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  • 11
    Publication Date: 1998-02-07
    Description: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors in the human digestive tract, but their molecular etiology and cellular origin are unknown. Sequencing of c-kit complementary DNA, which encodes a proto-oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase (KIT), from five GISTs revealed mutations in the region between the transmembrane and tyrosine kinase domains. All of the corresponding mutant KIT proteins were constitutively activated without the KIT ligand, stem cell factor (SCF). Stable transfection of the mutant c-kit complementary DNAs induced malignant transformation of Ba/F3 murine lymphoid cells, suggesting that the mutations contribute to tumor development. GISTs may originate from the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) because the development of ICCs is dependent on the SCF-KIT interaction and because, like GISTs, these cells express both KIT and CD34.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hirota, S -- Isozaki, K -- Moriyama, Y -- Hashimoto, K -- Nishida, T -- Ishiguro, S -- Kawano, K -- Hanada, M -- Kurata, A -- Takeda, M -- Muhammad Tunio, G -- Matsuzawa, Y -- Kanakura, Y -- Shinomura, Y -- Kitamura, Y -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jan 23;279(5350):577-80.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology, Osaka University Medical School, Yamada-oka 2-2, Suita 565, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9438854" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antigens, CD34/analysis ; Cell Line ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; DNA, Complementary ; Digestive System/cytology ; Esophageal Neoplasms/genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms/chemistry/*genetics/pathology ; Humans ; Intestinal Neoplasms/chemistry/genetics/pathology ; Ligands ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Mutation ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotyrosine/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit/analysis/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology ; Sequence Deletion ; Stem Cell Factor/pharmacology ; Stomach Neoplasms/genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Transfection
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2012-03-20
    Description: Targeted therapies have demonstrated efficacy against specific subsets of molecularly defined cancers. Although most patients with lung cancer are stratified according to a single oncogenic driver, cancers harbouring identical activating genetic mutations show large variations in their responses to the same targeted therapy. The biology underlying this heterogeneity is not well understood, and the impact of co-existing genetic mutations, especially the loss of tumour suppressors, has not been fully explored. Here we use genetically engineered mouse models to conduct a 'co-clinical' trial that mirrors an ongoing human clinical trial in patients with KRAS-mutant lung cancers. This trial aims to determine if the MEK inhibitor selumetinib (AZD6244) increases the efficacy of docetaxel, a standard of care chemotherapy. Our studies demonstrate that concomitant loss of either p53 (also known as Tp53) or Lkb1 (also known as Stk11), two clinically relevant tumour suppressors, markedly impaired the response of Kras-mutant cancers to docetaxel monotherapy. We observed that the addition of selumetinib provided substantial benefit for mice with lung cancer caused by Kras and Kras and p53 mutations, but mice with Kras and Lkb1 mutations had primary resistance to this combination therapy. Pharmacodynamic studies, including positron-emission tomography (PET) and computed tomography (CT), identified biological markers in mice and patients that provide a rationale for the differential efficacy of these therapies in the different genotypes. These co-clinical results identify predictive genetic biomarkers that should be validated by interrogating samples from patients enrolled on the concurrent clinical trial. These studies also highlight the rationale for synchronous co-clinical trials, not only to anticipate the results of ongoing human clinical trials, but also to generate clinically relevant hypotheses that can inform the analysis and design of human studies.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3385933/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3385933/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, Zhao -- Cheng, Katherine -- Walton, Zandra -- Wang, Yuchuan -- Ebi, Hiromichi -- Shimamura, Takeshi -- Liu, Yan -- Tupper, Tanya -- Ouyang, Jing -- Li, Jie -- Gao, Peng -- Woo, Michele S -- Xu, Chunxiao -- Yanagita, Masahiko -- Altabef, Abigail -- Wang, Shumei -- Lee, Charles -- Nakada, Yuji -- Pena, Christopher G -- Sun, Yanping -- Franchetti, Yoko -- Yao, Catherine -- Saur, Amy -- Cameron, Michael D -- Nishino, Mizuki -- Hayes, D Neil -- Wilkerson, Matthew D -- Roberts, Patrick J -- Lee, Carrie B -- Bardeesy, Nabeel -- Butaney, Mohit -- Chirieac, Lucian R -- Costa, Daniel B -- Jackman, David -- Sharpless, Norman E -- Castrillon, Diego H -- Demetri, George D -- Janne, Pasi A -- Pandolfi, Pier Paolo -- Cantley, Lewis C -- Kung, Andrew L -- Engelman, Jeffrey A -- Wong, Kwok-Kin -- 1U01CA141576/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA122794/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA137008/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA137008-01/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA137181/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA140594/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA147940/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- K23 