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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2011-04-06
    Description: Archived samples from a previously unreported 1958 Stanley Miller electric discharge experiment containing hydrogen sulfide (H2S) were recently discovered and analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. We report here the detection and quantification of primary amine-containing compounds in the original sample residues, which were produced via spark discharge using a gaseous mixture of H2S, CH4, NH3, and CO2. A total of 23 amino acids and 4 amines, including 7 organosulfur compounds, were detected in these samples. The major amino acids with chiral centers are racemic within the accuracy of the measurements, indicating that they are not contaminants introduced during sample storage. This experiment marks the first synthesis of sulfur amino acids from spark discharge experiments designed to imitate primordial environments. The relative yield of some amino acids, in particular the isomers of aminobutyric acid, are the highest ever found in a spark discharge experiment. The simulated primordial conditions used by Miller may serve as a model for early volcanic plume chemistry and provide insight to the possible roles such plumes may have played in abiotic organic synthesis. Additionally, the overall abundances of the synthesized amino acids in the presence of H2S are very similar to the abundances found in some carbonaceous meteorites, suggesting that H2S may have played an important role in prebiotic reactions in early solar system environments.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2006-12-16
    Description: The Stardust spacecraft collected thousands of particles from comet 81P/Wild 2 and returned them to Earth for laboratory study. The preliminary examination of these samples shows that the nonvolatile portion of the comet is an unequilibrated assortment of materials that have both presolar and solar system origin. The comet contains an abundance of silicate grains that are much larger than predictions of interstellar grain models, and many of these are high-temperature minerals that appear to have formed in the inner regions of the solar nebula. Their presence in a comet proves that the formation of the solar system included mixing on the grandest scales.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brownlee, Don -- Tsou, Peter -- Aleon, Jerome -- Alexander, Conel M O'd -- Araki, Tohru -- Bajt, Sasa -- Baratta, Giuseppe A -- Bastien, Ron -- Bland, Phil -- Bleuet, Pierre -- Borg, Janet -- Bradley, John P -- Brearley, Adrian -- Brenker, F -- Brennan, Sean -- Bridges, John C -- Browning, Nigel D -- Brucato, John R -- Bullock, E -- Burchell, Mark J -- Busemann, Henner -- Butterworth, Anna -- Chaussidon, Marc -- Cheuvront, Allan -- Chi, Miaofang -- Cintala, Mark J -- Clark, B C -- Clemett, Simon J -- Cody, George -- Colangeli, Luigi -- Cooper, George -- Cordier, Patrick -- Daghlian, C -- Dai, Zurong -- D'Hendecourt, Louis -- Djouadi, Zahia -- Dominguez, Gerardo -- Duxbury, Tom -- Dworkin, Jason P -- Ebel, Denton S -- Economou, Thanasis E -- Fakra, Sirine -- Fairey, Sam A J -- Fallon, Stewart -- Ferrini, Gianluca -- Ferroir, T -- Fleckenstein, Holger -- Floss, Christine -- Flynn, George -- Franchi, Ian A -- Fries, Marc -- Gainsforth, Z -- Gallien, J-P -- Genge, Matt -- Gilles, Mary K -- Gillet, Philipe -- Gilmour, Jamie -- Glavin, Daniel P -- Gounelle, Matthieu -- Grady, Monica M -- Graham, Giles A -- Grant, P G -- Green, Simon F -- Grossemy, Faustine -- Grossman, Lawrence -- Grossman, Jeffrey N -- Guan, Yunbin -- Hagiya, Kenji -- Harvey, Ralph -- Heck, Philipp -- Herzog, Gregory F -- Hoppe, Peter -- Horz, Friedrich -- Huth, Joachim -- Hutcheon, Ian D -- Ignatyev, Konstantin -- Ishii, Hope -- Ito, Motoo -- Jacob, Damien -- Jacobsen, Chris -- Jacobsen, Stein -- Jones, Steven -- Joswiak, David -- Jurewicz, Amy -- Kearsley, Anton T -- Keller, Lindsay P -- Khodja, H -- Kilcoyne, A L David -- Kissel, Jochen -- Krot, Alexander -- Langenhorst, Falko -- Lanzirotti, Antonio -- Le, Loan -- Leshin, Laurie A -- Leitner, J -- Lemelle, L -- Leroux, Hugues -- Liu, Ming-Chang -- Luening, K -- Lyon, Ian -- Macpherson, Glen -- Marcus, Matthew A -- Marhas, Kuljeet -- Marty, Bernard -- Matrajt, Graciela -- McKeegan, Kevin -- Meibom, Anders -- Mennella, Vito -- Messenger, Keiko -- Messenger, Scott -- Mikouchi, Takashi -- Mostefaoui, Smail -- Nakamura, Tomoki -- Nakano, T -- Newville, M -- Nittler, Larry R -- Ohnishi, Ichiro -- Ohsumi, Kazumasa -- Okudaira, Kyoko -- Papanastassiou, Dimitri A -- Palma, Russ -- Palumbo, Maria E -- Pepin, Robert O -- Perkins, David -- Perronnet, Murielle -- Pianetta, P -- Rao, William -- Rietmeijer, Frans J M -- Robert, Francois -- Rost, D -- Rotundi, Alessandra -- Ryan, Robert -- Sandford, Scott A -- Schwandt, Craig S -- See, Thomas H -- Schlutter, Dennis -- Sheffield-Parker, J -- Simionovici, Alexandre -- Simon, Steven -- Sitnitsky, I -- Snead, Christopher J -- Spencer, Maegan K -- Stadermann, Frank J -- Steele, Andrew -- Stephan, Thomas -- Stroud, Rhonda -- Susini, Jean -- Sutton, S R -- Suzuki, Y -- Taheri, Mitra -- Taylor, Susan -- Teslich, Nick -- Tomeoka, Kazu -- Tomioka, Naotaka -- Toppani, Alice -- Trigo-Rodriguez, Josep M -- Troadec, David -- Tsuchiyama, Akira -- Tuzzolino, Anthony J -- Tyliszczak, Tolek -- Uesugi, K -- Velbel, Michael -- Vellenga, Joe -- Vicenzi, E -- Vincze, L -- Warren, Jack -- Weber, Iris -- Weisberg, Mike -- Westphal, Andrew J -- Wirick, Sue -- Wooden, Diane -- Wopenka, Brigitte -- Wozniakiewicz, Penelope -- Wright, Ian -- Yabuta, Hikaru -- Yano, Hajime -- Young, Edward D -- Zare, Richard N -- Zega, Thomas -- Ziegler, Karen -- Zimmerman, Laurent -- Zinner, Ernst -- Zolensky, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 15;314(5806):1711-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. brownlee@astro.washington.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17170289" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2006-12-16
    Description: Organics found in comet 81P/Wild 2 samples show a heterogeneous and unequilibrated distribution in abundance and composition. Some organics are similar, but not identical, to those in interplanetary dust particles and carbonaceous meteorites. A class of aromatic-poor organic material is also present. The organics are rich in oxygen and nitrogen compared with meteoritic organics. Aromatic compounds are present, but the samples tend to be relatively poorer in aromatics than are meteorites and interplanetary dust particles. The presence of deuterium and nitrogen-15 excesses suggest that some organics have an interstellar/protostellar heritage. Although the variable extent of modification of these materials by impact capture is not yet fully constrained, a diverse suite of organic compounds is present and identifiable within the returned samples.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sandford, Scott A -- Aleon, Jerome -- Alexander, Conel M O'd -- Araki, Tohru -- Bajt, Sasa -- Baratta, Giuseppe A -- Borg, Janet -- Bradley, John P -- Brownlee, Donald E -- Brucato, John R -- Burchell, Mark J -- Busemann, Henner -- Butterworth, Anna -- Clemett, Simon J -- Cody, George -- Colangeli, Luigi -- Cooper, George -- D'Hendecourt, Louis -- Djouadi, Zahia -- Dworkin, Jason P -- Ferrini, Gianluca -- Fleckenstein, Holger -- Flynn, George J -- Franchi, Ian A -- Fries, Marc -- Gilles, Mary K -- Glavin, Daniel P -- Gounelle, Matthieu -- Grossemy, Faustine -- Jacobsen, Chris -- Keller, Lindsay P -- Kilcoyne, A L David -- Leitner, Jan -- Matrajt, Graciela -- Meibom, Anders -- Mennella, Vito -- Mostefaoui, Smail -- Nittler, Larry R -- Palumbo, Maria E -- Papanastassiou, Dimitri A -- Robert, Francois -- Rotundi, Alessandra -- Snead, Christopher J -- Spencer, Maegan K -- Stadermann, Frank J -- Steele, Andrew -- Stephan, Thomas -- Tsou, Peter -- Tyliszczak, Tolek -- Westphal, Andrew J -- Wirick, Sue -- Wopenka, Brigitte -- Yabuta, Hikaru -- Zare, Richard N -- Zolensky, Michael E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 15;314(5806):1720-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Astrophysics Branch, NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA. ssandford@mail.arc.nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17170291" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon/analysis ; Cosmic Dust/analysis ; Deuterium/analysis ; *Meteoroids ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Nitrogen Isotopes/analysis ; Organic Chemicals/*analysis ; Oxygen/analysis ; Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic/analysis ; Spacecraft
