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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2014-07-13
    Description: The Curiosity rover has analyzed abundant light-toned fracture-fill material within the Yellowknife Bay sedimentary deposits. The ChemCam instrument, coupled with Mastcam and ChemCam/Remote Micro Imager images, was able to demonstrate that these fracture fills consist of calcium sulfate veins, many of which appear to be hydrated at a level expected for gypsum and bassanite. Anhydrite is locally present, and is found in a location characterized by a nodular texture. An intricate assemblage of veins crosses the sediments, which were likely formed by precipitation from fluids circulating through fractures. The presence of veins throughout the entire ~5 m thick Yellowknife Bay sediments suggests that this process occurred well after sedimentation and cementation/lithification of those sediments. The sulfur-rich fluids may have originated in previously precipitated sulfate-rich layers, either before the deposition of the Sheepbed mudstones, or from unrelated units such as the sulfates at the base of Mount Sharp. The occurrence of these veins after the episodes of deposition of fluvial sediments at the surface suggests persistent aqueous activity in relatively non-acidic conditions.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2006-12-16
    Description: The Stardust spacecraft collected thousands of particles from comet 81P/Wild 2 and returned them to Earth for laboratory study. The preliminary examination of these samples shows that the nonvolatile portion of the comet is an unequilibrated assortment of materials that have both presolar and solar system origin. The comet contains an abundance of silicate grains that are much larger than predictions of interstellar grain models, and many of these are high-temperature minerals that appear to have formed in the inner regions of the solar nebula. Their presence in a comet proves that the formation of the solar system included mixing on the grandest scales.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brownlee, Don -- Tsou, Peter -- Aleon, Jerome -- Alexander, Conel M O'd -- Araki, Tohru -- Bajt, Sasa -- Baratta, Giuseppe A -- Bastien, Ron -- Bland, Phil -- Bleuet, Pierre -- Borg, Janet -- Bradley, John P -- Brearley, Adrian -- Brenker, F -- Brennan, Sean -- Bridges, John C -- Browning, Nigel D -- Brucato, John R -- Bullock, E -- Burchell, Mark J -- Busemann, Henner -- Butterworth, Anna -- Chaussidon, Marc -- Cheuvront, Allan -- Chi, Miaofang -- Cintala, Mark J -- Clark, B C -- Clemett, Simon J -- Cody, George -- Colangeli, Luigi -- Cooper, George -- Cordier, Patrick -- Daghlian, C -- Dai, Zurong -- D'Hendecourt, Louis -- Djouadi, Zahia -- Dominguez, Gerardo -- Duxbury, Tom -- Dworkin, Jason P -- Ebel, Denton S -- Economou, Thanasis E -- Fakra, Sirine -- Fairey, Sam A J -- Fallon, Stewart -- Ferrini, Gianluca -- Ferroir, T -- Fleckenstein, Holger -- Floss, Christine -- Flynn, George -- Franchi, Ian A -- Fries, Marc -- Gainsforth, Z -- Gallien, J-P -- Genge, Matt -- Gilles, Mary K -- Gillet, Philipe -- Gilmour, Jamie -- Glavin, Daniel P -- Gounelle, Matthieu -- Grady, Monica M -- Graham, Giles A -- Grant, P G -- Green, Simon F -- Grossemy, Faustine -- Grossman, Lawrence -- Grossman, Jeffrey N -- Guan, Yunbin -- Hagiya, Kenji -- Harvey, Ralph -- Heck, Philipp -- Herzog, Gregory F -- Hoppe, Peter -- Horz, Friedrich -- Huth, Joachim -- Hutcheon, Ian D -- Ignatyev, Konstantin -- Ishii, Hope -- Ito, Motoo -- Jacob, Damien -- Jacobsen, Chris -- Jacobsen, Stein -- Jones, Steven -- Joswiak, David -- Jurewicz, Amy -- Kearsley, Anton T -- Keller, Lindsay P -- Khodja, H -- Kilcoyne, A L David -- Kissel, Jochen -- Krot, Alexander -- Langenhorst, Falko -- Lanzirotti, Antonio -- Le, Loan -- Leshin, Laurie A -- Leitner, J -- Lemelle, L -- Leroux, Hugues -- Liu, Ming-Chang -- Luening, K -- Lyon, Ian -- Macpherson, Glen -- Marcus, Matthew A -- Marhas, Kuljeet -- Marty, Bernard -- Matrajt, Graciela -- McKeegan, Kevin -- Meibom, Anders -- Mennella, Vito -- Messenger, Keiko -- Messenger, Scott -- Mikouchi, Takashi -- Mostefaoui, Smail -- Nakamura, Tomoki -- Nakano, T -- Newville, M -- Nittler, Larry R -- Ohnishi, Ichiro -- Ohsumi, Kazumasa -- Okudaira, Kyoko -- Papanastassiou, Dimitri A -- Palma, Russ -- Palumbo, Maria E -- Pepin, Robert O -- Perkins, David -- Perronnet, Murielle -- Pianetta, P -- Rao, William -- Rietmeijer, Frans J M -- Robert, Francois -- Rost, D -- Rotundi, Alessandra -- Ryan, Robert -- Sandford, Scott A -- Schwandt, Craig S -- See, Thomas H -- Schlutter, Dennis -- Sheffield-Parker, J -- Simionovici, Alexandre -- Simon, Steven -- Sitnitsky, I -- Snead, Christopher J -- Spencer, Maegan K -- Stadermann, Frank J -- Steele, Andrew -- Stephan, Thomas -- Stroud, Rhonda -- Susini, Jean -- Sutton, S R -- Suzuki, Y -- Taheri, Mitra -- Taylor, Susan -- Teslich, Nick -- Tomeoka, Kazu -- Tomioka, Naotaka -- Toppani, Alice -- Trigo-Rodriguez, Josep M -- Troadec, David -- Tsuchiyama, Akira -- Tuzzolino, Anthony J -- Tyliszczak, Tolek -- Uesugi, K -- Velbel, Michael -- Vellenga, Joe -- Vicenzi, E -- Vincze, L -- Warren, Jack -- Weber, Iris -- Weisberg, Mike -- Westphal, Andrew J -- Wirick, Sue -- Wooden, Diane -- Wopenka, Brigitte -- Wozniakiewicz, Penelope -- Wright, Ian -- Yabuta, Hikaru -- Yano, Hajime -- Young, Edward D -- Zare, Richard N -- Zega, Thomas -- Ziegler, Karen -- Zimmerman, Laurent -- Zinner, Ernst -- Zolensky, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 15;314(5806):1711-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. brownlee@astro.washington.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17170289" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2006-12-16
    Description: The bulk of the comet 81P/Wild 2 (hereafter Wild 2) samples returned to Earth by the Stardust spacecraft appear to be weakly constructed mixtures of nanometer-scale grains, with occasional much larger (over 1 micrometer) ferromagnesian silicates, Fe-Ni sulfides, Fe-Ni metal, and accessory phases. The very wide range of olivine and low-Ca pyroxene compositions in comet Wild 2 requires a wide range of formation conditions, probably reflecting very different formation locations in the protoplanetary disk. The restricted compositional ranges of Fe-Ni sulfides, the wide range for silicates, and the absence of hydrous phases indicate that comet Wild 2 experienced little or no aqueous alteration. Less abundant Wild 2 materials include a refractory particle, whose presence appears to require radial transport in the early protoplanetary disk.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zolensky, Michael E -- Zega, Thomas J -- Yano, Hajime -- Wirick, Sue -- Westphal, Andrew J -- Weisberg, Mike K -- Weber, Iris -- Warren, Jack L -- Velbel, Michael A -- Tsuchiyama, Akira -- Tsou, Peter -- Toppani, Alice -- Tomioka, Naotaka -- Tomeoka, Kazushige -- Teslich, Nick -- Taheri, Mitra -- Susini, Jean -- Stroud, Rhonda -- Stephan, Thomas -- Stadermann, Frank J -- Snead, Christopher J -- Simon, Steven B -- Simionovici, Alexandre -- See, Thomas H -- Robert, Francois -- Rietmeijer, Frans J M -- Rao, William -- Perronnet, Murielle C -- Papanastassiou, Dimitri A -- Okudaira, Kyoko -- Ohsumi, Kazumasa -- Ohnishi, Ichiro -- Nakamura-Messenger, Keiko -- Nakamura, Tomoki -- Mostefaoui, Smail -- Mikouchi, Takashi -- Meibom, Anders -- Matrajt, Graciela -- Marcus, Matthew A -- Leroux, Hugues -- Lemelle, Laurence -- Le, Loan -- Lanzirotti, Antonio -- Langenhorst, Falko -- Krot, Alexander N -- Keller, Lindsay P -- Kearsley, Anton T -- Joswiak, David -- Jacob, Damien -- Ishii, Hope -- Harvey, Ralph -- Hagiya, Kenji -- Grossman, Lawrence -- Grossman, Jeffrey N -- Graham, Giles A -- Gounelle, Matthieu -- Gillet, Philippe -- Genge, Matthew J -- Flynn, George -- Ferroir, Tristan -- Fallon, Stewart -- Fakra, Sirine -- Ebel, Denton S -- Dai, Zu Rong -- Cordier, Patrick -- Clark, Benton -- Chi, Miaofang -- Butterworth, Anna L -- Brownlee, Donald E -- Bridges, John C -- Brennan, Sean -- Brearley, Adrian -- Bradley, John P -- Bleuet, Pierre -- Bland, Phil A -- Bastien, Ron -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 15;314(5806):1735-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA. michael.e.zolensky@nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17170295" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2006-12-16
