versenken Sie Wortdreimaster!. - 6.2.6.4 Ich, wir oder man?. - 6.2.6.5 Anthropomor... was?. - 6.3 Sätze. - 6.3.1 Generelle Hinweise zur Formulierung von Sätzen. - 6.3.2 In der Kürze liegt die Würze!. - 6.3.3 Keine „russischen Puppen"!. - 6.3.4 Achten Sie auf den Satzbau!. - 6.3.5 Zeichnen Sie (Sprach-)Bilder!. - 6.3.6 Redewendungen sollten Sie korrekt aufs „Trapez" bringen!. - 6.3.7 War da was? Achten Sie auf Korrelationen!. - 6.4 Den Teig immer mal wieder probieren: Überarbeiten und korrigieren Sie Ihren Text gewissenhaft!. - 6.4.1 Machen Sie Ihre Arbeit zu einem eigenständigen Werk!. - 6.4.2 Stehlen Sie Ihren Lesern nicht die Zeit!. - 6.4.3 Lesen Sie den Inhalt Ihrer Arbeit laut vor!. - 6.4.4 Machen Sie den „Muttitest"!. - 7 Die Form wissenschaftlicher Arbeiten: Damit Ihr Gugelhupf wie ein echter Gugelhupf aussieht. - 7.1 Funktionen der Form. - 7.2 Stellenwert ausgewählter Formvorschriften. - 7.2.1 Rechtschreibung und Grammatik. - 7.2.2 Interpunktion: mehr als Punkt und Komma. - 7.2.2.1 Komma. - 7.2.2.2 Doppelpunkt. - 7.2.2.3 Gedankenstrich. - 7.2.2.4 Semikolon. - 7.2.3 Korrekte Zitierweise der verarbeiteten Literatur. - 7.2.3.1 Belegen der Literatur im Text. - 7.2.3.2 Ergänzende Hinweise zur korrekten Zitierweise. - 7.2.3.3 Angabe der Quellen im Literaturverzeichnis. - 7.2.4 Abbildungen, Tabellen, Grafiken. - 7.2.4.1 Stellenwert von Schaubildern. - 7.2.4.2 Hinweise zur Gestaltung von Schaubildern. - 7.2.4.3 Schaubildtypen. - 7.2.5 Mathematische Formeln und Gleichungen. - 7.2.6 Abkürzungen und Symbole. - 7.2.7 Zahlen, Zahlwörter und Einheiten. - 7.2.8 Kapitel, Absätze, Aufzählungen/Auflistungen, Hervorhebungen. - 8 Halten Sie sich an die Backzeit!. - Literatur. - Index.

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1 Der 7. Kontinent - Kontinent der Superlative. - 1.1 Begrenzung und kartographische Darstellung. - 1.2 Größe der Antarktis. - 1.3 Superlative und Besonderheiten der Antarktis. - 2 Die Erforschung der Antarktis. - 2.1 Geographische Erforschung. - 2.2 Beginn der geologischen Erforschung. - 2.3 Deutsche Arbeiten in der Antarktis. - 2.4 Die Internationalen Polarjahre. - 2.5 Ziele des 4. Internationalen Polarjahres 2007/08. - 3 Logistische Herausforderungen zur Erforschung einer neuen Welt. - 3.1 Schiffslogistik. - 3.2 Schlittenzüge. - 3.3 Fluglogistik. - 3.4 Forschungsstationen. - 4 Antarktika als Teil des Superkontinentes Gondwana. - 4.1 Geologische Argumente für den Gondwana-Superkontinent. - 4.2 Trennung Antarktikas von den übrigen Gondwana-Kontinenten. - 4.3 Antarktische Platte. - 5 Ein Kontinent wächst - der geologische Bau Antarktikas. - 5.1 Die alten Kratone der Ostantarktis. - 5.2 Grenze Kraton/Faltengürtel. - 5.3 Westantarktische Faltengebirge. - 5.4 Paläozoische Diskordanzflächen - Ausdruck von Zeiten tektonischer Ruhe. - 5.5 Deckgebirge - die Beacon-Supergruppe. - 6 Ein Superkontinent zerfällt - ein Kontinent wird isoliert. - 6.1 Indiz für den Gondwana-Zerfall - der Magmatismus der Ferrar-Supergruppe 6.2 Ein Kontinent wird isoliert - die Entstehung des Südlichen Ozeans. - 7 Die Prozesse der jüngeren Erdgeschichte - Eis, Feuer und tektonische Beben. - 7.1 Die Vereisung des 7. Kontinents. - 7.2 Der junge Vulkanismus. - 7.3 Neotektonik. - 7.4 Seismizität. - 8 Mineralische Rohstoffe - Eldorado oder Sperrkonto Antarktika?. - 8.1 Schwarze Kohle vom Weißen Kontinent?. - 8.2 Eisen aus dem Eis?. - 8.3 Erdöl unter dem Eis?. - 8.4 Metallrohstoffe. - 8.5 Metallische Rohstoffe vom Meeresboden. - 8.6 Rohstoff Eis - Eisberge als Süßwasserquelle?. - 8.7 Bewertung des Rohstoff-Potenzials der Antarktis. - 8.8 Ausblick auf eine zukünftige Entwicklung. - 9 Antarktika - und seine Beziehungen zu Mond, Mars und dem Jupitermond Europa. - 9.1 Meteoriten - Zeugen aus dem All konserviert im ewigen Eis. - 9.2 Vergleiche zwischen dem Weißen Kontinent und dem Roten Planeten. - 9.3 Antarktika - Lake Vostok und der Jupitermond Europa. - 10 Leben vor dem Eis. - 10.1 Fossile Pflanzen. - 10.2 Fossile Invertebraten (Wirbellose). - 10.3 Fossile Vertebraten (Wirbeltiere). - 11 Leben mit dem Eis - extrem angepasste Lebensgemeinschaften. - 11.1 Die antarktische Flora. - 11.2 Die antarktische Fauna. - 11.3 Fremdes Leben in der Antarktis - Aliens als Gefahr!. - 12 Seen unter dem Eis. - 12.1 Neue Methoden glaziologischer Forschung. - 12.2 Überraschende Ergebnisse: Seen unter dem Eis. - 12.3 Lake Vostok - ein Glücksfall für die Wissenschaft: Neue Forschungsziele. - 12.4 Was ist bisher über Lake Vostok bekannt?. - 12.5 Weitere Entdeckungen subglazialer Seen. - 12.6 Neue Technologien zur Erforschung subglazialer Seen. - 13 Wie ewig ist das Ewige Eis?. - 13.1 Meereis im Wechsel der Jahreszeiten. - 13.2 Eisschilde: Eispanzer der Antarktis. - 13.3 Rückzug der Eisströme, Zerfall der Schelfeistafeln - wie reagieren die Eisschilde?. - 13.4 Sorgenkinder Westantarktischer Eisschild und Antarktische Halbinsel. - 13.5 Eisschelfe: Wiege der Tafeleisberge. - 13.6 Einfluss von Eisbergen auf Sedimente: Pflüge für den Meeresboden und Eistransport. - 13.7 Inlandeis: Glücksfall für Megacities am Meer. - 14 Klima im Wandel - Gefahr für Antarktika?. - 14.1 Polarregionen: Schlüsselgebiete für Klimavariationen. - 14.2 Eiszeiten - Sonderfälle in der Klimageschichte der Erde. - 14.3 Ursachen für Klimaänderungen. - 14.4 Der Mensch: Verursacher oder Leidtragender der Klimaänderung?. - 14.5 Können Selbstheilungskräfte der Natur unser Klima retten?. - 14.6 Ein Appell des IPCC an die „Policy