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2008-10-18
    Description: Miller's 1950s experiments used, besides the apparatus known in textbooks, one that generated a hot water mist in the spark flask, simulating a water vapor-rich volcanic eruption. We found the original extracts of this experiment in Miller's material and reanalyzed them. The volcanic apparatus produced a wider variety of amino acids than the classic one. Release of reduced gases in volcanic eruptions accompanied by lightning could have been common on the early Earth. Prebiotic compounds synthesized in these environments could have locally accumulated, where they could have undergone further processing.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Johnson, Adam P -- Cleaves, H James -- Dworkin, Jason P -- Glavin, Daniel P -- Lazcano, Antonio -- Bada, Jeffrey L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Oct 17;322(5900):404. doi: 10.1126/science.1161527.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Interdisciplinary Biochemistry Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47401, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18927386" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amines/chemistry ; Amino Acids/*chemistry ; Ammonia/chemistry ; Atmosphere ; *Evolution, Chemical ; Hydrogen/chemistry ; Lightning ; Methane/chemistry ; Oxidation-Reduction ; *Volcanic Eruptions ; Water
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2011-06-11
    Description: The complex suite of organic materials in carbonaceous chondrite meteorites probably originally formed in the interstellar medium and/or the solar protoplanetary disk, but was subsequently modified in the meteorites' asteroidal parent bodies. The mechanisms of formation and modification are still very poorly understood. We carried out a systematic study of variations in the mineralogy, petrology, and soluble and insoluble organic matter in distinct fragments of the Tagish Lake meteorite. The variations correlate with indicators of parent body aqueous alteration. At least some molecules of prebiotic importance formed during the alteration.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Herd, Christopher D K -- Blinova, Alexandra -- Simkus, Danielle N -- Huang, Yongsong -- Tarozo, Rafael -- Alexander, Conel M O'D -- Gyngard, Frank -- Nittler, Larry R -- Cody, George D -- Fogel, Marilyn L -- Kebukawa, Yoko -- Kilcoyne, A L David -- Hilts, Robert W -- Slater, Greg F -- Glavin, Daniel P -- Dworkin, Jason P -- Callahan, Michael P -- Elsila, Jamie E -- De Gregorio, Bradley T -- Stroud, Rhonda M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jun 10;332(6035):1304-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1203290.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada. herd@ualberta.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21659601" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2013-09-28
    Description: Samples from the Rocknest aeolian deposit were heated to ~835 degrees C under helium flow and evolved gases analyzed by Curiosity's Sample Analysis at Mars instrument suite. H2O, SO2, CO2, and O2 were the major gases released. Water abundance (1.5 to 3 weight percent) and release temperature suggest that H2O is bound within an amorphous component of the sample. Decomposition of fine-grained Fe or Mg carbonate is the likely source of much of the evolved CO2. Evolved O2 is coincident with the release of Cl, suggesting that oxygen is produced from thermal decomposition of an oxychloride compound. Elevated deltaD values are consistent with recent atmospheric exchange. Carbon isotopes indicate multiple carbon sources in the fines. Several simple organic compounds were detected, but they are not definitively martian in origin.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Leshin, L A -- Mahaffy, P R -- Webster, C R -- Cabane, M -- Coll, P -- Conrad, P G -- Archer, P D Jr -- Atreya, S K -- Brunner, A E -- Buch, A -- Eigenbrode, J L -- Flesch, G J -- Franz, H B -- Freissinet, C -- Glavin, D P -- McAdam, A C -- Miller, K E -- Ming, D W -- Morris, R V -- Navarro-Gonzalez, R -- Niles, P B -- Owen, T -- Pepin, R O -- Squyres, S -- Steele, A -- Stern, J C -- Summons, R E -- Sumner, D Y -- Sutter, B -- Szopa, C -- Teinturier, S -- Trainer, M G -- Wray, J J -- Grotzinger, J P -- MSL Science Team -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Sep 27;341(6153):1238937. doi: 10.1126/science.1238937.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and School of Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA. leshin@rpi.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24072926" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 7