    Description: Particles emanating from comet 81P/Wild 2 collided with the Stardust spacecraft at 6.1 kilometers per second, producing hypervelocity impact features on the collector surfaces that were returned to Earth. The morphologies of these surprisingly diverse features were created by particles varying from dense mineral grains to loosely bound, polymineralic aggregates ranging from tens of nanometers to hundreds of micrometers in size. The cumulative size distribution of Wild 2 dust is shallower than that of comet Halley, yet steeper than that of comet Grigg-Skjellerup.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Horz, Friedrich -- Bastien, Ron -- Borg, Janet -- Bradley, John P -- Bridges, John C -- Brownlee, Donald E -- Burchell, Mark J -- Chi, Miaofang -- Cintala, Mark J -- Dai, Zu Rong -- Djouadi, Zahia -- Dominguez, Gerardo -- Economou, Thanasis E -- Fairey, Sam A J -- Floss, Christine -- Franchi, Ian A -- Graham, Giles A -- Green, Simon F -- Heck, Philipp -- Hoppe, Peter -- Huth, Joachim -- Ishii, Hope -- Kearsley, Anton T -- Kissel, Jochen -- Leitner, Jan -- Leroux, Hugues -- Marhas, Kuljeet -- Messenger, Keiko -- Schwandt, Craig S -- See, Thomas H -- Snead, Christopher -- Stadermann, Frank J 1st -- Stephan, Thomas -- Stroud, Rhonda -- Teslich, Nick -- Trigo-Rodriguez, Josep M -- Tuzzolino, A J -- Troadec, David -- Tsou, Peter -- Warren, Jack -- Westphal, Andrew -- Wozniakiewicz, Penelope -- Wright, Ian -- Zinner, Ernst -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 15;314(5806):1716-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA. friedrich.p.horz@jsc.nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17170290" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2013-06-01
    Description: Observations by the Mars Science Laboratory Mast Camera (Mastcam) in Gale crater reveal isolated outcrops of cemented pebbles (2 to 40 millimeters in diameter) and sand grains with textures typical of fluvial sedimentary conglomerates. Rounded pebbles in the conglomerates indicate substantial fluvial abrasion. ChemCam emission spectra at one outcrop show a predominantly feldspathic composition, consistent with minimal aqueous alteration of sediments. Sediment was mobilized in ancient water flows that likely exceeded the threshold conditions (depth 0.03 to 0.9 meter, average velocity 0.20 to 0.75 meter per second) required to transport the pebbles. Climate conditions at the time sediment was transported must have differed substantially from the cold, hyper-arid modern environment to permit aqueous flows across several kilometers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Williams, R M E -- Grotzinger, J P -- Dietrich, W E -- Gupta, S -- Sumner, D Y -- Wiens, R C -- Mangold, N -- Malin, M C -- Edgett, K S -- Maurice, S -- Forni, O -- Gasnault, O -- Ollila, A -- Newsom, H E -- Dromart, G -- Palucis, M C -- Yingst, R A -- Anderson, R B -- Herkenhoff, K E -- Le Mouelic, S -- Goetz, W -- Madsen, M B -- Koefoed, A -- Jensen, J K -- Bridges, J C -- Schwenzer, S P -- Lewis, K W -- Stack, K M -- Rubin, D -- Kah, L C -- Bell, J F 3rd -- Farmer, J D -- Sullivan, R -- Van Beek, T -- Blaney, D L -- Pariser, O -- Deen, R G -- MSL Science Team -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 May 31;340(6136):1068-72. doi: 10.1126/science.1237317.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA. williams@psi.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23723230" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2013-12-11
    Description: Sedimentary rocks examined by the Curiosity rover at Yellowknife Bay, Mars, were derived from sources that evolved from an approximately average martian crustal composition to one influenced by alkaline basalts. No evidence of chemical weathering is preserved, indicating arid, possibly cold, paleoclimates and rapid erosion and deposition. The absence of predicted geochemical variations indicates that magnetite and phyllosilicates formed by diagenesis under low-temperature, circumneutral pH, rock-dominated aqueous conditions. Analyses of diagenetic features (including concretions, raised ridges, and fractures) at high spatial resolution indicate that they are composed of iron- and halogen-rich components, magnesium-iron-chlorine-rich components, and hydrated calcium sulfates, respectively. Composition of a cross-cutting dike-like feature is consistent with sedimentary intrusion. The geochemistry of these sedimentary rocks provides further evidence for diverse depositional and diagenetic sedimentary environments during the early history of Mars.