ALBERT

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Freie Unversität Berlin, [ca. 1963] , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS PROBLEMSTELLUNG UND ZIELSETZUNG 1. BEMERKUNGEN ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSGELÄNDE UND ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSMATERIAL 1.1 Das Beobachtungsgelände 1.2 Das Beobachtungsmaterial 2. HOMOGENITÄTSBETRACHTUNGEN 2.1 Temperatur 2.2 Niederschlag 2.3 Wind 2.4 Sonnenschein und Bewölkung 3. TEMPERATURVERHÄLTNISSE 3.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 3.2 Tageswerte 3.3 Pentadenwerte 3.4 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 3.5 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 3.6 Der tägliche Gang 3.7 Vorkommen bestimmter Schwellenwerte 3.71 Frost- und Eistage 3.72 Sommer- und Tropentage 4. DER WASSERGEHALT DER LUFT 4.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 4.2 Tageswerte 4.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 4.4 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 4.5 Der tägliche Gang 5. BEWÖLKUNGSVERHÄLTNISSE 5.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 5.2 Tageswerte 5.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 5.4 Der tägliche Gang 5.5 Heitere und trübe Tage 5.6 Nebel 6. SONNENSCHEIN 6.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 6.2 Tageswerte 6.3 Der tägliche Gang 7. NIEDERSCHLAGSVERHÄLTNISSE 7.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 7.2 Niederschlagsbereitschaft 7.3 Tageswerte 7.4 Der tägliche Gang 7.5 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 7.6 Niederschlags- und Trockenperioden 7.7 Niederschlag und Wind· 7.8 Schneeverhältnisse 7.81 Schneefall und Schneedecke 7.82 Schneehöhe 7.9 Gewitter 8. WINDVERHÄLTNISSE 8.1 Windrichtung 8.2 Windgeschwindigkeit 8.21 Der jährliche Gang 8.22 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 8.23 Sturmtage und Windstillen 8.24 Der tägliche Gang 9.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VERZEICHNIS DER TEXTTABELLEN VERZEICHNIS DER ABBILDUNGEN LITERATURVERZEICHNIS TABELLENANHANG

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Freie Unversität Berlin, [ca. 1963] , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS PROBLEMSTELLUNG UND ZIELSETZUNG 1. BEMERKUNGEN ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSGELÄNDE UND ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSMATERIAL 1.1 Das Beobachtungsgelände 1.2 Das Beobachtungsmaterial 2. HOMOGENITÄTSBETRACHTUNGEN 2.1 Temperatur 2.2 Niederschlag 2.3 Wind 2.4 Sonnenschein und Bewölkung 3. TEMPERATURVERHÄLTNISSE 3.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 3.2 Tageswerte 3.3 Pentadenwerte 3.4 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 3.5 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 3.6 Der tägliche Gang 3.7 Vorkommen bestimmter Schwellenwerte 3.71 Frost- und Eistage 3.72 Sommer- und Tropentage 4. DER WASSERGEHALT DER LUFT 4.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 4.2 Tageswerte 4.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 4.4 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 4.5 Der tägliche Gang 5. BEWÖLKUNGSVERHÄLTNISSE 5.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 5.2 Tageswerte 5.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 5.4 Der tägliche Gang 5.5 Heitere und trübe Tage 5.6 Nebel 6. SONNENSCHEIN 6.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 6.2 Tageswerte 6.3 Der tägliche Gang 7. NIEDERSCHLAGSVERHÄLTNISSE 7.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 7.2 Niederschlagsbereitschaft 7.3 Tageswerte 7.4 Der tägliche Gang 7.5 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 7.6 Niederschlags- und Trockenperioden 7.7 Niederschlag und Wind· 7.8 Schneeverhältnisse 7.81 Schneefall und Schneedecke 7.82 Schneehöhe 7.9 Gewitter 8. WINDVERHÄLTNISSE 8.1 Windrichtung 8.2 Windgeschwindigkeit 8.21 Der jährliche Gang 8.22 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 8.23 Sturmtage und Windstillen 8.24 Der tägliche Gang 9.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VERZEICHNIS DER TEXTTABELLEN VERZEICHNIS DER ABBILDUNGEN LITERATURVERZEICHNIS TABELLENANHANG

Note: Table of Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Scripting versus Traditional Programming 1.1.1 Why Scripting is Useful in Computational Science 1.1.2 Classification of Programming Languages 1.1.3 Productive Pairs of Programming Languages 1.1.4 Gluing Existing Applications 1.1.5 Scripting Yields Shorter Code 1.1.6 Efficiency 1.1.7 Type-Specification (Declaration) of Variables 1.1.8 Flexible Function Interfaces 1.1.9 Interactive Computing 1.1.10 Creating Code at Run Time 1.1.11 Nested Heterogeneous Data Structures 1.1.12 GUI Programming 1.1.13 Mixed Language Programming 1.1.14 When to Choose a Dynamically Typed Language 1.1.15 Why Python? 1.1.16 Script or Program? 1.2 Preparations for Working with This Book 2 Getting Started with Python Scripting 2.1 A Scientific Hello World Script 2.1.1 Executing Python Scripts 2.1.2 Dissection of the Scientific Hello World Script 2.2 Working with Files and Data 2.2.1 Problem Specification 2.2.2 The Complete Code 2.2.3 Dissection 2.2.4 Working with Files in Memory 2.2.5 Array Computing 2.2.6 Interactive Computing and Debugging 2. 2.7 Efficiency Measurements 2.2.8 Exercises 2.3 Gluing Stand-Alone Applications 2.3.1 The Simulation Code 2.3.2 Using Gnuplot to Visualize Curves 2.3.3 Functionality of the Script 2.3.4 The Complete Code 2.3.5 Dissection 2.3.6 Exercises 2.4 Conducting Numerical Experiments 2.4.1 Wrapping a Loop Around Another Script 2.4.2 Generating an HTML Report 2.4.3 Making Animations 2.4.4 Varying Any Parameter 2.5 File Format Conversion 2.5.1 A Simple Read/Write Script 2.5.2 Storing Data in Dictionaries and Lists 2.5.3 Making a Module with Functions 2.5.4 Exercises 3 Basic Python 3.1 Introductory Topics 3.1.1 Recommended Python Documentation 3.1.2 Control Statements 3.1.3 Running Applications 3.1.4 File Reading and Writing 3.1.5 Output Formatting 3.2 Variables of Different Types 3.2.1 Boolean Types 3.2.2 The None Variable 3.2.3 Numbers and Numerical Expressions 3.2.4 Lists and Tuples 3.2.5 Dictionaries 3.2.6 Splitting and Joining Text 3.2.7 String Operations 3.2.8 Text Processing 3.2.9 The Basics of a Python Class 3.2.10 Copy and Assignment 3.2.11 Determining a Variable's Type 3.2.12 Exercises 3.3 Functions 3.3.1 Keyword Arguments 3.3.2 Doc Strings 3.3.3 Variable Number of Arguments 3.3.4 Call by Reference 3.3.5 Treatment of Input and Output Arguments 3.3.6 Function Objects 3.4 Working with Files and Directories 3.4.1 Listing Files in a Directory 3.4.2 Testing File Types 3.4.3 Removing Files and Directories 3.4.4 Copying and Renaming Files 3.4.5 Splitting Pathnames 3.4.6 Creating and Moving to Directories 3.4.7 Traversing Directory Trees 3.4.8 Exercises 4 Numerical Computing in Python 4.1 A Quick NumPy Primer 4.1.1 Creating Arrays 4.1.2 Array Indexing 4.1.3 Loops over Arrays 4.1.4 Array Computations 4.1.5 More Array Functionality 4.1.6 Type Testing 4.1.7 Matrix Objects 4.1.8 Exercises 4.2 Vectorized Algorithms 4.2.1 From Scalar to Array in Function Arguments 4.2.2 Slicing 4.2.3 Exercises 4.3 More Advanced Array Computing 4.3.1 Random Numbers 4.3.2 Linear Algebra 4.3.3 Plotting 4.3.4 Example: Curve Fitting 4.3.5 Arrays on Structured Grids 4.3.6 File I/O with NumPy Arrays 4.3.7 Functionality in the Numpyutils Module 4.3.8 Exercises 4.4 Other Tools for Numerical Computations 4.4.1 The ScientificPython Package 4.4.2 The SciPy Package 4.4.3 The Python- Matlab Interface 3 4.4.4 Symbolic Computing in Python 4.4.5 Some Useful Python Modules 5 Combining Python with Fortran, C, and C++ 5.1 About Mixed Language Programming 5.1.1 Applications of Mixed Language Programming 5.1.2 Calling C from Python 5.1.3 Automatic Generation of Wrapper Code 5.2 Scientific Hello World Examples 5.2.1 Combining Python and Fortran 5.2.2 Combining Python and C 5.2.3 Combining Python and C++ Functions 5.2.4 Combining Python and C++ Classes 5.2.5 Exercises 5.3 A Simple Computational Steering Example 5.3.1 Modified Time Loop for Repeated Simulations 5.3.2 Creating a P ython Interface 5.3.3 The Steering Python Script 5.3.4 Equipping the Steering Script with a GUI 5.4 Scripting Interfaces to Large Libraries 6 Introduction to GUI Programming 6.1 Scientific Hello World GUI 6.1.1 Introductory Topics 6.1.2 The First Python/Tkinter Encounter 6.1.3 Binding Events 6.1.4 Changing the Layout 6.1.5 The Final Scientific Hello World GUI 6.1.6 An Alternative to Tkinter Variables 6.1.7 About the Pack Command 6.1.8 An Introduction to the Grid Geometry Manager 6.1.9 Implementing a GUI as a Class 6.1.10 A Simple Graphical Function Evaluator 6.1.11 Exercises 6.2 Adding GUis to Scripts 6.2.1 A Simulation and Visualization Script with a GUI 6.2.2 Improving the Layout 6.2.3 Exercises 6.3 A List of Common Widget Operations 6.3.1 Frame 6.3.2 Label 6.3.3 Button 6.3.4 Text Entry 6.3.5 Balloon Help 6.3.6 Option Menu 6.3.7 Slider 6.3.8 Check Button 6.3.9 Making a Simple Megawidget 6.3.10 Menu Bar 6.3.11 List Data 6.3.12 Listbox 6.3.13 Radio Button 6.3.14 Combo Box 6.3.15 Message Box 6.3.16 User-Defined Dialogs 6.3.17 Color-Picker Dialogs 6.3.18 File Selection Dialogs 6.3.19 Toplevel 6.3.20 Some Other Types of Widgets 6.3.21 Adapting Widgets to the User's Resize Actions 6.3.22 Customizing Fonts and Colors 6.3.23 Widget Overview 6.3.24 Exercises 7 Web Interfaces and CGI Programming 7.1 Introductory CGI Scripts 7.1.1 Web Forms and CGI Scripts 7.1.2 Generating Forms in CGI Scripts 7.1.3 Debugging CGI Scripts 7.1.4 A General Shell Script Wrapper for CGI Scripts 7.1.5 Security Issues 7.2 Adding Web Interfaces to Scripts 7.2.1 A Class for Form Parameters 7.2.2 Calling Other Programs 7.2.3 Running Simulations 7.2.4 Getting a CGI Script to Work 7.2.5 Using Web Applications from Scripts 7.2.6 Exercises 8 Advanced Python 8.1 Miscellaneous Topics 8.1.1 Parsing Command-Line Arguments 8.1.2 Platform-Dependent Operations 8.1.3 Run-Time Generation of Code 8.1.4 Exercises 8.2 Regular Expressions and Text Processing 8.2.1 Motivation 8.2.2 Special Characters 8.2.3 Regular Expressions for Real Numbers 8.2.4 Using Groups to Extract Parts of a Text 8.2.5 Extracting Interval Limits 8.2.6 Extracting Multiple Matches 8.2.7 Splitting Text 8.2.8 Pattern-Matching Modifiers 8.2.9 Substitution and Backreferences 8.2.10 Example: Swapping Arguments in Function Calls 8.2.11 A General Substitution Script 8.2.12 Debugging Regular Expressions 8.2.13 Exercises 8.3 Tools for Handling Data in Files 8.3.1 Writing and Reading Python Data Structures 8.3.2 Pickling Objects 8.3.3 Shelving Objects 8.3.4 Writing and Reading Zip and Tar Archive Files 8.3.5 Downloading Internet Files 8.3.6 Binary Input/Output 8.3.7 Exercises 8.4 A Database for NumPy Arrays 8.4.1 The Structure of the Database 8.4.2 Pickling 8.4.3 Formatted ASCII Storage 8.4.4 Shelving 8.4.5 Comparing the Various Techniques 8.5 Scripts Involving Local and Remote Hosts 8.5.1 Secure Shell Commands 8.5.2 Distributed Simulation and Visualization 8.5.3 Client/Server Programming 8.5.4 Threads 8.6 Classes 8.6.1 Class Programming 8.6.2 Checking the Class Type 8.6.3 Private Data 8.6.4 Static Data 8.6.5 Special Attributes 8.6.6 Special Methods 8.6.7 Multiple Inheritance 8.6.8 Using a Class as a C-like Structure 8.6.9 Attribute Access via String Names 8.6.10 New-Style Classes 8.6.11 Implementing Get/Set Functions via Properties 8.6.12 Subclassing Built-in Types 8.6.13 Building Class Interfaces at Run Time 8.6.14 Building Flexible Class Interfaces 8.6.15 Exercises 8.7 Scope of Variables 8.7.1 Global, Local, and Class Variables 8.7.2 Nested Functions 8.7.3 Dictionaries of Variables in Namespaces 8.8 Exceptions 8.8.1 Handling Exceptions 8.8.2 Raising Exceptions 8.9 Iterators 8.9.1 Constructing an Iterator 8.9.2 A Pointwise Grid Iterator 8.9.3 A Vectorized Grid Iterator 8.9.4 Generators 8.

