ALBERT

Note: Table of Contents: The Dahlem Konferenzen / S. Bernhard. - Introduction / H. Oeschger and C. C. Langway, Jr. - Aerosol transport from sources to ice sheets / G. E. Shaw. - Mechanisms of wet and dry deposition of atmospheric contaminants to snow surfaces / C. I. Davidson. - The transformation of snow to ice and the occlusion of gases / J. Schwander. - Environmental records in alpine glaciers / D. Wagenbach. - GROUP REPORT. - How do glaciers record environmental processes and preserve information? / J. W. C. White, P. Brimblecombe, C. Brühl, C. I. Davidson, R. J. Delmas, G. Gravenhorst, K. O. Münnich, S. A. Penkett, U. Schotterer, J. Schwander, G. E. Shaw, D. Wagenbach. - Dating by physical and chemical seasonal variations and reference horizons / C. U. Hammer. - Dating of ice by radioactive isotopes / B. R. Stauffer. - Dating by ice flow modeling: a useful tool or an exercise in applied mathematics? / N. Reeh. - Physical property reference horizons / H. Shoji and C. C. Langway, Jr. - GROUP REPORT. - How can an ice core chronology be established? / W. F. Budd, J. T. Andrews, R. C. Finkel, E. L. Fireman, W. Graf, C. U. Hammer, J. Jouzel, D. P. Raynaud, N. Reeh, H. Shoji, B. R. Stauffer, J. Weertman. - Temporal variations of trace gases in ice cores / M. A. K. Khalil and R. A. Rasmussen. - Trace metals and organic compounds in ice cores / D. A. Peel. - The ionic deposits in polar ice cores / H. B. Clausen and C. C. Langway, Jr. - The impact of observed changes in atmospheric composition on global atmospheric chemistry and climate / P. J. Crutzen and C. Brühl. - GROUP REPORT. - What anthropogenic impacts are recorded in glaciers? / G. I. Pearman, R. J. Charlson, T. Class, H. B. Clausen, P. J. Crutzen, T. Hughes, D. A. Peel, K. A. Rahn, J. Rudolph, U. Siegenthaler, D. S. Zardini. - Past environmental long-term records from the Arctic / W. Dansgaard and H. Oeschger. - Long-term changes in the concentrations of major chemical compounds (soluble and insoluble) along deep ice cores / R. J. Delmas and M. Legrand. - Long-term environmental records from Antarctic ice cores / C. Lorius, G. Raisbeck, J. Jouzel, and D. Raynoud. - Studies of polar ice: insights for atmospheric chemistry / M. B. McElroy. - GROUP REPORT. - Long-term ice core records and global environmental changes / A. D. Hecht, W. Dansgaard, J. A. Eddy, S. J. Johnsen, M. A. Lange, C. C. Langway, Jr., C. Lorius, M. B. McElroy, H. Oeschger, G. Raisbeck, P. Schlosser. - List of participants with fields of research. - Subject index. - Author index.

Note: Contents: OVERVIEW. - 1. WORKSHOP ON THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM: OVERVIEW / James H. Zumberge and Lee A. Kimball. - Trends in the Debate at the Workshop. - Ideas and Suggestions Put Forward. - The Antarctic Setting. - INTRODUCTION. - 2. ANTARCTICA PRIOR TO THE ANTARCTIC TREATY - A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE / Trevor Hatherton. - Early Notions. - The Routes Open. - Reduction to Size. - Exploitation - The Seals. - Science and National Interests. - Because It Is There. - Exploitation - The Whales. - The Modern Era. - The International Geophysical Year, 1957-1958. - 3. JURIDICAL NATURE OF THE 1959 TREATY SYSTEM / Yuri M. Rybakov. - Peaceful Use. - Scientific Investigation. - Inspection. - Consultative Meetings. - Recommendations. - Additional Conventions. - LEGAL AND POLITICAL BACKGROUND. - 4. ANTARCTICA PRIOR TO THE ANTARCTIC TREATY: A POLITICAL AND LEGAL PERSPECTIVE / Cristian Maquieira. - 5. ANTARCTIC CONFLICT AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION / Francisco Orrego Vicuna. - The Early Trends Toward Antarctic Conflict. - Localized Territorial Disputes. - Generalized Territorial Disputes and International Implications. - Strategic Uses and Disputes in Antarctica. - Major-Power Rivalry in Antarctica. - The Antarctic Treaty: Cooperation as a Factor of Stabilization. - 6. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY AS A CONFLICT RESOLUTION MECHANISM / Arthur D. Watts. - 7. PANEL DISCUSSION ON THE LEGAL AND POLITICAL BACKGROUND OF THE ANTARCTIC TREATY. - ANTARCTIC SCIENCE. - 8. SUMMARY OF SCIENCE IN ANTARCTICA PRIOR TO AND INCLUDING THE INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR / Robert H. Rutford. - 9. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY AS A SCIENTIFIC MECHANISM (POST-IGY) - CONTRIBUTIONS OF ANTARCTIC SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH / William F. Budd. - Introduction. - The Post-IGY International Antarctica Quarter Century. - The Profitable Nonrenewable Resources Fallacy. - Antarctica as a Global Environmental Science Resource. - Antarctic Publications and the Knowledge Explosion. - Highlights of Antarctic Discoveries and Research. - The Treaty Nations as the United Nations "Antarctic Rangers". - 10. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY AS A SCIENTIFIC MECHANISM - THE SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON ANTARCTIC RESEARCH AND THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM / James H. Zumberge. - Introduction. - The Origin and Growth of SCAR. - SCAR Structure and Procedures. - The Interaction of SCAR with the Antarctic Treaty System. - A Look at SCAR's Future. - 11. THE ROLE OF SCIENCE IN THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM / E. Fred Roots. - Background. - The Political Role of Science in Antarctica. - Different Approaches to Science in Antarctica. - What Results Can Antarctic Science Deliver?. - The Setting of Scientific Priorities in Antarctica. - The Future. - 12. PANEL DISCUSSION ON ANTARCTIC SCIENCE. - THE ANTARCTIC ENVIRONMENT: MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION OF RESOURCES A. CONSERVATION AND ENVIRONMENT 13. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL MECHANISM - AN APPROACH TO ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES / John A. Heap and Martin W. Holdgate. - Introduction. - Characteristics of the Antarctic Environment. - Human Impacts on the Environment of Antarctica. - The Evaluation of Environmental Goals. - Environmental Conservation Within the Antarctic Treaty System. - The Antarctic Treaty System as a Mechanism for Environmental Conservation. - 14. PANEL DISCUSSION ON CONSERVATION AND ENVIRONMENT. - B. LIVING RESOURCES. - 15. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM AS A RESOURCE MANAGEMENT MECHANISM - LIVING RESOURCES / John A. Gulland. - Introduction. - Marine Resources. - International Whaling Commission. - The Role of the Antarctic Treaty. - Terrestrial Activities. - The Role of SCAR. - 16. PANEL DISCUSSION ON LIVING RESOURCES. - Biomass. - Experimental Fishery. - Inspection and Other CCAMLR Measures. - C. NONLIVING RESOURCES. - 17. ARCTIC OFFSHORE TECHNOLOGY AND ITS RELEVANCE TO THE ANTARCTIC / K. R. Croasdale. - Introduction. - Geography and Oil and Gas Resources. - The Arctic Offshore Environment. - Technology for Arctic Offshore Petroleum Operations. - Conclusions. - 18. DISCUSSION ON TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMICS OF MINERALS DEVELOPMENT IN POLAR AREAS. - 19. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM AS A RESOURCE MANAGEMENT MECHANISM - NONLIVING RESOURCES / Christopher D. Beeby. - 20. PANEL DISCUSSION ON NONLIVING RESOURCES. - Participation. - Common Heritage of Mankind. - Participation in the Minerals Regime Negotiations. - Participation in the Adoption of the Minerals Regime. - Participation in Implementation of the Minerals Regime. - Participation in Activities and Benefits. - Urgency and Timing of Minerals Activities. - The Regime. - Enforcement and Reporting Requirements. - INSTITUTIONS. - 21. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF A STATE NOT PARTY TO THE SYSTEM / Zain Azraai. - The Response of the Nontreaty Parties (NTPs). - 22. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF A NON-CONSULTATIVE PARTY TO THE ANTARCTIC TREATY / Peter Bruckner. - Introduction. - Motives for Accession. - Functioning of the Treaty System. - Rights and Obligations of the NCPs Under the Treaty. - The Observer Issue. - Antarctica and the U.N. General Assembly. - Concluding Remarks. - Appendix. - 23. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF A NEW CONSULTATIVE PARTY / L. F. Macedo de Soares Guimaraes. - 24. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF A NEW MEMBER / S. Z. Qasim and H. P. Rajan. - Introduction. - Background of the Antarctic Treaty. - The Antarctic Treaty System. - India's Scientific Expeditions. - Political Issues. - Conclusions. - 25. THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM AND THE UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM / Richard A. Woolcott. - Promotion of Principles and Purposes of United Nations Charter. - Links with the United Nations Specialized Agencies. - The Future. - Relationship to the United Nations System in the Future. - 26. THE EVOLUTION OF THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM - THE INSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVE / R. Tucker Scully. - Introduction. - The Antarctic Treaty. - The Antarctic Treaty System - Substantive Content. - The Antarctic Treaty System - Institutional Response. - Operation of the Antarctic Treaty System. - Conclusion. - 27. PANEL DISCUSSION ON INSTITUTIONS OF THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM. - Legitimacy. - Evolution of the Antarctic Treaty System. - Concluding Remarks.

Note: Contents: Contributors. - Foreword. - Preface. - PART 1. NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION. - Medium-range forecasting at the ECMWF / Lennart Bengtsson. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The physical and mathematical basis for medium-range forecasting. - 3. Numerical methods and modeling techniques. - 4. Observations, their use and importance. - 5. Operational application and results. - 6. Problems and prospects in numerical weather prediction. - 7. Concluding remarks. - References. - Extended range forecasting / K. Miyakoda and J. Sirutis. - 1. Introduction. - 2. An evolution of 10-day forecast performance. - 3. Examples of monthly forecasts. - 4. A projection of seasonal forecasts. - 5. Postscript. - References. - Predictability / J. Shukla. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Classical predictability studies. - 3. Predictability of space-time averages. - 4. Some outstanding problems. - 5. Concluding remarks. - References. - Data Assimilation / W. Bourke, R. Seaman, and K. Puri. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Evolution of assimilation and the FGGE. - 3. Components of four-dimensional assimilation systems. - 4. Characteristics of some current Assimilation schemes. - 5. Role of four-dimensional assimilation in research and operations. - 6. Conclusion. - References. - PART 2. MESOSCALE DYNAMICS. - Predictability of mesoscale atmospheric motions / Richard A. Anthes, Ying-Hwa Kuo, David P. Baumhefner, Ronald M. Errico, and Thomas W. Bettge. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Classic predictability experiments and their relationship to mesoscale predictability. - 3. Preliminary predictability study with a mesoscale model. - 4. Discussion and comparison with a predictability study using a global model. - 5. Summary and conclusions. - References. - Thermal and orographic mesoscale atmospheric systems - an essay / Roger A. Pielke. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Summary of major research accomplishments. - 3. Research areas. - 4. Eventual goals. - References. - Advances in the theory of atmospheric fronts / I. Orlanski, B. Ross, L. Polinsky, and R. Shaginaw. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Baroclinic waves and fronts. - 3. Mature front. - 4. What observed features can be explained by theory?. - 5. What other processes are important in Frontogenesis?. - References. - PART 3. TROPICAL DYNAMICS. - Numerical modeling of tropical cyclones / Yoshio Kurihara. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Numerical models of hurricanes. - 3. Numerical simulation of tropcial cyclones. - 4. Some challenging issues in the future. - Appendix. GFDL Hurricane Model. - References. - Numerical weather prediction in low latitudes / T. N. Krishnamurti. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Initialization: dynamic, normal mode, and physical. - 3. Parameterization of physical processes. - 4. Medium-range prediction of monsoon disturbances. - 5. On the prediction of the quasi-Stationary component. - 6. Scope of future research. - References. - PART 4. TURBULENCE AND CONVECTION. - Sub-grid-scale turbulence modeling / J. W. Deardorff. - 1. Introduction: the need for grid-scale Reynolds averaging. - 2. The effect of grid-volume Reynolds averaging. - 3. The sub-grid scale Eddy Coefficient. - 4. Recent developments. - 5. Future outlook. - References. - Ensemble average, turbulence closure / George L. Mellor. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The turbulence macroscale and turbulence closure. - 3.Averaging distance for measurements in the atmosphere and oceans and for numerical models. - 4. Numerical modeling applications and horizontal diffusion. - 5. Concluding remarks. - References. - The planetary boundary layer / H. A. Panofsky. - 1. General characteristics. - 2. The equations in the PBL. - 3. The surface layer. - 4. First- and second-order closures. - 5. Boundary-layer models. - 6. Boundary-layer parameterization. - References. - Modeling studies and convection / Yoshi Ogura. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Bénard-Rayleigh Convection. - 3. Complexity of convection in the atmosphere. - 4. Shallow moist convection. - 5. Deep moist convection. - 6. Feedback effects of cumulus clouds on larger-scale environments. - 7. Concluding remarks. - References. - Index.

