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  • Chemistry  (45)
  • Monocytes  (4)
  • Nederland
  • Magnetism
  • 1975-1979  (49)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 30 (1979), S. 89-89 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 49 (1976), S. 23-48 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The progress of ultrasonic degradation of polymers in solution can be described theoretically by the aid of the model of pearlstring molecules. According to this molecular model macromolecules are built up like a pearl necklace of so-called tertiary structural units. There is correlation between molecular weight of structural units to be obtained by measuring electron micrographs and limiting molecular weight after ultrasonic degradation.Experimental results suggest that molecules resembling a string of pearls are broken at the chain between its spherical units. Two imaginable ways of degradation mechanism are discussed: fragmentary and stepless depolymerization. In the first case the chain is broken between its structural units in several steps; in the second case the pearlstring molecule is broken to all its units in one step. Mathematical consideration has provided an equation for the stepless mechanism. By the aid of this equation the complete progress of depolymerization can be calculated if the limiting molecular weight after ultrasonic degradation is known. On the other hand the limiting molecular weight may be calculated if the beginning of degradation is known. Stepless and fragmentary degradation can be distinguished by comparing the experimentally determined depolymerization with the calculated one.
    Notes: Um Aufschluß über Kinetik und Mechanismus der Ultraschall-Depolymerisation zu erhalten, wurde der Versuch unternommen, den zeitlichen Ablauf des Abbaus auf der Grundlage des Perlschnurmolekül-Modells theoretisch zu beschreiben. Nach diesem molekularen Modell sind Makromoleküle - ähnlich einer Perlschnur - aus mehreren, näherungsweise sphärischen, einheitlich und für ein gegebenes Polymeres charakteristisch großen sog. Tertiäreinheiten aufgebaut.Für den Ultraschall-Abbau von Perlschnurmolekülen werden zwei verschiedene Mechanismen diskutiert: der fragmentarische, bei dem die Perlschnurmoleküle stufenweise über Bruchstücke nach und nach zu den Tertiäreinheiten abgebaut werden und der stufenlose, bei dem die Depolymerisation der Perlschnurmoleküle unmittelbar zu den Tertiäreinheiten führt, so daß während des Abbaus nur Moleküle vom Anfangs- und Grenzmolekulargewicht, M0 und M∞, auftreten. Die mathematische Behandlung des stufenlosen Abbaus lieferte folgende Beziehung: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \overline {\rm M} _{\rm i} = {\rm M}_{\rm 0} \cdot {\rm M}_\infty \left[ {{\rm M}_{\rm 0} - \left( {{\rm M}_0 - {\rm M}_\infty } \right) \cdot \left( {1 - \pi } \right)^{\rm i} } \right]^{ - 1} . $\end{document} Mit Hilfe dieser Abbaugleichung lassen sich bei Kenntnis von M0, M∞ und eines einzigen Mi-Wertes, der zur Berechnung der „Zertrümmerungskonstanten“ π erforderlich ist, Abbaukurven Mi=f (Beschallungszeit i), oder umgekehrt bei Kenntnis nur des Anfangs einer experimentellen Abbaukurve Grenzmolekulargewichte berechnen. Durch Vergleich der berechneten Abbaukurve mit der experimentell bestimmten ist es möglich, zwischen stufenlosem und fragmentarischem Abbau zu unterscheiden.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Compounds of propylene-homopolymers with SBS-, EPM- and EPDM-rubber are principally qualified to improve impact resistance esp. at low temperatures.The relationship between the improvement of impact properties and deterioration of tensile-, flexural- and torsional strength in this case is worse than for propylene-block-copolymers. The advantage of compounds is given by the simple possibility to improve the impact resistance as wanted. It has been shown by light- and electron-optical investigations that by compoundation a new phase is formed with particle sizes of 5 μm diameter.