Note: Contents: Introduction. - List of abbreviations. - 1. Balance of energy as a contemporary challenge. - 1.1. Energy resources and needs. - 1.2. Natural gas balance at the beginning of 21st century. - 1.3. Economic and political conditions at the European gas market. - 1.4. European Union facing the problem of energy supplies. - 2. Energy security - Norden - Basic issues. - 2.1. Subject and scope of national energy security. - 2.2. Nordic countries in international life. - 2.3. Norden and the energy issues of the Baltic states. - 2.4. Nordic countries - European Union in the context of energy security. - 3. Basic elements of the energy balance in Norden states. - 3.1. The Republic of Iceland. - 3.2. The Kingdom of Denmark. - 3.3. The Kingdom of Sweden. - 3.4. The Republic of Finland. - 4. Position of the Kingdom of Norway. - 4.1. Norway as an oil and gas producer. - 4.2. Norway in the energy balance of the region. - 4.3. High North - strategy vision and plan of Norway. - 4.4. High North - relations with the Russian Federation in the field of energy. - 5. Energy and climate - directions of activities of countries from Nordic region. - 5.1. Activities concerning energy and environmental protection and climate changes. - 5.2. Research and development - overcoming negative relations between progress and environment degradation. - 5.3. Nordic states versus contemporary energy security challenges. - Conclusion. - Literature. - List of figures and tables.

Note: Contents Executive summary Overview Arctic climate change Key findings of this assessment 1. Atmospheric circulation feedbacks 2. Ocean circulation feedbacks 3. Ice sheets and sea-level rise feedbacks 4. Marine carbon cycle feedbacks 5. Land carbon cycle feedbacks 6. Methane hydrate feedbacks Author team

Note: Contents Preface Editor Contributors Chapter 1 Sampling and Sample Treatments / Oliver Wurl Chapter 2 Analysis of Dissolved and Particulate Organic Carbon with the HTCO Technique / Oliver Wurl and Tsai Min Sin Chapter 3 Spectrophotometric and Chromatographic Analysis of Carbohydrates in Marine Samples / Christos Panagiotopoulos and Oliver Wurl Chapter 4 The Analysis of Amino Acids in Seawater / Thorsten Dittmar, Jennifer Cherrier, and Kai-Uwe Ludwichowski Chapter 5 Optical Analysis of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter / Norman B. Nelson and Paula G. Coble Chapter 6 Isotope Composition of Organic Matter in Seawater / Laodong Guo and Ming-Yi Sun Chapter 7 Determination of Marine Gel Particles / Anja Engel Chapter 8 Nutrients in Seawater Using Segmented Flow Analysis / Alain Aminot, Roger Kérouel, and Stephen C. Coverly Chapter 9 Dissolved Organic and Particulate Nitrogen and Phosphorous / Gerhard Kattner Chapter 10 Pigment Applications in Aquatic Systems / Karen Helen Wiltshire Chapter 11 Determination of DMS, DMSP, and DMSO in Seawater / Jacqueline Stefels Chapter 12 Determination of Iron in Seawater / Andrew R. Bowie and Maeve C. Lohan Chapter 13 Radionuclide Analysis in Seawater / Mark Baskaran, Gi-Hoon Hong, and Peter H. Santschi Chapter 14 Sampling and Measurements of Trace Metals in Seawater / Sylvia G. Sander, Keith Hunter, and Russell Frew Chapter 15 Trace Analysis of Selected Persistent Organic Pollutants in Seawater / Oliver Wurl Chapter 16 Pharmaceutical Compounds in Estuarine and Coastal Waters / John L. Zhou and Zulin Zhang Appendix A: First Aid for Common Problems with Typical Analytical Instruments Appendix B: Chemical Compatibilities and Physical Properties of Various Materials Appendix C: Water Purification Technologies

Note: CONTENTS: PREFACE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 THE ANTARCTIC ENVIRONMENT AND THE GLOBAL SYSTEM 1.1 THE PHYSICAL SETTING 1.2 THE ANTARCTIC CRYOSPHERE 1.3 THE ROLE OF THE ANTARCTIC IN THE GLOBAL CLIMATE SYSTEM 1.4 OBSERVATIONS FOR STUDIES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE IN THE ANTARCTIC 1.5 THE CLIMATE OF THE ANTARCTIC AND ITS VARIABILITY 1.6 BIOTA OF THE ANTARCTIC 1.6.1 Terrestrial 1.6.2 Marine 2 OBSERVATIONS, DATA ACCURACY AND TOOLS 2.1 OBSERVATIONS, DATA ACCURACY AND TOOLS 2.1.1 Introduction 2.1.2 Meteorological and ozone observing in the Antarctic 2.1.3 In-situ ocean observations 2.1.4 Sea ice observations 2.1.5 Observations of the ice sheet and permafrost 2.1.6 Sea level 2.1.7 Marine biology 2.1.8 Terrestrial biology 2.1.9 Models 2.2 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS AND RESEARCH NEEDS 3 ANTARCTIC CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENT HISTORY IN THE PREINSTRUMENTAL PERIOD 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.2 DEEP TIME 3.2.1 The Greenhouse world: from Gondwana breakup to 34 million years 3.2.2 Into the Icehouse world: the last 34 million years 3.3 THE LAST MILLION YEARS 3.3.1 Glacial interglacial cycles: the ice core record 3.3.2 The transition to Holocene interglacial conditions: the ice core record 3.3.3 Deglaciation of the continental shelf, coastal margin and continental interior 3.3.4 Antarctic deglaciation and its impact on global sea level 3.3.5 Sea ice and climate 3.4 THE HOLOCENE 3.4.1 Holocene climate change: regional to hemispheric perspectives 3.4.2 Changes in sea ice extent through the Holocene 3.4.3 Regional patterns of Holocene climate change in Antarctica 3.5 BIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO CLIMATE CHANGE 3.5.1 The terrestrial environment 3.5.2 The marine environment 3.4.3 Regional patterns of Holocene climate change in Antarctica 3.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS 4 THE INSTRUMENTAL PERIOD 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2 CHANGES OF ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION 4.2.1 Modes of variability ..? 4.2.2 Depression tracks 4.2.3 Teleconnections 4.3 TEMPERATURE 4.3.1 Surface temperature 4.3.2 Upper air temperature changes 4.3.3 Attribution 4.4 CHANGES IN ANTARCTIC SNOWFALL OVER THE PAST 50 YEARS 4.4.1 General spatial and temporal characteristics of Antarctic snowfall 4.4.2 Long-term Antarctic snowfall accumulation estimates 4.4.3 Recent trends in Antarctic snowfall 4.5 ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY 4.5.1 Antarctic stratospheric ozone in the instrumental period 4.5.2 Antarctic tropospheric chemistry 4.5.3 Aerosol, clouds and radiation 4.6 THE SOUTHERN OCEAN 4.6.1 Introduction 4.6.2 Australian sector 4.6.3 The Amundsen/Bellingshausen Seas 4.6.4 Variability and change in Ross Sea shelf waters 4.6.5 The Weddell Sea sector 4.6.6 Small-scale processes in the Southern Ocean 4.6.7 Dynamics of the circulation and water masses of the ACC and the polar gyres from model results 4.7 . ANTARCTIC SEA ICE COVER DURING THE INSTRUMENTAL PERIOD 4.7.1 Introduction 4.7.2 Sea ice cover in the pre-satellite era 4.7.3 Variability and trends in sea ice using satellite data 4.8 THE ICE SHEET AND PERMAFROST 4.8.1 Introduction 4.8.2 The Antarctic Peninsula 4.8.3 West Antarctica 4.8.4 East Antarctica 4.8.5 Calving 4.8.6 Sub-glacial water movement 4.8.7 Other changes in the ice sheet 4.8.8 Attribution of changes to the ice sheet 4.8.9 Conclusions regarding the ice sheet 4.8.10 Changes in Antarctic permafrost and active layer over the last 50 years 4.9 LONG TERM SEA LEVEL CHANGE 4.10 MARINE BIOLOGY 4.10.1 The open ocean system 4.10.2 Sea ice ecosystems 4.10.3 ENSO links and teleconnections to vertebrate life histories and population 4.10.4 Invertebrate physiology 4.10.5 Seasonality effect on the high Antarctic benthic shelf communities? 4.10.6 Macroalgal physiology and ecology 4.10.7 Marine/terrestrial pollution 4.11 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY - SOUTHERN OCEAN CARBON CYCLE RESPONSE TO HISTORICAL CLIMATE CHANGE 4.11.1 Introduction 4.11.2 CO2 fluxes in the Southern Ocean 4.11.3 Historical change - observed response 4.11.4 Historical change - simulated view 4.11.5 Changes in CO2 inventories 4.11.6 Concluding remarks 4.12 TERRESTRIAL BIOLOGY 5 THE NEXT 100 YEARS 5.1 INTRODUCTION 5.2 CLIMATE CHANGE 5.2.1 IPCC scenarios 5.2.2 Climate models 5.2.3 Atmospheric circulation 5.2.4 Temperature change over the Twenty First Century 5.2.5 Precipitation change over the Twenty First Century 5.2.6 Antarctic stratospheric ozone over the next 100 years 5.3 OCEAN CIRCULATION AND WATER MASSES 5.3.1 Simulation of present-day conditions in the Southern Hemisphere 5.3.2 Projections for the Twenty First Century 5.3.3 Long-term evolution of the Southern Ocean 5.3.4 Conclusions 5.4 SEA ICE CHANGE OVER THE TWENTY FIRST CENTURY 5.5 THE TERRESTRIAL CRYOSPHERE 5.5.1 Introduction 5.5.2 East Antarctic ice sheet 5.5.3 West Antarctic ice sheet 5.5.4 Antarctic Peninsula 5.5.5 Conclusions 5.5.6 Summary and needs for future research 5.6 EVOLUTION OF ANTARCTIC PERMAFROST 5.7 PROJECTIONS OF SEA LEVEL IN ANTARCTIC AND SOUTHERN OCEAN WATERS BY 2100 5.7.1 Regional projections of mean sea-level rise 5.8 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY - RESPONSE OF THE SOUTHERN OCEAN CARBON CYCLE TO FUTURE CLIMATE CHANGE 5.8.1 Background 5.8.2 Future Southern Ocean carbon response 5.8.3 Response to increased CO2 uptake 5.8.4 Concluding remarks 5.9 BIOLOGY 5.9.1 Terrestrial Biology 5.9.2 Marine Biology 5.9.3 The Antarctic marine ecosystem in the year 2100 6 RECOMMENDATIONS 7 REFERENCES.