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgements. - Chapter 1 Introduction. - 1.1 The Static Structure of the Middle Atmosphere. - 1.2 Zonal Mean Temperature and Wind Distributions. - 1.3 Composition of the Middle Atmosphere. - 1.4 The Vertical Distribution of Eddy Amplitudes. - 1.5 Observational Techniques. - References. - Chapter 2 Radiative Processes and Remote Sounding. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Fundamentals. - 2.3 Gaseous Absorption Spectra. - 2.4 Transmission Functions. - 2.5 Infrared Radiative Exchange and Radiative Damping. - 2.6 Departure from Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium. - 2.7 Absorption of Solar Radiation. - 2.8 Radiative Equilibrium Temperature and Heating-Rate Distributions. - 2.9 Remote Sounding. - References. - Chapter 3 Basic Dynamics. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 The Beta-Plane Approximation and Quasi-Geostrophic Theory. - 3.3 The Eulerian-Mean Equations. - 3.4 Linearized Disturbances to Zonal-Mean Flows. - 3.5 The Transformed Eulerian-Mean Equations. - 3.6 The Generalized Eliassen-Palm Theorem and the Charney-Drazin Nonacceleration Theorem. - 3.7 The Lagrangian Approach. - 3.8 Isentropic Coordinates. - 3.9 The Zonal-Mean Equations in Isentropic Coordinates. - Appendix 3A. Derivation of Some Equations in Isentropic Coordinates. - Appendix 3B. Boundary Conditions on the Residual Circulation. - References. - Chapter 4 Linear Wave Theory. - 4.1 Introduction and Classification of Wave Types. - 4.2 Wave Disturbances to a Resting Spherical Atmosphere. - 4.3 Atmospheric Thermal Tides. - 4.4 Free Traveling Planetary Waves. - 4.5 Forced Planetary Waves. - 4.6 Gravity Waves. - 4.7 Equatorial Waves. - Appendix 4A. Ray-Tracing Theory and Wave Action in a Slowly Varying Medium. - References. - Chapter 5 Extratropical Planetary-Scale Circulations. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 The Observed Annual Cycle. - 5.3 Detailed Linear Models of Stationary Planetary Waves in the Middle Atmosphere. - 5.4 Detailed Linear Models of Free Traveling Planetary Waves in the Atmosphere. - 5.5 Barotropic and Baroclinic Instability. - 5.6 Planetary-Wave Critical Layers. - References. - Chapter 6 Stratospheric Sudden Warmings. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Observed Features of Sudden Warmings. - 6.3 Theoretical Modeling of Sudden Warmings. - 6.4 Conclusions. - References. - Chapter 7 The Extratropical Zonal-Mean Circulation. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Some Simple Zonally Averaged Models of the Middle Atmosphere. - 7.3 The Upper Mesosphere. - 7.4 The Winter Polar Stratosphere. - 7. 5 Interpretation and Generalization. - References. - Chapter 8 Equatorial Circulations. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 The Observed Structure of the Equatorial Quasi-Biennial Oscillation. - 8.3 Theory of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation. - 8.4 Observed Structure of the Equatorial Semiannual Oscillations. - 8.5 Dynamics of the Equatorial Semiannual Oscillations. - 8.6 Inertial Instability in the Equatorial Zone. - References. - Chapter 9 Tracer Transport in the Middle Atmosphere. - 9.1 Introduction: Types of Tracers. - 9.2 Long-Lived Chemical Tracers. - 9.3 Transport in the Meridional Plane. - 9.4 Formulations of Eddy and Mean-Flow Transport. - 9.5 Dispersive Wave Transport: Irreversible Mixing of Tracers. - 9.6 Troposphere-Stratosphere Exchange. - 9.7 Transport Modeling. - Appendix 9A. The Transformed Eulerian-Mean Transport for Small-Arnplitude Eddies. - References. - Chapter 10 The Ozone Layer. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 The Climatology of Ozone. - 10.3 Elementary Aspects of Photochemical Modeling. - 10.4 Photochemistry of Ozone: Catalytic Cycles. - 10.5 Models of the Natural and Perturbed Ozone Layer. - Appendix 10A. The Continuity Equation for Chemical Species. - References. - Chapter 11 General Circulation Modeling. - 11.1 Models of the Lower Stratosphere. - 11.2 The GFDL SKYHI Model. - 11.3 Forecasting of Sudden Stratospheric Warmings. - 11.4 Transport Modeling. - References. - Chapter 12 Interaction between the Middle Atmosphere and the Lower Atmosphere. - 12.1 Introduction. - 12.2 Radiative Links: Deductions from Simple Models. - 12.3 Radiative Links: Deductions from GCMs. - 12.4 Dynamical Links: Vertically Propagating Planetary Waves. - 12.5 Interannual Variability in the Stratosphere. - References. - Bibliography. - Index.

Note: CONTENTS Geology and Structure of the Ross Sea Region / F. J. Davey Recording and Processing Procedures for Multichannel Seismic-Reflection Data Collected in the Western Ross Sea, Antarctica / S. V. Dadisman, H. F. Ryan, D. M. Mann Seismic Stratigraphy and Structure of the Victoria Land Basin, Western Ross Sea, Antarctica / A. K. Cooper, F. J. Davey, J. C. Behrendt Extent and Nature of Ross Sea Unconformity in the Western Ross Sea, Antarctica / H. A. Karl, E. Reimnitz, B. D. Edwards Structure of Extensionally Rifted Crust Beneath the Western Ross Sea and lselin Bank, Antarctica, from Sonobuoy Seismic Data / A. K. Cooper, F. J. Davey, G. R. Cochrane Gravity Studies of the Victoria Land Basin and lselin Bank / F. J. Davey, A. K. Cooper The Antarctic Continental Margin Magnetic Gradiometer Data: Suppression of Time Variations / R. O. Hansen, J. R. Childs Interpretation of Marine Magnetic Gradiometer and Multichannel Seismic-Reflection Observations over the Western Ross Sea Shelf, Antarctica / J.C. Behrendt, A. K. Cooper, A. Yuan Heat Flow and Tectonics in the Western Ross Sea, Antarctica / D. K. Blackman, R. P. Von Herzen, L. A. Lawver Geology and Physical Properties of Ross Sea, Antarctica, Continental Shelf Sediment / B. D. Edwards, H. J. Lee, H. A. Karl, E. Reimnitz, L. A. Timothy Hydrocarbon Geochemistry of Sediments Offshore from Antarctica / J. B. Rapp, K. A. Kvenvolden, M. Golan-Bae Diatoms from the 1984 USGS Antarctic Cruise in the Ross Sea / J. A. Barron, L. H. Burckle Petrography of Rock Samples Dredged from lselin Bank, Ross Sea, Antarctica / F. L. Wong, P. J. Barrett, J. Gamble, D. G. Howell

Note: Contents: Preface. - Contributors. - 1. The Present Climate of the Arctic Ocean and Possible Past and Future States / R. G. Barry. - 2. Arctic Ice-Ocean Dynamics / W. D. Hibler III. - 3. Chemical Oceanography of the Arctic Ocean / L. Anderson and D. Dyrssen. - 4. Polar Marine Ecosystem Evolution / M. J. Dunbar. - 5. Arctic Sea-Ice Biota / R. A. Horner. - 6. Primary Production, Chlorophyll, Light, and Nutrients Beneath the Arctic Sea Ice / O. G. N. Andersen. - 7. Arctic Ocean Phytoplankton / B. R. Heimdal. - 8. Foraminifera and Pteropoda Beneath the Arctic Sea Ice: New Distributions / Y. Herman and O. G. N. Andersen. - 9. Ecology of Arctic Ocean Cryopelagic Fauna / I. A. Mel'nikov. - 10. Evolution of Arctic Ecosystems During the Neogene Period / A. N. Golikov and O. A. Scarlato. - 11. Distributional Patterns of Echinoderms in the Eurasian Sector of the Arctic Ocean / N. A. Anisimova. - 12. Marine Bivalvia of the Arctic Ocean / V. V. Fedyakov and A. D. Naumov. - 13. Arctic Ocean Gastropod Prosobranchs / A. N. Golikov. - 14. Arctic Ocean Bryozoa / V. I. Gontar and N. V. Denisenko. - 15. Arctic Ocean Mysids (Crustacea, Mysidacea): Evolution, Composition, and Distribution / V. V. Petryashov. - 16. Hydrozoa of the Eurasian Arctic Seas / S. D. Stepanjants. - 17. Arctic Ocean Cumacea / S. V. Vassilenko. - 18. Quarternary Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy: The Eastern Arctic Ocean Record / C. Card. - 19. Arctic Ocean Radiolarians / S. B. Kruglikova. - 20. Diatoms in Arctic Shallow Seas Sediments / E. I. Polyakova. - 21. Ecology of Recent Foraminifera on the Canadian Continental Shelf of the Arctic Ocean / C. Vilks. - 22. Thorium and Uranium Isotopes in Arctic Sediments / B. L. K. Somayajulu, P. Sharma, and Y. Herman. - 23. Late Neogene Arctic Paleoceanography: Micropaleontology, Stable Isotopes, and Chronology / Y. Herman, F. K. Osmond, and B. L. K. Somayajulu. - 24. Sediment Composition and Sedimentary Processes in the Arctic Ocean / D. A. Darby, A. S. Naidu, T. C. Mowatt, and C. A. Jones. - 25. Late Cenozoic Stratigraphy and Paleoceanography of the Barents Sea / V. S. Zarkhidze and Yu. C. Samoilovich. - 26. The Last Glaciation of Eurasia / A. A. Velitchko, L. L. Isayeva, D. B. Oreshkin, and M. A. Faustova. - 27. Geological and Paleoclimatic Evolution of the Arctic During Late Cenozoic Time / I. D. Danilov. - 28. Organic Geochemistry of Barents Sea Sediments / A. N. Belyaeva, A. I. Daniushevskaya, and E. A. Romankevich. - 29. Physiography and Bathymetry of the Arctic Ocean Seafloor / J. R. Weber. - 30. Tectonic History of the Arctic Region from the Ordovician Through the Cretaceous / L. P. Zonenshain and L. M. Napatov. - Index.

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgements. - Chapter 1 Climate. - 1.1 The components of climate. - 1.2 Climate modelling and climate prediction. - 1.3 Climate changes and human perception. - 1.4 Feedback mechanisms in climate. - 1.4.1 The ice-albedo feedback mechanism. - 1.4.2 The water vapour “greenhouse”. - 1.4.3 Cloud feedbacks. - 1.4.4 Combining feedback effects. - 1.5 Perturbations on the climate system. - 1.5.1 External causes of climatic change. - 1.5.2 Internal causes of climatic change. - 1.6 Range of questions for climate modelling. - Recommended reading. - Chapter 2 A history of and introduction to climate models. - 2.1 Introducing climate modelling. - 2.2 Types of climate models. - 2.2.1 Energy balance climate models. - 2.2.2 One-dimensional radiative-convective climate models. - 2.2.3 Two-dimensional climate models. - 2.2.4 General circulation climate models. - 2.3 History of climate modelling. - 2.4 Sensitivity of climate models. - 2.5 Parameterization of climatic processes. - 2.6 Simulation of the full, interacting climate system: one goal of modelling. - Chapter 3 Energy balance models. - 3.1 Balancing the planetary radiation budget. - 3.2 The structure of energy balance models. - 3.3 Parameterizing the climate system for energy balance models. - 3.4 A BASIC energy balance climate model. - 3.5 Experiments with energy balance models. - 3.5.1 Explicit modelling of the cryosphere. - 3.6 Box models — another form of energy balance model. - 3.6.1 A simple box model of the ocean-atmosphere. - 3.6.2 A coupled atmosphere, land and ocean energy balance box model. - 3.7 Energy balance models: deceptively simple models. - Recommended reading. - Chapter 4 Radiative-convective models. - 4.1 The concept of a radiative-convective climate model. - 4.2 The structure of global radiative-convective models. - 4.3 Radiation computation. - 4.3.1 Shortwave radiation. - 4.3.2 Longwave radiation. - 4.3.3 Eleat balance at the ground. - 4.4 Convective adjustment. - 4.5 Sensitivity experiments with radiative-convective models. - 4.6 Development of radiative-convective models. - 4.6.1 Cloud amount and height predicted from ‘convection’. - 4.6.2 A water vapour transport model. - 4.7 Radiation: the driver of climate. - Recommended reading. - Chapter 5 Two-dimensional models. - 5.1 Why two-dimensional models?. - 5.2 Two-dimensional statistical dynamical climate models. - 5.3 Convection, cloud cover and precipitation in two-dimensional statistical dynamical models. - 5.4 Radiation and surface characterization in two-dimensional statistical dynamical models. - 5.4.1 Radiation. - 5.4.2 Surface characterization. - 5.5 Intercomparison of a two-and a three-dimensional model. - 5.6 Other types of two-dimensional models. - 5.6.1 An upgraded energy balance model. - 5.6.2 A severely truncated spectral general circulation climate model. - 5.7 Why are some climate modellers Flatlanders?. - Recommended reading. - Chapter 6 General circulation climate models. - 6.1 The structure of general circulation climate models. - 6.2 Dynamics in general circulation climate models. - 6.2.1 Cartesian (or rectangular) grid general circulation climate models. - 6.2.2 Spectral general circulation climate models. - 6.3 Physics in general circulation climate models. - 6.3.1 Radiative transfer. - 6.3.2 Boundary layer. - 6.3.3 Surface parameterization. - 6.3.4 Convection. - 6.3.5 Large scale rainfall. - 6.4 Including ‘other’ elements in general circulation climate models. - 6.4.1 Cloud prediction. - 6.4.2 Modelling the cryosphere. - 6.5 Land surface parameterization in general circulation climate models. - 6.6 Coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation climate models. - 6.7 Future climate projects and their importance to general circulation climate models. - 6.8 Epilogue. - Recommended reading. - Appendices. - A. Glossary. - B. Climate models: examples of simple microcomputer software. - I. Daisyworld: a simple biospheric feedback climate model. - II. Modelling the climatic impact of anthropogenerated albedo change. - III. An energy balance climate model (EBM). - IV. Carbon dioxide feedback using a simple ocean model. - General Bibliography. - Index.