CA157631/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA120964/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA016086/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P50 CA090578/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P50 CA090578-06/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P50CA090578/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA122794/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA122794-01/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA137008/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA137008-01/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA137181/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA137181-01A2/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA140594/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA140594-01/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA163896/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- RC2 CA147940/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- RC2 CA147940-01/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- U01 CA141576/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- U01 CA141576-01/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Mar 18;483(7391):613-7. doi: 10.1038/nature10937.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22425996" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols ; Benzimidazoles/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics/metabolism ; *Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic ; *Disease Models, Animal ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 ; Genes, p53/genetics ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/*drug therapy/enzymology/*genetics/metabolism ; MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects ; Mice ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors ; Mutation/genetics ; Pharmacogenetics/*methods ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/deficiency/genetics ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/genetics/metabolism ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Reproducibility of Results ; Taxoids/*therapeutic use ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Treatment Outcome ; ras Proteins/genetics/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2011-03-29
    Description: Although the question of to whom a male directs his mating attempts is a critical one in social interactions, little is known about the molecular and cellular mechanisms controlling mammalian sexual preference. Here we report that the neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is required for male sexual preference. Wild-type male mice preferred females over males, but males lacking central serotonergic neurons lost sexual preference although they were not generally defective in olfaction or in pheromone sensing. A role for 5-HT was demonstrated by the phenotype of mice lacking tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (Tph2), which is required for the first step of 5-HT synthesis in the brain. Thirty-five minutes after the injection of the intermediate 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), which circumvented Tph2 to restore 5-HT to the wild-type level, adult Tph2 knockout mice also preferred females over males. These results indicate that 5-HT and serotonergic neurons in the adult brain regulate mammalian sexual preference.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4094133/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4094133/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liu, Yan -- Jiang, Yun'ai -- Si, Yunxia -- Kim, Ji-Young -- Chen, Zhou-Feng -- Rao, Yi -- R01 AR056318/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2011 Apr 7;472(7341):95-9. doi: 10.1038/nature09822. Epub 2011 Mar 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21441904" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 5-Hydroxytryptophan/metabolism/pharmacology ; Animals ; Brain/*metabolism/physiology ; Brain Chemistry ; Estrous Cycle/physiology ; Female ; Heterosexuality/physiology ; Homosexuality, Male/genetics ; Housing, Animal ; Male ; Mating Preference, Animal/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Neurons/metabolism/physiology ; Odors/analysis ; Serotonin/biosynthesis/*metabolism ; Sex Attractants/analysis ; *Sex Characteristics ; Smell ; Tryptophan Hydroxylase/deficiency/genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2015-01-09
    Description: Naive and primed pluripotent states retain distinct molecular properties, yet limited knowledge exists on how their state transitions are regulated. Here, we identify Mettl3, an N(6)-methyladenosine (m(6)A) transferase, as a regulator for terminating murine naive pluripotency. Mettl3 knockout preimplantation epiblasts and naive embryonic stem cells are depleted for m(6)A in mRNAs, yet are viable. However, they fail to adequately terminate their naive state and, subsequently, undergo aberrant and restricted lineage priming at the postimplantation stage, which leads to early embryonic lethality. m(6)A predominantly and directly reduces mRNA stability, including that of key naive pluripotency-promoting transcripts. This study highlights a critical role for an mRNA epigenetic modification in vivo and identifies regulatory modules that functionally influence naive and primed pluripotency in an opposing manner.