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  • 1
    Type of Medium: 12
    Pages: 80 S. , Ill., graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: IHP-VII Technical Documents in Hydrology 83
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 56 (1934), S. 653-654 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Groundwater quality ; Space and time data analysis ; Geostatistics ; Cokriging estimator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Spatial and temporal behavior of hydrochemical parameters in groundwater can be studied using tools provided by geostatistics. The cross-variogram can be used to measure the spatial increments between observations at two given times as a function of distance (spatial structure). Taking into account the existence of such a spatial structure, two different data sets (sampled at two different times), representing concentrations of the same hydrochemical parameter, can be analyzed by cokriging in order to reduce the uncertainty of the estimation. In particular, if one of the two data sets is a subset of the other (that is, an undersampled set), cokriging allows us to study the spatial distribution of the hydrochemical parameter at that time, while also considering the statistical characteristics of the full data set established at a different time. This paper presents an application of cokriging by using temporal subsets to study the spatial distribution of nitrate concentration in the aquifer of the Lucca Plain, central Italy. Three data sets of nitrate concentration in groundwater were collected during three different periods in 1991. The first set was from 47 wells, but the second and the third are undersampled and represent 28 and 27 wells, respectively. Comparing the result of cokriging with ordinary kriging showed an improvement of the uncertainty in terms of reducing the estimation variance. The application of cokriging to the undersampled data sets reduced the uncertainty in estimating nitrate concentration and at the same time decreased the cost of the field sampling and laboratory analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 92 (1990), S. 3899-3908 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Measurement of the energy dependence of the yields of Na+, K+, and Cs+ ions formed when beams of the corresponding alkali atoms M hit a Si(111) surface and of Na+ for Na striking a Pt surface at a temperature T are those expected for equilibrium for thermal kinetic energies E of the incident atoms. Above a threshold energy of 0.5–1.0 eV the yields rise rapidly to maxima greater than 0.1 and then remain approximately constant as the energy increases to 100 eV. They are nearly independent of T in the range 300–1100 K. The results are represented well by a classical model having (1) a rate of electron transfer that varies exponentially with the distance z of M from the surface, (2) potentials that slow the incoming atom down as it nears the surface, and (3) energy transfer by elastic two-body collisions with the surface represented as hard cubes, each having the mass of an integral number n of surface atoms. At z=5 A(ring) the rate on Si for Na and K is 1012.5±0.2 s−1 with n equal to 3 and 5, respectively, while for Cs it is three times less with n equal to 20. For Na on Pt it is 1012.9±0.1 s−1 with n equal to 1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 91 (1989), S. 7957-7963 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A structural phase transition on the Ge(111) surface is investigated using thermal energy He scattering by observing the temperature dependence of several diffraction peaks. The presence of strong quarter-order peaks confirms that the Ge(111) surface has three orientational domains of a c(2×8) reconstruction at room temperature. As the temperature rises, all the superlattice peaks decrease in intensity without broadening and disappear above 550 K. In addition there is one striking feature which has not been observed in earlier low energy electron diffraction and reflection high energy electron diffraction experiments. The half-order peak shows continuous broadening and a shift of its maximum toward the specular peak as the temperature increases above 550 K. Consideration of several possible explanations for such a peak shift suggests that the transition, which may be driven by a charge density wave, is to an incommensurate phase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 91 (1989), S. 571-576 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: He diffraction has been used to study structural phase transitions on the (111) and (100) surfaces of Si. The seventh-order peaks of the Si(111)-7×7 reconstructed surface observed at room temperature first decreased with increasing temperature and then disappeared near 1140 K. A sharp decrease in the specular intensity and a sharp increase in the diffuse scattering were also observed near 1140 K, but there was no broadening of the peaks as the temperature increased. We confirm earlier evidence that the 7×7 to "1×1'' phase transition at 1138±7 K on the Si(111) surface is an order–disorder one. The He scattering from the Si(100)-2×1 reconstructed surface stable at room temperature was also measured as the temperature increased. There was a change in the Debye–Waller slope at 930±20 K which is evidence for the structural phase transition expected from theoretical calculations and deduced from earlier experiments in this laboratory on the desorption kinetics of alkali atoms from this surface. These experiments show that He diffraction offers a useful way of studying phase transitions on semiconductor surfaces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 18 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: The potential for aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation of a sour gas treatment chemical, diisopropanolamine (DIPA), was studied using contaminated aquifer materials from three sour gas treatment sites in western Canada. DIPA was found to be readily consumed under aerobic conditions at 8°C and 28°C in shake flask cultures incubated with aquifer material from each of the sites, and this removal was characterized by first-order kinetics. In addition, DIPA biodegradation was found to occur under nitrate-, Min(IV)., and Fe(III)-reducing conditions at 28°C, and in some cases at 8°C, in laboratory microcosms, DIPA loss corresponded to consumption of nitrate, and production of Mn(II) and Fe(II) in viable microcosms compared to corresponding sterile controls. A threshold DIPA concentration near 40 mg/L was observed in the anaerobic microcosms. This report provides the first evidence that DIPA is biodegraded under anaerobic conditions, and our data suggest that biodegradation may contribute to DIPA attenuation under aerobic and anaerobic conditions in aquifers contaminated with this sour gas treatment chemical.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Behavioral Biology 9 (1973), S. 655-670 
    ISSN: 0091-6773
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Behavioral Biology 9 (1973), S. 655-670 
    ISSN: 0091-6773
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 101 (1994), S. 7139-7143 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The scattering of helium atoms from a Ge(100) surface has been studied at temperatures to within 110 K of the Ge melting point (1210 K). Although the elastic scattering is greatly attenuated as the temperature increases, the (1/2 0) and (00) helium diffraction peaks remain detectable up to 1000 and 1100 K respectively. No increased attenuation of these diffraction peaks that would be expected to accompany the appearance of numerous adatoms and vacancies is observed. This makes doubtful the interpretation of the results of an earlier x-ray diffraction study. A slight change in the Debye–Waller attenuation of the (00) diffracted helium peak near 825 K is observed, possibly indicating a weak, dimer-preserving phase transition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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