Maker". - 14.7 Die Rolle des CO2 in der Klimadiskussion. - 15 Ein Loch im Schutzschild. - 15.1 Die Entdeckung des Ozonlochs. - 15.2 Mechanismus der Ozonausdünnung. - 15.3 Die besondere Rolle der Pole. - 15.4 Ozon - vertikale Verteilung und zeitliche Veränderung. - 15.5 Gefahren durch den fehlenden Ozon-Schutzschild. - 16 Meteorologische Extreme - von stärksten Stürmen und niedrigsten Temperaturen. - 16.1 Bewegte Luftmassen - von Luftschichtung und Windfeldern. - 16.2 Wolken und White Out. - 16.3 Diamantstaub - von Nebel und Niederschlägen. - 16.4 Temperaturen - kälter als im Kühlhaus. - 17 Politik für 60 Grad Süd. - 17.1 Antarktika - Kontinent der Forschung und des Friedens. - 17.2 Wie verwaltet man Antarktika: Gesetze für ein Niemandsland. - 17.3 Vorfahrt für Pinguine - maximaler Umweltschutz für den 7. Kontinent. - 17.4 Wie wird der Antarktisvertrag durchgesetzt und kontrolliert?. - 17.5 Das Antarktisvertragssystem und die Vereinten Nationen. - 17.6 Ausblick. Register. -

Note: Contents: PART I GEOLOGICAL AND PALEOECOLOGICAL EVENTS OF THE LATE PLEISTOCENE AND HOLOCENE IN NORTHERN EURASIA. - 1 Geological and Paleoecological Events of the Late Pleistocene along Eurasian Coastal Areas of the Arctic Ocean. - General Upper Pleistocene Stratigraphie Scheme for Northern Eurasia. - Duration of the Mikulino Interglaciation. - Correlation of the Natural Events Correlative with MIS 5d-5a in Northern West Europe and Northwestern Russia. - 2 Late Pleistocene Geologic-Paleoecological Events in the North of European Russia. - Relationship between Land and Sea Areas during the Mikulino Interglacial in Northern Eurasia. - Genetic Types of Continental Sediments. - Marine Sediments of the Boreal Transgression in the North of European Russia. - 3 Main Geologic-Paieoecoioglcal Events of the Late Pleistocene in the North of Western Siberia. - 4 Geologic-Paleoecological Events of the late Pleistocene in the Northern-Siberian Lowland and Taimyr Peninsula. - 5 The Late Glacial Time and Holocene of Northern Eurasia. - 6 Outlines of the Late Pleistocene and Holocene History of the East Arctic Seas. - 7 The Deglaciation Time and Holocene of Northern Eurasia. - PART II MARINE SEDIMENTATION IN THE ARCTIC OCEAN AND SUBARCTIC SEAS. - 8 The Seas of West Subarctic Region. - Geologic and Oceanographic Setting. - History of Sedimentation. - History of Sedimentation Rates. - History of Sedimentation on the Vøring Plateau During the Last 25 ka. - History of Sedimentation at the Continental Margin of Eastern and South-Eastern Greenland During the Last 130 ka. - 9 The Arctic Ocean. - Recent Environment. - Morphostructure, Oceanographic and Sea-Ice Setting, Recent Sediments and Their Mineral Composition. - Facies Variations of Holocene Sediments on the Yermak Plateau (According to Study Data of 〉 63 mkm Fraction). - History of Sedimentation. - History of Sedimentation Rates During the Last 130 ka. - History of Sedimentation on the Yermak Plateau During the Last 190 ka. - Organic-Geochemical Sediment Studies of the Eastern Part of the Central Arctic. - 10 The Western Arctic Seas. - Recent Sedimentation Environment. - The Barents Sea. - The Kara Sea. - Surface Sediments of the Pechora Sea. - Surface Sediments of St. Anna Trough. - Facies Zonality of Surface Sediments in the Eastern Kara Sea. - History of Sedimentation. - Late- and Post-Glacial History of Sedimentation in the Eastern Part of the Barents Sea. - Holocene Sedimentation History in the Southern Novaya Zemlya Trough. - History of Sedimentation in the Pechora Sea During the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. - Light Fraction Mineralogy of the Upper Quaternary Sediments from the Saint Anna Trough and Its Paleoceanographic Interpretation. - Holocene History of Yenisei River Discharge. - Holocene History of Ob River Discharge. - 11 Eastern Arctic Seas. - Recent Sedimentation Environment. - The Laptev Sea. - The East Siberian Sea. - The Chukchi Sea. - History of Sedimentation. - History of Sedimentation in the Laptev Sea During the Late Weichselian to Holocene by Geophysical and Geochemical Data. - Holocene History of the Lena and Other Rivers Discharge in the Laptev Sea. - Organic Geochemical Data About Sedimentation History Along the Continental Slope of the East Siberian Sea During the Last Climatic Cycle. - Preliminary Data About Accumulation of Diatom-Bearing Clayey Silts at the Chukchi Sea Shelf. - 12 Seas of the Eastern Subarctic. - Recent Sedimentation Environment. - History of Sedimentation. - History of Sedimentation in the Deep-Water Part of the Shirshov Ridge (Bering Sea) During the Last Three Marine-Isotope Stages. - History of Sedimentation in the Northern Sea of Okhotsk During the Last 1.1 Ma. - PART III THE LATE PLEISTOCENE PALEOGEOGRAPHIC EVENTS OF NORTHERN EURASIA AND HISTORY OF SEDIMENTATION IN THE SUBARCTIC SEAS AND THE ARCTIC OCEAN IN RELATION TO THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE GLACIATION DURING THE LAST CLIMATIC CYCLE. - 13 Characteristic Features of the Mikulino Landscapes. - 14 Results of Paleoclimate Studies. - 15 Particularities of Sedimentation Processes Within the Continental Blocks and Marine Basins. - Deglaciation Peculiarities. - Facies Variability during Glaciations, Deglaciations, Interglacials. - Geological History of the Arctic Ocean Sea Ice during the Last 60 ka. - Intercoupling of Atmo-, Hydro-, Cryo-, Bio-, and Lithospheres. - References. - Index.