Note: Inhalt: Zusammenfassung. - Summary. - 1 Einführung. - 2 Das Arbeitsgebiet. - 2.1 Lage und Abgrenzung. - 2.2 Relief. - 2.3 Gewässernetz. - 2.4 Geologisch-tektonischer Bau und Festgesteine. - 2.5 Quartäre Lockersedimente. - 2.6 Klima. - 2.7 Vegetation. - 3 Vergletscherung. - 3.1 Pleistozäne Vergletscherung. - 3.1.1 Saale- und weichseleiszeitliche Vergletscherungen. - 3.1.2 Spätweichseleiszeitliche Deglaziation. - 3.2 Holozäne Vergletscherung. - 3.2.1 Vergletscherung vor der „Kleinen Eiszeit“. - 3.2.2 Vergletscherung von der „Kleinen Eiszeit“ bis heute. - 3.2.2.1 Glaziärer Formenschatz. - 3.2.2.2 Stauchmoränen. - 3.2.3 Gletschertypen und -dynamik. - 3.2.3.1 Temperaturregime. - 3.2.3.2 Massenbilanz. - 3.2.3.3 Fließgeschwindigkeit und „Surge“-Verhalten. - 3.3 Gletscher als Klimaindikatoren. - 4 Permafrostboden. - 4.1 Verbreitung, Mächtigkeit und Alter. - 4.2 Geomorphologische Erscheinungsformen. - 4.2.1 Blockgletscher. - 4.2.2 Eiskeilpolygone. - 4.2.3 Pingos. - 4.2.4 Palsas. - 4.2.5 Frostblister. - 4.3 Permafrost als Klimaindikator. - 5 Ausgewählte themenbezogene Wanderexkursionen in Nordenskiøldland und Umgebung. - 5.1 Longyearbyen – Adventtal – Eskertal – Sassental – Tempelfjord – Sassenfjord – De Geertal – Helvetiatal – Adventtal – Longyearbyen (ca. 150 km). - 5.2 Longyearbyen – Adventtal – Total – Gangtal – Reintal – Vengsletta – Vasstal – Fridtjovhamna – Berzeliustal –Skartal – Grøntal – (Abstecher nach Kap Linné) – Grønfjord – Barentsburg – Heerodden – Kap Laila – Colesbucht – Fartal – Ental – Longyearbyen (ca. 180 km zuzüglich ca. 100 km Abstecher nach Kap Linné). - 5.3 Longyearbyen – Adventtal – Brentskard – Trehøgdtal – Vendomtal – Sassental – Fulmartal – Marmorbre – Skruisbre – Kropotkinfjell – Elfenbeinbre – Agardhtal – Agardhbucht – Bellsundtal – Nordre Bellsundpaß – Kjellstrømtal (Abstecher nach Sveagruva / Kap Amsterdam) – Lundstrømtal – Reindalspaß – Reintal – Tverrtal – Bolterpaß – Boltertal – Adventtal – Longyearbyen (ca. 200 km zuzüglich ca. 50 km Abstecher nach Sveagruva / Kap Amsterdam). - 6 Schlussfolgerungen und Ausblick. - 7 Literaturverzeichnis. , Zsfassung in dt. und engl. Sprache

Note: Contents: PART I GEOLOGICAL AND PALEOECOLOGICAL EVENTS OF THE LATE PLEISTOCENE AND HOLOCENE IN NORTHERN EURASIA. - 1 Geological and Paleoecological Events of the Late Pleistocene along Eurasian Coastal Areas of the Arctic Ocean. - General Upper Pleistocene Stratigraphie Scheme for Northern Eurasia. - Duration of the Mikulino Interglaciation. - Correlation of the Natural Events Correlative with MIS 5d-5a in Northern West Europe and Northwestern Russia. - 2 Late Pleistocene Geologic-Paleoecological Events in the North of European Russia. - Relationship between Land and Sea Areas during the Mikulino Interglacial in Northern Eurasia. - Genetic Types of Continental Sediments. - Marine Sediments of the Boreal Transgression in the North of European Russia. - 3 Main Geologic-Paieoecoioglcal Events of the Late Pleistocene in the North of Western Siberia. - 4 Geologic-Paleoecological Events of the late Pleistocene in the Northern-Siberian Lowland and Taimyr Peninsula. - 5 The Late Glacial Time and Holocene of Northern Eurasia. - 6 Outlines of the Late Pleistocene and Holocene History of the East Arctic Seas. - 7 The Deglaciation Time and Holocene of Northern Eurasia. - PART II MARINE SEDIMENTATION IN THE ARCTIC OCEAN AND SUBARCTIC SEAS. - 8 The Seas of West Subarctic Region. - Geologic and Oceanographic Setting. - History of Sedimentation. - History of Sedimentation Rates. - History of Sedimentation on the Vøring Plateau During the Last 25 ka. - History of Sedimentation at the Continental Margin of Eastern and South-Eastern Greenland During the Last 130 ka. - 9 The Arctic Ocean. - Recent Environment. - Morphostructure, Oceanographic and Sea-Ice Setting, Recent Sediments and Their Mineral Composition. - Facies Variations of Holocene Sediments on the Yermak Plateau (According to Study Data of 〉 63 mkm Fraction). - History of Sedimentation. - History of Sedimentation Rates During the Last 130 ka. - History of Sedimentation on the Yermak Plateau During the Last 190 ka. - Organic-Geochemical Sediment Studies of the Eastern Part of the Central Arctic. - 10 The Western Arctic Seas. - Recent Sedimentation Environment. - The Barents Sea. - The Kara Sea. - Surface Sediments of the Pechora Sea. - Surface Sediments of St. Anna Trough. - Facies Zonality of Surface Sediments in the Eastern Kara Sea. - History of Sedimentation. - Late- and Post-Glacial History of Sedimentation in the Eastern Part of the Barents Sea. - Holocene Sedimentation History in the Southern Novaya Zemlya Trough. - History of Sedimentation in the Pechora Sea During the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. - Light Fraction Mineralogy of the Upper Quaternary Sediments from the Saint Anna Trough and Its Paleoceanographic Interpretation. - Holocene History of Yenisei River Discharge. - Holocene History of Ob River Discharge. - 11 Eastern Arctic Seas. - Recent Sedimentation Environment. - The Laptev Sea. - The East Siberian Sea. - The Chukchi Sea. - History of Sedimentation. - History of Sedimentation in the Laptev Sea During the Late Weichselian to Holocene by Geophysical and Geochemical Data. - Holocene History of the Lena and Other Rivers Discharge in the Laptev Sea. - Organic Geochemical Data About Sedimentation History Along the Continental Slope of the East Siberian Sea During the Last Climatic Cycle. - Preliminary Data About Accumulation of Diatom-Bearing Clayey Silts at the Chukchi Sea Shelf. - 12 Seas of the Eastern Subarctic. - Recent Sedimentation Environment. - History of Sedimentation. - History of Sedimentation in the Deep-Water Part of the Shirshov Ridge (Bering Sea) During the Last Three Marine-Isotope Stages. - History of Sedimentation in the Northern Sea of Okhotsk During the Last 1.1 Ma. - PART III THE LATE PLEISTOCENE PALEOGEOGRAPHIC EVENTS OF NORTHERN EURASIA AND HISTORY OF SEDIMENTATION IN THE SUBARCTIC SEAS AND THE ARCTIC OCEAN IN RELATION TO THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE GLACIATION DURING THE LAST CLIMATIC CYCLE. - 13 Characteristic Features of the Mikulino Landscapes. - 14 Results of Paleoclimate Studies. - 15 Particularities of Sedimentation Processes Within the Continental Blocks and Marine Basins. - Deglaciation Peculiarities. - Facies Variability during Glaciations, Deglaciations, Interglacials. - Geological History of the Arctic Ocean Sea Ice during the Last 60 ka. - Intercoupling of Atmo-, Hydro-, Cryo-, Bio-, and Lithospheres. - References. - Index.

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 1.1 Was ist Statistische Datenanalyse? 1.2 Ziele 1.3 Hinweise 1.4 Literatur zur angewandten Statistik 1 Beschreibende Statistik 2 Beschreibung eindimensionaler Stichproben 2.1 Histogramme 2.2 Einige Bezeichnungen und Begriffe 2.3 Kennzahlen für eine quantitative Stichprobe 2.4 Klassierte Daten 2.5 Mehrere Stichproben 2.6 Transformationen von beobachteten Werten 2.7 Wertebereiche, Datensorten 2.8 Transformationen und Unterschiede zwischen Beobachtungen 3 Beschreibende Statistik mehrdimensionaler Daten 3.1 Grafische Darstellungen fur zwei zusammenhangende Grossen 3.2 Die Produktmomenten-Korrelation 3.3 Rangkorrelation 3.4 Zur Interpretation von Korrelationen 3.5 Regression 3.6 Multivariate Beobachtungen 3.7 Zeitreihen und räumliche Daten 3.8 Allgemeines zu grafischen Darstellungen 3.9 Wie weiter? Literatur zu Teil I II Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung 4 Wahrscheinlichkeit 4.1 Einleitung 4.2 Grundbegriffe und Grundeigenschaften 4.3 Zufallsvariable 4.4 Zufallszahlen 4.5 Zwei Zufallsvariable, gemeinsame Verteilung 4.6 Unabhangige Ereignisse und Zufallsvariable 4.7 Bedingte Wahrscheinlichkeit 4.8 Bedingte Verteilung 4.9 Der Satz von Bayes 4.10 Was ist eine Wahrscheinlichkeit? 4.11 Wie weiter? 5 Diskrete Verteilungen 5.1 Binomial-Verteilung 5.2 Die Poisson-Verteilung 5.3 Kennzahlen 5.4 Verteilungsfamilien 5.5 Die multinomiale Verteilung 5.6 Summen von Zufallsvariablen 5.7 Zufalls-Stichproben 5.8 Gesetze der grossen Zahl 5.9 Stochastische Prozesse 6 Stetige Verteilungen 6.1 Grundlagen 6.2 Grundbegriffe, Exponential-und uniforme Verteilung 6.3 Kennzahlen für stetige Verteilungen 6.4 Transformationen von Zufallsvariablen 6.5 Die Normalverteilung 6.6 Die Lognormal- Verteilung 6.7 Weitere stetige Verteilungsfamilien 6.8 Gemeinsame und bedingte Verteilung 6.9 Unabhangige Zufallsvariable und Correlation 6.10 Funktionen von mehreren Zufallsvariablen 6.11 Gausssche Fehler-Fortpflanzung 6.12 Der Zentrale Grenzwertsatz 6.13 Rückblick Literatur zu Teil II III Schliessende Statistik 7 Schätzungen 7.1 Drei Grundfragen der schliessenden Statistik 7.2 Schätzungen für B, V und M 7.3 Eigenschaften von Schätzungen 7.4 Die Maximum-Likelihood-Methode 7.5 Robuste Schätzungen 8 Tests 8.1 Einführende Beispiele und Begriffe 8.2 Test fiir eine Wahrscheinlichkeit 8.3 Die Teststatistik 8.4 Vorgehen bei einem statistischen Test 8.5 Tests für eine Stichprobe oder zwei gepaarte Stichproben 8.6 Interpretation von Testergebnissen 8.7 Bemerkungen zum P-Wert 8.8 Vergleich von zwei quantitativen Stichproben 8.9 Macht 8.10 Asymptotische Tests und Randomisierungs-Tests 8.11 Sinn und Unsinn statistischer Tests 9 Vertrauensintervalle 9.1 Vertrauensintervalle für Binomial-und Poisson-Verteilung 9.2 Die Grundeigenschaft von Vertrauensintervallen 9.3 Vertrauensintervalle für Lageparameter 9.4 Bootstrap und andere Resampling-Methoden 9.5 Vertrauens- und andere Intervalle 9.6 Schätzungen, Tests und Vertrauensintervalle im Vergleich 9.7 Wo stehen wir? Literatur zu Teil III IV Methoden der Datenanalyse 10 Nominate Daten 10.1 Multinomiale Verteilung und Chiquadrat-Test 10.2 Der Chiquadrat-Anpassungstest 10.3 Der Chiquadrat-Test in Kontingenztafeln 10.4 Die häufigsten Fehler beim Chiquadrat-Test 11 Überprüfung von Voraussetzungen 11.1 Problemstellung 11.2 Quantil-Quantil-Diagramme 11.3 Anpassungstests 11.4 Bedeutung von Tests zur Prüfung von Voraussetzungen 11.5 Unabhiingigkeit 12 Varianzanalyse 12.1 Vergleich mehrerer Stichproben, einfache Varianzanalyse 12.2 Multiple Vergleiche, multiple Tests 12.3 Mehrere verbundene Stichproben 12.4 Zweiweg-Varianzanalyse 12.5 Zufallige Effekte, Varianz-Komponenten 12.6 Ausblick Literatur 13 Regression 13.1 Das Modell der einfachen linearen Regression 13.2 Schätzung der Parameter 13.3 Tests und Vertrauensintervalle für die Koeffizienten 13.4 Vertrauens-und Vorhersage-Bereiche 13.5 Multiple lineare Regression 13.6 Vielfalt der Modelle der multiplen linearen Regression 13.7 Interpretation von Regressionskoeffizienten 13.8 Residuen-Analyse 13.9 Einflussreiche Beobachtungen 13.10 Modellwahl 13.11 Allgemeinere Modelle für stetige Zielgrossen 13.12 Verallgemeinerte lineare Modelle Literatur 14 Versuchsplanung 14.1 Einleitung 14.2 Allgemeine Überlegungen 14.3 Versuchsplane 14.4 Eine Checkliste Literatur 15 Multivariate Statistik 15.1 Mehrdimensionale Zufallsvariable 15.2 Schatzung von Erwartungswert und Kovarianz-Matrix 15.3 Die mehrdimensionale Normalverteilung 15.4 Statistik der Normalverteilung 15.5 Hauptkomponenten 15.6 Diskriminanz- Analyse Literatur 16 Zeitreihen 16.1 Fragestellungen 16.2 Auto-Korrelation 16.3 ARMA-Modelle 16.4 Statistik von Zeitreihen 16.5 Vorhersage 16.6 Zustandsraum-Modelle 16.7 Spektralanalyse 16.8 Raumliche Korrelation 16.9 Regression mit Zeitreihen Literatur 17 Stichproben-Erhebungen 17.1 Einleitung 17.2 Einfache Zufalls-Stichprobe 17.3 Geschichtete Stichproben 17.4 Weitere Stichproben-Plane 17.5 Weitere Schatzmethoden 17.6 Auswertung von Umfragen 17.7 Eine Checkliste Literatur 18 Ausblick 18.1 Bedeutung von Wahrscheinlichkeit-Modellen 18.2 Grosse Datensatze, beschreibende Modelle 18.3 Die Statistik und ihre Anwendungen Nachwort A Anhang: Kurzfassung des wichtigsten Stoffes Literaturverzeichnis Sachwortverzeichnis