Note: Contents PREFACE LIST OF SYMBOLS 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 General Remarks 1.2 Historical Notes 2 EQUATIONS 2.1 The Continuity Equation 2.2 The Navier-Stokes Equations 2.3 The Equation of State 2.4 The First Law of Thermodynamics 2.5 Simplification of the Basic Equations 2.6 Averaging Procedures 2.7 Further Simplifications 3 STRUCTURE OF TURBULENCE 3.1 Transition and Instabilities 3.2 Statistical Description of Turbulence 3.3 Scales of Turbulent Flow 3.4 Equations of Higher Moment 3.5 Budgets of Turbulent Fluxes and Variances 3.5.1 Balance of turbulent kinetic energy 3.5.2 Heat flux balance 3.5.3 Momentum flux balance 3.5.4 Temperature and humidity variance and covariance balances 4 SIMILARITY 4.1 Dimensional Analysis and Similarity 4.2 The Monin-Obukhov Similarity Theory 4.2.1 Free convection regime 4.2.2 Neutral regime 4.2.3 Very stable regime 4.2.4 Empirical verification 4.3 The Rossby Number Similarity Theory 4.4 Local Similarity Theory 4.4.1 Stable boundary layer 4.4.2 Convective boundary layer 5 SPECTRAL ANALYSIS 5.1 General Considerations 5.2 Energy Spectra 5.3 Cross Spectra 5.4 Spatial Spectra 5.5 Spectral Curve-Fitting 5.6 Spectra and Cospectra in the Surface Layer 5.7 Spectra and Cospectra in the Mixed Layer 5.8 Spectra and Cospectra in the Stable Outer Layer 6 MODELING 6.1 General Remarks 6.2 Integral Models 6.3 First-Order Closures 6.3.1 Flow in the surface layer 6.3.2 The Ekman model 6.3.3 Effects of baroclinicity 6.3.4 Effects of thermal stability 6.3.5 Effects of slightly inclined terrain 6.3.6 The effects of nonstationarity 6.4 Nonlocal Closures 6.5 Higher-Order Closures 6.5.1 The momentum flux equation 6.5.2 The heat flux equation 6.5.3 The temperature variance equation 6.5.4 The dissipation rate equation 6.6 Large Eddy Simulation Models 7 DIFFUSION 7.1 General Considerations 7.2 The Statistical Theory of Diffusion 7.3 K-Theory Models 7.4 Gaussian Models 7.5 Laboratory and Large Eddy Simulation Experiments 7.6 Higher-Order Closure Models 7.7 Monte Carlo Methods 8 MEASUREMENTS 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Sensors 8.2.1 Wind sensors 8.2.2 Temperature sensors 8.2.3 Measurements of humidity fluctuations 8.2.4 Measurements of concentration 8.2.5 Static and dynamic characteristics of sensors 8.3 Platforms 8.3.1 Aircraft measurements 8.3.2 Balloons 8.4 Remote Ground-Based Observing Systems 8.4.1 Radars 8.4.2 Lidars 8.4.3 Sodars 8.5 Averaging of Measured Quantities 8.6 Major Field Experiments 8.6.1 The 1953 Great Plains experiment 8.6.2 The 1967 Wangara experiment 8.6.3 The 1968 Kansas experiment 8.6.4 The 1973 Minnesota experiment Epilogue APPENDIX A.1 Fourier Analysis A.2 The Sweeping Method A.3 Vector Operators REFERENCES INDEX

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS: Preface. - List of participants. - The West Antarctic Ice Sheet : the need to understand its dynamics / C. J. VAN DER VEEN. - Force budget of ice sheets / I. M. WHILLANS. - On the oceanic circulation near a shelf-ice edge / G. J. F. VAN HEIJST. - Quantitative estimates of the mass flux and ice movement along the ice edges in the eastern and southern Weddell Sea / M. A. LANGE. - Some aspects of the flow of the Ronne Ice Shelf / C. S. M. DOAKE. - Unconfined ice-shelf flow / L. W. MORLAND. - Plane and radial ice-shelf flow with prescribed temperature profile / L. W. MORLAND and R. ZAINUDDIN. - Ice-shelf backpressure : form drag versus dynamic drag / D. R. MACAYEAL. - Ice stream-ice shelf interaction in West Antarctica / R. A. BINDSCHADLER, D. R. MACAYEAL and S. N. STEPHENSON. - A few preliminary results from the glaciogeophysical survey of the interior Ross Embayment (GSIRE) / C. R. BENTLEY, S. SHABTAIE, D. D. BLANKENSHIP, R. B. ALLEY and S. T. ROONEY. - On the flow within the transition zone between ice sheet and ice shelf / K. HERTERICH. - The finite-element method applied to a time-dependent flowband model / J. L. FASTOOK. - Longitudinal stresses and basal sliding : a comparative study / C. J. VAN DER VEEN. - A subglacial aquifer bed model and water pressure dependent basal sliding relationship for a West Antarctic ice stream / C. S. LINGLE and T. J. BROWN. - The heat budget of the Ross drainage basin / J. OEKLEMANS. - Numerical modelling of the large-scale basal water flux under the West Antarctic Ice Sheet / W. F. BUDD and D. JENSSEN. - Modelling the response of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet to a climatic warming / W. F. BUDD, B. J. MCINNES, D. JENSSEN and I. N. SMITH. - Subject index. - Geographic index.

Note: Contents Preface 1 The Hydrologic Cycle Composition of Rainwater Hydrology Nonmeteoric Types of Water Chemical Terms in Hydrology Suggested Reading 2 Chemical Background Units and Terminology Equilibrium Thermodynamics Activity-Concentration Relationships Diffusion Review Questions Suggested Reading 3 Organic Compounds in Natural Waters Structure of Natural Organic Solutes Functional Groups Humic Substances DOC in Natural Environments Review Question Suggested Reading 4 The Carbonate System and pH Control Carbonic Acid System Alkalinity and Titration Curves Calcium Carbonate Solubility Dolomite High-Magnesium Calcite Ground and Surface Waters in Carbonate Terrains Carbonate Chemistry in the Oceans Acid Waters Review Questions Suggested Reading 5 Clay Minerals and Ion Exchange Mineralogy and Composition Colloid Properties Retardation of Pollutant Cations in Ground water Review Questions Suggested Reading 6 Stability Relationships and Silicate Equilibria Solubility Equilibria (Congruent Solution) Incongruent Solution and Stability Diagrams Uncertainty in Mineral Stability Diagrams Graphical Derivation of the Topology of Stability Diagrams Review Questions Suggested Reading 7 Kinetics Nucleation Dissolution and Growth Dissolution of Calcite in Sea water Growth of Calcite and Aragonite in Sea water Dissolution of Silicates Review Questions Suggested Reading 8 Weathering and Water Chemistry: 1. Principles Soil Formation The Mass-Balance Approach The Thermodynamic Approach The Statistical Approach Review Questions Suggested Reading 9 Weathering and Water Chemistry: 2. Examples Amazon River System Mackenzie River System, Canada Cascade Mountains, Washington Rio Tanama System, Puerto Rico Absaroka Mountains, Wyoming Adirondack Mountains, New York Mattole River, California Waters from Ultramafic Rocks Rhine River Soil Solutions in Volcanic Ash Summary Review Topic Suggested Reading 10 Acid Deposition and Surface Water Chemistry Acidity and Alkalinity Solubility of Aluminum Cation Exchange Anion Mobility and Anion Exchange Biological Processes Chemical Weathering Integrated Models Environmental Effects Review Questions Suggested Reading 11 Evaporation and Saline Waters Evaporation of Sierra Nevada Spring Water Chemical Divides and the Hardie-Eugster Model Modifications of the Hardie-Eugster Model Examples Evaporation of Seawater Saline Formation Waters Summary Review Questions Suggested Reading 12 The Oceans Circulation Composition of Sea water Removal Processes for the Major Species Suggested Reading 13 Redox Equilibria The Standard Hydrogen Electrode and Thermodynamic Conventions Measurement of Eh pe-pH and Eh-pH Diagrams Partial Pressure or Fugacity-Fugacity Diagrams Review Questions Suggested Reading 14 Redox Conditions in Natural Waters Photosynthesis Respiration and Decay Redox Buffering Lakes The Ocean Groundwater Summary Review Questions Suggested Reading 15 Trace Elements Sources of Trace Elements Speciation, Equilibrium Solubility Control Adsorption and Coprecipitation Controls Uptake by Living Organisms Summary Review Question Suggested Reading 16 Mathematical and Numerical Models Speciation and Saturation Programs Reactions in a Uniform, Nonadvecting Medium Reactions in a Nonuniform and/ or Advecting Medium Suggested Reading 17 Isotopes Stable Isotopes Radioactive Isotopes Suggested Reading References Glossary of Geological Terms APPENDIXES I Standard-State Thermodynamic Data for Some Common Species II Selected Values for Equilibrium Constants at 298.15K (25°C) and Standard Enthalpies of Reaction Ill Table of Atomic Weights Answers to Problems Author Index Subject Index

Note: Contents Preface 1 The Nature of Quaternary Pollen Analytical Data 1.1 Pollen Analysis as a Quaternary Palaeoecological Technique 1.2 Types of Quaternary Pollen Analytical Data 1.3 Methods of Presenting Quaternary Pollen Analytical Data 1.4 The Data Used 2 Basic Statistical Concepts 2.1 The Rôle of Statistics in Pollen Analysis 2.2 Description of the Binomial and Multinomial Distributions 2.3 The Binomial and Multinomial Distributions in Palynology 2.4 Further Statistical Examples in Quaternary Palynology 2.5 Exploratory Data Analysis and Classification 2.6 The Measurement of Dissimilarity 3 The Analysis of Pollen Stratigraphical Data: Zonation 3.1 The Concept of the Pollen Zone 3.2 Numerical Approaches to Pollen Zonation 3.3 The Constrained Single Link Method 3.4 Binary Divisive Procedures 3.5 Dynamic Programming Algorithm 3.6 The Variable Barriers Approach 3.7 Examples of Numerical Zonations 3.8 Advantages and Limitations of Numerical Zonations 4 The Analysis of Pollen Stratigraphical Data: Comparison of Sequences 4.1 Rationale of Comparing Pollen Sequences 4.2 Numerical Approaches to Comparing Stratigraphical Sequences 4.3 Comparison of Sequences in the Absence of Stratigraphical Constraints: Zone-By-Zone Comparisons 4.4 Comparison of Sequences in the Absence of Stratigraphical Constraints: Classification Methods 4.5 Comparison of Sequences by Slotting 4.6 Numerical Comparisons of Abernethy Forest 4.7 Other Examples of Numerical Comparisons 4.8 Properties of the Numerical Methods of Comparison 5 The Analysis of Modern Pollen Data 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Numerical Approaches to the Analysis of Modern Pollen Data 5.3 Presentation and Comparison of Modern Pollen Spectra from Different Vegetation Types 5.4 Modelling Modern Pollen-Vegetation Relationships 6 The Interpretation of Pollen Stratigraphical Data 6.1 Quantitative Approaches to Interpretation 6.2 Sequence-Splitting, Curve-Fitting, and Time Series-Analysis 6.3 The Use of Pollen-Representation Factors 6.4 Comparing Modern and Fossil Pollen Spectra 6.5 Recurrent Groups 6.6 Environmental Reconstructions Appendix: The Program ZONATION References Index