    Notes: Die Compoundierung von Propylen-Homopolymerisat mit SBS-, EPM- und EPDM- Kautschuk ist grundsätzlich geeignet, ein verbessertes Kälteschlagverhalten zu erreichen.Die Relation zwischen Verbesserung der Schlagzähigkeitswerte und der Verschlechterung des Spannungsverformungsverhaltens ist dabei ungünstiger als bei einem Propylen-Block-Copolymerisat. Der Vorteil der Compounds liegt in der einfachen Möglichkeit, das Schlagverhalten von Polypropylen praktisch beliebig zu gestalten.Licht- und elektronenoptische Untersuchungen zeigen, daß durch Compoundierung mit Kautschuk eine neue Phase entsteht mit Teilchendurchmessern bis zu 5 μm.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 48 (1975), S. 67-95 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The viscosity of solutions of polybutadiene, polymerized by n-butyllithium, with molecular weights between 22000 and 660000 in cyclohexanone, is surprisingly found dependent on the age of solutions. According to solutions in toluene and THF the dependence of concentration from ηsp/C is found in the same way for fresh solutions in cyclohexanone. With increasing age of solutions in cyclohexanone considerable decreasing of viscosity is observed. There is found at 20°C that ηsp/C is independent of concentration after 35 days and that the Staudinger index [η] does no more depend on molecular weight after 300 days. Decreasing of viscosity approaches the limiting value after about 600 days at [η] = 13 cm3/g. Viscosity and solubility in toluene of polybutadiene treated for a short period with a ketone are far extending reduced. The relationship [η] = K·Ma, investigated at solutions of polybutadiene in toluene, THF and cyclohexanone has a common point of intersection, corresponding approximately to Staudinger index and molecular weight of the ultrasonic degradation product, resp. with molecular weight of the so-called tertiary units of not degraded polymer evaluated by means of electron microscopy methods.By the aid of Einstein's relationship of viscosity and the model of pearlstring molecules, decreasing of viscosity with time may be interpreted as a consequence of alteration in the shape of macromolecules as a result of interaction with solvent environment. It can be assumed that stretched pearlstring molecules are being formed to a heap of collapsed coil containing with solvent surrounded tertiary structures. Overthat there are reasons to suppose additionally a partial degradation of solvation layer around tertiary structure.
    Notes: An Lösungen von n-BuLi-polymerisierten Polybutadienen mit Molekulargewichten zwischen 22000 und 660000 in Cyclohexanon wurde eine in der Literatur bisher nicht beschriebene Abhängigkeit der Viskosität vom Alter der Lösungen entdeckt. Während ungealterte Cyclohexanonlösungen eine mit Toluol-und THF-Lösungen übereinstimmende Konzentrationsabhängigkeit von ηspez/C aufweisen, wird mit zunehmendem Alter von Cyclohexanonlösungen ein Rückgang der Viskosität beobachtet, der  -  untersucht bei 20°C  -  nach 35 Tagen zu Konzentrationsunabhängigkeit von ηspez/C und nach 300 Tagen zu einem vom Molekulargewicht unabhängigen Staudingerindex [η] führt. Der Viskositätsrückgang endet nach ca. 600 Tagen asymptotisch bei [η] = 13 cm3/g. Kurzzeitig mit Keton behandeltes Polybutadien löst sich in Toluol nur noch extrem langsam unter gänzlich veränderten Viskositätsverhältnissen. Die für Lösungen von Polybutadien in Toluol, THF und Cyclohexanon gefundenen Beziehungen [η] = K·Ma besitzen einen gemeinsamen Schnittpunkt, dessen Koordinaten näherungsweise mit dem Staudingerindex und dem Molekulargewicht des Ultraschall-Abbauprodukts bzw. dem elektronenoptisch ermittelten Molekulargewicht der Tertiäreinheiten des unbeschallten Polymeren übereinstimmen.Auf der Grundlage von Einsteinscher Viskositätsbeziehung und Perlschnurmolekül-Modell wird der zeitabhängige Viskositätsrückgang als die Folge zweier sich überlagernder Veränderungen des solvatzustands diskutiert: Knäuelung der Perlschnurmoleküle zu einer dichten Kugelpackung der solvatisierten Tertiäreinheiten und partieller Abbau der Solvathülle der Tertiäreinheiten.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 188 (1978), S. 361-373 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Macrophages ; Monocytes ; Peroxidatic activity ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A description is given of the distribution of peroxidatic (PO) activity in murine monocytes of blood and peritoneal cavity, and in murine macrophages residing in the unstimulated peritoneal cavity as well as in liver, spleen, bone marrow, and small intestine. In the monocytes, PO activity is restricted to some of the cytoplasmic granules; in the tissue (or resident) macrophages present in peritoneal cavity, liver, spleen, and small intestine, the PO activity is located in the nuclear envelope and the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Macrophages in the bone marrow are PO-negative. In the spleen and bone marrow, reticulum cells show PO activity in the nuclear envelope and the RER. Transitional forms between monocytes and tissue macrophages were not observed.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 190 (1978), S. 47-60 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Peritoneum ; Macrophages ; Monocytes ; Peroxidase activity ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A comparative study on the composition of cell populations collected from the unstimulated mouse peritoneal cavity and at various intervals after the intraperitoneal injection of glycerol trioleate, casein, paraffin oil, glycogen, sodium chloride, and proteose peptone, was carried out. The cellular composition of the peritoneal exudates, especially with respect to the ratio of monocytes to resident macrophages, was shown to be dependent on the nature of the stimulus and the interval after stimulation.