Note: Contents: 1 Introduction / Pinxian Wang and Qianyu Li. - References. - 2 Oceanographical and Geological Background / Pinxian Wang and Qianyu Li. - Introduction. - 2.1 Bathymetry and Geomorphology. - 2.2 Oceanography. - Monsoon. - Surface Circulation. - Surface Temperature and Salinity. - Thermocline and Upwelling. - Water Exchange with Pacific and Kuroshio Intrusion. - Deep Water Circulation. - Other Oceanographic Features. - Oceanographic Summary. - 2.3 Tectonic History and Sedimentary Basins. - Prior Terrains and Opening of the SCS. - Step-Wise Closure of the Sea Basin. - Formation of Shelf-Slope Sedimentary Basins. - Sediments of the SCS Shelf-Slope Basins: An Overview. - Summary of Tectonics and Basin Formation. - References. - 3 Stratigraphy and Sea Level Changes. - Introduction. - 3.1 Lithostratigraphic Overview / (Li Q. and Zhong G.). - Pre-Cenozoic Basement. - Lithostratigraphy of Syn-Rift Sediments. - Post-Rift Sediments in Shelf-Slope Basins. - Deep Water Lithostratigraphy. - 3.2 Biostratigraphic Framework / (Li Q.). - Floral and Shallow-Water Faunal Assemblages. - Planktonic Foraminiferal and Nannofossil Biostratigraphy. - Quaternary Lithobiostratigraphic Events. - 3.3 Isotopic and Astronomical Stratigraphy / (Tian J. and Li Q.). - Neogene Isotopic Records at Site 1148. - Pliocene–Pleistocene Isotopic Records at Site 1143. - 3.4 Stratigraphy of Major Shelf and Slope Basins / (Zhong G. and Li Q.). - Northern South China Sea Basins. - Southern South China Sea Basins. - 3.5 Regional Sea Level Changes / (Zhong G. and Li Q.). - Late Quaternary Sea Level Changes. - Long-Term Sea Level Changes Since the Oligocene. - New Approach Toward Fine-Scale Sea Level Magnitude. - Summary of South China Sea stratigraphy. - References. - 4 Sedimentology. - Introduction. - 4.1 Surface Deposition Patterns / (Liu Z.). - Deposit Distribution Patterns. - Sediment Transport. - 4.2 Terrigenous Deposition / (Liu Z.). - Clay Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Source Areas. - Clay Minerals. - Geochemistry. - Terrigenous Sediment Supply in Glacial Cycles. - Long-Term Changes of Terrigenous Sediment Supply. - 4.3 Biogenic Deposition. - Carbonate / (Li J. and Wang P.). - Opal / (Wang R.). - 4.4 Coral Reefs / (Yu K. and Zhao J.). - Modern Coral Reef Distribution. - Carbonate Platform Sediments and Calcium Carbonate Production. - Reef History. - 4.5 Volcanic Deposition / (Liu Z.). - Volcanic Rock Distribution. - Volcanic Ash Records. - Case Studies: Pinatubo, Toba. - 4.6 Estimation of Deposit Mass Since the Oligocene / (Huang W. and Wang P.). - Data Sources and Analyses. - Sediment Distribution and Mass. - Estimation of Terrigenous and Carbonate Masses. - Depositional Patterns. - Major Characteristics of SCS Sedimentation. - References. - 5 Upper Water Structure and Paleo-Monsoon. - Introduction. - 5.1 Sea Surface Temperature History / (Jian Z. and Tian J.). - SST Proxies. - Paleo-SST Reconstruction. - Paleo-SST Patterns. - 5.2 Thermocline Depth History / (Tian J. and Jian Z.). - Proxies of Thermocline Depth. - Paleo-Thermocline Depth. - 5.3 Vegetation History in Deep-Sea Record / (Sun X.). - Pollen Distribution in Surface Sediments. - Long-Term Evolution. - Last Glacial Pollen Records: North-South Differences. - North-South Comparison of the Vegetation During the LGM. - 5.4 Monsoon History / (Jian Z. and Tian J.). - Monsoon Proxies. - Tectonic-Scale Long-Term Evolution. - Orbital-Scale Variability. - Suborbital-Scale Variability. - Summary. - References. - 6 Deep Waters and Oceanic Connection / Quanhong Zhao, Qianyu Li and Zhimin Jian. - Introduction. - 6.1 Modern Deep Waters and Their Faunal Features. - Marginal Seas in the Western Pacific. - Modern Intermediate and Deep Waters in the South China Sea. - Modern Deep-Sea Benthic Foraminifera and Ostracods. - 6.2 Late Quaternary Deep-Water Faunas and Stable Isotopes. - 6.3 Neogene and Oligocene Deep-Water Benthic Faunas from ODP Leg 184 Sites. - Site 1148 Benthic Foraminifera. - Site 1148 Ostracods. - Faunal Indication of Deep-Water Mass Changes. - 6.4 Deep Water Evolution: Evidence from Carbonate. - Preservation and Isotopes. - Carbonate Dissolution. - Isotopic Records. - 6.5 Oceanic Connection. - Summary. - References. - 7 Biogeochemistry and the Carbon Reservoir. - Introduction. - 7.1 Productivity and Nutrient Dynamics in the Modern South China Sea / (Zhao M.). - Primary Productivity. - Nutrient Supplies. - Community Structure, Export Productivity and Sedimentary Biogenic Content. - 7.2 Paleoproductivity Reconstruction of the South China Sea / (Zhao M.). - Patterns of Productivity Changes During Glacial-Interglacial Oscillations. - Pre-Pleistocene Paleoproductivity Changes. - 7.3 Carbon Reservoir Changes / (Wang P., Tian J. and Li J.). - Modern Carbon Cycling. - Late Quaternary δ13C Cyclicity. - Long-Term Trend of Carbon Isotopes. - Summary. - References. - 8 History of the South China Sea – A Synthesis / Pinxian Wang and Qianyu Li. - Introduction. - 8.1 Evolution of the South China Sea Basin. - Pre-Spreading Stage in the Early Paleogene. - Seafloor Spreading in the Oligocene-Early Miocene. - Post-Spreading Stage Since the Late Miocene. - 8.2 Evolution of the East Asian Monsoon. - Summer Monsoon and Chemical Weathering. - Winter Monsoon and North-South Contrast. - East and South Asian Monsoons. - 8.3 Evolution of Continent-Ocean Interactions. - References. - Index.

Note: Contents: 1 Introduction. - 2 What is science?. - 3 Choices, choices, choices. - 4 The adviser and thesis committee. - 5 Questions drive research. - 6 Giving direction to our work. - 7 Turning challenges into opportunities. - 8 Ethics of research. - 9 Using the scientific literature. - 10 Communication. - 11 Publishing a paper. - 12 Time management. - 13 Writing proposals. - 14 The scientific career. - 15 Applying for a job. - 16 Concluding remarks. - Appendix A. Futher reading. - Appendix B. A sample curriculum. - Appendix C. The Refer and BibTeX format. - References. - About the authors. - Index.

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1. The status of forest regeneration problem in slash-fire felled area (history, state of study). - 2. Region, objects and methods of research. - 3. Natural forest regeneration in slash-fire felled areas of mossy-berrylike pine forests. - 4. Natural forest regeneration in slash-fire felled areas of motley-grass pine forests. - Forest-regeneration processes in felled areas of border-line forest types. - 6. The main soil and forestry factors and optimum methods determining success of forest regeneration in felled areas. - Conclusion. - Literature cited. - Appendices. , In kyrill. Schr. - Summary and table of contents also in English