Note: Table of Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Scripting versus Traditional Programming 1.1.1 Why Scripting is Useful in Computational Science 1.1.2 Classification of Programming Languages 1.1.3 Productive Pairs of Programming Languages 1.1.4 Gluing Existing Applications 1.1.5 Scripting Yields Shorter Code 1.1.6 Efficiency 1.1.7 Type-Specification (Declaration) of Variables 1.1.8 Flexible Function Interfaces 1.1.9 Interactive Computing 1.1.10 Creating Code at Run Time 1.1.11 Nested Heterogeneous Data Structures 1.1.12 GUI Programming 1.1.13 Mixed Language Programming 1.1.14 When to Choose a Dynamically Typed Language 1.1.15 Why Python? 1.1.16 Script or Program? 1.2 Preparations for Working with This Book 2 Getting Started with Python Scripting 2.1 A Scientific Hello World Script 2.1.1 Executing Python Scripts 2.1.2 Dissection of the Scientific Hello World Script 2.2 Working with Files and Data 2.2.1 Problem Specification 2.2.2 The Complete Code 2.2.3 Dissection 2.2.4 Working with Files in Memory 2.2.5 Array Computing 2.2.6 Interactive Computing and Debugging 2. 2.7 Efficiency Measurements 2.2.8 Exercises 2.3 Gluing Stand-Alone Applications 2.3.1 The Simulation Code 2.3.2 Using Gnuplot to Visualize Curves 2.3.3 Functionality of the Script 2.3.4 The Complete Code 2.3.5 Dissection 2.3.6 Exercises 2.4 Conducting Numerical Experiments 2.4.1 Wrapping a Loop Around Another Script 2.4.2 Generating an HTML Report 2.4.3 Making Animations 2.4.4 Varying Any Parameter 2.5 File Format Conversion 2.5.1 A Simple Read/Write Script 2.5.2 Storing Data in Dictionaries and Lists 2.5.3 Making a Module with Functions 2.5.4 Exercises 3 Basic Python 3.1 Introductory Topics 3.1.1 Recommended Python Documentation 3.1.2 Control Statements 3.1.3 Running Applications 3.1.4 File Reading and Writing 3.1.5 Output Formatting 3.2 Variables of Different Types 3.2.1 Boolean Types 3.2.2 The None Variable 3.2.3 Numbers and Numerical Expressions 3.2.4 Lists and Tuples 3.2.5 Dictionaries 3.2.6 Splitting and Joining Text 3.2.7 String Operations 3.2.8 Text Processing 3.2.9 The Basics of a Python Class 3.2.10 Copy and Assignment 3.2.11 Determining a Variable's Type 3.2.12 Exercises 3.3 Functions 3.3.1 Keyword Arguments 3.3.2 Doc Strings 3.3.3 Variable Number of Arguments 3.3.4 Call by Reference 3.3.5 Treatment of Input and Output Arguments 3.3.6 Function Objects 3.4 Working with Files and Directories 3.4.1 Listing Files in a Directory 3.4.2 Testing File Types 3.4.3 Removing Files and Directories 3.4.4 Copying and Renaming Files 3.4.5 Splitting Pathnames 3.4.6 Creating and Moving to Directories 3.4.7 Traversing Directory Trees 3.4.8 Exercises 4 Numerical Computing in Python 4.1 A Quick NumPy Primer 4.1.1 Creating Arrays 4.1.2 Array Indexing 4.1.3 Loops over Arrays 4.1.4 Array Computations 4.1.5 More Array Functionality 4.1.6 Type Testing 4.1.7 Matrix Objects 4.1.8 Exercises 4.2 Vectorized Algorithms 4.2.1 From Scalar to Array in Function Arguments 4.2.2 Slicing 4.2.3 Exercises 4.3 More Advanced Array Computing 4.3.1 Random Numbers 4.3.2 Linear Algebra 4.3.3 Plotting 4.3.4 Example: Curve Fitting 4.3.5 Arrays on Structured Grids 4.3.6 File I/O with NumPy Arrays 4.3.7 Functionality in the Numpyutils Module 4.3.8 Exercises 4.4 Other Tools for Numerical Computations 4.4.1 The ScientificPython Package 4.4.2 The SciPy Package 4.4.3 The Python- Matlab Interface 3 4.4.4 Symbolic Computing in Python 4.4.5 Some Useful Python Modules 5 Combining Python with Fortran, C, and C++ 5.1 About Mixed Language Programming 5.1.1 Applications of Mixed Language Programming 5.1.2 Calling C from Python 5.1.3 Automatic Generation of Wrapper Code 5.2 Scientific Hello World Examples 5.2.1 Combining Python and Fortran 5.2.2 Combining Python and C 5.2.3 Combining Python and C++ Functions 5.2.4 Combining Python and C++ Classes 5.2.5 Exercises 5.3 A Simple Computational Steering Example 5.3.1 Modified Time Loop for Repeated Simulations 5.3.2 Creating a P ython Interface 5.3.3 The Steering Python Script 5.3.4 Equipping the Steering Script with a GUI 5.4 Scripting Interfaces to Large Libraries 6 Introduction to GUI Programming 6.1 Scientific Hello World GUI 6.1.1 Introductory Topics 6.1.2 The First Python/Tkinter Encounter 6.1.3 Binding Events 6.1.4 Changing the Layout 6.1.5 The Final Scientific Hello World GUI 6.1.6 An Alternative to Tkinter Variables 6.1.7 About the Pack Command 6.1.8 An Introduction to the Grid Geometry Manager 6.1.9 Implementing a GUI as a Class 6.1.10 A Simple Graphical Function Evaluator 6.1.11 Exercises 6.2 Adding GUis to Scripts 6.2.1 A Simulation and Visualization Script with a GUI 6.2.2 Improving the Layout 6.2.3 Exercises 6.3 A List of Common Widget Operations 6.3.1 Frame 6.3.2 Label 6.3.3 Button 6.3.4 Text Entry 6.3.5 Balloon Help 6.3.6 Option Menu 6.3.7 