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Geula, Shay -- Moshitch-Moshkovitz, Sharon -- Dominissini, Dan -- Mansour, Abed AlFatah -- Kol, Nitzan -- Salmon-Divon, Mali -- Hershkovitz, Vera -- Peer, Eyal -- Mor, Nofar -- Manor, Yair S -- Ben-Haim, Moshe Shay -- Eyal, Eran -- Yunger, Sharon -- Pinto, Yishay -- Jaitin, Diego Adhemar -- Viukov, Sergey -- Rais, Yoach -- Krupalnik, Vladislav -- Chomsky, Elad -- Zerbib, Mirie -- Maza, Itay -- Rechavi, Yoav -- Massarwa, Rada -- Hanna, Suhair -- Amit, Ido -- Levanon, Erez Y -- Amariglio, Ninette -- Stern-Ginossar, Noam -- Novershtern, Noa -- Rechavi, Gideon -- Hanna, Jacob H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Feb 27;347(6225):1002-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1261417. Epub 2015 Jan 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel. ; Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel, and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. ; Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. ; Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel. ; The Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel. ; The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel. The Department of Pediatrics and the Pediatric Immunology Unit, Rambam Medical Center, and the B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel. ; Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel, and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel. ; The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel. jacob.hanna@weizmann.ac.il noa.novershtern@weizmann.ac.il gidi.rechavi@sheba.health.gov.il. ; Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel, and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. jacob.hanna@weizmann.ac.il noa.novershtern@weizmann.ac.il gidi.rechavi@sheba.health.gov.il.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25569111" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine/*analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Animals ; Blastocyst/enzymology ; Cell Differentiation/genetics/*physiology ; Cell Line ; Embryo Loss/genetics ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Female ; Gene Knockout Techniques ; Male ; Methylation ; Methyltransferases/genetics/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Pluripotent Stem Cells/*cytology/enzymology ; RNA, Messenger/*metabolism
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2015-07-23
    Description: G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) signal primarily through G proteins or arrestins. Arrestin binding to GPCRs blocks G protein interaction and redirects signalling to numerous G-protein-independent pathways. Here we report the crystal structure of a constitutively active form of human rhodopsin bound to a pre-activated form of the mouse visual arrestin, determined by serial femtosecond X-ray laser crystallography. Together with extensive biochemical and mutagenesis data, the structure reveals an overall architecture of the rhodopsin-arrestin assembly in which rhodopsin uses distinct structural elements, including transmembrane helix 7 and helix 8, to recruit arrestin. Correspondingly, arrestin adopts the pre-activated conformation, with a approximately 20 degrees rotation between the amino and carboxy domains, which opens up a cleft in arrestin to accommodate a short helix formed by the second intracellular loop of rhodopsin. This structure provides a basis for understanding GPCR-mediated arrestin-biased signalling and demonstrates the power of X-ray lasers for advancing the frontiers of structural biology.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4521999/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4521999/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kang, Yanyong -- Zhou, X Edward -- Gao, Xiang -- He, Yuanzheng -- Liu, Wei -- Ishchenko, Andrii -- Barty, Anton -- White, Thomas A -- Yefanov, Oleksandr -- Han, Gye Won -- Xu, Qingping -- de Waal, Parker W -- Ke, Jiyuan -- Tan, M H Eileen -- Zhang, Chenghai -- Moeller, Arne -- West, Graham M -- Pascal, Bruce D -- Van Eps, Ned -- Caro, Lydia N -- Vishnivetskiy, Sergey A -- Lee, Regina J -- Suino-Powell, Kelly M -- Gu, Xin -- Pal, Kuntal -- Ma, Jinming -- Zhi, Xiaoyong -- Boutet, Sebastien -- Williams, Garth J -- Messerschmidt, Marc -- Gati, Cornelius -- Zatsepin, Nadia A -- Wang, Dingjie -- James, Daniel -- Basu, Shibom -- Roy-Chowdhury, Shatabdi -- Conrad, Chelsie E -- Coe, Jesse -- Liu, Haiguang -- Lisova, Stella -- Kupitz, Christopher -- Grotjohann, Ingo -- Fromme, Raimund -- Jiang, Yi -- Tan, Minjia -- Yang, Huaiyu -- Li, Jun -- Wang, Meitian -- Zheng, Zhong -- Li, Dianfan -- Howe, Nicole -- Zhao, Yingming -- Standfuss, Jorg -- Diederichs, Kay -- Dong, Yuhui -- Potter, Clinton S -- Carragher, Bridget -- Caffrey, Martin -- Jiang, Hualiang -- Chapman, Henry N -- Spence, John C H -- Fromme, Petra -- Weierstall, Uwe -- Ernst, Oliver P -- Katritch, Vsevolod -- Gurevich, Vsevolod V -- Griffin, Patrick R -- Hubbell, Wayne L -- Stevens, Raymond C -- Cherezov, Vadim -- Melcher, Karsten -- Xu, H Eric -- DK071662/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- EY005216/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY011500/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- GM073197/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM077561/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM095583/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM097463/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM102545/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM103310/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM104212/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM108635/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P30EY000331/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- P41 GM103310/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P41GM103393/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P41RR001209/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- P50 