Note: Table of Contents: COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE. - The Composition of Atmospheric Air / by E. Glueckauf. - RADIATION. - Solar Radiant Energy and Its Modification by the Earth and Its Atmosphere / by Sigmund Fritz. - Long-Wave Radiation / by Fritz Möller. - Actinometric Measurements / by Anders Ångström. - METEOROLOGICAL OPTICS - General Meteorological Optics / by Hans Neuberger. - Polarization of Skylight / by Zdeněk Sekera. - Visibility in Meteorology / by W. E. Knowles Middleton. - ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY. - Universal Aspects of Atmospheric Electricity / by O. H. Gish. - Ions in the Atmosphere / by G. R. Wait and W. D. Parkinson. - Precipitation Electricity / by Ross Gunn. - The Lightning Discharge / by J. H. Hagenguth. - Instruments and Methods for the Measurement of Atmospheric Electricity / by H. Israël. - Radioactivity of the Atmosphere / by H. Israël. - CLOUD PHYSICS. - On the Physics of Clouds and Precipitation / by Henry G. Houghton. - Nuclei of Atmospheric Condensation / by Christian Junge. - The Physics of Ice Clouds and Mixed Clouds / by F. H. Ludlam. - Thermodynamics of Clouds / by Fritz Möller. - The Formation of Ice Crystals / by Ukichiro Nakaya. - Snow and Its Relationship to Experimental Meteorology / by Vincent J. Schaefer. - Relation of Artificial Cloud-Modification to the Production of Precipitation / by Richard D. Coons and Ross Gunn. - THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE. - General Aspects of Upper Atmospheric Physics / by S. K. Mitra. - Photochemical Processes in the Upper Atmosphere and Resultant Composition / by Sidney Chapman. - Ozone in the Atmosphere by F. W. Paul Götz. - Radiative Temperature Changes in the Ozone Layer / by Richard A. Craig. - Temperatures and Pressures in the Upper Atmosphere / by Homer E. Newell, Jr. - Water Vapour in the Upper Air / by G. M. B. Dobson and A. W. Brewer. - Diffusion in the Upper Atmosphere / by Heinz Lettau. - The Ionosphere / by S. L. Seaton. - Night-Sky Radiations from the Upper Atmosphere / by E. O. Hulburt. - Aurorae and Magnetic Storms / by L. Harang. - Meteors as Probes of the Upper Atmosphere / by Fred L. Whipple. - Sound Propagation in the Atmosphere / by B. Gutenberg. - COSMICAL METEOROLOGY. - Solar Energy Variations As a Possible Cause of Anomalous Weather Changes / by Richard A. Craig and H. C. Willett. - The Atmospheres of the Other Planets / by S. L. Hess and H. A. Panofsky. - DYNAMICS OF THE ATMOSPHERE. - The Perturbation Equations in Meteorology / by B. Haurwitz. - The Solution of Nonlinear Meteorological Problems by the Method of Characteristics / by John C. Freeman. - Hydrodynamic Instability / by Jacques M. Van Mieghem. - Stability Properties of Large-Scale Atmospheric Disturbances / by R. Fjørtoft. - The Quantitative Theory of Cyclone Development / by E. T. Eady. - Dynamic Forecasting by Numerical Process / by J. G. Charney. - Energy Equations / by James E. Miller. - Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion / by O. G. Sutton. - Atmospheric Tides and Oscillations / by Sydney Chapman. - Application of the Thermodynamics of Open Systems to Meteorology / by Jacques M. Van Mieghem. - THE GENERAL CIRCULATION. - The Physical Basis for the General Circulation / by Victor P. Starr. - Observational Studies of General Circulation Patterns / by Jerome Namias and Philip F. Clapp. - Applications of Energy Principles to the General Circulation / by Victor P. Starr. - MECHANICS OF PRESSURE SYSTEMS. - Extratropical Cyclones / by J. Bjerknes. - The Aerology of Extratropical Disturbances / by E. Palmén. - Anticyclones / by H. Wexler. - Mechanism of Pressure Change / by James M. Austin. - Large-Scale Vertical Velocity and Divergence / by H. A. Panofsky. - The Instability Line / by J. R. Fulks. - LOCAL CIRCULATIONS. - Local Winds / by Friedrich Defant. - Tornadoes and Related Phenomena / by Edward M. Brooks. - Thunderstorms / by Horace R. Byers. - Cumulus Convection and Entrainment / by James M. Austin. - OBSERVATIONS AND ANALYSIS. - World Weather Network / by Athelstan F. Spilhaus. - Models and Techniques of Synoptic Representation / by John C. Bellamy. - Meteorological Analysis in the Middle Latitudes / by V. J. Oliver and M. B. Oliver. - WEATHER FORECASTING. - The Forecast Problem / by H. C. Willett. - Short-Range Weather Forecasting / by Gordon E. Dunn. - A Procedure of Short-Range Weather Forecasting / by Robert C. Bundgaard. - Objective Weather Forecasting / by R. A. Allen and E. M. Vernon. - General Aspects of Extended-Range Forecasting / by Jerome Namias. - Extended-Range Weather Forecasting / by Franz Baur. - Extended-Range Forecasting by Weather Types / by Robert D. Elliott. - Verification of Weather Forecasts / by Glenn W. Brier and Roger A. Allen. - Application of Statistical Methods to Weather Forecasting / by George P. Wadsworth. - TROPICAL METEOROLOGY. - Tropical Meteorology / by C. E. Palmer. - Equatorial Meteorology / by A. Grimes. - Tropical Cyclones / by Gordon E. Dunn. - Aerology of Tropical Storms / by Herbert Riehl. - POLAR METEOROLOGY. - Antarctic Atmospheric Circulation / by Arnold Court. - Arctic Meteorology / by Herbert G. Dorsey, Jr. - Some Climatological Problems of the Arctic and Sub-Arctic / by F. Kenneth Hare. - CLIMATOLOGY. - Climate - The Synthesis of Weather / by C. S. Durst. - Applied Climatology / by Helmut E. Landsberg and Woodrow C. Jacobs. - Microclimatology / by Rudolf Geiger. - Geological and Historical Aspects of Climatic Change / by C. E. P. Brooks. - Climatic Implications of Glacier Research / by Richard Foster Flint. - Tree-Ring Indices of Rainfall, Temperature, and River Flow / by Edmund Schulman. - HYDROMETEOROLOGY. - Hydrometeorology in the United States / by Robert D. Fletcher. - The Hydrologic Cycle and Its Relation to Meteorology - River Forecasting / by Ray K. Linsley. - MARINE METEOROLOGY. - Large-Scale Aspects of Energy Transformation over the Oceans / by Woodrow C. Jacobs. - Evaporation from the Oceans / by H. U. Sverdrup. - Forecasting Ocean Waves / by W. H. Munk and R. S. Arthur. - Ocean Waves as a Meteorological Tool / by W. H. Munk. - BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL METEOROLOGY. - Aerobiology / by Woodrow C. Jacobs. - Physical Aspects of Human Bioclimatology / by Konrad J. K. Buettner. - Some Problems of Atmospheric Chemistry / by H. Cauer. - ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION. - Atmospheric Pollution / by E. Wendell Hewson. - CLOUDS, FOG, AND AIRCRAFT ICING. - The Classification of Cloud Forms / by Wallace E. Howell. - The Use of Clouds in Forecasting / by Charles F. Brooks. - Fog / by Joseph J. George. - Physical and Operational Aspects of Aircraft Icing / by Lewis A. Rodert. - Meteorological Aspects of Aircraft Icing / by William Lewis. - METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS. - Instruments and Techniques for Meteorological Measurements / by Michael Ference, Jr. - Aircraft Meteorological Instruments / by Alan C. Bemis. - LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS. - Experimental Analogies to Atmospheric Motions / by Dave Fultz. - Model Techniques in Meteorological Research / by Hunter Rouse. - Experimental Cloud Formation / by Sir David Brunt. - RADIOMETEOROLOGY. - Radar Storm Observation / by Myron G. H. Ligda. - Theory and Observation of Radar Storm Detection / by Raymond Wexler. - Meteorological Aspects of Propagation Problems / by H. G. Booker. - Sferics / by R. C. Wanta. - MICROSEISMS. - Observations and Theory of Microseisms / by B. Gutenberg. - Practical Application of Microseisms to Forecasting / by James B. Macelwane, S. J. CORRIGENDA. - INDEX.

Note: Contents: Preface Contributors 1. Stable Isotopes: History, Units, and Instrumentation / J. R. Ehleringer and P. W. Rundel Section I Ecophysiological Studies in Plants 2.Carbon Isotope Fractionation and Plant Water-Use Efficiency / G. D. Farquhar, K. T. Hubick, A. G. Condon, and R. A. Richards 3. Carbon Isotope Ratios and Physiological Processes in Aridland Plants / J. R. Ehleringer 4. Stable Carbon Isotope Ratio as an Index of Water-Use Efficiency in C3 Halophytes - Possible Relationship to Strategies for Osmotic Adjustment / R. D. Guy, P. G. Warne, and D. M. Reid 5. Stable Carbon Isotopes in Vernal Pool Aquatics of Differing Photosynthetic Pathways / J. E. Keeley 6. Studies of Mechanisms Affecting the Fractionation of Carbon Isotopes in Photosynthesis / J. A. Berry 7. Intertree Variability of δ13C in Tree Rings / S. W. Leavitt, and A. Long 8. Hydrogen Isotope Fractionation in Plant Tissues / H. Ziegler 9. Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotope Ratios in Plant Cellulose: Mechanisms and Applications / L. Da Silveira Lobo Sternberg 10. Stable Hydrogen Isotope Ratios in Plants: A Review of Current Theory and Some Potential Applications / J. W. C. White Section II Animal Food Webs and Feeding Ecology 11. Stable Carbon Isotopes in Terrestrial Ecosystem Research / L. L. Tieszen and T. W. Boutton 12. δ13C Measurements as Indicators of Carbon Flow in Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems / B. Fry and E. B. Sherr 13. Natural Carbon Isotope Tracers in Arctic Aquatic Food Webs / D. M. Schell and P. J. Ziemann 14. Some Problems and Potentials of Strontium Isotope Analysis for Human and Animal Ecology / J. E. Ericson 15. Natural Isotope Abundances in Bowhead Whale (Balaena mysticetus) Baleen: Markers of Aging and Habitat Usage / D. M. Schell, S. M. Saupe, and N. Haubenstock 16. Doubly-Labeled Water Studies of Vertebrate Physiological Ecology / K. A. NAGY 17. A δ13C and δ15N Tracer Study of Nutrition in Aquaculture: Penaeus vannamei in a Pond Growout System / P. L. Parker, R. K. Anderson, and A. Lawrence Section III Ecosystem Process Studies 18. Stable Isotope Ratios and the Dynamics of Caliche in Desert Soils / W. H. Schlesinger, G. M. Marion, and P. J. Fonteyn 19. The Use of Stable Isotopes in Assessing the Effect of Agriculture on Arid and Semi-Arid Soils / R. Amundson 20. Estimates of N2 Fixation in Ecosystems: The Need for and Basis of the 15N Natural Abundance Method / G. Shearer and D. H. Kohl 21. The Use of Variation in the Natural Abundance of 15N to Assess Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation by Woody Plants / R. A. Virginia, W. M. Jarrell, P. W. Rundel, G. Shearer, and D. H. Kohl 22. 13C/12C Ratios in Atmospheric Methane and Some of Its Sources / S. C. Tyler 23. Temperature-Dependent Hydrogen Isotope Fractionation in Cyanobacterial Sheaths: Applications to Studies of Modern and Precambrian Stromatolites / G. E. Strathearn 24. Sulfur Isotope Studies of the Pedosphere and Biosphere / H. R. Krouse 25. Sulfate Fertilization and Changes in Stable Sulfur Isotopic Compositions of Lake Sediments / B. Fry 26. The Use of Stable Sulfur and Nitrogen Isotopes in Studies of Plant Responses to Air Pollution / W. E. Winner, V. S. Berg, and P. J. Langston-Unkefer 27. The Use of Stable Sulfur Isotope Ratios in Air Pollution Studies: An Ecosystem Approach in South Florida / L. L. Jackson and L. P. Gough 28. 87Sr/86Sr Ratios Measure the Sources and Flow of Strontium in Terrestrial Ecosystems / W. C. Graustein Index