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McLennan, S M -- Anderson, R B -- Bell, J F 3rd -- Bridges, J C -- Calef, F 3rd -- Campbell, J L -- Clark, B C -- Clegg, S -- Conrad, P -- Cousin, A -- Des Marais, D J -- Dromart, G -- Dyar, M D -- Edgar, L A -- Ehlmann, B L -- Fabre, C -- Forni, O -- Gasnault, O -- Gellert, R -- Gordon, S -- Grant, J A -- Grotzinger, J P -- Gupta, S -- Herkenhoff, K E -- Hurowitz, J A -- King, P L -- Le Mouelic, S -- Leshin, L A -- Leveille, R -- Lewis, K W -- Mangold, N -- Maurice, S -- Ming, D W -- Morris, R V -- Nachon, M -- Newsom, H E -- Ollila, A M -- Perrett, G M -- Rice, M S -- Schmidt, M E -- Schwenzer, S P -- Stack, K -- Stolper, E M -- Sumner, D Y -- Treiman, A H -- VanBommel, S -- Vaniman, D T -- Vasavada, A -- Wiens, R C -- Yingst, R A -- MSL Science Team -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 24;343(6169):1244734. doi: 10.1126/science.1244734. Epub 2013 Dec 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geosciences, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24324274" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bays ; Calcium Sulfate/analysis/chemistry ; Chlorine/analysis/chemistry ; *Exobiology ; Extraterrestrial Environment/*chemistry ; Ferrosoferric Oxide/analysis/chemistry ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry ; Halogens/analysis/chemistry ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Iron/analysis/chemistry ; Magnesium/analysis/chemistry ; *Mars ; Silicates/analysis/chemistry ; Water/chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2014-12-18
    Description: Reports of plumes or patches of methane in the martian atmosphere that vary over monthly time scales have defied explanation to date. From in situ measurements made over a 20-month period by the tunable laser spectrometer of the Sample Analysis at Mars instrument suite on Curiosity at Gale crater, we report detection of background levels of atmospheric methane of mean value 0.69 +/- 0.25 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) at the 95% confidence interval (CI). This abundance is lower than model estimates of ultraviolet degradation of accreted interplanetary dust particles or carbonaceous chondrite material. Additionally, in four sequential measurements spanning a 60-sol period (where 1 sol is a martian day), we observed elevated levels of methane of 7.2 +/- 2.1 ppbv (95% CI), implying that Mars is episodically producing methane from an additional unknown source.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Webster, Christopher R -- Mahaffy, Paul R -- Atreya, Sushil K -- Flesch, Gregory J -- Mischna, Michael A -- Meslin, Pierre-Yves -- Farley, Kenneth A -- Conrad, Pamela G -- Christensen, Lance E -- Pavlov, Alexander A -- Martin-Torres, Javier -- Zorzano, Maria-Paz -- McConnochie, Timothy H -- Owen, Tobias -- Eigenbrode, Jennifer L -- Glavin, Daniel P -- Steele, Andrew -- Malespin, Charles A -- Archer, P Douglas Jr -- Sutter, Brad -- Coll, Patrice -- Freissinet, Caroline -- McKay, Christopher P -- Moores, John E -- Schwenzer, Susanne P -- Bridges, John C -- Navarro-Gonzalez, Rafael -- Gellert, Ralf -- Lemmon, Mark T -- MSL Science Team -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jan 23;347(6220):415-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1261713. Epub 2014 Dec 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA. chris.r.webster@jpl.nasa.gov. ; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA. ; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. ; Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA. ; Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planetologie, UPS-OMP, CNRS, 31028 Toulouse, France. ; California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. ; Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra [Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC)-Universidad de Granada], Granada, Spain. Division of Space Technology, Lulea University of Technology, Kiruna, Sweden. ; Centro de Astrobiologia, Instituto Nacional de Tecnica Aeroespacial-CSIC, Madrid, Spain. ; Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA. ; University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. ; Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC 20015, USA. ; Jacobs Technology, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA. ; Laboratoire Inter-Universitaires Des Systemes Atmospheriques (LISA), UMR CNRS 7583, Paris, France. ; NASA Ames Research Center, Mountain View, CA 94035, USA. ; York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada. ; The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK. ; Space Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK. ; Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico. ; University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada. ; Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25515120" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2013-10-19