GM073197/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P50 GM073210/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK066202/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK071662/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY011500/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM087413/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM109955/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- S10 RR027270/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- U54 GM094586/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 GM094599/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 GM094618/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jul 30;523(7562):561-7. doi: 10.1038/nature14656. Epub 2015 Jul 22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA. ; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA. ; Department of Chemistry, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA. ; Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany. ; Joint Center for Structural Genomics, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA. ; 1] Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA [2] Department of Obstetrics &Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore. ; The National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, New York Structural Biology Center, New York, New York 10027, USA. ; Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA. ; Jules Stein Eye Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada. ; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA. ; Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA. ; 1] Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA [2] BioXFEL, NSF Science and Technology Center, 700 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA. ; 1] Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA [2] Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA. ; 1] Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA [2] Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Haidian District, Beijing 10084, China. ; 1] Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA [2] Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA. ; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China. ; Department of Obstetrics &Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore. ; Swiss Light Source at Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland. ; Department of Biological Sciences, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA. ; School of Medicine and School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland. ; 1] BioXFEL, NSF Science and Technology Center, 700 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA [2] Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. ; Laboratory of Biomolecular Research at Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland. ; Department of Biology, Universitat Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany. ; Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China. ; 1] Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany [2] Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, 22761 Hamburg, Germany. ; 1] Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada [2] Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada. ; 1] Department of Chemistry, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA [2] Department of Biological Sciences, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA [3] iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 2F Building 6, 99 Haike Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201210, China. ; 1] Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA [2] VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26200343" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arrestin/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Disulfides/chemistry/metabolism ; Humans ; Lasers ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; Multiprotein Complexes/biosynthesis/chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Reproducibility of Results ; Rhodopsin/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; X-Rays
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 1999-02-12
    Description: Glucose metabolism in glycolysis and in mitochondria is pivotal to glucose-induced insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. One or more factors derived from glycolysis other than pyruvate appear to be required for the generation of mitochondrial signals that lead to insulin secretion. The electrons of the glycolysis-derived reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) are transferred to mitochondria through the NADH shuttle system. By abolishing the NADH shuttle function, glucose-induced increases in NADH autofluorescence, mitochondrial membrane potential, and adenosine triphosphate content were reduced and glucose-induced insulin secretion was abrogated. The NADH shuttle evidently couples glycolysis with activation of mitochondrial energy metabolism to trigger insulin secretion.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Eto, K -- Tsubamoto, Y -- Terauchi, Y -- Sugiyama, T -- Kishimoto, T -- Takahashi, N -- Yamauchi, N -- Kubota, N -- Murayama, S -- Aizawa, T -- Akanuma, Y -- Aizawa, S -- Kasai, H -- Yazaki, Y -- Kadowaki, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Feb 12;283(5404):981-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan. Tokyo〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9974390" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Aminooxyacetic Acid/pharmacology ; Animals ; Aspartate Aminotransferases/antagonists & inhibitors ; Calcium/metabolism ; Citric Acid Cycle ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Female ; Gene Targeting ; Glucose/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase/genetics/metabolism ; Glycolysis ; Insulin/*secretion ; Islets of Langerhans/metabolism/*secretion ; Male ; Membrane Potentials ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mitochondria/*metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Molecular Sequence Data ; NAD/*metabolism ; Pyruvic Acid/metabolism