Note: Contents: SUMMARY. - 1. INTRODUCTION. - 1.1 Geographic setting and ecosystems of the Antarctic. - 1.2 Man's activities in the Antarctic. - 2. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT. - 2.1 Environmental impact philosophy and terms. - 2.2 Definitions. - 2.3 Criteria for identifying significant impact. - 2.4 Temporal and spatial considerations of environmental impact. - 2.5 Consequential, synergistic and combined effects. - 2.6 Identification of sensitive indicators of change. - 3. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE. - 3.1 Suggested format. - 3.2 When is an Environmental Impact Assessment necessary?. - 3.3 Environmental impact assessments of current operations and stations. - 3.4 Monitoring. - 4. SURVEY OF THE IMP ACTS OF MAN'S ACTIVITIES IN THE ANTARCTIC. - 4.1 Terrestrial impacts (including inland waters). - 4.2 Marine impacts. - 4.3 Atmospheric impacts. - 4.4 Distribution of impacts. - 5. THE FUTURE. - APPENDIX A. Relevant excerpts from Recommendation XII -3 (Man's Impact on the Antarctic Environment) of the Twelfth Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Canberra, 1983 and Paragraphs 17-19 of its Report. - APPENDIX B. ACRONYMS. - BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Note: Contents: Introduction / Professor James H. Zumberge. - 1. First Impressions and the Setting. - 2. Why Are Scientists Interested in the Antarctic?. - 3. First Studies of Antarctica to the Treaty. - 4. Logistics, Transportation, and Telecommunications. - 5. Geodesy and Cartography in Antarctica. - 6. Geology and Solid-Earth Geophysics. - 7. "Land of Mountainous Ice". - 8. Cold Waters Run Deep. - 9. Antarctic Meteorology. - 10. Cold Climates and Frozen Atmospheres. - 11. The Upper Atmosphere from Antarctica. - 12. The Living Edge of Antarctica. - 13. Hostile Environment for Mankind. - 14. Environmental Impact of Man. - 15. Freedom of Exchange of Antarctic Scientific Information. - 16. A Continent for Collaboration. - Appendix 1: SCAR Publications. - Appendix 2: Antarctic Treaty. - Acknowledgements. - Index.

Note: Contents Preface Symbols Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Scope of Micrometeorology 1.2 Micrometeorology versus Microclimatology 1.3 Importance and Applications of Micrometeorology Problems and Exercises Chapter 2 Energy Budget near the Surface 2.1 Energy Fluxes at an Ideal Surface 2.2 Energy Balance Equations 2.3 Some Examples of Energy Budget 2.4 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 3 Radiation Balance near the Surface 3.1 Radiation Laws and Definitions 3.2 Shortwave Radiation 3.3 Longwave Radiation 3.4 Radiation Balance near the Surface 3.5 Radiative Flux Divergence 3.6 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 4 Soil Temperatures and Heat Transfer 4.1 Surface Temperature 4.2 Subsurface Temperatures 4.3 Thermal Properties of Soils 4.4 Theory of Soil Heat Transfer 4.5 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 5 Air Temperature and Humidity in the PBL 5.1 Factors Influencing Air Temperature and Humidity 5.2 Basic Thermodynamic Relations and Definitions 5.3 Static Stability 5.4 Mixed Layers and Inversions 5.5 Vertical Temperature and Humidity Profiles 5.6 Diurnal Variations 5.7 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 6 Wind Distribution in the PBL 6.1 Factors Influencing Wind Distribution 6.2 Geostrophic and Thermal Winds 6.3 The Effects of Friction 6.4 The Effects of Stability 6.5 Observed Wind Profiles 6.6 Diurnal Variations 6.7 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 7 An Introduction to Viscous Flows 7.1 Inviscid and Viscous Flows 7.2 Laminar and Turbulent Flows 7.3 Equations of Motion 7.4 Plane-Parallel Flows 7.5 Ekman Layers 7.6 Developing Boundary Layers 7.7 Heat Transfer in Fluids 7.8 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 8 Fundamentals of Turbulence 8.1 Instability of Flow and Transition to Turbulence 8.2 The Generation and Maintenance of Turbulence 8.3 General Characteristics of Turbulence 8.4 Mean and Fluctuating Variables 8.5 Variances and Turbulent Fluxes 8.6 Eddies and Scales of Motion 8.7 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 9 Semiempirical Theories of Turbulence 9.1 Mathematical Description of Turbulent Flows 9.2 Gradient-Transport Theories 9.3 Dimensional Analysis and Similarity Theories 9.4 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 10 Neutral Boundary Layers 10.1 Velocity-Profile Laws 10.2 Surface Roughness Parameters 10.3 Surface Stress and Drag Coefficient 10.4 Turbulence 10.5 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 11 Momentum and Heat Exchanges with Homogeneous Surfaces 11.1 The Monin-Obukhov Similarity Theory 11.2 Empirical Forms of Similarity Functions 11.3 Wind and Temperature Profiles 11.4 Drag and Heat Transfer Coefficients 11.5 Methods of Determining Momentum and Heat Fluxes 11.6 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 12 Evaporation from Homogeneous Surfaces 12.1 The Process of Evaporation 12.2 Potential Evaporation and Evapotranspiration 12.3 Modified Monin-Obukhov Similarity Relations 12.4 Micrometeorological Methods of Determining Evaporation 12.5 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 13 Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer 13.1 Sea-Surface Characteristics 13.2 Momentum Transfer to the Sea Surface 13.3 Parameterization of Air-Sea Exchanges 13.4 Mean Profiles in the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer 13.5 Turbulence over Water 13.6 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 14 Nonhomogeneous Boundary Layers 14.1 Types of Surface Inhomogeneities 14.2 Step Changes in Surface Roughness 14.3 Step Changes in Surface Temperature 14.4 Air Modifications over Water Surfaces 14.5 Air Modifications over Urban Areas 14.6 Building Wakes and Street Canyon Effects 14.7 Other Topographical Effects 14.8 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 15 Agricultural and Forest Micrometeorology 15.1 Flux-Profile Relations above Plant Canopies 15.2 Radiation Balance within Plant Canopies 15.3 Wind Distribution in Plant Canopies 15.4 Temperature and Moisture Fields 15.5 Turbulence in Plant Canopies 15.6 Applications Problems and Exercises References Index

Note: Contents: Translator's foreword. - Preface to English edition. - Abstract. - Map showing major place names. - 1 Introduction. - 2 What is the tundra?. - 3 Temperature and humidity in the tundra. - 4 The diversity of tundra landscapes. - 5 Snow and its role in the life of the tundra. - 6 Adaptation of living organisms to conditions in the tundra zone. - 7 Distribution of animals and plants. - 8 Interrelationships between organisms. - 9 Man and the tundra. - Bibliography. - Index. , Aus dem Russ. übers.

Note: Contents: List of Figures. - List of Tables. - 1. Introduction. - a. An Overview of Principal Component Analysis (PCA). - b. Outline of the Book. - c. A Brief History of PCA. - d. Acknowledgments. - 2. Algebraic Foundations of PCA. - a. Introductory Example: Bivariate Data Sets. - Monterey, California air temperatures. - Centering and rotating the data set. - Variances in the rotated frame. - Principal angles. - Principal variances. - Principal covariance. - Principal directions. - Principal components; principal directions as basis vectors. - Matrix representation. - The PCA property. - Invariance of the total variance under rotation. - Principal variances for standardized data sets. - PCA and estimates of the statistical parameters of normal populations. - PCA and the construction of Monte Carlo experiments. - Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the covariance and scatter matrices. - b. Principal Component Analysis: Real-valued Scalar Fields. - t-centering the data set. - The scatter probe and the scatter matrix. - The eigenstructures of PCA. - The basic data set representations; analysis and synthesis formulas. - The PCA property. - Second-order properties of PCA; the total scatter . - The singular value decomposition (SVD) of a data set. - Second-order properties of PCA; correlations. - PCA characterized by the PCA property. - The asymptotic PCA property and dynamical systems. - PCA of spatial composites of data sets. - PCA of temporal composites of data sets. - c. Principal Component Analysis: Complex-valued Scalar Fields, and Beyond. - PCA of complex-valued data sets (C-PCA). - Complex algebra conventions. - The scatter probe and scatter matrix for C-PCA. - Derivation of the eigenstructures of C-PCA. - The fundamental formulas of C-PCA. - Generalization of PCA to quaternion-valued data sets (Q-PCA). - Matrix representations of complex and quaternion numbers. - PCA of matrix-valued data sets (M-PCA). - Reduction of M-PCA to C-PCA form. - d. Bibliographic Notes and Miscellaneous Topics. - Alternate interpretation of the scatter probe. - Numerical calculations of eigenstructures of a scatter matrix. - Some elementary properties of eigenstructures of a scatter matrix. - Sample space vs. state space: choosing the dual computation. - PCA for continuous domains. - PCA for continuous domains: the viewpoint of empirical orthogonal functions. - The sixteen possible domain pairs for PCA: abstract PCA. - 3. Dynamical Origins of PCA. - a. One-dimensional Hannonic Motion. - A spring-linked-mass model; general form. - A spring-linked-mass model; special form. - A numerical example of the asymptotic PCA property. - Further investigations of the asymptotic PCA property and of EOF's. - b. Two-dimensional Wave Motion. - Solution of a two-dimensional damped-wave model. - Demonstration of the asymptotic PCA property (forcing and friction absent). - Demonstration of the asymptotic PCA property (forcing and friction present). - Physical basis for eigenframe rotations. - c. Dynamical Origins of Linear Regression (LR). - From continuous to discrete solutions to the regression model. - The linear regression procedure. - Comparison of LRA and PCA. - d. Random Processes and Karhunen-Loeve Analysis. - Origins of random processes in linear settings. - Karhunen-Loeve representation of random data sets and comparison with PCA. - e. Stationary Processes and PCA. - Derivation of the PCA representation of a one-dimensional stationary process via a simple wave model. - Connections between PCA and stationary processes: the case of one dimension. - Connections between PGA and stationary processes: extension to two dimensions. - f. Bibliographic Notes. - 4. Extensions of PCA to Multivariate Fields. - a. Categories of Data and Modes of Analysis. - Examples. - Generalized notation: the concepts of "individual" and "variable" in PCA. - b. Local PCA of a General Vector Field. - The PCA formalism. - Squared correlations. - Variational origin of the scatter matrix. - Examples. - c. Global PCA of a General Vector Field: Time-Modulation Form. - The PGA formalism. - Squared correlations. - Degeneracy of global PGA to local PGA. - Variational origin of the scatter matrix. - d. Global PCA of a General Vector Field: Space-Modulation Form. - The PCA formalism. - Squared correlations. - Variational origin of the scatter matrix. - e. PCA of Spectral Components of a General Vector Field. - Fourier analysis of the vector field components. - The scatter matrix in the spectral setting. - Example of spectral PCA of a windfield. - f. Bibliographic Notes and Miscellaneous Topics. - The eight modes of analysis and Cattell's classifications. - Time-modulation PGA as a special case of matrix-valued PGA. - Applications to the PGA of wind fields. - Distinction between time-modulation PGA and complex PGA. - Applications to the PGA of storm tracks. - 5. Selection Rules for PCA. - a. Random Reference Data Sets. - b. Dynamical Origins of the Dominant-Variance Selection Rules. - A dynamical model. - Rationale for selection rules. - c. Rule A4. - Statistical basis and discussion. - Choice of λ0. - d. Rule N . - Statistical basis and discussion. - Adjustments for correlated data: effective sample size. - Asymptotic eigenvalues for large data sets. - e. Rule M. - f. Comments on Dominant-Variance Rules . - g. Dynamical Origins of the Time-History Selection Rules. - h. Rule KS2. - The white spectrum and the cumulative periodogram. - Statement of Rule KS2. - i. Rules AMPλ. - Fisher's test. - Siegel's test. - Statement of Rules AMPλ. - j. Rule Q. - k. Selection Rules for Vector-Valued Fields. - Local PCA rules. - Global PCA (time-modulated) rules. - Global PCA (space-modulated) rules. - I. A Space-map Selection Rule. - Canonic direction angles. - Differential relations between unit vectors and canonic direction angles. - An r-tile metric for comparing canonic direction angles. - Statistical aspects: critical values for class errors. - Statement of the selection rule. - m. Bibliographic Notes and Miscellaneous Topics. - Puzzles and problems underlying Rule N; the logarithmic eigenvalue curve. - Numerical intractability of the classical formulas for the eigenvalues of a random matrix. - Monte Carlo approaches to the eigenvalue distribution problem. - Comparison of Monte Carlo methods and asymptotic formulas for eigenvalue distributions. - The problem of closely spaced eigenvalues; tests for equal eigenvalues. - The generalized basis for dominant variance selection rules. - Parallel work in atomic physics. - 6. Factor Analysis (FA) and PCA. - a. Comparison of PCA, LRA, and FA. - Similarities between PCA, LRA, and FA. - Dissimilarities between PCA, LRA, and FA. - The usual algebraic form of FA; its PC and LR interpretations. - b. The Central Problems of FA. - The matrix formulation of FA. - The detailed sub-problems of FA. - c. Bibliographic Notes. - The selection rule problem in FA. - The parameter estimation problem in FA. - 7. Diagnostic Procedures via PCA and FA. - a. Dual Interpretations of a Data Set: State Space and Sample Space. - b. Interpreting E-frames in PCA State Space. - Example: graphical display of eigenvectors. - Rationales for interpreting eigenmaps and time series. - PCA as a means, rather than an end. - c. Informative and Uninformative E-frames in PCA State Space. - d. Rotating E-frames in PCA State Space (varimax). - A two-dimensional example of the varimax procedure. - The general varimax procedure. - The loss of the PCA property for rotated E-frames. - e. Projections onto E-frames in PCA State Space (procrustes). - Derivation of the procrustes technique. - Some observations on the generality of the procrustes technique. - f. Interpreting A-frames in PCA Sample Space. - g. Rotating A-frames in PCA Sample Space (varimax). - h. Projections onto A-frames in PCA Sample Space (procrustes). - i. Detecting Clusters of Points in PCA State or Sample Spaces. - Minimal spanning trees. - Defining cluster pairs, and te