Slider 6.3.8 Check Button 6.3.9 Making a Simple Megawidget 6.3.10 Menu Bar 6.3.11 List Data 6.3.12 Listbox 6.3.13 Radio Button 6.3.14 Combo Box 6.3.15 Message Box 6.3.16 User-Defined Dialogs 6.3.17 Color-Picker Dialogs 6.3.18 File Selection Dialogs 6.3.19 Toplevel 6.3.20 Some Other Types of Widgets 6.3.21 Adapting Widgets to the User's Resize Actions 6.3.22 Customizing Fonts and Colors 6.3.23 Widget Overview 6.3.24 Exercises 7 Web Interfaces and CGI Programming 7.1 Introductory CGI Scripts 7.1.1 Web Forms and CGI Scripts 7.1.2 Generating Forms in CGI Scripts 7.1.3 Debugging CGI Scripts 7.1.4 A General Shell Script Wrapper for CGI Scripts 7.1.5 Security Issues 7.2 Adding Web Interfaces to Scripts 7.2.1 A Class for Form Parameters 7.2.2 Calling Other Programs 7.2.3 Running Simulations 7.2.4 Getting a CGI Script to Work 7.2.5 Using Web Applications from Scripts 7.2.6 Exercises 8 Advanced Python 8.1 Miscellaneous Topics 8.1.1 Parsing Command-Line Arguments 8.1.2 Platform-Dependent Operations 8.1.3 Run-Time Generation of Code 8.1.4 Exercises 8.2 Regular Expressions and Text Processing 8.2.1 Motivation 8.2.2 Special Characters 8.2.3 Regular Expressions for Real Numbers 8.2.4 Using Groups to Extract Parts of a Text 8.2.5 Extracting Interval Limits 8.2.6 Extracting Multiple Matches 8.2.7 Splitting Text 8.2.8 Pattern-Matching Modifiers 8.2.9 Substitution and Backreferences 8.2.10 Example: Swapping Arguments in Function Calls 8.2.11 A General Substitution Script 8.2.12 Debugging Regular Expressions 8.2.13 Exercises 8.3 Tools for Handling Data in Files 8.3.1 Writing and Reading Python Data Structures 8.3.2 Pickling Objects 8.3.3 Shelving Objects 8.3.4 Writing and Reading Zip and Tar Archive Files 8.3.5 Downloading Internet Files 8.3.6 Binary Input/Output 8.3.7 Exercises 8.4 A Database for NumPy Arrays 8.4.1 The Structure of the Database 8.4.2 Pickling 8.4.3 Formatted ASCII Storage 8.4.4 Shelving 8.4.5 Comparing the Various Techniques 8.5 Scripts Involving Local and Remote Hosts 8.5.1 Secure Shell Commands 8.5.2 Distributed Simulation and Visualization 8.5.3 Client/Server Programming 8.5.4 Threads 8.6 Classes 8.6.1 Class Programming 8.6.2 Checking the Class Type 8.6.3 Private Data 8.6.4 Static Data 8.6.5 Special Attributes 8.6.6 Special Methods 8.6.7 Multiple Inheritance 8.6.8 Using a Class as a C-like Structure 8.6.9 Attribute Access via String Names 8.6.10 New-Style Classes 8.6.11 Implementing Get/Set Functions via Properties 8.6.12 Subclassing Built-in Types 8.6.13 Building Class Interfaces at Run Time 8.6.14 Building Flexible Class Interfaces 8.6.15 Exercises 8.7 Scope of Variables 8.7.1 Global, Local, and Class Variables 8.7.2 Nested Functions 8.7.3 Dictionaries of Variables in Namespaces 8.8 Exceptions 8.8.1 Handling Exceptions 8.8.2 Raising Exceptions 8.9 Iterators 8.9.1 Constructing an Iterator 8.9.2 A Pointwise Grid Iterator 8.9.3 A Vectorized Grid Iterator 8.9.4 Generators 8.

Note: Contents: 1 Introduction and examples. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Why Bayes?. - 1.2.1 Estimating the probability of a rare event. - 1.2.2 Building a predictive model. - 1.3 Where we are going. - 1.4 Discussion and further references. - 2 Belief, probability and exchangeability. - 2.1 Belief functions and probabilities. - 2.2 Events, partitions and Bayes' rule. - 2.3 Independence. - 2.4 Random variables. - 2.4.1 Discrete random variables. - 2.4.2 Continuous random variables. - 2.4.3 Descriptions of distributions. - 2.5 Joint distributions. - 2.6 Independent random variables. - 2.7 Exchangeability. - 2.8 de Finetti's theorem. - 2.9 Discussion and further references. - 3 One-parameter models. - 3.1 The binomial model. - 3.1.1 Inference for exchangeable binary data. - 3.1.2 Confidence regions. - 3.2 The Poisson model. - 3.2.1 Posterior inference . - 3.2.2 Example: Birth rates. - 3.3 Exponential families and conjugate priors. - 3.4 Discussion and further references. - 4 Monte Carlo approximation. - 4.1 The Monte Carlo method. - 4.2 Posterior inference for arbitrary functions. - 4.3 Sampling from predictive distributions. - 4.4 Posterior predictive model checking. - 4.5 Discussion and further references. - 5 The normal model. - 5.1 The normal model. - 5.2 Inference for the mean, conditional on the variance. - 5.3 Joint inference for the mean and variance. - 5.4 Bias, variance and mean squared error. - 5.5 Prior specification based on expectations. - 5.6 The normal model for non-normal data. - 5.7 Discussion and further references. - 6 Posterior approximation with the Gibbs sampler. - 6.1 A semiconjugate prior distribution. - 6.2 Discrete approximations. - 6.3 Sampling from the conditional distributions. - 6.4 Gibbs sampling. - 6.5 General properties of the Gibbs sampler. - 6.6 Introduction to MCMC diagnostics. - 6.7 Discussion and