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Peroxidatic activity ; Monocytes ; Macrophages ; Epithelioid cells ; Multinucleated giant cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The peroxidatic (PO) activity of monocytes differentiating into macrophages, epithelioid cells, and multinucleated giant cells in subcutaneous granulomas was investigated with three different media for the demonstration of PO activity. Irrespective of the stage of differentiation, these cells did not show PO activity in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) or nuclear envelope. In addition, it was found that the morphologically characteristic types of granule of the various cells of the monocyte line (the primary granules and secondary granules of monocytes, the macrophage granules, and the epithelioid cell granules), all have distinct cytochemical characteristics. Monocytes lose their primary and secondary granules during differentiation into mature macrophages. Simultaneously, the granules of both types become elongated and the secondary granules lose their halo. In contrast to monocytes, mature macrophages may contain a few microperoxisomes. During the differentiation of macrophages into epithelioid cells or multinucleated giant cells there is an increase in the number of microperoxisomes.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Monocytes ; Macrophages ; Epithelioid cells ; Multinucleated giant cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphological changes occurring in monocytes during their differentiation into macrophages, epithelioid cells, Langhans-type giant cells, and foreign-body-type giant cells were investigated in foreign-body granulomas induced by subcutaneous implantation of pieces of Melinex plastic. Analysis based on Adams's (1974) criteria for discrimination between the several types of cell of the monocyte line, showed that each type has a characteristic type of granule. Primary and secondary granules, numerous in the Golgi area of monocytes were generally found close to the cell membrane and decreased in number in maturing macrophages. This was accompanied by an increase in the number of microtubules. Mature macrophages show numerous characteristic macrophage granules, which are round (average diameter: 280 nm) and have a halo between the limiting membrane and granular matrix. Mature epithelioid cells have characteristic epithelioid cell granules, and multinucleated giant cells a heterogeneous population of granules. Fusing macrophages generally have their Golgi areas facing each other, and also show a reduced thickness of the cell coat. The morphology of the multinucleated giant cell is closely related to the number of nuclei present. In Langhans-type giant cells, which generally have two to ten nuclei, a giant centrosphere with numerous aggregated centrioles is found. In transition forms between Langhans-type and foreign-body-type giant cells, which generally contain 10–30 nuclei, the centrioles show less aggregation. In the foreign-body-type giant cells, which generally have more than 30 nuclei, centrioles are virtually absent and never aggregated. These differences between the Langhans-type giant cells, the foreign-body-type giant cells, and the transition forms, support our previous finding that Langhans-type giant cells are the precursors of foreign-body-type giant cells.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0306-042X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The α-and β-forms of permethylated 1,3-, 1,4- and 1,6-linked N-acetylglucosaminyl-N-acetylglucosaminitol disaccharides have been analysed directly (without hydrolysis or further modifications) by combined gas-liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Gas-liquid chromatography facilitated the separation of the α- and β-isomers of each disaccharide pair. In every case, the respective α-form was slower than the β-form. While, additionally, the α- and β-forms of the 1,6-linked glucosamine disaccharide could be separated from those of the 1,3- and 1,4-linked disaccharides, the α- and β-forms of the latter two could not be resolved from each other with the liquid phases used. All three disaccharides could be readily differentiated and characterized by mass spectrometry, however. Specific fragments for each glucosamine disaccharide could be defined. Therefore, combined gas-liquid chromatography mass spectrometry allowed an unequivocal determination of the anomeric configuration and the position of the glycosidic linkage in the glucosamine disaccharides.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0306-042X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The methyl ethers of a number of hydroxylated (poly)chlorodibenzo-p-dioxins, chlorodibenzofurans, chlorodiphenyl ethers and chloronaphthalenes, representing all different hydroxy substitutions, were synthesized and their mass spectra investigated. With the exception of the methoxy derivatives of the chlorodibenzofurans, it appeared that the mass fragmentation patters of the structural isomers of each class of compounds were very specifica and allowed unambiguous assignment of the position of the methoxy group in the molecule. The different fragmentation patterns can be explained in terms of plausible mechanisms resulting in stable charge delocalized (oxonium) ions. Because of its diagnostic value, this method is useful in the structure elucidation of hydroxylated metabolites of pure isomers of chlorodibenzo-p-dioxins, chlorodiphenyl ethers and chloronaphthalenes.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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