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  • 1
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    Detection of silica-rich deposits on Mars (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-05-24
    Description: Mineral deposits on the martian surface can elucidate ancient environmental conditions on the planet. Opaline silica deposits (as much as 91 weight percent SiO2) have been found in association with volcanic materials by the Mars rover Spirit. The deposits are present both as light-toned soils and as bedrock. We interpret these materials to have formed under hydrothermal conditions and therefore to be strong indicators of a former aqueous environment. This discovery is important for understanding the past habitability of Mars because hydrothermal environments on Earth support thriving microbial ecosystems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Squyres, S W -- Arvidson, R E -- Ruff, S -- Gellert, R -- Morris, R V -- Ming, D W -- Crumpler, L -- Farmer, J D -- Marais, D J Des -- Yen, A -- McLennan, S M -- Calvin, W -- Bell, J F 3rd -- Clark, B C -- Wang, A -- McCoy, T J -- Schmidt, M E -- de Souza, P A Jr -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 23;320(5879):1063-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1155429.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. squyres@astro.cornell.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18497295" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; Hot Temperature ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Mars ; *Silicon Dioxide ; Spacecraft ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Detection of perchlorate and the soluble chemistry of martian soil at the Phoenix lander site (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-07-04
    Description: The Wet Chemistry Laboratory on the Phoenix Mars Lander performed aqueous chemical analyses of martian soil from the polygon-patterned northern plains of the Vastitas Borealis. The solutions contained approximately 10 mM of dissolved salts with 0.4 to 0.6% perchlorate (ClO4) by mass leached from each sample. The remaining anions included small concentrations of chloride, bicarbonate, and possibly sulfate. Cations were dominated by Mg2+ and Na+, with small contributions from K+ and Ca2+. A moderately alkaline pH of 7.7 +/- 0.5 was measured, consistent with a carbonate-buffered solution. Samples analyzed from the surface and the excavated boundary of the approximately 5-centimeter-deep ice table showed no significant difference in soluble chemistry.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hecht, M H -- Kounaves, S P -- Quinn, R C -- West, S J -- Young, S M M -- Ming, D W -- Catling, D C -- Clark, B C -- Boynton, W V -- Hoffman, J -- Deflores, L P -- Gospodinova, K -- Kapit, J -- Smith, P H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jul 3;325(5936):64-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1172466.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA. michael.h.hecht@jpl.nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19574385" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Anions ; *Cations ; Chemical Phenomena ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Mars ; Oxidation-Reduction ; *Perchlorates ; Solubility ; Spacecraft ; Temperature ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    H2O at the Phoenix landing site (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-07-04
    Description: The Phoenix mission investigated patterned ground and weather in the northern arctic region of Mars for 5 months starting 25 May 2008 (solar longitude between 76.5 degrees and 148 degrees ). A shallow ice table was uncovered by the robotic arm in the center and edge of a nearby polygon at depths of 5 to 18 centimeters. In late summer, snowfall and frost blanketed the surface at night; H(2)O ice and vapor constantly interacted with the soil. The soil was alkaline (pH = 7.7) and contained CaCO(3), aqueous minerals, and salts up to several weight percent in the indurated surface soil. Their formation likely required the presence of water.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, P H -- Tamppari, L K -- Arvidson, R E -- Bass, D -- Blaney, D -- Boynton, W V -- Carswell, A -- Catling, D C -- Clark, B C -- Duck, T -- Dejong, E -- Fisher, D -- Goetz, W -- Gunnlaugsson, H P -- Hecht, M H -- Hipkin, V -- Hoffman, J -- Hviid, S F -- Keller, H U -- Kounaves, S P -- Lange, C F -- Lemmon, M T -- Madsen, M B -- Markiewicz, W J -- Marshall, J -- McKay, C P -- Mellon, M T -- Ming, D W -- Morris, R V -- Pike, W T -- Renno, N -- Staufer, U -- Stoker, C -- Taylor, P -- Whiteway, J A -- Zent, A P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jul 3;325(5936):58-61. doi: 10.1126/science.1172339.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. psmith@lpl.arizona.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19574383" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Calcium Carbonate ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Ice ; *Mars ; Robotics ; Spacecraft ; Temperature ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Ancient aqueous environments at Endeavour crater, Mars (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-01-25