further references. - 7 The multivariate normal model. - 7.1 The multivariate normal density. - 7.2 A semiconjugate prior distribution for the mean. - 7.3 The inverse-Wishart distribution. - 7.4 Gibbs sampling of the mean and covariance. - 7.5 Missing data and imputation. - 7.6 Discussion and further references. - 8 Group comparisons and hierarchical modeling. - 8.1 Comparing two groups. - 8.2 Comparing multiple groups. - 8.2.1 Exchangeability and hierarchical models. - 8.3 The hierarchical normal model. - 8.3.1 Posterior inference. - 8.4 Example: Math scores in U.S. public schools. - 8.4.1 Prior distributions and posterior approximation. - 8.4.2 Posterior summaries and shrinkage. - 8.5 Hierarchical modeling of means and variances. - 8.5.1 Analysis of math score data. - 8.6 Discussion and further references. - 9 Linear regression. - 9.1 The linear regression model. - 9.1.1 Least squares estimation for the oxygen uptake data. - 9.2 Bayesian estimation for a regression model. - 9.2.1 A semiconjugate prior distribution. - 9.2.2 Default and weakly informative prior distributions. - 9.3 Model selection. - 9.3.1 Bayesian model comparison. - 9.3.2 Gibbs sampling and model averaging. - 9.4 Discussion and further references. - 10 Nonconjugate priors and Metropolis-Hastings algorithms. - 10.1 Generalized linear models. - 10.2 The Metropolis algorithm. - 10.3 The Metropolis algorithm for Poisson regression. - 10.4 Metropolis, Metropolis-Hastings and Gibbs. - 10.4.1 The Metropolis-Hastings algorithm. - 10.4.2 Why does the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm work?. - 10.5 Combining the Metropolis and Gibbs algorithms. - 10.5.1 A regression model with correlated errors. - 10.5.2 Analysis of the ice core data. -

Note: Contents Executive summary Overview Arctic climate change Key findings of this assessment 1. Atmospheric circulation feedbacks 2. Ocean circulation feedbacks 3. Ice sheets and sea-level rise feedbacks 4. Marine carbon cycle feedbacks 5. Land carbon cycle feedbacks 6. Methane hydrate feedbacks Author team

Note: Contents Preface Editor Contributors Chapter 1 Sampling and Sample Treatments / Oliver Wurl Chapter 2 Analysis of Dissolved and Particulate Organic Carbon with the HTCO Technique / Oliver Wurl and Tsai Min Sin Chapter 3 Spectrophotometric and Chromatographic Analysis of Carbohydrates in Marine Samples / Christos Panagiotopoulos and Oliver Wurl Chapter 4 The Analysis of Amino Acids in Seawater / Thorsten Dittmar, Jennifer Cherrier, and Kai-Uwe Ludwichowski Chapter 5 Optical Analysis of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter / Norman B. Nelson and Paula G. Coble Chapter 6 Isotope Composition of Organic Matter in Seawater / Laodong Guo and Ming-Yi Sun Chapter 7 Determination of Marine Gel Particles / Anja Engel Chapter 8 Nutrients in Seawater Using Segmented Flow Analysis / Alain Aminot, Roger Kérouel, and Stephen C. Coverly Chapter 9 Dissolved Organic and Particulate Nitrogen and Phosphorous / Gerhard Kattner Chapter 10 Pigment Applications in Aquatic Systems / Karen Helen Wiltshire Chapter 11 Determination of DMS, DMSP, and DMSO in Seawater / Jacqueline Stefels Chapter 12 Determination of Iron in Seawater / Andrew R. Bowie and Maeve C. Lohan Chapter 13 Radionuclide Analysis in Seawater / Mark Baskaran, Gi-Hoon Hong, and Peter H. Santschi Chapter 14 Sampling and Measurements of Trace Metals in Seawater / Sylvia G. Sander, Keith Hunter, and Russell Frew Chapter 15 Trace Analysis of Selected Persistent Organic Pollutants in Seawater / Oliver Wurl Chapter 16 Pharmaceutical Compounds in Estuarine and Coastal Waters / John L. Zhou and Zulin Zhang Appendix A: First Aid for Common Problems with Typical Analytical Instruments Appendix B: Chemical Compatibilities and Physical Properties of Various Materials Appendix C: Water Purification Technologies

Note: Contents: Part 1: Data, Models, and Algorithms. - 1. Overture. - 2. Overview. - 3. Three-way and multiway data. - 4. Component models for fully-crossed designs. - 5. Algorithms for multiway models. - Part 2: Data Handling, Model Selection, and Interpertation. - 6. Preprocessing. - 7. Missing data in multiway analysis. - 8. Model and dimensionality selection. - 9. Interpreting component models. - 10. Improving interpretation through rotations. - 11. Graphical displays for components. - 12. Residuals, outliers, and robustness. - Part 3: Multiway Data and Their Analysis. - 13. Modeling multiway profile data. - 14. Modeling multiway rating scale data. - 15. Exploratory multivariate longitudinal analysis. - 16. Three-mode clustering. - 17. Multiway contingency tables. - 18. Three-way binary data. - 19. From three-way to four-way data and beyond. - Appendix A: Standard notation for mulitway analysis. - Appendix B: Biplots and their interpretation.