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 1999-08-28
    Description: DFN3, an X chromosome-linked nonsyndromic mixed deafness, is caused by mutations in the BRN-4 gene, which encodes a POU transcription factor. Brn-4-deficient mice were created and found to exhibit profound deafness. No gross morphological changes were observed in the conductive ossicles or cochlea, although there was a dramatic reduction in endocochlear potential. Electron microscopy revealed severe ultrastructural alterations in cochlear spiral ligament fibrocytes. The findings suggest that these fibrocytes, which are mesenchymal in origin and for which a role in potassium ion homeostasis has been postulated, may play a critical role in auditory function.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Minowa, O -- Ikeda, K -- Sugitani, Y -- Oshima, T -- Nakai, S -- Katori, Y -- Suzuki, M -- Furukawa, M -- Kawase, T -- Zheng, Y -- Ogura, M -- Asada, Y -- Watanabe, K -- Yamanaka, H -- Gotoh, S -- Nishi-Takeshima, M -- Sugimoto, T -- Kikuchi, T -- Takasaka, T -- Noda, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Aug 27;285(5432):1408-11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 1-37-1 Kami-ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170-8455, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10464101" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cochlear Duct/*metabolism/pathology ; *DNA-Binding Proteins ; Deafness/genetics/*metabolism/pathology ; Ear, Inner/metabolism/pathology ; Ear, Middle/pathology ; Endolymph/metabolism ; Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem ; Female ; Gene Expression ; Gene Targeting ; Genetic Linkage ; In Situ Hybridization ; Ion Transport ; Male ; Membrane Potentials ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mutagenesis ; *Nerve Tissue Proteins ; POU Domain Factors ; Potassium/*metabolism ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*metabolism ; X Chromosome
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2008-04-12
    Description: RNA interference (RNAi) is a mechanism by which double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) suppress specific transcripts in a sequence-dependent manner. dsRNAs are processed by Dicer to 21-24-nucleotide small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and then incorporated into the argonaute (Ago) proteins. Gene regulation by endogenous siRNAs has been observed only in organisms possessing RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP). In mammals, where no RdRP activity has been found, biogenesis and function of endogenous siRNAs remain largely unknown. Here we show, using mouse oocytes, that endogenous siRNAs are derived from naturally occurring dsRNAs and have roles in the regulation of gene expression. By means of deep sequencing, we identify a large number of both approximately 25-27-nucleotide Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) and approximately 21-nucleotide siRNAs corresponding to messenger RNAs or retrotransposons in growing oocytes. piRNAs are bound to Mili and have a role in the regulation of retrotransposons. siRNAs are exclusively mapped to retrotransposons or other genomic regions that produce transcripts capable of forming dsRNA structures. Inverted repeat structures, bidirectional transcription and antisense transcripts from various loci are sources of the dsRNAs. Some precursor transcripts of siRNAs are derived from expressed pseudogenes, indicating that one role of pseudogenes is to adjust the level of the founding source mRNA through RNAi. Loss of Dicer or Ago2 results in decreased levels of siRNAs and increased levels of retrotransposon and protein-coding transcripts complementary to the siRNAs. Thus, the RNAi pathway regulates both protein-coding transcripts and retrotransposons in mouse oocytes. Our results reveal a role for endogenous siRNAs in mammalian oocytes and show that organisms lacking RdRP activity can produce functional endogenous siRNAs from naturally occurring dsRNAs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Watanabe, Toshiaki -- Totoki, Yasushi -- Toyoda, Atsushi -- Kaneda, Masahiro -- Kuramochi-Miyagawa, Satomi -- Obata, Yayoi -- Chiba, Hatsune -- Kohara, Yuji -- Kono, Tomohiro -- Nakano, Toru -- Surani, M Azim -- Sakaki, Yoshiyuki -- Sasaki, Hiroyuki -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 22;453(7194):539-43. doi: 10.1038/nature06908. Epub 2008 Apr 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Human Genetics, Department of Integrated Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Mishima 411-8540, Japan. toshwata@lab.nig.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18404146" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Argonaute Proteins ; Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2/deficiency/genetics/metabolism ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Gene Library ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oocytes/growth & development/*metabolism ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Pseudogenes/genetics ; *RNA Interference ; RNA, Double-Stranded/*genetics/*metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/*genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Small Interfering/*genetics/*metabolism ; Retroelements/genetics ; Ribonuclease III/deficiency/genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2008-08-30