    Description: [1]  We have assessed the characteristics of clasts along Curiosity's traverse to shed light on the processes important in the genesis, modification and transportation of surface materials. Pebble- to cobble-sized clasts at Bradbury Landing, and subsequently along Curiosity's traverse to Yellowknife Bay, reflect a mixing of two endmember transport mechanisms. The general clast population likely represents material deposited via impact processes, including meteorite fragments, ejecta from distant craters, and impactites consisting of shocked and shock melted materials from within Gale Crater, which resulted predominantly in larger, angular clasts. A subset of rounded pebble-sized clasts has likely been modified by intermittent alluvial or fluvial processes. The morphology of this rounded clast population indicates that water was a more important transporting agent here than at other Mars sites that have been studied in situ. Finally, we identified populations of basalt clasts and porphyritic clasts of undetermined composition by their morphologic and textural characteristics; basalts are confirmed by geochemical data provided by ChemCam.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2017-04-28
    Description: Diagenetic silica enrichment in fracture-associated halos that cross-cut lacustrine and unconformably overlying aeolian sedimentary bedrock are observed on the lower north slope of Aeolis Mons in Gale crater, Mars. The diagenetic silica enrichment is co-located with detrital silica enrichment observed in the lacustrine bedrock, yet extends into a considerably younger, unconformably draping aeolian sandstone, implying that diagenetic silica enrichment post-dates the detrital silica enrichment. A causal connection between the detrital and diagenetic silica enrichment implies that water was present in the subsurface of Gale crater long after deposition of the lacustrine sediments, and that it mobilized detrital amorphous silica and precipitated it along fractures in the overlying bedrock. Although absolute timing is uncertain, the observed diagenesis likely represents some of the most recent groundwater activity in Gale crater, and suggests that the timescale of potential habitability extended considerably beyond the time that the lacustrine sediments of Aeolis Mons were deposited.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2015-07-31
    Description: Nature Geoscience 8, 605 (2015). doi:10.1038/ngeo2474 Authors: V. Sautter, M. J. Toplis, R. C. Wiens, A. Cousin, C. Fabre, O. Gasnault, S. Maurice, O. Forni, J. Lasue, A. Ollila, J. C. Bridges, N. Mangold, S. Le Mouélic, M. Fisk, P.-Y. Meslin, P. Beck, P. Pinet, L. Le Deit, W. Rapin, E. M. Stolper, H. Newsom, D. Dyar, N. Lanza, D. Vaniman, S. Clegg & J. J. Wray Understanding of the geologic evolution of Mars has been greatly improved by recent orbital, in situ and meteorite data, but insights into the earliest period of Martian magmatism (4.1 to 3.7 billion years ago) remain scarce. The landing site of NASA’s Curiosity rover, Gale crater, which formed 3.61 billion years ago within older terrain, provides a window into this earliest igneous history. Along its traverse, Curiosity has discovered light-toned rocks that contrast with basaltic samples found in younger regions. Here we present geochemical data and images of 22 specimens analysed by Curiosity that demonstrate that these light-toned materials are feldspar-rich magmatic rocks. The rocks belong to two distinct geochemical types: alkaline compositions containing up to 67 wt% SiO2 and 14 wt% total alkalis (Na2O + K2O) with fine-grained to porphyritic textures on the one hand, and coarser-grained textures consistent with quartz diorite and granodiorite on the other hand. Our analysis reveals unexpected magmatic diversity and the widespread presence of silica- and feldspar-rich materials in the vicinity of the landing site at Gale crater. Combined with the identification of feldspar-rich rocks elsewhere and the low average density of the crust in the Martian southern hemisphere, we conclude that silica-rich magmatic rocks may constitute a significant fraction of ancient Martian crust and may be analogous to the earliest continental crust on Earth.
    Print ISSN: 1752-0894
    Electronic ISSN: 1752-0908
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Springer Nature
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