Note: Contents Preface PART I Framework of Climate Science CHAPTER 1 Overview of Climate Science Climate and Climate Change 1-1 Geologic Time Tools of Climate Science: Temperature Scales 1-2 How This Book Is Organized Development of Climate Science 1-3 How Scientists Study Climate Change Overview of the Climate System 1-4 Components of the Climate System 1-5 Climate Forcing 1-6 Climate System Responses 1-7 Time Scales of Forcing Versus Response 1-8 Differing Response Rates and Climate-System Interactions 1-9 Feedbacks in the Climate System Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Positive and Negative Feedbacks CHAPTER 2 Climate Archives, Data, and Models Climate Archives, Dating, and Resolution 2-1 Types of Archives 2-2 Dating Climate Records 2-3 Climatic Resolution Climatic Data 2-4 Biotic Data 2-5 Geological and Geochemical Data Climate Models 2-6 Physical Climate Models 2-7 Geochemical Models PART II Tectonic-Scale Climate Change CHAPTER 3 CO2and Long-Term Climate Greenhouse Worlds Faint Young Sun Paradox Carbon Exchanges Between Rocks and the Atmosphere 3-1 Volcanic Input of Carbon from Rocks to the Atmosphere 3-2 Removal of CO2 from the Atmosphere by Chemical Weathering Climatic Factors That Control Chemical Weathering Is Chemical Weathering Earth’s Thermostat? 3-3 Greenhouse Role of Water Vapor Is Life the Ultimate Control on Earth’s Thermostat? 3-4 Gaia Hypothesis Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Organic Carbon Subcycle Was There a “Thermostat Malfunction”? A Snowball Earth? CHAPTER Plate Tectonics and Long-Term Climate Plate Tectonics 4-1 Structure and Composition of Tectonic Plates 4-2 Evidence of Past Plate Motions Polar Position Hypothesis 4-3 Glaciations and Continental Positions Since 500 Myr Ago Modeling Climate on the Supercontinent Pangaea 4-4 Input to the Model Simulation of Climate on Pangaea Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Brief Glaciation 440 Myr Ago 4-5 Output from the Model Simulation of Climate on Pangaea Tectonic Control of CO2 Input: BLAG Spreading-Rate Hypothesis 4-6 Control of CO2 Input by Seafloor Spreading 4-7 Initial Evaluation of the BLAG Spreading Rate Hypothesis Tectonic Control of CO2Removal: Uplift-Weathering Hypothesis 4-8 Rock Exposure and Chemical Weathering 4-9 Case Study: The Wind River Basin of Wyoming 4-10 Uplift and Chemical Weathering 4-11 Case Study: Weathering in the Amazon Basin 4-12 Weathering: Both a Climate Forcing and a Feedback? CHAPTER 5 Greenhouse Climate What Explains the Warmth 100 Myr Ago? 5-1 Model Simulations of the Cretaceous Greenhouse 5-2 What Explains the Data-Model Mismatch? 5-3 Relevance of Past Greenhouse Climate to the Future Sea Level Changes and Climate 5-4 Causes of Tectonic-Scale Changes in Sea Level 5-5 Effect of Changes in Sea Level on Climate Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Calculating Changes in Sea Level Asteroid Impact Large and Abrupt Greenhouse Episode near 50 Myr Ago CHAPTER 6 From Greenhouse to Icehouse: The Last 50 Million Years Global Climate Change Since 50 Myr Ago 6-1 Evidence from Ice and Vegetation 6-2 Evidence from Oxygen Isotope Measurements 6-3 Evidence from Mg/Ca Measurements Do Changes in Geography Explain the Cooling? 6-4 Gateway Hypothesis 6-5 Assessment of Gateway Changes Hypotheses Linked to Changes in CO2 6-6 Evaluation of the BLAG Spreading Rate Hypothesis 6-7 Evaluation of the Uplift Weathering Hypothesis Climate DebateTiming of the Uplift in Western North America Future Climate Change at Tectonic Scales Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Organic Carbon: Monterrey Hypothesis PART III Orbital-Scale Climate Change CHAPTER 7 Astronomical Control of Solar Radiation Earth’s Orbit Today 7-1 Earth’s Tilted Axis of Rotation and the Seasons 7-2 Earth’s Eccentric Orbit: Distance Between Earth and Sun Long-Term Changes in Earth’s Orbit 7-3 Changes in Earth’s Axial Tilt Through Time Tools of Climate Science: Cycles and Modulation 7-4 Changes in Earth’s Eccentric Orbit Through Time 7-5 Precession of the Solstices and Equinoxes Around Earth’s Orbit Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Earth’s Precession as a Sine Wave Changes in Insolation Received on Earth 7-6 Insolation Changes by Month and Season 7-7 Insolation Changes by Caloric Seasons Searching for Orbital-Scale Changes in Climatic Records 7-8 Time Series Analysis 7-9 Effects of Undersampling Climate Records 7-10 Tectonic-Scale Changes in Earth’s Orbit CHAPTER 8 Insolation Control of Monsoons Monsoon Circulations 8-1 Orbital-Scale Control of Summer Monsoons Orbital-Scale Changes in North African Summer Monsoons 8-2 “Stinky Muds” in the Mediteranean 8-3 Freshwater Diatoms in the Tropical Atlantic 8-4 Upwelling in the Equatorial Atlantic Orbital Monsoon Hypothesis: Regional Assessment 8-5 Cave Speleothems in China and Brazil 8-6 Phasing of Summer Monsoons Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Insolation-Driven Monsoon Responses: Chronometer for Tuning Monsoon Forcing Earlier in Earth’s History 8-7 Monsoons on Pangaea 200 Myr Ago 8-8 Joint Tectonic and Orbital Control of Monsoons CHAPTER 9 Insolation Control of Ice Sheets Milankovitch Theory: Orbital Control of Ice Sheets Modeling the Behavior of Ice Sheets 9-1 Insolation Control of Ice Sheet Size 9-2 Ice Sheets Lag Behind Summer Insolation Forcing 9-3 Delayed Bedrock Response Beneath Ice Sheets Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Ice Volume Response to Insolation 9-4 Full Cycle of Ice Growth and Decay 9-5 Ice Slipping and Calving Northern Hemisphere Ice Sheet History 9-6 Ice Sheet History: δ18O Evidence 9-7 Confirming Ice Volume Changes: Coral Reefs and Sea Level Is Milankovich’s Theory the Full Answer? Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Sea Level on Uplifting Islands CHAPTER 10 Orbital-Scale Changes in Carbon Dioxide and Methane Ice Cores 10-1 Drilling and Dating Ice Cores 10-2 Verifying Ice-Core Measurements of Ancient Air 10-3 Orbital-Scale Carbon Transfers: Carbon Isotopes Orbital-Scale Changes in CO2 10-4 Where Did the Missing Carbon Go? 10-5 δ13C Evidence of Carbon Transfer How Did the Carbon Get into the Deep Ocean? 