    Description: Calcium (Ca(2+))-activated chloride channels are fundamental mediators in numerous physiological processes including transepithelial secretion, cardiac and neuronal excitation, sensory transduction, smooth muscle contraction and fertilization. Despite their physiological importance, their molecular identity has remained largely unknown. Here we show that transmembrane protein 16A (TMEM16A, which we also call anoctamin 1 (ANO1)) is a bona fide Ca(2+)-activated chloride channel that is activated by intracellular Ca(2+) and Ca(2+)-mobilizing stimuli. With eight putative transmembrane domains and no apparent similarity to previously characterized channels, ANO1 defines a new family of ionic channels. The biophysical properties as well as the pharmacological profile of ANO1 are in full agreement with native Ca(2+)-activated chloride currents. ANO1 is expressed in various secretory epithelia, the retina and sensory neurons. Furthermore, knockdown of mouse Ano1 markedly reduced native Ca(2+)-activated chloride currents as well as saliva production in mice. We conclude that ANO1 is a candidate Ca(2+)-activated chloride channel that mediates receptor-activated chloride currents in diverse physiological processes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yang, Young Duk -- Cho, Hawon -- Koo, Jae Yeon -- Tak, Min Ho -- Cho, Yeongyo -- Shim, Won-Sik -- Park, Seung Pyo -- Lee, Jesun -- Lee, Byeongjun -- Kim, Byung-Moon -- Raouf, Ramin -- Shin, Young Ki -- Oh, Uhtaek -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2008 Oct 30;455(7217):1210-5. doi: 10.1038/nature07313. Epub 2008 Aug 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Sensory Research Center, CRI, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18724360" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcium/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Chloride Channels/chemistry/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Chlorides/*metabolism ; Electric Conductivity ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Intracellular Space/drug effects/metabolism ; Ion Transport/drug effects ; Mice ; Oocytes/metabolism ; Pilocarpine/pharmacology ; RNA, Small Interfering/genetics/metabolism ; Rats ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/*metabolism ; Salivation/drug effects ; Xenopus
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2010-10-19
    Description: Vitamin K occurs in the natural world in several forms, including a plant form, phylloquinone (PK), and a bacterial form, menaquinones (MKs). In many species, including humans, PK is a minor constituent of hepatic vitamin K content, with most hepatic vitamin K content comprising long-chain MKs. Menaquinone-4 (MK-4) is ubiquitously present in extrahepatic tissues, with particularly high concentrations in the brain, kidney and pancreas of humans and rats. It has consistently been shown that PK is endogenously converted to MK-4 (refs 4-8). This occurs either directly within certain tissues or by interconversion to menadione (K(3)), followed by prenylation to MK-4 (refs 9-12). No previous study has sought to identify the human enzyme responsible for MK-4 biosynthesis. Previously we provided evidence for the conversion of PK and K(3) into MK-4 in mouse cerebra. However, the molecular mechanisms for these conversion reactions are unclear. Here we identify a human MK-4 biosynthetic enzyme. We screened the human genome database for prenylation enzymes and found UbiA prenyltransferase containing 1 (UBIAD1), a human homologue of Escherichia coli prenyltransferase menA. We found that short interfering RNA against the UBIAD1 gene inhibited the conversion of deuterium-labelled vitamin K derivatives into deuterium-labelled-MK-4 (MK-4-d(7)) in human cells. We confirmed that the UBIAD1 gene encodes an MK-4 biosynthetic enzyme through its expression and conversion of deuterium-labelled vitamin K derivatives into MK-4-d(7) in insect cells infected with UBIAD1 baculovirus. Converted MK-4-d(7) was chemically identified by (2)H-NMR analysis. MK-4 biosynthesis by UBIAD1 was not affected by the vitamin K antagonist warfarin. UBIAD1 was localized in endoplasmic reticulum and ubiquitously expressed in several tissues of mice. Our results show that UBIAD1 is a human MK-4 biosynthetic enzyme; this identification will permit more effective decisions to be made about vitamin K intake and bone health.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nakagawa, Kimie -- Hirota, Yoshihisa -- Sawada, Natsumi -- Yuge, Naohito -- Watanabe, Masato -- Uchino, Yuri -- Okuda, Naoko -- Shimomura, Yuka -- Suhara, Yoshitomo -- Okano, Toshio -- England -- Nature. 2010 Nov 4;468(7320):117-21. doi: 10.1038/nature09464. Epub 2010 Oct 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20953171" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Baculoviridae/genetics/physiology ; Bone and Bones/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Dimethylallyltranstransferase ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Mice ; Osteoblasts ; Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; RNA, Small Interfering/genetics/metabolism ; Spodoptera/cytology/virology ; Vitamin K/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Vitamin K 1/metabolism ; Vitamin K 2/*analogs & derivatives/analysis/chemistry/metabolism ; Warfarin/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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