Note: Table of Contents: GENERAL INTRODUCTION. - Figures. - North Arm of Great Slave Lake, showing positions of present and former Fort Rae sites. - Site plan of station. - METEOROLOGY. - Introduction. - PART 1. - TEMPERATURE. - 1. Instruments, exposures, and methods. - 2. Annual variation of temperature. - 3. Diurnal variation of temperature. - 4. The effect of cloud and wind upon temperature. - 5. Temperature and wind direction. - 6. Non-periodic temperature changes. - PART 2. - PRESSURE. - 1. Instruments and methods. - 2. Annual variation of pressure. - 3. Diurnal variation of pressure. - 4. Non-periodic pressure changes. - 5. Pressure waves. - 6. Pressure surges. - PART 3. - SURFACE WIND. - 1. Instruments, exposures, and methods. - 2. Annual variation of wind velocity. - 3. Diurnal variation of wind velocity. - 4. Frequency of winds of different velocities. - 5. Frequency of winds of different directions and of calms. - 6. SE. and NW. wind at Fort Rae. - 7. Velocity of winds from different directions. - 8. Distribution of wind velocities from different directions. - 9. Highest instantaneous wind speeds and extreme hourly winds. - 10. The effect of the NW. and SE. wind upon the meteorological elements. - 11. The resultant winds. - 12. Diurnal inequalitites of N. and E. components of resultant winds. - PART 4. - UPPER WINDS. - 1. General remarks. - 2. Monthly and seasonal mean wind velocities at different heights. - 3. Frequency of wind from various directions in the upper atmosphere. - 4. Distribution oof wind at different levels irrespective of direction. - 5. Mean wind velocities from different directions at different levels. - 6. Resultant winds in the upper atmosphere. - 7. The direction of the wind in the upper atmosphere when the wind at the surface is from stated directions. - PART 5. - UPPER AIR TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE. - PART 6. - CLOUDS. - 1. General. - 2. Percentage frequency of different could forms. - 3. Cloud amount: percentage frequency of each cloud amount. - 4. Annual variation of cloud. - 5. Diurnal variation of cloud. - PART 7. - PRECIPITATION. - 1. Instruments and methods. - 2. Annual variation of precipitation. - 3. Snow crystals. - PART 8. - RELATIVE HUMIDITY OF THE AIR. - 1. General. - 2. Mean monthly values of humidity during the winter months. - 3. Annual variation of the relative humidity. - 4. Diurnal variation of the relative humidity. - PART 9. - SUNSHINE AND RADIATION. - PART 10. - HALO PHENOMENA. - PART 11. - VISIBILITY. - PART 12. - THE METEOGRAPH DIAGRAMS. - TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM AND AURORA. - 1. Magnetograph chamber. - 2. Temperature insulation of the magnetograph hut. - 3. Temperature variation within the recording chamber. - 4. Recording instruments. - 5. ILLUMINATION. - 6. TIMING. - 7. CONTROL HUT AND CONTROL INSTRUMENTS USED. - 8. CONTROL OBSERVATIONS OF H. - 9. CONTROL OBSERVATIONS OF D. - 10. AZIMUTH MARK. - 11. CONTROL OBSERVATIONS OF INCLINATION. - 12. PROCEDURE IN CONTROL OBSERVATIONS. - 13. SUMMARISED RESULTS OF CONTROL OBSERVATIONS. - 14. SCALE VALUES OF DECLINATION MAGNETOGRAPHS. - 15. SCALE VALUES OF H AND Z MAGNETOGRAPHS. - 16. EFFECT ON SCALE VALUES OF GREAT SEASONAL RANGE OF HUMIDITY WITHIN THE RECORDING CHAMBER. - 17. TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS OF H AND Z VARIOMETERS. - 18. METHODS OF DETERMINING TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS OF VARIOMETERS. - 19. ASSIGNMENT OF H BASE LINE VALUES DURING PERIODS OF LARGE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF VARIOMETER. - 20. ASSIGNMENT OF H BASE LINE VALUES IN GENERAL. - 21. Z BASE LINE VALUES DURING PERIOD OF LARGE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF VARIOMETER. - 22. Z BASE LINE VALUES IN GENERAL. - 23. USE OF AUXILIARY H AND Z MAGNETOGRAPHS. - 24. D BASE LINE VALUES. - 25. MONTHLY MEAN VALUES: THE ANNUAL VARIATION AND SECULAR CHANGE. - 26. MONTHLY AND SEASONAL VALUES OF N, E, T, I, AND A. - 27. COMPARISON OBSERVATIONS AT 1882-83 (OLD FORT) STATION. - 28. DETERMINATION OF H AT OLD FORT RAE. - 29. DETERMINATION OF D AT OLD FORT RAE. - 30. DETERMINATION OF I AT OLD FORT RAE. - 31. SECULAR CHANGE AT OLD FORT RAE. - 32. LONGITUDE OF OLD FORT RAE SITE. - 33. AZIMUTH OF FIXED MARK AT OLD FORT RAE. - 34. RELATIONSRIPS BETWEEN ALL, QUIET, AND DISTURBED DAY VALUES AT THE MAIN STATION. - 35. NON-CYCLIC CHANGE. - 36. NON-CYCLIC CHANGE ON QUIET DAYS. - 37. EXAMINATION OF THE NEGATIVE NON-CYCLIC CHANGE ON q DAYS. - 38. NON-CYCLIC CHANGE ON DISTURBED DAYS. - 39. OVERLAPPING DAY MEANS. - 40. CHARACTERISTICS OF CURRENT SYSTEM NECESSARY TO PRODUCE H AND Z DEPARTURES FROM MEAN VALUES. - 41. POSITION OF CURRENT SYSTEM AND DIRECTION OF FLOW DEDUCED FROM MEAN H AND Z DEPARTURES AT OTHER STATIONS ON d DAYS. - 42. CONCLUSIONS REGARDING CURRENT CHARACTERISTICS ON DISTURBED DAYS. - 43. CURRENT SYSTEM ON q DAYS. - 44. CONSIDERATIONS UNDERLYING APPLICATION OF NON-CYCLIC CHANGE AND USE OF GREENWICH DAYS IN FORMATION OF DIURNAL INEQUALITIES. - 45. SOME FEATURES OF THE DIURNAL VARIATIONS. - 46. DIURNAL INEQUALITIES FOR SELECTED q AND d DAYS. - 47. MEAN ANNUAL VECTOR DIAGRAMS. - 48. SEASONAL VECTOR. DIAGRAMS. - 49. VECTOR DIAGRAMS ON d' AND q' DAYS. - 50. THE TOTAL FIELD VECTOR T AND ITS POSITIONAL CO-ORDINATES. - 51. SEASONAL MEAN VALUES OF T AND p IN DISTURBANCE. - 52. DIURNAL VARIATION OF T AND p IN DISTURBANCE. - 53. SOME DIURNALLY VARYING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CURRENT SYSTEM PRODUCING DISTURBANCE. - 54. CHANGE IN POSITION OF DISTURBING CURRENT WITH SEASON. - 55 EFFECT OF INCREASED SCALE OF DISTURBANCE ON THE CURRENT SYSTEM. - 56. T AND p ON QUIET DAYS. - 57 RANGE AND AVERAGE DEPARTURES OF DIURNAL INEQUALITIES. - 58. COMPARISON OF INEQUALITY RANGE AND AVERAGE DEPARTURE AT FORT RAE WITH THOSE AT OTHER STATIONS. - 59. COMPARISON WITH 1882-83 INEQUALITY RANGES. - 60. ESTIMATE OF ELEVATION OF DISTURBING CURRENT SYSTEM FROM IR AND AD. - 61. HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF REGULAR DIURNAL VARIATIONS. - (i) 24-hour component. - (ii) 12-hour component. - (iii) 8-hour wave. - (iv) 6-hour wave. - 62. HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF MEAN INEQUALITIES FOR q' AND d' DAYS. - 63. ABSOLUTE DAILY RANGE: R. - 64. COMPARISON WITH 1882-83 RANGES. - 65. COMPARISON WITH R AT OTHER STATIONS. - 66. RELATION OF DISTURBANCE TO MAGNETIC LATITUDE. - 67. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF R. - 68. DIURNAL DISTRIBUTION OF TIMES OF INCIDENCE OF MAXIMA AND MINIMA. - 69. DIURNAL INCIDENCE OF EXTREME VALUES IN Z. - 70. INCIDENCE OF EXTREME VALUES IN H AND D. - 71. DAILY RANGE PRODUCTS HRH AND ZRz. - 72. HOURLY RANGES AND RANGE PRODUCTS. - 73. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF HOURLY RANGES IN REPRESENTATIVE MONTHS. - 74. RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE HOURLY RANGES. - 75. RELATIVE MAGNITUDE OF PERTURBATIONS IN H AND Z. - 76. THE RATIO p = CR/Cr. - 77. SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF Cr AND ITS CONSTITUENTS. - 78. RANK ORDER OF DAYS, ON BASIS OF CR AND Cr: COMPARISON WITH INTERNATIONAL SELECTION OF q AND d DAYS. - 79. EFFECT OF USE OF GREENWICH DAY ON SELECTION OF q AND d DAYS. - 80. DIURNAL VARIATION OF IRREGULAR DISTURBANCE (Di). - 81. RELATION OF Di TO TIME DIFFERENTIALS OF FORCE VECTORS. - 82. CHARACTERISTICS OF D1. - 83. Di ON q' AND d' DAYS. - 84. HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF Di. - 85. LOCAL CHARACTER FIGURES. - 86. RANK ORDER OF MONTHS IN DISTURBANCE BY VARIOUS CRITERIA. - 87. INTERDIURNAL VARIABILITY OF H AND z: MONTHLY U ACTIVITY MEASURES. - 88. INTERDIURNAL VARIABILITY ON q' AND d' DAYS. - 89. COMPARISON OF COMPOSITE RANK ORDER OF MONTHS WITH INTERDIURNAL VARIABILITY MEASURES. - 90. DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF DISTURBANCE. - 91. N DISTURBANCES. - 92. M DISTURBANCES. - 93. OSCILLATORY DISTURBANCE. - 94. RECOVERY MOVEMENTS. - 95. SEASONAL AND DIURNAL DISTRIBUTION OF N AND M MOVEMENTS. - 96. REPETITION OF ISOLATED PERTURBATIONS. - NON-INSTRUMENTAL AURORAL OBSERVATIONS. - 97. THE SCOPE OF THE OBSERVATIONS. - 98. ESTIMATION OF AURORAL INTENSITY. - 99. AURORAL "ACTIVITY" FIGURES. - 100. THE AURORAL LOG. - 101. SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF AURORAL FREQUENCY. - 102. AURORAL ACTIVITY OF THE YEAR: GENERAL NOTE. - 103. QUARTER-HOUR AURORAL INTENSITY FIGURES. - 104. MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION OF BRIGHT AURORA. - 105. DIURNAL

Note: Enth. auch: SCAR Working Group on Geology : meeting at Cambridge, UK, 30 August 1987. - SCAR Working Groups on Geology and Solid Earth Geophysics : joint meeting at Cambridge, UK, 31 August 1987. - SCAR Working Group on Solid Earth Geophysics : meeting at Cambridge, UK, 30 August 1987

Note: Contents: A reader's guide to the Antarctic / James H. W. Hain. - Introduction: The callenge of Antarctic Science / David J. Drewry. - The Antarctic Treaty. - The Antarctic Treaty System / Lee A. Kimball. - The Antarctic Mineral Resources Negotiations / R. Tucker Scully. - The Antarctic Legal Regime and the Law of the Sea / Christopher C. Joyner. - Antarctica: Is there any oil and natural gas? / David H. Elliot. - The Southern Ocean and global climate / Arnold L. Gordon. - The Antarctic Ozone Hole / Mario J. Molina. - The Antarctic Circumpolar current / Thomas Whitworth III. - Antarctic Marine Living Resources / Kenneth Sherman, and Alan F. Ryan. - Whales / Douglas G. Chapman. - Seals / Donald B. Siniff. - The BIOMASS Program / Sayed Z. El-Sayed. - Antarctic Logistics / Alfred N. Fowler. - The Soviet Antarctic Program / Lawson W. Brigham. - The growth of Antarctic Tourism / Paul Dudley Hart. - Protecting the Antarctic Environment / Gerald S. Schatz. - Environmental Threats in Antarctica / Paul S. Bogart. - Letters. - Book reviews.