10-6 Increased CO2 Solubility in Seawater 10-7 Biological Transfer from Surface Waters A Closer Look at Climate Science: Using δ13C to Measure Carbon Pumping 10-8 Changes in Deep-Water Circulation Orbital-Scale Changes in CH4 Orbital-Scale Climatic Roles: CO2and CH4 CHAPTER 11 Orbital-Scale Interactions, Feedbacks, and Unsolved Problems Climatic Responses Driven by the Ice Sheets Mystery of the 41,000-Year Glacial World 11-1 Did Insolation Really Vary Mainly at 41,000 Years? 11-2 Interhemispheric Cancellation of 23,000-Year Ice Volume Responses? 11-3 CO2 Feedback at 41,000 Years? Mystery of the ~100,000-Year Glacial World 11-4 How Is the Northern Ice Signal Transferred South? Why did the Northern Ice Sheets Vary at ~100,000 Years? Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Link Between Forcing and the Time Constants of Ice Response 11-5 Ice Interactions with Bedrock 11-6 Ice Interactions with the Local Environment 11-7 Ice Interactions with Greenhouse Gases PART IV Deglacial Climate Change CHAPTER 12 Last Glacial Maximum Glacial World: More Ice, Less Gas 12-1 Project CLIMAP: Reconstructing the Last Glacial Maximum 12-2 How Large Were the Ice Sheets? 12-3 Glacial Dirt and Winds Testing Model Simulations Against Biotic Data 12-4 COHMAP: Data-Model Comparisons 12-5 Pollen: Indicator of Climate on the Continents 12-6 Using Pollen for Data-Model Comparisons Data-Model Comparisons of Glacial Maximum Climates 12-7 Model Simulations of Glacial Maximum Climates 12-8 Climate Changes near the Northern Ice Sheets 12-9 Climate Changes far from the Northern Ice Sheets How Cold Were the Glacial Tropics? 12-10 Evidence for a Small Tropical Cooling 12-11 Evidence for a Large Tropical Cooling 12-12 Actual Cooling Was Medium-Small CHAPTER 13 Climate During and Since the Last Deglaciation Fire and Ice: Shift in the Balance of Power 13-1 When Did the Ice Sheets Melt? 13-2 Coral Reefs and Rising Sea Level 13-3 Glitches in the Deglaciation: Deglacial Two-Step To

Note: СОДЕРЖАНИЕ Пленарные доклады О роли академика П.И. Мельникова в становлении сибирской геокриологической научной школы / В.В. Шепелев Глобальные изменения климата и криолитозона (ретроспективный анализ и прогноз) / В. Т. Балобаев, Ю.Б. Скачков Перспектива создания молодежных международных проектов геокриологических исследований юга Сибирской платформы / М.Н. Железняк 15 лет российско-германского сотрудничества в области геокриологии / Х-В. Хуббертен, М.Н. Григорьев, Н.Н. Романовский, Д.Ю. Большиянов Региональная и историческая геокриология Рельеф и возраст аллювиального покрова долины р. Лены на «Якутском разбое» / В.В. Спектор Предварительная схема мерзлотноландшафтной дифференциации Монголии / А.А. Шестакова Начало геокриологических исследований на Северо-Востоке России / Ю.Г. Слепцова, Ф.В. Митин Характеристика повторно-жильных льдов на территорииЛредверхоянскоrо прогиба (Северо-Восток Сибири) / Штеффен Попп Позднеплейстоценовые оледенения на Верхоянском хребте (Северо-Восток Сибири) / Г. Штаух, Ш. Попп, В. Спектор, И. Белолюбский, Ф. Лемкул PYRN-TSP Scandinavia: Вклад в проект МПГ «Тепловое состояние криолитозоны» / А.В. Прокопьев,К. Зигерт, Б. Дикман, Х. Лантуит, М. Йоханссон, О.У. Фраунфельд Криогенные процессы и явления Разработка легенды опасности термокарста / Ю.В. Станшzовская, Д.О. Сергеев Изучение формирования многолетних бугров пучения на низких террасах р . Лены в Центральной Якутии / Я.В. Стамбовская Палеокриогенные явления в верхнеплейстоценовых отложениях Пур-Надымского междуречья / О.Л. Опокина Процессы морозного пучения грунтов Южной Якутии / А.А. Урбан Использование данных дистанционного зондирования для оценки опасных гравитационных геокриологических процессов в горах / С.А. Гавршzова Картирование горной криолитозоны на основе результатов моделирования / А. Саруулзая, Я. Джаббалджав, А. Даштсэрэн , Д. Солонго, Д. Доржготов, Ю. Йиджима, М. Ишикава, Й. Чжаи, Т. Кадота, Т. Охата Гидрология и гидрогеология мерзлой зоны Районирование территории Центральной Якутии по эффективности пользования метода искусственного восполнения запасов подземных вод / А.В. Сычевский Параметризация гидрологических процессов в зоне многолетней мерзлоты на основе данных экспериментальных наблюдений / И.Н. Бельдиман Бугорообразование в зоне выхода межмерзлотных подземных вод источника Юрюю (Центральная Якутия) / В.С. Ефремов Моделирование условий теплообмена на участке разгрузки подземных вод в Центральной Якутии (на примере источника Улахан-Тарын) / Л.А. Гаzарин Изменение тепло- и температуропроводности сред, имитирующих гидратоносные донные осадки / М.Е. Пермякова, Д.Е. Аюнов Влияние колебаний климата на многолетнюю изменчивость параметров надмерзлотно-межмерзлотных водоносных горизонтов Бестяхской террасы р. Лены / А.Б. Колесников Моделирование процессов формирования стоков в бассейне р. Лены / О.М. Семенова Гидролого-гидрохимические особенности рек Арктической зоны Западной Сибири. Характеристика стока растворенных веществ / А.А. Четверова, И.В. Федорова, Т.М. Потапова Биологически активные вещества в озерах г. Якутска / А.Л. Чижук Водные свойства четвертичных отложений долины Туймаада / А.А. Фалини Особенности химического состава озерных вод восточного склона Полярного Урала / Н.В. Гусева, К.А. Климов Дистанционное зондирование пространственно-временных изменений термокарстовых озер в Северной Якутии / Гвидо Гроссе, Владимир Романовский, Кейти Уолтер Оценка реакции криолитозоны и криогенных ландшафтов на изменения климата и техногенные воздействия Сравнение фактических и модельных данных о реакции многолетней мерзлоты на изменение внешних условий теплообмена (на примере Надым-Пур-Тазовского региона) / Ю.А. Ухова, Д.О. Сергеев, Ю.В. Станиловская, А.Б. Осокин Растительный покров как индикатор пространственно-временной дифференциации Монголии / А.В. Хомутов О захоронении твердых бытовых отходов в г. Якутске / Д.Ю. Покрышка О принципиальной возможности захоронения СО2 в криолитозоне Западной Сибири / Д.Е. Аюнов, М.Е. Пермяков Изменение ландшафтных условий под воздействием техногенных нагрузок на участке террасы газопровода Надым - Пунга / Е.В. Еланцев Разработка и применение противопучинных мероприятий для опор контактной сети на Забайкальской железной дороге / З.Б. Дашинимаев, В.