    Description: Opportunity has investigated in detail rocks on the rim of the Noachian age Endeavour crater, where orbital spectral reflectance signatures indicate the presence of Fe(+3)-rich smectites. The signatures are associated with fine-grained, layered rocks containing spherules of diagenetic or impact origin. The layered rocks are overlain by breccias, and both units are cut by calcium sulfate veins precipitated from fluids that circulated after the Endeavour impact. Compositional data for fractures in the layered rocks suggest formation of Al-rich smectites by aqueous leaching. Evidence is thus preserved for water-rock interactions before and after the impact, with aqueous environments of slightly acidic to circum-neutral pH that would have been more favorable for prebiotic chemistry and microorganisms than those recorded by younger sulfate-rich rocks at Meridiani Planum.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Arvidson, R E -- Squyres, S W -- Bell, J F 3rd -- Catalano, J G -- Clark, B C -- Crumpler, L S -- de Souza, P A Jr -- Fairen, A G -- Farrand, W H -- Fox, V K -- Gellert, R -- Ghosh, A -- Golombek, M P -- Grotzinger, J P -- Guinness, E A -- Herkenhoff, K E -- Jolliff, B L -- Knoll, A H -- Li, R -- McLennan, S M -- Ming, D W -- Mittlefehldt, D W -- Moore, J M -- Morris, R V -- Murchie, S L -- Parker, T J -- Paulsen, G -- Rice, J W -- Ruff, S W -- Smith, M D -- Wolff, M J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 24;343(6169):1248097. doi: 10.1126/science.1248097.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24458648" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacteria ; *Exobiology ; Extraterrestrial Environment/*chemistry ; Geologic Sediments ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Mars ; Silicates/analysis/chemistry ; Spacecraft ; Sulfates/chemistry ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Elemental geochemistry of sedimentary rocks at Yellowknife Bay, Gale crater, Mars (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-11
    Description: Sedimentary rocks examined by the Curiosity rover at Yellowknife Bay, Mars, were derived from sources that evolved from an approximately average martian crustal composition to one influenced by alkaline basalts. No evidence of chemical weathering is preserved, indicating arid, possibly cold, paleoclimates and rapid erosion and deposition. The absence of predicted geochemical variations indicates that magnetite and phyllosilicates formed by diagenesis under low-temperature, circumneutral pH, rock-dominated aqueous conditions. Analyses of diagenetic features (including concretions, raised ridges, and fractures) at high spatial resolution indicate that they are composed of iron- and halogen-rich components, magnesium-iron-chlorine-rich components, and hydrated calcium sulfates, respectively. Composition of a cross-cutting dike-like feature is consistent with sedimentary intrusion. The geochemistry of these sedimentary rocks provides further evidence for diverse depositional and diagenetic sedimentary environments during the early history of Mars.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McLennan, S M -- Anderson, R B -- Bell, J F 3rd -- Bridges, J C -- Calef, F 3rd -- Campbell, J L -- Clark, B C -- Clegg, S -- Conrad, P -- Cousin, A -- Des Marais, D J -- Dromart, G -- Dyar, M D -- Edgar, L A -- Ehlmann, B L -- Fabre, C -- Forni, O -- Gasnault, O -- Gellert, R -- Gordon, S -- Grant, J A -- Grotzinger, J P -- Gupta, S -- Herkenhoff, K E -- Hurowitz, J A -- King, P L -- Le Mouelic, S -- Leshin, L A -- Leveille, R -- Lewis, K W -- Mangold, N -- Maurice, S -- Ming, D W -- Morris, R V -- Nachon, M -- Newsom, H E -- Ollila, A M -- Perrett, G M -- Rice, M S -- Schmidt, M E -- Schwenzer, S P -- Stack, K -- Stolper, E M -- Sumner, D Y -- Treiman, A H -- VanBommel, S -- Vaniman, D T -- Vasavada, A -- Wiens, R C -- Yingst, R A -- MSL Science Team -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 24;343(6169):1244734. doi: 10.1126/science.1244734. Epub 2013 Dec 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geosciences, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24324274" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bays ; Calcium Sulfate/analysis/chemistry ; Chlorine/analysis/chemistry ; *Exobiology ; Extraterrestrial Environment/*chemistry ; Ferrosoferric Oxide/analysis/chemistry ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry ; Halogens/analysis/chemistry ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Iron/analysis/chemistry ; Magnesium/analysis/chemistry ; *Mars ; Silicates/analysis/chemistry ; Water/chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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