Note: Contents: Preface. - Part I German oceanographic institutions. - Part II German oceanographic expeditions. - Part III German oceanographers. - References.

Note: 1 Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Neuschwabenland (West) 〈1 : 2.000.000〉, Bildflugroutenübersicht Antarktis-Expediton 1983/84 = Aerial Survey Route Map. - 2. Ausgabe. - Frankfurt am Main : Institut für Angewandte Geodäsie (IfAG), 1985. , 1 Beilage unter dem Titel: Supplement to National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR, No. 7 (July 1985) , Contents: Membership of the National Committee on Antarctic Research in the Federal Republic of Germany. - Members of Permanent Working Groups and Groups of Specialists of SCAR. - Introduction. - Stations. - I. Record of Activities (past and ongoing), April 84-October 85. - II. Planned Activities, October 1985 - October 1986. - References. - Addenda to Former Reports. - Index of Activities.

Note: POSTER: ODP Leg 122 - Palynostratigraphie und Korrelation von Site 759 und Site 760 / W. Brenner. - Stoffbestand, Genese und Entwicklung gabbroider Gesteine der ozeanischen Unterkruste / R. Emmermann & A. Hoffmann. - Massenspektrometrische Bor-Isotopenbestimmung in Ozeanbodenbasalten und -sedimenten / J. Erzinger & E. Zuleger. - Fazies und Paläozeanographie glazial/interglazialer Sedimente des Europäischen Nordmeers / R. Henrich. - Geochemische Untersuchungen an Aschenlagen der Südatlantik-Legs 113 und 114 / H.-W. Hubberten, W. Morche, F. Westall & D. K, Fütterer. - Heat flow and fluid flow in deep-sea sediments and ocean crust / J. Mienert & R. P. von Herzen. - ODP Leg 114: Bolboforma (Algae, Chrysophyta) im subantarktischen Paläogen / D. Spiegler. - Magnetostratigraphie tertiärer Sedimentfolgen vom Maud Rise, Weddell See - Ergebnisse von ODP Leg 113 / V. Spiess & N. Nowaczyk. - Sedimentologische Untersuchungen an quartären und tertiären Sedimenten von ODP Site 647, Labrador See / R. Stax & R. Stein. - Corg-Gehalt und Sedimentationsrate - ein 'Paleoenvironment-Indikator' in marinen Sedimenten / R. Stein. - Calcareous nannofossils from DSDP Hole 530A: their biostratigraphy and correlation with paleomagnetic reversals / J. C. Steinmetz & H. Stradner. - Eine Methode zur genetischen Unterscheidung der magnetischen Mineralfraktion in Tiefseesedimenten / T. von Dobeneck. - VORTRÄGE : Zur Stabilität der Magnetosomen: typische Magnetofossilien im limnischen und marinen Bereich / G. Amarantidis, H. Vali, G. Morteani, J. Müller, N. Petersen & L. Bachmann. - Austauschprozesse des organischen Materials zwischen Porenwasser und Sediment - Leg 112, Peru Margin / Arbeitsgruppe E. T. Degens. - Planung von Bohrungen in sediment-bedeckten Krustenakkretionszonen / H. Bäcker. - Chemische Stoffbilanzen zwischen Meerwasser, ozeanischer und ophiolithischer (Troodos) Kruste / U. Bednarz & H.-U. Schmincke. - Mikrogefüge, Deformationsmechanismen und Fluids im Barbados-Akkretionskeil / J. H. Behrmann & D. J. Prior. - Organische Geochemie der Sites 767 und 768, ODP Leg 124, Celebes und Sulu See / U. Berner. - Die sedimentären Abfolgen der Celebes und Sulu See (Leg 124) / Ch. Betzler & Leg 124 Shipboard Scientific Party. - Zusammensetzung und Herkunft von Aschenlagen und die Frage magmatischer Episodizität im Nordatlantik / P. R. Bitschene & H.-U. Schmincke. - Die vulkano-tektonische und magmatische Entwicklung des Kerguelen Plateaus (KP, südlicher Indischer Ozean) / P. R. Bitschene, K. Mehl, H.-U. Schmincke & Leg 120 Shipboard Party. - The Toba Ash, older tephra layers and basement rocks of the eastern Indian Ocean - ODP Leg 121 / J. Dehn, H.-U. Schmincke & Leg 121 Shipboard Party. - Schwellen-Becken-Sedimentation im Jura: Vergleich Alpen Atlantik / O. Ebli. - Glaziale Entwicklung der Prydz Bay, Ostantarktis (ODP Leg 119) / W. U. Ehrmann. - Palynologische Untersuchungen in miozänen Sedimenten des Nordatlantiks - erste Ergebnisse von Site 408/Leg 49; Site 554/ Leg 81 und Site 400/ Leg 48 / E. Engel & H. Zankl. - Känozoische Biochronologie und Paläozeanographie der Norwegischen See: Synthese ODP Leg 104 / R. Goll, S. Locker, O. Spiegler, U. Beil, R. Henrich & J. Thiede. - Magnetostratigraphie der Sedimente von Leg 120 / F. Heider, H. Inokuchi & ODP Leg 120 Shipboard Scientific Party. - Flüssigkeitseinschlüsse als Indikator für hochtemperierte Alteration im Sheeted Dike Komplex der ozeanischen Kruste (Bohrung 504B, Leg 111) / P. M. Herzig, D. Schöps & G. Friedrich. - Zum geologischen Aufbau des argentinischen Kontinentalrandes: Ergebnisse einer seismischen Übersichtsmessung der BGR / K. Hinz & H. Meyer. - Zur Ablagerungsgeschichte des Kerguelen Plateaus, südlicher Indischer Ozean (ODP Leg 120) / A. Mackensen & Leg 120 Scientific Party. - Entstehung des Kerguelen - Plateaus: erste Ergebnisse der Legs 119 und 120 / K. Mehl, P. R. Bitschene, H.-U. Schmincke & Leg 119 Shipboard Party. - Ein Modell für globale Plattenbewegungen im Mesozoikum und Känozoikum / R. D. Müller. - Biostratigraphisch-paläontologische Ergebnisse von ODP Leg 123 / J. Mutterlose. - Zyklische Sedimentation in der Mittelkreide von Umbrien / S. Noe. - Compositional variation and internal structure of igneous oceanic crust exposed in the Galapagos Microplate / T. H. Puchel & N. Blum. - Pauschale und molekulare organisch-geochemische Signale in den Sedimenten der Auftriebszone vor Peru (ODP Leg 112) / J. Rullkötter, H. L. Ten Haven, R. Stein, R. Littke & D. H. Welte. - Leg 123 - Multivariate Statistik zur Sedimentologie / M. Schott. - Wird es arktische Tiefseebohrungen geben? / J. Thiede. - Die Geburt des Indischen Ozeans (erste Ergebnisse von ODP-Leg 123/ Argo Abyssal Plain off NW Australia) / J. Thurow & Shipboard Scientific Party ODP-Leg 123. - Die Klimaentwicklung der Sahara und der Sahelzone während der letzten 8 Mill. Jahre (Ergebnisse von ODP-Sites 657-661) / R. Tiedemann, M. Sarnthein, B. Stabell & R. Stein. - HRTEM characterization of single-domain magnetic particles from a deepsea sediment / H. Vali, J. L. Kirschvink, G. Morteani, L. Bachmann & N. Petersen. - Paläoenvironment der Riftphase und des Rift-Drift-Übergang am Exmouth Plateau (NW Australien): Kurzbericht über ODP-Leg 122 und ein BGR-Forschungsprojekt / U. von Rad, W. Brenner & G. Wirsing. - Fluktuationen und Biostratigraphie benthischer Foraminiferen an Site 658 und 659, Leg 108 (Pleistozän, Pliozän) / P. Weinholz & G. F. Lutze.

Note: Contents: Age and correlation of metamorphic basement in Edward VII Peninsula Marie Byrd Land and Southern New Zealand / C. J. Adams & S. D. Weaver. - Granite Harbour intrusives from North Victoria Land between David and Aviator Glaciers: new geochronological and isotope data / P. Armienti, C. Ghezzo, F. Innocenti, P. Manetti, S. Rocchi & S. Tonarini. - Granulites in the Kottas Mountains, Antarctica: geology, geochronology and geochemistry / N. T. Arndt, C. Chauvel, W. Todt, M. Tapfer & K. Weber. - Utility of 87Sr/86Sr ratios of biogenic carbonate to estimate ages of sedimentary and climatic events in Antarctica / E. Barrera & P. N. Webb. - Cooling patterns in Western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, and Southwestern Africa and their implications to Gondwana / J. M. Barton & A. B. Moyes. - U-Pb isotopic systematics of zircons from polymetamorphic rocks of Eastern Enderby Land / B. V. Belyatsky, L. K. Levsky & E. N. Kamenev. - Geochronology and climastratigraphy of tertiary glacial and interglacial successions on King George Island, South Shetland Islands / K. Birkenmajer. - Reliability of potassium-argon dating of cretaceous-tertiary island-arc volcanic suite of King George Island, South Shetland Islands / K. Birkenmajer, E. Soliani, Jr. & K. Kawashita. - Sequence stratigraphy for cenozoic glacial rocks of the Antarctic Continental margin - a lesson from Prydz Bay Drilling / A. K. Cooper. - Jurassic accretion of a high buoyancy guyot in Southern-most South America: the Diego Ramirez Islands / J. Davidson, E. Godoy, F. Herve, C. Mpodozis & N. Munoz. - Age and petrogenesis of the granitic basement rocks, Brown Hills, Transantarctic Mountains / R. P. Felder & G. Faure. - Age of the Chlamys-Bearing Conglomerate (paleogene) from King George Island in the light of micropaleontological data / A. Gazdzicki. - Tectonic implications of 40Ar/39Ar ages from the Elephant Island Group, Antarctica / A. M. Grunow, I. W. D. Dalziel, T. M. Harrison & M. T. Heizler. - New Rb-Sr age data on the Scotia metamorphic complex at Clarence Island / F. Herve, H. Miller, W. Loske, A. Milne & R. Pankhurst. - Sedimentary structures in rift basins on the conjugate margins of Antarctica/Ross Sea and Australia/Western Tasmania, South Tasman Rise / K. Hinz, M. Hemmerich, U. Salge & O. Eiken. - Was there a significant glacial episode on the Antarctic Peninsula during the middle Holocene? / Chr. Hjort & O. Ingolfsson. - Rb-Sr and K-Ar dating of granite harbour intrusives and rhyolites from North North Victoria Land, Antarctica / H. Kreuzer, C. Carl, A. Höhndorf, P. Müller, N. W. Roland & F. Tessensohn. - Radiometric dating of Jurassic supergroup Tholeiites: a review / P. R. Kyle. - Cretaceous-tertiary history of the Kergulen Plateau revealed from the Marion Dufrese Piston Core and dredging crusies / L. Leclaire, F. Fröhlich & Y. Bassias. - Geologic events of the last 100 million years revealed by K-Ar dating of volcanic rocks in Marie Byrd Land / W. E. LeMasurier & D. C. Rex. - Radiolarian biochronology from the subantarctic Atlantic Ocean / H. Y. Ling. - U-Pb Zircon ages of xenoliths at Cape Dubouzet, Northern Antarctic Peninsula / W. Loske, H. Miller, A. Milne & F. Herve. - Th-230 and Be-10 chronology of sediments from the Weddell Sea / A. Mangini, P. Walter & A. Eisenhuber. - Tephrostratigraphical investigations on marine and limnic ash-layers from Bransfield Strait Region, Antarctica / D. Matthies, R. Mäusbacher & D. Storzer. - Significance of detrital zircons from the Trinity Peninsula Group sediments for the reconstruction of Gondwana / H. Miller & W. Loske. - Geochronology of the basement to Graham Land, Antarctic Peninsula / A. J. Milne & I. L. Millar. - Implications of Sm-Nd garnet ages for the stratigraphy of Northern Graham Land, Antarctic Peninsula / A. J. Milne, I. L. Millar & A. G. Whitham. - A review of isotopic data from Western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica / A. B. Moyes & J. M. Barton Jr. - Metamorphic rocks and charnokite in Gjelsvikfiella and Western Muhlig-Hofmannfjella, and their Rb/Sr ages / Y. Otha & B. Torudbakken. - The geochronology of the Jones Mountains and Thurston Island, Central West Antarctica / R. J. Pankhurst, I. L. Millar, A. M. Grunow & B. C. Storey. - Sr isotopes in volcanic rocks from Deception Island, and their genetic significance / C. A. Parica & H. A. Ostera. - Paleomagnetic stratigraphy of drill-cores from McMurdo Sound and Taylor Valley, Antarctica / H. J. Rieck. - Variability of scavenging in the Southern Ocean. Implications for stratigraphy based on radioisotope- and manganese accumulation / M. M. Rutgers van der Loeff & G. W. Berger. - Dating of the cenozoic magmatic province at the Ross Sea Coast of Northern Victorica Land, Antarctica / M. Schmidt-Thome, H. Kreuzer, H. Lenz, P. Müller, F. Tessensohn & U. Vetter. - Reconnaissance fission track dating within West Antarcticca / B. C. Storey, R. J. Pankhurst, I. B. Evans & A. Carter. - New radiometric age data from Elephant Island, South Shetland Islands / R. A. J. Trouw, R. J. Pankhurst & K. Kawashita. - Antarctic cenozoic geochronology / P. N. Webb. - Radiometric age determinations of late cenozoic alkalli McMurdo Volcanic Group Rocks. Discovery volcanic subprovince, Ross Sea, Antarctica / A. C Wright-Grassham, P. R. Kyle, K. Foland, F. Mcdowell & D. Lux.