Г. Кондратьев Инженерно-геокриологический мониторинг на трассе строящейся железной дороги Томмот - Якутск / А.В. Литовко Прогноз теплового взаимодействия насьши с грунтами основания проектируемого участка «станция Олень - разъезд Боттома» железнодорожной трассы Томмот - Якутск / А.В. Сандаков Роль криогенных процессов в формировании рельефа и заболачивании урбанизированной территории криолитозоны (на примере г. Якутска) / Н.А. Сычевская Влияние процесса сезонного промерзанияпротаивания на гранулометрический состав грунтов сезонного слоя / И.В. Лукашин Экспериментальное определение температуры начала кристаллизации порового раствора в зависимости от его минерализации / А.А. Семерня Изменчивость вегетационного периода во второй половине ХХ в. на Северо-Востоке Сибири / Марко Лангер, Йорг-Фридхельм Фенцке Деградация ММП на Цинхай-Тибетском нагорье и обеспечение устойчивости грунтов в основании железной дороги / Ню Фуцзюнь, Линь Чжаньцзюй, Сюй Цзянь. Анализ результатов экспериментальных исследований на участке вентилируемой насыпи Цинхай-Тибетской железнодорожной магистрали / Юй Цихао, Цянь Цзинь, Пань Сицаи Список участников , TABLE OF CONTENTS Plenary Papers The contribution of Academician P.I. Melnikov to the Siberian geocryological school / V. V. Shepelev Global climatic change and permafrost (Retrospective analysis and prediction) / V. T. Balobaev, Y.B. Skachkov The prospects for establishing youth projects in geocryology in the southern siberian platform / M. N. Zheleznyak 15 Years of Russian-German Cooperation in Geocryology / H.-W. Hubberten, M.N. Grigoriev, N.N. Romanovski and D. Yu.Bolshiyanov Regional and Historical Geocryology Relief and age of the alluvial cover in the Lena valley at Yakutsky Razboy / V. V. Spektor Permafrost-Landscape Differentiation of Mongolia: A Preliminary Scheme / A.A. Shestakova First geocryological observations in northeastern Russia / Y. G. Sleptsova, F. V. Mitin Ice-wedge occurrence in the Verkhoyansk Foreland, Yakutia, north-eastern Siberia / Steffen Popp Late Pleistocene glaciations in the Verkhoyansk Mountains, North-Eastern Siberia / G. Stauch, S. Popp, V. Spektor, L. Belolyubsky, A. V. Prokopiev, C. Siegert, B. Diekmann, F. Lehmkuhl PYRN-TSP Scandinavia: Contribution to IPY's "Thermal State of Permafrost" / H. Lantuit, M. Johansson, O. W.Frauenfeld Periglacial Processes and Forms Developing the thermokarst hazard legend / Y. V. Stanilovskaya, D.O. Sergueev Formation of perennial frost mounds on the Lena River low terraces, Central Yakutia / Y. V. Stambovskaya Paleocryogenic features in Upper Pleistocene sediments between the Pur and Nadym Rivers / O.L. Opokina Frost heaving in southern Yakutia / A.A. Urban The use of remote sensing data for evaluating frost-related mountain slope hazards / S.A. Gavrilova Mapping the mountain permafrost based on the modeling results / A. Saruulzaya, Ya. Jambaljav, A. Dashtseren, D. Solongo, D. Dorjgotov, Y. Iijima, M. Ishikawa, Y. Zhang, T. Kadota, T. Ohata Hydrology and Hydrogeology in Cold Regions . Zonation of Central Yakutia Based on Artificial Groundwater Recharge Method Efficiency / A. V. Sychevsky Parameterization of hydro logic processes in the permafrost zone based on experimental observation data / LN. Beldiman Formation of seasonal frost mounds in talik groundwater discharge areas - an example of Eruu spring, Central Yakutia / V.S. Efremov Modeling the heat exchange conditions for a groundwater discharge site in Central Yakutia - an example of Ulakhan-Taryn spring / L.A. Gagarin Changes in thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of media simulating hydrate-bearing bottom deposits / M.E. Permyakov, D.E. Ayunov The effect of climatic variations on supra- and intrapermafrost aquifers in the Bestyach terrace of the Lena river / A.B. Kolesnikov Modeling of runoff processes in the Lena basin / O.M. Semenova Hydrology and chemistry of the Arctic rivers in West Siberia: Dissolved solid yield / A.A. Chetverova, L V. Fedorova, T.M. Potapova Biologically active substances in the city of Yakutsk lakes / A.L. Chizhuk Hydraulic properties of Quaternary deposits in the Tuymaada valley / A.A. Falina Lake water chemistry on the Polar Urals eastern slope / N. V. Guseva, K.A. Klimov Remote sensing of spatio-temporal changes of thermokarst lakes and ponds in north yakutia / Guido Grosse, Vladimir Romanovsky, Katey Walter Response of Permafrost Terrain to Climate Change and Human Activities Comparison of observation and modeling data on permafrost response to changes in the surface energy regime: Nadyr-Pur-Tazovsky case study / Y.A. Ukhova, D.O. Sergueev, Y. V. Stanislavskaya, A.B. Osokin Vegetation as an indicator for spatio-temporal differentiation of Mongolia / A. V. Khomutov Solid waste disposal at Yakutsk / D. Y. Pokryshka The feasibility of CO2 storage in permafrost in West Siberia / D.E. Ayunov, M.E. Permyakov. Man-induced changes in landscape conditions along the terrace section of the Nadym-Punga gas pipeline / E. V. Elantsev Development and use of heave control measures for the Trans-Baikal Railroad contact line supports / Z.B. Dashinimaev, V.G. Kondratyev Geocryological monitoring of the Tommot-Yakutsk railroad embankment / A. V. Litovko Predicting the thermal interaction between the embankment and the subgrade for the Olen to Bottorna section of the Tommot-Yakutsk Railroad / A. V. Sandakov The effects of frost action on topography and pa!udification of urban areas in the permafrost zone: an example of Yakutsk / N.A. Sychevskaya The effect of seasonal thawing-freezing cycles on grain-size distribution in the active-layer soils / L V. Lukashin Experimental determination of the freezing temperature of soil pore solution in relation to its mineralization / A.A. Semernya The Development of Growing Season during the Second Half of the 20th Century in Northeast Siberia / Marco Langer, Jorg-Fridchel'm Fencke Permafrsot degradation in Qinghai-Tibet plateau and thermal stability of the railway / Niu Fujun, Lin Zhanju, Xu Jian Experiment results analysis about the temperature controlled ventilated embankment of Qinghai-Tibet railway / Yu Qihao, Qian Jin, Pan Xicai List of Participants , In kyrillischer Schrift