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1 Vorwort: ein Backrezept?. - 2 Das Drama mit dem Gugelhupf. - 2.1 Thema Ihrer Bachelorarbeit: „Backen Sie einen Gugelhupf!". - 2.2 „Scientific Googlehoopf": Erfolgsfaktoren einer wissenschaftlichen Arbeit. - 2.3 Jetzt ganz neu „Gugelhupfrezept mit Backblockadenblocker!". - 2.3.1 Piemont-Kirschen, Königsnüsse, Megaperls - und Schreibkrisen. - 2.3.2 „Schreibprobleme" lösen - aber wie?. - 3 Der Inhalt einer wissenschaftlichen Arbeit (Teil I): SIE bestimmen, welchen Gugelhupf Sie servieren. - 3.1 Die Suche nach dem generellen Thema: Welchen Kuchen wollen Sie backen?. - 3.1.1 Hilfe bei der Themensuche. - 3.1.2 Was tun, wenn es Ihren Kuchen bereits gibt?. - 3.2 Die Suche nach der zentralen Forschungsfrage: Welches Rezept soll's denn sein?. - 3.2.1 Beschreibung (Deskription). - 3.2.2 Erklärung (Explikation). - 3.2.3 Prognose. - 3.2.4 Gestaltung. - 3.2.5 Kritik (Bewertung) und Utopie. - 3.3 Formulieren Sie Ihr Thema möglichst präzise!. - 4 Der Inhalt einer wissenschaftlichen Arbeit (Teil II): Verarbeiten Sie nur Zutaten, die man für einen Gugelhupf benötigt!. - 4.1 Das Leid mit der Literatur. - 4.1.1 Qualität ist das beste Rezept. - 4.1.2 Die besten Zutaten finden: Strategien der Literaturrecherche. - 4.1.2.1 Methode der konzentrischen Kreise. - 4.1.2.2 Systematische Suche. - 4.1.2.3 Vorwärts gerichtete Suche. - 4.1.3 Kaufen Sie Ihre Zutaten nicht im nächstbesten Internetshop. - 4.2 Die Zutaten bereitlegen: Lesen und Exzerpieren von Texten. - 4.3 Nicht zu wenige und nicht zu viele Zutaten: Quantität der verarbeiteten Literatur. - 4.4 Geriebene Zitronenschale und ein paar Rosinen: Nicht nur die Literatur macht's. - 5 Der Inhalt einer wissenschaftlichen Arbeit (Teil III): Rühren Sie Ihre Zutaten richtig zusammen!. - 5.1 Die Zutaten Schritt für Schritt dazugeben: Stellenwert der Gliederung. - 5.2 Die leidige „Einleitung" (=1. Kapitel). - 5.3 „Grundlagen und Definitionen" (=2. Kapitel). - 5.3.1 Eigentliche Bedeutung von „Grundlagen und Definitionen". - 5.3.2 Die Kurzgeschichte von der traurigen Definition mit ihren unendlich vielen Kindern. - 5.4 „Hauptteil": Das Herzstück Ihrer Arbeit (= 3. Kapitel). - 5.4.1 Die Zutaten stehen bereit - und nun?. - 5.4.2 Eigentliche Herausforderung: die Zutaten angemessen verarbeiten (= korrekter Umgang mit Hypothesen, Aussagen, Daten). - 5.4.2.1 Hypothesen. - 5.4.2.2 Aussagen. - 5.4.3 Analyse empirischer Daten. - 5.4.3.1 Mehr als nur Häufigkeiten. - 5.4.3.2 Mit univariaten Verfahren in die eigentliche Analyse einsteigen. - 5.4.3.3 Mit bivariaten Analyseverfahren einfache Zusammenhänge entdecken. - 5.4.3.4 Klarheit im Datenwust: Multivariate Analyseverfahren. - 5.5 Der vernachlässigte „Schluss" (=4. Kapitel). - 5.6 Die Zubereitung variieren: Mögliche Gliederungen einer wissenschaftlichen Arbeit. - 6 Der Stil wissenschaftlicher Arbeiten: Damit ihr Gugelhupf gelingt, brauchen Sie das richtige Händchen. - 6.1 Sie backen - schreiben - für Leser!. - 6.2 Verwenden Sie die richtigen Wörter - und verwenden Sie die Wörter richtig!. - 6.2.1 Verben . - 6.2.1.1 Leisten Sie Verzicht auf Funktionsverben!. - 6.2.1.2 Achten Sie auf die „Stilhöhe"!. - 6.2.1.3 Reanimieren Sie tote Verben!. - 6.2.1.4 Doppelt quält besser: Pleonasmen und Verben mit unnötigen Vorsilben. - 6.2.1.5 Beizeiten das Tempus beherrschen. - 6.2.1.6 Hätte da was im Konjunktiv stehen müssen?. - 6.2.1.7 Sollten Passivsätze seitens des Autors vermieden werden?. - 6.2.1.8 Infinitive ad infinitum?. - 6.2.2 Substantive. - 6.2.2.1 Nominalkonstruktionen? No!. - 6.2.2.2 Ein konkretes Substantiv für einen konkreten Sachverhalt. - 6.2.2.3 Zu Ihrer Rückerinnerung ein Testversuch als Gratisgeschenk: keine pleonastischen Substantive!. - 6.2.2.4 (Wort-)Blähungen der besonderen Art. - 6.2.2.5 Das Substantivaneinanderreihungsproblem. - 6.2.2.6 Geeignete Synonyme statt Wortwiederholungen. - 6.2.2.7 Männliche und/oder weibliche Ausdrucksform?. - 6.2.3 Adjektive. - 6.2.3.1 Misstrauen Sie Adjektiven!. - 6.2.3.2 Wählen Sie präzise Adjektive!. - 6.2.3.3 Sperren Sie schwarze Raben in die Vogelvoliere!. - 6.2.3.4 Adverb ≠ Adjektiv. - 6.2.3.5 Die maximalste Steigerungsstufe ist immer die optimalste! Oder etwa nicht?. - 6.2.3.6 Sie arbeiten nicht in der Kreativabteilung. - 6.2.4 „Simpel = unwissenschaftlich"? Zum Umgang mit Fachbegriffen, Fremdwörtern und Amerikanismen/Anglizismen. - 6.2.4.1 Muss man kasuistisch auf ein Kompendium extraordinärer Termini rekurrieren?. - 6.2.4.2 Fremdwort ≠ Fachbegriff. - 6.2.4.3 Weitere coole Infos. - 6.2.5 Präpositionen. - 6.2.6 Hinweise zur Wortwahl. - 6.2.6.1 Nicht journalistisch, nicht salopp. - 6.2.6.2 Der Kontext Ihrer Wörter ist wichtig. - 6.2.6.3 Versenken Sie Wortdreimaster!. - 6.2.6.4 Ich, wir oder man?. - 6.2.6.5 Anthropomor... was?. - 6.3 Sätze. - 6.3.1 Generelle Hinweise zur Formulierung von Sätzen. - 6.3.2 In der Kürze liegt die Würze!. - 6.3.3 Keine „russischen Puppen"!. - 6.3.4 Achten Sie auf den Satzbau!. - 6.3.5 Zeichnen Sie (Sprach-)Bilder!. - 6.3.6 Redewendungen sollten Sie korrekt aufs „Trapez" bringen!. - 6.3.7 War da was? Achten Sie auf Korrelationen!. - 6.4 Den Teig immer mal wieder probieren: Überarbeiten und korrigieren Sie Ihren Text gewissenhaft!. - 6.4.1 Machen Sie Ihre Arbeit zu einem eigenständigen Werk!. - 6.4.2 Stehlen Sie Ihren Lesern nicht die Zeit!. - 6.4.3 Lesen Sie den Inhalt Ihrer Arbeit laut vor!. - 6.4.4 Machen Sie den „Muttitest"!. - 7 Die Form wissenschaftlicher Arbeiten: Damit Ihr Gugelhupf wie ein echter Gugelhupf aussieht. - 7.1 Funktionen der Form. - 7.2 Stellenwert ausgewählter Formvorschriften. - 7.2.1 Rechtschreibung und Grammatik. - 7.2.2 Interpunktion: mehr als Punkt und Komma. - 7.2.2.1 Komma. - 7.2.2.2 Doppelpunkt. - 7.2.2.3 Gedankenstrich. - 7.2.2.4 Semikolon. - 7.2.3 Korrekte Zitierweise der verarbeiteten Literatur. - 7.2.3.1 Belegen der Literatur im Text. - 7.2.3.2 Ergänzende Hinweise zur korrekten Zitierweise. - 7.2.3.3 Angabe der Quellen im Literaturverzeichnis. - 7.2.4 Abbildungen, Tabellen, Grafiken. - 7.2.4.1 Stellenwert von Schaubildern. - 7.2.4.2 Hinweise zur Gestaltung von Schaubildern. - 7.2.4.3 Schaubildtypen. - 7.2.5 Mathematische Formeln und Gleichungen. - 7.2.6 Abkürzungen und Symbole. - 7.2.7 Zahlen, Zahlwörter und Einheiten. - 7.2.8 Kapitel, Absätze, Aufzählungen/Auflistungen, Hervorhebungen. - 8 Halten Sie sich an die Backzeit!. - Literatur. - Index.

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1 Der 7. Kontinent - Kontinent der Superlative. - 1.1 Begrenzung und kartographische Darstellung. - 1.2 Größe der Antarktis. - 1.3 Superlative und Besonderheiten der Antarktis. - 2 Die Erforschung der Antarktis. - 2.1 Geographische Erforschung. - 2.2 Beginn der geologischen Erforschung. - 2.3 Deutsche Arbeiten in der Antarktis. - 2.4 Die Internationalen Polarjahre. - 2.5 Ziele des 4. Internationalen Polarjahres 2007/08. - 3 Logistische Herausforderungen zur Erforschung einer neuen Welt. - 3.1 Schiffslogistik. - 3.2 Schlittenzüge. - 3.3 Fluglogistik. - 3.4 Forschungsstationen. - 4 Antarktika als Teil des Superkontinentes Gondwana. - 4.1 Geologische Argumente für den Gondwana-Superkontinent. - 4.2 Trennung Antarktikas von den übrigen Gondwana-Kontinenten. - 4.3 Antarktische Platte. - 5 Ein Kontinent wächst - der geologische Bau Antarktikas. - 5.1 Die alten Kratone der Ostantarktis. - 5.2 Grenze Kraton/Faltengürtel. - 5.3 Westantarktische Faltengebirge. - 5.4 Paläozoische Diskordanzflächen - Ausdruck von Zeiten tektonischer Ruhe. - 5.5 Deckgebirge - die Beacon-Supergruppe. - 6 Ein Superkontinent zerfällt - ein Kontinent wird isoliert. - 6.1 Indiz für den Gondwana-Zerfall - der Magmatismus der Ferrar-Supergruppe 6.2 Ein Kontinent wird isoliert - die Entstehung des Südlichen Ozeans. - 7 Die Prozesse der jüngeren Erdgeschichte - Eis, Feuer und tektonische Beben. - 7.1 Die Vereisung des 7. Kontinents. - 7.2 Der junge Vulkanismus. - 7.3 Neotektonik. - 7.4 Seismizität. - 8 Mineralische Rohstoffe - Eldorado oder Sperrkonto Antarktika?. - 8.1 Schwarze Kohle vom Weißen Kontinent?. - 8.2 Eisen aus dem Eis?. - 8.3 Erdöl unter dem Eis?. - 8.4 Metallrohstoffe. - 8.5 Metallische Rohstoffe vom Meeresboden. - 8.6 Rohstoff Eis - Eisberge als Süßwasserquelle?. - 8.7 Bewertung des Rohstoff-Potenzials der Antarktis. - 8.8 Ausblick auf eine zukünftige Entwicklung. - 9 Antarktika - und seine Beziehungen zu Mond, Mars und dem Jupitermond Europa. - 9.1 Meteoriten - Zeugen aus dem All konserviert im ewigen Eis. - 9.2 Vergleiche zwischen dem Weißen Kontinent und dem Roten Planeten. - 9.3 Antarktika - Lake Vostok und der Jupitermond Europa. - 10 Leben vor dem Eis. - 10.1 Fossile Pflanzen. - 10.2 Fossile Invertebraten (Wirbellose). - 10.3 Fossile Vertebraten (Wirbeltiere). - 11 Leben mit dem Eis - extrem angepasste Lebensgemeinschaften. - 11.1 Die antarktische Flora. - 11.2 Die antarktische Fauna. - 11.3 Fremdes Leben in der Antarktis - Aliens als Gefahr!. - 12 Seen unter dem Eis. - 12.1 Neue Methoden glaziologischer Forschung. - 12.2 Überraschende Ergebnisse: Seen unter dem Eis. - 12.3 Lake Vostok - ein Glücksfall für die Wissenschaft: Neue Forschungsziele. - 12.4 Was ist bisher über Lake Vostok bekannt?. - 12.5 Weitere Entdeckungen subglazialer Seen. - 12.6 Neue Technologien zur Erforschung subglazialer Seen. - 13 Wie ewig ist das Ewige Eis?. - 13.1 Meereis im Wechsel der Jahreszeiten. - 13.2 Eisschilde: Eispanzer der Antarktis. - 13.3 Rückzug der Eisströme, Zerfall der Schelfeistafeln - wie reagieren die Eisschilde?. - 13.4 Sorgenkinder Westantarktischer Eisschild und Antarktische Halbinsel. - 13.5 Eisschelfe: Wiege der Tafeleisberge. - 13.6 Einfluss von Eisbergen auf Sedimente: Pflüge für den Meeresboden und Eistransport. - 13.7 Inlandeis: Glücksfall für Megacities am Meer. - 14 Klima im Wandel - Gefahr für Antarktika?. - 14.1 Polarregionen: Schlüsselgebiete für Klimavariationen. - 14.2 Eiszeiten - Sonderfälle in der Klimageschichte der Erde. - 14.3 Ursachen für Klimaänderungen. - 14.4 Der Mensch: Verursacher oder Leidtragender der Klimaänderung?. - 14.5 Können Selbstheilungskräfte der Natur unser Klima retten?. - 14.6 Ein Appell des IPCC an die „Policy Maker". - 14.7 Die Rolle des CO2 in der Klimadiskussion. - 15 Ein Loch im Schutzschild. - 15.1 Die Entdeckung des Ozonlochs. - 15.2 Mechanismus der Ozonausdünnung. - 15.3 Die besondere Rolle der Pole. - 15.4 Ozon - vertikale Verteilung und zeitliche Veränderung. - 15.5 Gefahren durch den fehlenden Ozon-Schutzschild. - 16 Meteorologische Extreme - von stärksten Stürmen und niedrigsten Temperaturen. - 16.1 Bewegte Luftmassen - von Luftschichtung und Windfeldern. - 16.2 Wolken und White Out. - 16.3 Diamantstaub - von Nebel und Niederschlägen. - 16.4 Temperaturen - kälter als im Kühlhaus. - 17 Politik für 60 Grad Süd. - 17.1 Antarktika - Kontinent der Forschung und des Friedens. - 17.2 Wie verwaltet man Antarktika: Gesetze für ein Niemandsland. - 17.3 Vorfahrt für Pinguine - maximaler Umweltschutz für den 7. Kontinent. - 17.4 Wie wird der Antarktisvertrag durchgesetzt und kontrolliert?. - 17.5 Das Antarktisvertragssystem und die Vereinten Nationen. - 17.6 Ausblick. Register. -