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background and theory Trickling filters Introduction Design procedure Design example Winter operations Pond systems Introduction Design procedure Design example Winter operations Rotating biological contactors Introduction Design procedure Design example Winter operations Activated sludge systems Introduction Design procedure Design example Winter operations Comparison of alternatives Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Basic finite-element formulas Description of problem Finite-element equation-fixed mesh Finite-element equation-deforming mesh Transfinite mapping technique Computations and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A : Point heat sources Appendix B: Evaluation of the integral including latent heat (fixed mesh) Appendix C: Specification of [K] -deforming mesh Appendix D: Specifying δΤ/δn and the direction of mj for method I Appendix E: Procedures of method 2 Appendix F: Explanation of programs

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sample analysis Continuous multi-year ridge core Tested multi-year ridge ice samples Tested multi-year floe ice samples Ice description Uniaxial constant-strain-rate compression tests Uniaxial constant-load compression tests Uniaxial constant-strain-rate tension tests Triaxial constant-strain-rate compression test Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Multi-year ridge sample data Appendix B: Multi-year floe sample data

Note: Abstract Preface Introduction Tests Test specimens Test methods Results Impact strength of beanms Ductility of beams Effect of notched bars Elastic deflection of beams Impact tests on rebars Conclusions and summary Literature cited Appendix A: Beam crack patterns Appendix B: Photomicrographs of failure surfaces of some steels

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Materials and methods Sites and site preparation Results and discussion Lake Morey Post Pond Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Non-melting heat transfer relations for horizontal surfaces Heat transfer for melting horizontal ice sheets Instrument setup, data acquisition and test procedures General Instrumentation Data acquisition Computer software Test procedures Data output from computer Equations used for data analysis Control volume and melting surface Control of variables Error analysis Experimental results and discussion Wave formation Temperature and velocity profiles in open channel flow Correlation of data Summary Literature cited Appendix A: Conversion equations for data acquisition equipment Appendix B: Computer code for data acquisition and analysis Appendix C: Typical test output Appendix D: Thermal properties of water and ice Appendix E: Error analysis Appendix F: Summary of test conditions Appendix G: Experimental data and calculated quantities, with inlet length

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Background Present research in perspective Explanations of the grain-size dependency Grain size effects on the ductile to brittle transition Nucleation mechanisms and modeling Characteristic size of nucleated crack Cracking in ice Detection of internal fracturing by acoustic emission techniques Test methods Specimen preparation Creep testing apparatus Crack length and crack density measurements Crack healing measurements Thin section photographs Grain size determination Acquisition of acoustic emission data Presentation of results Specimen characteristics Microcrack measurements Creep behavior Crack healing Slip plane length distribution Acoustic emission observations Grain orientation Analysis and discussion Thick section observations The grain size vs crack size relationship Crack nucleation condition Crack density and specimen strain Creep behavior Normalized crack length Location of cracks Acoustic emission activity Summary and conclusions Suggestions for future work Literature cited Appendix A: Crack length histograms Appendix B: Crystal orientations

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Part I - Structural properties Introduction Experimental setup Analytical techniques Results and discussion 1983-84 experiments 1984-85 experiments Conclusions and recommendations Part Il - Microwave properties Introduction Measurement techniques Results 1983-84 experiments 1984-85 experiments 1984-85 in-situ experiments Discussion Comparison of data Analytical modeling Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Dielectric mixing model of sea ice

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Nomenclature Preface Introduction Basic equations Two-zone problems Linear unfrozen water function Quadratic unfrozen water function Three-zone problems Linear unfrozen water function Quadratic unfrozen water function Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Derivation of the mushy zone equation Appendix B: Solution of the two-zone problem with a linear t and variable thermal properties

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sample analysis Continuous multi-year ridge core Tested multi-year ridge ice samples Unconfined constant-strain-rate compression tests Confined constant-strain-rate compression tests Uniaxial constant-strain-rate tension tests Discussion Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Multi-year ridge sample data

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Data sources Study location and icing conditions Icing data Antenna reflection data Data preparation Analyses Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Experimental setup and procedure Experimental results Discussion and conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction General considerations Ice properties Modulus, E Characteristic length, Ic Flexural strength, σf Com pressive strength, σc Shear strength, σs Poisson's ratio, ϑ Fracture toughness, Kic Density, ρi Ice-hull friction factor, fi Model ice Synthetic ice Columnar saline ice Columnar carbamide ice Fine-grained ice EG/AD/S model ice Model test procedures Ice growth and monitoring EHP tests SHP test Test data analysis--comparison with full scale Analysis of test results Comparison with full-scale data Analytical and empirical predictors Empirical predictors Analytical and semi-analytical schemes Current research efforts in ice modeling International cooperative research Ice testing CRREL research on ship-ice interaction Novel icebreaking bow designs Conclusions and final remarks Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction Apparatus and procedures General approach Sled design Sled propulsion Ice sheet preparation Experimental procedure Results General remarks Effect of runner temperature Effect of runner surface Effect of ice surface conditions Effect of velocity Effect of runner materials Observations of replicate surfaces Statistical analysis Discussion Molecular interactions Mechanical deformations Thermal energy dissipation Hydrodynamidc processes Comparison of energy loss mechanisms Summary and conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Pre-field-deployment activities Software development System optimization Improvements of the calibration procedure Real-time processing Small bird design and implementation Other improvements Field activities Snow, ice and seawater data AEM surveys Calibration AEM data processing Post-survey results Processing problem Ground truth data Floe freeboard vs thickness analysis AEM sounding results Concluding remarks Literature cited Appendix A: Blowup of Figure 28

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Statement of the problem Purpose and scope Background - the physical environment and airport pavements Physical environment of study area Comparison of highway and general aviation airport pavements Types of pavements and surface treatments Pavement distress and condition rating Surveys of airport pavement distress Airport pavement performance problems in cold regions Cracking Distortion and pavement faulting Disintegration Inadequate skid resistance Improper maintenance Stripping Statement of research needs Basis for statement of research needs Performance of overlays Recycling/reconstructing airport pavements Drainage of airport pavement structures Eliminating/accommodating differential frost heave Evaluation of adequacy of design procedures Maintenance products and performance Control of transverse cracking Additives for asphalt concrete Performance documentation Wildlife conservation vs aircraft safety Literature cited Appendix A: Questionnaire and listing of airports contacted Appendix B: Summary listing of questionnaire responses Appendix C: Narrative summary of site visits

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Snow metamorphism Mass transfer by diffusion in snow Heat transfer Background-porous media Structure of thermal convection Rayleigh number Onset problem Heat transfer attributable to thermal convection Layering and slope effects Studies of convection through snow Modeling Equation of motion Energy equation Finite difference methods Numerical solution Verification of the model Modeling results Effects of constant flux and permeable boundaries on convection in horizontal layers Effects of phase change on convection Convection in sloped layers Experiments Introduction Experimental apparatus Experimental results and discussion Glass beads Snow Applications and conclusions Onset of Benard convection in seasonal snow covers Applications to snow metamorphism Summary Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: Derivation of fmite difference formulae Appendix B: Computer programs Appendix C: Sample calculations

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Sea ice growth and structure Model sea ice Brine salinity Seawater and model brine conductivity Complex dielectric constant of brine Electromagnetic properties of model sea ice at 100 MHz Electromagnetic properties of model sea ice at 100 and 500 MHz and 1 and 5 GHz Example of impulse radar sea ice profiling results Example of frequency-domain electromagnetic sea ice thickness sounding Concluding remarks Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction Sea ice structure and classification Logistics and field operations Analytical techniques Crystalline structure Fluorescence Results Salinity Crystalline structure Fluorescence Description of selected floes Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Floe descriptions

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Review of previous work Specimen preparation Material Molding Testing procedure and apparatus Test results Definition of strain and stress Definition of creep failure Definition of failure in constant-strain-rate tests Definition of initial yield strength Determination of initial tangent modulus and 50% peak strength modulus Creep behavior General nature of the creep process and the failure mode Minimum creep rate Time to creep failure Relationship between t, and tm Creep failure strain and failure criterion Creep model and prediction of creep strain Strength behavior General stress-strain behavior and failure mode Peak compressive strength Initial yield strength Failure strain Initial yield strain Initial tangent modulus 50% peak strength modulus Correspondence between constant-stress tests and constant-strain-rate tests Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Unfrozen water content data Appendix B: Physical properties of samples tested

Note: CONTENTS VOLUME I PART 1: PLENARY AND DISCUSSION LECTURES R.J.B. Hadden: RADIONUCLIDES FOR PROCESS CONTROL AND INSPECTION J. Guizerix: TRENDS AND OPEN QUESTIONS IN INDUSTRIAL TRACER APPLICATIONS A. S. Shtan, V. A. Mashinin Zh.I. Matalygina: NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF GEOLOGICAL SAMPLES WITH THE APPLICATION OF RADIONUCLIDE NEUTRON SOURCES W. Michaelis: RADIONUCLIDES IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PROTECTION J.K. Miettinen: RADIONUCLIDES IN ENVIRONMENT J. W. Leonhardt: RADIOISOTOPES IN ENERGETICS K. Przewlocki: APPLICATION OF NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES IN MINING INDUSTRY K. Wetzel: TRACERS IN GEOCHEMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH A. K. Pikaev: ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATION OF RADIATION PROCESSING R. Otto: LABELLED COMPOUNDS FOR TRACER INVESTIGATIONS IN INDUSTRY R. Otto, H.-G. Könnecke, D. Luther, P. Hecht: RADIONUCLIDES FOR PROCESS ANALYSIS - PROBLEMS AND EXAMPLES Z. Málek: PRESENT STAGE OF CO-OPERATION OF THE CMEA MEMBER COUNTRIES IN THE FIELD OF ISOTOPE AND RADIATION TECHNOLOGY E.A. Abramyan: HIGH POWER ELECTRON ACCELERATORS IN RADIATION PROCESSING J. Sivinski: CURRENT AND FUTURE INITIATIVES OF THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY IRRADIATION PROGRAM ACTIVITIES J. Bös, J. Schmidt, U. Decker, H. Mai, L. Richter: ON THE APPLICATION OF SOME METHODS FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF RADIATION-INDUCED PROCESSES IN POLYETHYLENE H.-J. Heinrich, K. Posselt, W. Hädrich, L. Röhr, D. Flügge: ASPECTS OF IRRADIATION TECHNOLOGY CONCERNING THE CROSSLINKING OF CABLE AND WIRE INSULATIONS AND OF TUBES BY HIGH ENERGY ELECTRONS P. Popp, J.W. Leonhardt, G. Oppermann, H. Merten: THE HELIUM-DETECTOR: THEORY AND PRACTICE H.-H. Deicke: ASPECTS OF RADIATION PROTECTION IN THE APPLICATION OF RADIOTRACERS FOR RESEARCH IN INDUSTRIAL PLANTS

Note: Table of Contents List of figures, tables, appendices Introduction Methods Locations of the transects Site factors Soil Chemical properties Soil pH Cations NO3 Total P and SO4 Vegetation sampling Results Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgements References Figures Tables Appendices