Note: Contents: 1 Introduction and examples. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Why Bayes?. - 1.2.1 Estimating the probability of a rare event. - 1.2.2 Building a predictive model. - 1.3 Where we are going. - 1.4 Discussion and further references. - 2 Belief, probability and exchangeability. - 2.1 Belief functions and probabilities. - 2.2 Events, partitions and Bayes' rule. - 2.3 Independence. - 2.4 Random variables. - 2.4.1 Discrete random variables. - 2.4.2 Continuous random variables. - 2.4.3 Descriptions of distributions. - 2.5 Joint distributions. - 2.6 Independent random variables. - 2.7 Exchangeability. - 2.8 de Finetti's theorem. - 2.9 Discussion and further references. - 3 One-parameter models. - 3.1 The binomial model. - 3.1.1 Inference for exchangeable binary data. - 3.1.2 Confidence regions. - 3.2 The Poisson model. - 3.2.1 Posterior inference . - 3.2.2 Example: Birth rates. - 3.3 Exponential families and conjugate priors. - 3.4 Discussion and further references. - 4 Monte Carlo approximation. - 4.1 The Monte Carlo method. - 4.2 Posterior inference for arbitrary functions. - 4.3 Sampling from predictive distributions. - 4.4 Posterior predictive model checking. - 4.5 Discussion and further references. - 5 The normal model. - 5.1 The normal model. - 5.2 Inference for the mean, conditional on the variance. - 5.3 Joint inference for the mean and variance. - 5.4 Bias, variance and mean squared error. - 5.5 Prior specification based on expectations. - 5.6 The normal model for non-normal data. - 5.7 Discussion and further references. - 6 Posterior approximation with the Gibbs sampler. - 6.1 A semiconjugate prior distribution. - 6.2 Discrete approximations. - 6.3 Sampling from the conditional distributions. - 6.4 Gibbs sampling. - 6.5 General properties of the Gibbs sampler. - 6.6 Introduction to MCMC diagnostics. - 6.7 Discussion and further references. - 7 The multivariate normal model. - 7.1 The multivariate normal density. - 7.2 A semiconjugate prior distribution for the mean. - 7.3 The inverse-Wishart distribution. - 7.4 Gibbs sampling of the mean and covariance. - 7.5 Missing data and imputation. - 7.6 Discussion and further references. - 8 Group comparisons and hierarchical modeling. - 8.1 Comparing two groups. - 8.2 Comparing multiple groups. - 8.2.1 Exchangeability and hierarchical models. - 8.3 The hierarchical normal model. - 8.3.1 Posterior inference. - 8.4 Example: Math scores in U.S. public schools. - 8.4.1 Prior distributions and posterior approximation. - 8.4.2 Posterior summaries and shrinkage. - 8.5 Hierarchical modeling of means and variances. - 8.5.1 Analysis of math score data. - 8.6 Discussion and further references. - 9 Linear regression. - 9.1 The linear regression model. - 9.1.1 Least squares estimation for the oxygen uptake data. - 9.2 Bayesian estimation for a regression model. - 9.2.1 A semiconjugate prior distribution. - 9.2.2 Default and weakly informative prior distributions. - 9.3 Model selection. - 9.3.1 Bayesian model comparison. - 9.3.2 Gibbs sampling and model averaging. - 9.4 Discussion and further references. - 10 Nonconjugate priors and Metropolis-Hastings algorithms. - 10.1 Generalized linear models. - 10.2 The Metropolis algorithm. - 10.3 The Metropolis algorithm for Poisson regression. - 10.4 Metropolis, Metropolis-Hastings and Gibbs. - 10.4.1 The Metropolis-Hastings algorithm. - 10.4.2 Why does the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm work?. - 10.5 Combining the Metropolis and Gibbs algorithms. - 10.5.1 A regression model with correlated errors. - 10.5.2 Analysis of the ice core data. -

Note: CONTENTS ABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION 2. AIMS AND SCOPE 3. NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC ACIDIFICATION AND ITS ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES 3.1. The role of water pH 3.2. Description of natural and anthropogenic acid sources 3.3. Anthropogenic acidification and its ecological consequences 3.4. Diatoms as indicators of water acidity and related factors 4. MATERIAL AND METHODS 4.1. Field samples 4.2. Laboratory methods 4.3. Data analysis 5. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREAS 6. RESULTS 6.1. Diatom community patterns vs. water chemistry in relation to different water types 6.2. Diatom community patterns in relation to altitude 6.3. Diatom community patterns in relation to dijf'erent geographical regions in Poland and Finland 6.4. Diatoms as indicators of pH, alkalinity and TOC 6.5. Restoration and recovery of acidified aquatic ecosystems 6.5.1. Diatoms as indicators of restoration: effect of water neutralization 6.5.2. Diatoms as indicators of lake recovery 7. DISCUSSION 8. NOTES ON AUTECOLOGY OF SELECTED DIATOM TAXA 9. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES APPENDIX (Codes of diatom taxa used in the graphs and tables) PLATES

Note: Contents Preface 1 The evidence for cryospheric change 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The geomorphic and hydrologic effects of cryospheric change 1.3 Sub-arctic and alpine hydrology 1.4 Glacier loss and mountain permafrost 1.5 Permafrost 1.6 The carbon balance of the cryosphere 1.7 River and lake ice break-up and freeze-up 1.8 Ocean circulation 1.9 The mass balance of the polar ice sheets 1.10 Sea level 1.11 Importance of sea ice. 1.12 Ecological impacts 1.13 Socio-economic effects 1.14 Conclusions (Text word count-including figure captions and tables but excluding references- 9,015) 2 The monitoring of cryospheric change 2.1 Introduction 2.2 In situ measurements 2.2.1 Land surface air temperature 2.2.2 Terrestrial snow and snow on sea ice 2.2.3 Sea ice 2.2.4 Ice sheets and alpine glaciers 2.2.5 Permafrost and seasonally frozen ground 2.2.6 River runoff 2.2.7 River and lake ice freeze-up and break-up 2.3 Conclusions 3 Processes of cryospheric change 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Snow and ice as energy regulators 3.2.1 The energetics of the snow surface 3.2.2 The energetics of the snowpack 3.2.3 The energetics of glaciers 3.2.4 The energetics of sea ice and various terrain types 3.2.5 Permafrost 3.3 Snow and ice reservoir functions 3.3.1 Mass budget for snow 3.3.2 Mass balance for glacier ice 3.3.3 The mass balance of an ice sheet 3.3.4 Mass balance of sea ice 3.4 Snowfall 3.4.1 Interception by vegetation 3.4.2 Snow accumulation 3.4.3 Snow cover structure 3.5 Snow avalanches 3.6 Snow melt, runoff and streamflow generation 3.7 Snow chemistry 3.8 Snow ecology 3.9 Glacier melt 3.10 Formation of an ice cover 3.11 River and lake ice 3.12 Sediment budgets 4 Patterns of the contemporary cryosphere at local to global scales 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Remote sensing observations 4.3 Land and sea surface temperature 4.3.1 Terrestrial snow and snow on sea ice 4.3.2 Sea ice 4.3.3 Ice sheets & glaciers: estimation of volume 4.3.4 Ice sheets & glaciers: mass balance components 4.3.5 Permafrost 4.3.6 River runoff 4.3.7 River and lake ice freeze-up/break-up 4.4 Numerical Models 4.5 Conclusions: validation, coordinated projects and climate data records 5 The evidence for past cryospheric changes 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The uniqueness of the Quaternary Period 5.3. Initiation of glacial ages 5.4 Reconstructing extent of glacial environments 5.5 Extreme events 5.6 Ice sheet modelling 5.6.1 The Antarctic Ice Sheet 5.6.2 Greenland 5.6.3 North America: Innuitian, Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets 5.6.4 British Isles, Scandinavian and Barents ice sheets 5.6.5 The Patagonian and New Zealand ice caps 5.7 Non-glacial Quaternary environments 5.7.1 Late Quaternary permafrost in North America and Europe 5.7.2 Treeline variations 5.7.3 Climatic snowline 5.7.4 Glacier fluctuations 5.7.5 Paraglaciation 6 The transience of the cryosphere and transitional landscapes 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 The landscape as palimpsest 6.2 Glacial landscapes: macro scale 6.2.1 Cirque landscapes 6.2.2 Fjord and strandflat landscapes 6.3 Periglacial landscapes: macro-scale 6.4 Paraglacial landscapes: macro-scale 6.5 Glacial landscapes: medium-scale 6.5.1 The transition from glacial to fluvial dominance 6.6 Proglacial landscapes: medium-scale 6.6.1 Glacifluvial landforms 6.6.2 The Channeled Scablands 6.6.3 Sub-glacial channels 6.6.4 Sub-glacial, ice-marginal and supraglacial sediment-landform associations 6.7 Periglacial landscapes: medium scale 6.7.1 The transition from periglacial to fluvial dominance 6.8 Paraglacial landscapes: medium-scale 6.9 Glacial landscapes: local-scale 6.9.1 Primary glacigenic deposits 6.9.2 Small scale erosional forms 6.10 Proglacial landscapes: local-scale 6.11 Periglacial landscapes: local scale 6.13 Paraglacial landscapes: local-scale 6.13 Landscape resistance, collapse and recovery 6.14 Transitional landscapes at Quaternary, Holocene and Anthropocene timescales 7 Cryospheric change and vulnerability at Quaternary, Holocene and Anthropocene time scales 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Panarchy 7.2.1 Panarchy, sustainability and transformability 7.2.2 Collapse and the vulnerability of socio-economic systems 7.3 Changing ice cover and biomes since the Last Glacial Maximum 7.3.1 The Last Glacial Maximum 7.3.2 The Holocene Optimum 7.4 The first explorers in North America 7.5 Implications of cryospheric change/collapse 7.5.1 Snow quantity 7.5.2 Snow quality 7.5.3 River and lake ice 7.5.4 Permafrost 7.5.5 Glaciers 7.5.6 River basins 7.5.7 Sea ice 7.5.8 Ice sheets 7.5.9 Sea level change 7.5.10 Carbon sequestration 7.5.11 Vegetation 7.5.12 Polar bears 7.5.13 Human health 7.5.14 Persistent organic pollutants 7.5.15 Socio-cultural conditions and health status 7.5.16 Livelihoods and socio-economic conditions 7.5.17 Governance 7.6 Concluding thoughts References Index

Note: Contents Introduction / A.G. Georgiadi, A.N. Zolotokrylin CHAPTER 1. SUBARCTIC TUNDRA 1.1. Characteristics of subarctic polygon and a complex of field experimental investigations / A.G. Georgiadi 1.2. Landscapes and their characteristics 1.2.1. Types and distribution over territory / R.V. Desyatkin, L.D. Hinzman 1.2.2. Seasonal changes of spectral characteristics of landscapes by data of remote sensing measurements / V.B. Malyshev, N. S. Ozerov 1.3. The active layer of subarctic landscapes: typology and geography 1.3.1. Spatial variabi!ity of the active layer thickness / A.G. Georgiadi, V.G. Onischenko 1.3.2. Hydrophysical characteristics of the seasonal-melting layer / A.G. Georgiadi,V.G. Onischenko 1.4. Radiation and thermal characteristics of landscapes in the summer period 1.4.1. Systematization of experimental information on albedo and surface temperature / A.N. Zolotokrylin 1.4.2. Analysis of experimental information on the surface temperature / A.N. Zolotokrylin, V.V. Vinogradova 1.5. Heat exchange in tundra landscapes 1.5.1. Structure of heat exchange and its seasonal features / A.N. Zolotokrylin 1.5.2. Theoretical analysis of the process of heat transfer in the surface thawed layer of soil grounds / A.B. Kazansky, A.N. Zolotokrylin 1.6. Features of water regime and water exchange in tundra 1.6.1. Water regime and water balance of river basins by results of experimental measurements / A.G. Georgiadi 1.6.2. Interrelationship of underground and surface waters and underground alimentation of rivers in different year seasons / V.V. Shepelev CHAPTER 2. CENTRAL PLAIN TAIGA 2.1. Geographical characteristics of Spasskaya Pad polygon / A.N. Fedorov 2.2. Types of landscapes, their distribution over territory and seasonal dynamics / A.N. Fedorov, Ya. I. Torgovkin, S.P. Varlamov 2.3. Characteristics of the active layer and its physical properties 2.3.1. Spatial and seasonal variability of the active layer thickness 2.3.1.1. Inter-landscape variability of the seasonal-thawing layer thickness / I.S. Vasiliev 2.3.1.2. Variability of the active layer thickness at experimental sites / E.Yu. Gerasimov 2.3.1.3. Freezing of the active layer / P.Ya. Konstantinov 2.3.2. Physical properties of soils of the seasonal-thawing layer under larch forest / A.G. Georgiadi, V.G. Onischenko 2.3.3. Inter-landscape differences of physical properties of the active layer / P.Ya. Konstantinov, I.S. Ugarov, R.N. Argunov 2.3.4. Features of thermal conductivity of soil grounds / V.G. Onischenko, I.S. Lisker, A.G. Georgiadi 2.4. Radiation balance and thermal regime of landscapes 2.4.1. Radiation balance and its components / I.S. Ugarov 2.4.2. Temperature regime of the active layer / P.P. Gavriliev, I.S. Ugarov, P.V. Efremov 2.4.3. Temperature regime of the upper layers of perennially frozen grounds / P.Ya. Konstantinov 2.5.Heat exchange in permafrost landscapes of plain taiga / P.P. Gavriliev 2.6. Features of heat and moisture balance in taiga-alas landscapes / R.V. Desyatkin, I. Ishii, Kh. Yabuki, A.R. Desyatkin, P.P. Fedorov, T.N. Semenova 2.7. Turbulent energy- and moisture exchange in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) over thermally heterogeneous surface (over the Lena River lowland in the Yakutsk area) / M.A. Strunin 2.7.1. Some aspects of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) observations using the aircraft laboratory 2.7.2. Aircraft experiment of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) observations in the Yakutsk area 2.7.2.1. Aicraft laboratory IL-18d and its instruments for investigations of ABL 2.7.2.2. Scheme and conditions of the aircraft experiment 2.7.2.3. Radiosounding, surface measurements and satellite observations 2.7.2.4. Turbulence and turbulent fluxes data processing and analyzing 2.7.3. Some features of the convective boundary layer (CBL) development over thermally heterogeneous surface 2.7.3.1. Seasonal variability of turbulent fluxes 2.7.3.2. Fine spatial ABL structure 2.7.3.3. Conditions of appearance and development of the mesoscale thermal internal boundary layer (MTIBL) inside the CBL 2.7.3.4. Appearance of the local circulation over thermal mesoscale patch on the underlying surface 2.7.3.5. The local circulation and the problem of energy balance in the atmospheric boundary layer 2.7.3.6. Conditions of applying the scaling models for the CBL developing over heterogeneous underlying surface 2.7.3.7. The spectral structure of fluxes 2.7.3.8. Flux separating into turbulent and mesoscale portions 2.7.3.9. Separating approach models for mesoscale and turbulent fluxes in the CBL 2.7.3.10. Some f eatures of mesoscale and turbulent fluxes seasonal variations 2.7.4. The main results of observations of the CBL, developing over the thermally heterogeneous surface 2.8 Moisture exchange in plain taiga landscape 2.8.1. Moisture regime of the active layer 2.8.1.1. Landscape features of moisture dynamics of the active layer / P.P. Gavriliev, I.S. Ugarov, P.V. Efremov, R.N. Argunov 2.8.1.2. Spatial and temporal distribution of moisture reserves in the active layer / A.N. Fedorov, Ya.I.Torgovkin, R.N. Arguniov, P.P. Gavriliev, I.S. Vasiliev, J.S. Ugarov, P.V. Efremov 2.8.2. Interrelationship of underground and surface waters and underground alimentation of rivers in different seasons / V.V. Shepelev CHAPTER 3. SOUTHERN MOUNTAIN TAIGA 3.1. Natural conditions of the region / V.S. Vuglinsky, M.L. Markov 3.1.1. Climate 3.1.2. Relief and geological structure 3.1.3. Permafrost and hydrogeological conditions 3.1.4. Hydrography and hydrological conditions 3.1.5. Interrelationship of surface and underground waters, underground alimentation of rivers 3.1.5.1. lntraannual dynamics of water exchange of rivers with drained aquifers 3.1.5.2. Seasonal glaciation and its impact upon formation of river runoff 3.2. Results of study of regularities of heat- and moisture exchange at an experimental SHI Mogot polygon / N.G. Vasilenko, S.A. Zhuravin 3.2.1. General characteristics of the Mogot polygon and program of investigations 3.2.2. Landscape and soil characteristics of catchments of the Mogot polygon 3.2.2.1. Landscapes of the Mogot polygon 3.2.2.2. Landscape-hydrology complexes 3.2.2.3. Types of soils and their water physical characteristics 3.2.3. Features of climate in the region of the Mogot polygon 3.2.4. Radiation and heat balances 3.2.4.1. Radiation balance 3.2.4.2. Heat balance 3.2.5. Water balance 3.2.5.1. Methods of identification of the main components of water balance 3.2.5.2. Features of fo rmation of water balance elements 3.2.5.3. Results of calculation of water balances List of literature SUPPLEMENT TO PART 2.7. INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS FOR INVESTIGATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE USING THE AIRCRAFT LABORATORY / M.A. Strunin S.2.7.1. Methods of wind speed and direction, air temperature and humidity and turbulence measurements based on aircraft data S.2.7.2. Aircraft laboratory IL-18d and its instruments for investigation of the atmosphere S.2.7.3. Database of aircraft observations and preliminary data processing S.2.7.4. Errors of turbulent fluxes calculations based on aircraft data S.2.7.5. Methods of spectral analysis of turbulence data S.2.7.6. Calculations of spectral characteristics of fluctuations based on Fourier analysis S.2.7.7. Using the wavelet-transformations for the spectral analysis List of literature to Supplement 2.7 , In kyrillischer Schrift , Einführung und Inhaltsverzeichnis in englischer Sprache

Note: Contents Foreword Introduction / Charles Cockell, Gerda Horneck 1. Mars Simulations - Past Studies on the Biological Response to Simulated Martian Conditions / Aviaja Anna Hansen 2. Possible Atmospheric and UV Conditions on Mars in the Past - Biological Implications / H. Lammer, Yu. N. Kulikov 3. The Microbial Case for Mars and its Implication for Human Expeditions to Mars / Gerda Horneck 4. Response of Organics to Simulated Martian Conditions / J.R.C. Garry, I.L. ten Kate, P. Ehrenfreund, B.H. Foing 5. Mars Simulation Experiments with Complex Microbial Soil Communities / Kai Finster, Aviaja A. Hansen, Lars Liengaard, Karina Mikkelsen, Tommy Kristoffersen, Jonathan Merrison, Per Nornberg, Bente Aa.Lomstein 6. Fungi From Antarctic Desert Rocks as Analogues for Martian Life / S. Onofri, L. Zucconi, L. Selbmann, G. S. de Hoog, D. Barreca, S. Ruisi, M. Grube 7. The Response of Bacillus Subtilis to Simulated Martian Conditions and to the Space Environment / Petra Rettberg 8. Photosynthetic Organisms on Mars - Prospects and Limitations / Charles S. Cockell, Andrew C. Schuerger, Daniela Billi, E. Imre Friedmann, Corinna Panitz 9. Viable Haloarchaea from Ancient Salt Sediments and their Response to Simulated Mars Conditions / Helga Stan-Lotter, Sergiu Fendrihan 10. Response of Methanogenic Archaea from Siberian Permafrost to Martian Thermophysical Conditions / Daria Morozova, Diedrich Mohlmann, Dirk Wagner 11. Adaptation of the Lichen Rhizocarpon Geographicum to Harsh High-Altitude Conditions: Relevance to a Habitable Mars / Rosa de la Torre, Leopoldo Garcia-Sancho, Gerda Horneck 12. Photosynthetic Life Support Systems in the Martian Conditions / Kirsi Lehto, Eira Kanervo, Kurt Stahle, Harry Lehto, Milja Tammi, Joni Virtanen 13. Photo-Catalytic Redox-Processes and Adsorption Water on Mars / Chr. Jung, D. Mohlmann, Chr. Sattler, R. Staudt, M. Weeks 14. Design, Building and Applications of a Portable Martian UV Simulator / C. Kolb, R. Abart, A. Berces, J.R.C. Garry, A. A. Hansen, W. Hohenau, G. Kargl, H. Lammer, MR. Patel, P. Rettberg, H. Stan-Lotter 15. Raman Spectroscopic Analysis of Extremophilic Organisms Under Martian Conditions / Howell G. M. Edwards

Note: Inhalt: 1 Einleitung. - 1.1 Alltägliche Probleme. - 1.2 Uni- und multivariate Daten. - 1.3 Wege ins Statistiklabyrinth. - 2 Statistische Grundlagen. - 2.1 Einführung in die Terminologie. - 2.2 Datentypen -Skalenniveaus. - 2.3 Korrelation. - 2.4 Regression. - 2.5 Lineare Regression. - 2.6 Multiplelineare Regression. - 2.7 Unimodale Modelle - die Gauß'sche Regression. - 2.8 Logistische und Gauß'sche logistische Regression. - 2.9 Interaktionen. - 2.10 Gewichtetes Mittel. - 2.11 Partielle Analysen. - 3 Datenmanipulationen. - 3.1 Normalverteilung und Transformationen. - 3.2 Standardisierungen. - 3.3 Transponieren, Umkodieren und Maskieren. - 4 Ähnlichkeits- und Distanzmaße. - 4.1 Qualitative Ähnlichkeitsmaße. - 4.2 Quantitative Ähnlichkeitsmaße. - 4.3 Distanzmaße. - 4.4 Vergleich der geschilderten Koeffizienten. - 5 Ordinationen - das Prinzip. - 5.1 Dimensionsreduktion als Analysestrategie. - 5.2 Polare Ordination. - 6 Korrespondenzanalyse (CA). - 6.1 Das Prinzip. - 6.2 Mathematische Artefakte - Probleme der CA. - 6.3 DCA {Detrended Correspondence Analysis). - 6.4 Zusammenfassendes zu Problemen der CA und DCA. - 7 Interpretation von CA und DCA. - 7.1 Zur Skalierung und Interpretation der Ordinationsdiagramme. - 7.2 Umweltvariablen-Interaktionen von Effekten. - 7.3 Ordination und Umweltdaten. - 8 Kanonische Ordination (constrained ordination). - 8.1 Prinzip der Kanonischen Korrespondenzanalyse (CCA). - 8.2 Interpretation eines CCA-Diagramms. - 8.3 Forward selection bei kanonischen Ordinationen. - 8.4 Überprüfung einer CCA. - 9 Hauptkomponentenanalyse (PCA). - 9.1 Das Prinzip - geometrische Herleitung. - 9.2 Das Prinzip - der mathematische Ansatz. - 9.3 Optionen bei einer PCA. - 9.4 Stärken und Schwächen der PCA. - 9.5 Faktorenanalyse. - 10 Lineare Methoden und Umweltdaten: PCA und RDA. - 10.1 Indirekte Ordination. - 10.2 Kanonische Ordination - Prinzip der Redundanzanalyse. - 10.3 Interpretation einer RDA. - 11 Partielle Ordination und variance partitioning. - 11.1 Kovariablen. - 11.2 Partielle PCA, CA, DCA. - 11.3 Partielle kanonische Ordination. - 11.4 Variance partitioning. - 12 Multidimensionale Skalierung. - 12.1 Der andere Weg zum Ziel. - 12.2 Metrische Multidimensionale Skalierung - Hauptkoordinatenanalyse. - 12.3 Nichtmetrische Multidimensionale Skalierung. - 12.3.1 Das Prinzip. - 12.3.2 NMDS - Optionen und Probleme. - 12.3.3 Ablauf einer NMDS. - 13 Klassifikation - das Prinzip. - 13.1 Das Wesen von Klassifikationen. - 13.2 Die wichtigsten Klassifikationsstrategien. - 14 Agglomerative Klassifikationsverfahren. - 14.1Clusteranalyse - Grundlagen. - 14.2 Auswertung von Dendrogrammen. - 15 Divisive Klassifikationsverfahren. - 15.1 Ordination Space Partitioning. - 15.2 TWINSPAN. - 15.3 Ablauf einer TWINSPAN-Analyse. - 15.4 Kritik an der TWINSPAN-Analyse. - 16 Sonstige Verfahren zur Beschreibung von Gruppenstrukturen. - 16.1 Nichthierarchische agglomerative Verfahren. - 16.2 Nichthierarchische divisive Verfahren. - 16.3 Numerische "treue"-basierte Verfahren. - 16.4 Diskriminanzanalyse. - 16.4.1 Das Prinzip. - 16.4.2 Voraussetzungen. - 16.4.3 Gütekriterien/Prüfung der Ergebnisse. - 17 Permutationsbasierte Tests. - 17.1 Das Prinzip von Permutationstests. - 17.2 Test auf Signifikanz von Ordinationsachsen. - 17.3 Mantel-Test. - 17.4 Gruppenvergleiche - Mantel-Tests und MRPP. - 17.5 Procrustes-Analysen. - 17.6 Indicator Species Analysis. - 17.7 Ausblick Randomisierungsverfahren. - Literatur. - Sachverzeichnis.

Note: Contents Contributors 1 Introduction 1.1 Part 1: Applied statistical theory 1.2 Part 2: The case studies 1.3 Data, software and flowcharts 2 Data management and software 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Data management 2.3 Data preparation 2.4 Statistical software 3 Advice for teachers 3.1 Introduction 4 Exploration 4.1 The first steps 4.2 Outliers, transformations and standardisations 4.3 A final thought on data exploration 5 Linear regression 5.1 Bivariate linear regression 5.2 Multiple linear regression 5.3 Partial linear regression 6 Generalised linear modelling 6.1 Poisson regression 6.2 Logistic regression 7 Additive and generalised additive modelling 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The additive model 7.3 Example of an additive model 7.4 Estimate the smoother and amount of smoothing 7.5 Additive models with multiple explanatory variables 7.6 Choosing the amount of smoothing 7.7 Model selection and validation 7.8 Generalised additive modelling 7.9 Where to go from here 8 Introduction to mixed modelling 8.1 Introduction 8.2 The random intercept and slope model 8.3 Model selection and validation 8.4 A bit of theory 8.5 Another mixed modelling example 8.6 Additive mixed modelling 9 Univariate tree models 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Pruning the tree 9.3 Classification trees 9.4 A detailed example: Ditch data 10 Measures of association 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Association between sites: Q analysis 10.3 Association among species: R analysis 10.4 Q and R analysis: Concluding remarks 10.5 Hypothesis testing with measures of association 11 Ordination — First encounter 11.1 Bray-Curtis ordination 12 Principal component analysis and redundancy analysis 12.1 The underlying principle of PCA 12.2 PCA: Two easy explanations 12.3 PCA: Two technical explanations 12.4 Example of PCA 12.5 The biplot 12.6 General remarks 12.7 Chord and Hellinger transformations 12.8 Explanatory variables 12.9 Redundancy analysis 12.10 Partial RDA and variance partitioning 12.11 PCA regression to deal with collinearity 13 Correspondence analysis and canonical correspondence analysis 13.1 Gaussian regression and extensions 13.2 Three rationales for correspondence analysis 13.3 From RGR to CCA13.4 Understanding the CCA triplot 13.5 When to use PCA, CA, RDA or CCA 13.6 Problems with CA and CCA 14 Introduction to discriminant analysis 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Assumptions 14.3 Example 14.4 The mathematics 14.5 The numerical output for the sparrow data 15 Principal coordinate analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling 15.1 Principal coordinate analysis 15.2 Non-metric multidimensional scaling 16 Time series analysis — Introduction 16.1 Using what we have already seen before 16.2 Auto-regressive integrated moving average models with exogenous variables 17 Common trends and sudden changes 17.1 Repeated LOESS smoothing 17.2 Identifying the seasonal component 17.3 Common trends: MAFA 17.4 Common trends: Dynamic factor analysis 17.5 Sudden changes: Chronological clustering 18 Analysis and modelling of lattice data 18.1 Lattice data 18.2 Numerical representation of the lattice structure 18.3 Spatial correlation 18.4 Modelling lattice data 18.5 More exotic models 18.6 Summary 19 Spatially continuous data analysis and modelling 19.1 Spatially continuous data 19.2 Geostatistical functions and assumptions 19.3 Exploratory variography analysis 19.4 Geostatistical modelling: Kriging 19.5 A full spatial analysis of the bird radar data 20 Univariate methods to analyse abundance of decapod larvae 20.1 Introduction 20.2 The data 20.3 Data exploration 20.4 Linear regression results 20.5 Additive modelling results 20.6 How many samples to take? 20.7 Discussion 21 Analysing presence and absence data for flatfish distribution in the Tagus estuary, Portugal 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Data and materials 21.3 Data exploration 21.4 Classification trees 21.5 Generalised additive modelling 21.6 Generalised linear modelling 21.7 Discussion 22 Crop pollination by honeybees in Argentina using additive mixed modelling 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Experimental setup 22.3 Abstracting the information 22.4 First steps of the analyses: Data exploration 22.5 Additive mixed modelling 22.6 Discussion and conclusions 23 Investigating the effects of rice farming on aquatic birds with mixed modelling 23.1 Introduction 23.2 The data 23.3 Getting familiar with the data: Exploration 23.4 Building a mixed model 23.5 The optimal model in terms of random components 23.6 Validating the optimal linear mixed model 23.7 More numerical output for the optimal model 23.8 Discussion 24 Classification trees and radar detection of birds for North Sea wind farms 24.1 Introduction 24.2 From radars to data 24.3 Classification trees 24.4 A tree for the birds 24.5 A tree for birds, clutter and more clutter 24.6 Discussion and conclusions 25 Fish stock identification through neural network analysis of parasite fauna 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Horse mackerel in the northeast Atlantic 25.3 Neural networks 25.4 Collection of data 25.5 Data exploration 25.6 Neural network results 25.7 Discussion 26 Monitoring for change: Using generalised least squares, non-metric multidimensional scaling, and the Mantel test on western Montana grasslands 26.1 Introduction 26.2 The data 26.3 Data exploration 26.4 Linear regression results 26.5 Generalised least squares results 26.6 Multivariate analysis results 26.7 Discussion 27 Univariate and multivariate analysis applied on a Dutch sandy beach community 27.1 Introduction 27.2 The variables 27.3 Analysing the data using univariate methods 27.4 Analysing the data using multivariate methods 27.5 Discussion and conclusions 28 Multivariate analyses of South-American zoobenthic species — spoilt for choice 28.1 Introduction and the underlying questions 28.2 Study site and sample collection 28.3 Data exploration 28.4 The Mantel test approach 28.5 The transformation plus RDA approach 28.6 Discussion and conclusions 29 Principal component analysis applied to harbour porpoise fatty acid data 29.1 Introduction 29.2 The data 29.3 Principal component analysis 29.4 Data exploration 29.5 Principal component analysis results 29.6 Simpler alternatives to PCA 29.7 Discussion 30 Multivariate analyses of morphometric turtle data — size and shape 30.1 Introduction 30.2 The turtle data 30.3 Data exploration 30.4 Overview of classic approaches related to PCA 30.5 Applying PCA to the original turtle data 30.6 Classic morphometric data analysis approaches 30.7 A geometric morphometric approach 31 Redundancy analysis and additive modelling applied on savanna tree data 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Study area 31.3 Methods 31.4 Results 31.5 Discussion 32 Canonical correspondence analysis of lowland pasture vegetation in the humid tropics of Mexico 32.1 Introduction 32.2 The study area 32.3 The data 32.4 Data exploration 32.5 Canonical correspondence analysis results 32.6 African star grass 32.7 Discussion and conclusion 33 Estimating common trends in Portuguese fisheries landings 33.1 Introduction 33.2 The time series data 33.3 MAFA and DFA 33.4 MAFA results 33.5 DFA results 33.6 Discussion 34 Common trends in demersal communities on the Newfoundland-Labrador Shelf 34.1 Introduction 34.2 Data 34.3 Time series analysis 34.4 Discussion 35 Sea level change and salt marshes in the Wadden Sea: A time series analysis 35.1 Interaction between hydrodynamical and biological factors 35.2 The data 35.3 Data exploration 35.4 Additive mixed modelling 35.5 Additive mixed modelling results 35.6 Discussion 36 Time series analysis of Hawaiian waterbirds 36.1 Introduction 36.2 Endangered Hawaiian waterbirds 36.3 Data exploration 36.4 Three ways to estimate trends 36.5 Additive mixed modelling 36.6 Sudden breakpoints 36.7 Discussion 37 Spatial modelling of forest community features in the Volzhsko-Kamsky reserve 37.1 Introduction 37.2 Study area 37.3 Data exploration 37.4 Models of boreality without spatial auto-correlation 37.5 Models of boreality with spatial auto-correlation 37.6 Conclusion References Index

Note: CONTENTS: Summary for Policy-Makers. - 1 Climate protection: Swift action is essential. - The scientific evidence is clear. - Compliance with the 2 °C guard rail is worthwhile. - 2 Transforming the world‘s energy systems: The cornerstone of climate protection. - The energy portfolio for the future. - A new generation of energy technologies . - Mobilizing untapped efficiency potential. - Financing the transformation of energy systems. - A new climate policy dynamic. - 3 Implementing and developing the Climate Change Convention. - Making the 2 °C guard rail an international standard. - Gearing the Kyoto Protocol towards the long term. - Agreeing ambitious reduction targets for industrialized countries. - Integrating newly industrializing countries on a differentiated basis. - Giving adaptation high priority. - 4 Agreeing an innovation pact with Road Atlas at the G8 summit. - Agreeing parameters for climate-compatible technologies. - Developing a joint Road Atlas. - Offering technological cooperation as an incentive. - Harnessing impetus for the Climate Change Convention. - 5 Strengthening the EU‘s leading role. - Triggering an efficiency revolution. - Expanding renewables. - Fostering international cooperation in the energy sector. - Making the Emission Trading Scheme efficient and effective . - Strengthening the function of the public sector as a role model. - Implementing the programme of action on ‘sustainable consumption‘. - Redirecting energy subsidies. - Boosting adaptation within the framework of development cooperation. , Deutsche Ausgabe unter dem Titel: Neue Impulse für die Klimapolitik

Note: Inhalt Vorwort und Dank Widmung Frühes Wissen um den Nordpol Der Globus des Johannes Schöner von 1515 Theodor de Bry als Verleger von Barentsz und Hudsons Polarfahrten Die Globen von Andreae (1717), Doppelmayr (1730 und 1792) und Klinger (1792) in der Frankfurter Stadtbibliothek »Zwei Grönländer« im Prehn'schen Kabinett Die Nordfahrt des Georg Berna 1861 Das Personal Die Reise Der Beginn deutscher Polarforschung Das offene Polarmeer? Die erste Versammlung Deutscher Meister und Freunde der Erdkunde am 23. und 24. Juli 1865 in Frankfurt am Main Die Erste Deutsche Nordpolar-Expedition von 1868 Die Zweite Deutsche Nordpolar-Expedition von 1869/1870 Die Österreich-Ungarische Nordpolar-Expedition von 1872-1874 Julius Payer vor 1871 Carl Weyprecht vor 1871 Die Vorexpedition von 1871 Die Österreich-Ungarische Nordpolar-Expedition von 1872 bis 1874 Carl Weyprecht nach 1874: Die Begründung der Internationalen Polarjahre Julius Payer nach 1874 Nachruhm Erstes Internationales Polarjahr und Kontinentalverschiebung Das Erste Internationale Polarjahr Der Frankfurter Verein für Geographie und Statistik Die Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft Theodor Lerner, Polarfahrer Andrée, »Fauna Árctica« und die Bäreninsel Eine Überwinterung auf Spitzbergen Die Rettungsexpedition von 1913 Forschen für Senckenberg Auf nach Grönland! Die Erste Hessische Grönlandexpedition von Hans Krüger und Fritz Klute 1925 Waldemar Coste und der Film »Milak der Grönlandjäger« 1926 Die Zweite Hessische Grönlandexpedition 1929/1930 und das Verschwinden Hans Krügers Friedrich Sieburg und Anne Schmücker als Propagandisten Grönlands Johannes Georgi »im Eis vergraben« 1930/1931 Die Internationalen Polarjahre Und der Südpol? Georg von Neumayers unermüdliche Agitation Die drei deutschen Expeditionen in antarktische Gewässer Anhang Literaturverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Impressum

Note: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 2006