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-02-07
    Description: Trace amounts of glycine, serine, and alanine were detected in the carbonate component of the martian meteorite ALH84001 by high-performance liquid chromatography. The detected amino acids were not uniformly distributed in the carbonate component and ranged in concentration from 0.1 to 7 parts per million. Although the detected alanine consists primarily of the L enantiomer, low concentrations (〈0.1 parts per million) of endogenous D-alanine may be present in the ALH84001 carbonates. The amino acids present in this sample of ALH84001 appear to be terrestrial in origin and similar to those in Allan Hills ice, although the possibility cannot be ruled out that minute amounts of some amino acids such as D-alanine are preserved in the meteorite.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bada, J L -- Glavin, D P -- McDonald, G D -- Becker, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jan 16;279(5349):362-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0212, USA. jbada@ucsd.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9430583" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alanine/analysis ; Amino Acids/*analysis ; Aspartic Acid/analysis ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Glycine/analysis ; *Mars ; *Meteoroids ; Serine/analysis ; Stereoisomerism
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2012-12-22
    Description: Doppler weather radar imaging enabled the rapid recovery of the Sutter's Mill meteorite after a rare 4-kiloton of TNT-equivalent asteroid impact over the foothills of the Sierra Nevada in northern California. The recovered meteorites survived a record high-speed entry of 28.6 kilometers per second from an orbit close to that of Jupiter-family comets (Tisserand's parameter = 2.8 +/- 0.3). Sutter's Mill is a regolith breccia composed of CM (Mighei)-type carbonaceous chondrite and highly reduced xenolithic materials. It exhibits considerable diversity of mineralogy, petrography, and isotope and organic chemistry, resulting from a complex formation history of the parent body surface. That diversity is quickly masked by alteration once in the terrestrial environment but will need to be considered when samples returned by missions to C-class asteroids are interpreted.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jenniskens, Peter -- Fries, Marc D -- Yin, Qing-Zhu -- Zolensky, Michael -- Krot, Alexander N -- Sandford, Scott A -- Sears, Derek -- Beauford, Robert -- Ebel, Denton S -- Friedrich, Jon M -- Nagashima, Kazuhide -- Wimpenny, Josh -- Yamakawa, Akane -- Nishiizumi, Kunihiko -- Hamajima, Yasunori -- Caffee, Marc W -- Welten, Kees C -- Laubenstein, Matthias -- Davis, Andrew M -- Simon, Steven B -- Heck, Philipp R -- Young, Edward D -- Kohl, Issaku E -- Thiemens, Mark H -- Nunn, Morgan H -- Mikouchi, Takashi -- Hagiya, Kenji -- Ohsumi, Kazumasa -- Cahill, Thomas A -- Lawton, Jonathan A -- Barnes, David -- Steele, Andrew -- Rochette, Pierre -- Verosub, Kenneth L -- Gattacceca, Jerome -- Cooper, George -- Glavin, Daniel P -- Burton, Aaron S -- Dworkin, Jason P -- Elsila, Jamie E -- Pizzarello, Sandra -- Ogliore, Ryan -- Schmitt-Kopplin, Phillipe -- Harir, Mourad -- Hertkorn, Norbert -- Verchovsky, Alexander -- Grady, Monica -- Nagao, Keisuke -- Okazaki, Ryuji -- Takechi, Hiroyuki -- Hiroi, Takahiro -- Smith, Ken -- Silber, Elizabeth A -- Brown, Peter G -- Albers, Jim -- Klotz, Doug -- Hankey, Mike -- Matson, Robert -- Fries, Jeffrey A -- Walker, Richard J -- Puchtel, Igor -- Lee, Cin-Ty A -- Erdman, Monica E -- Eppich, Gary R -- Roeske, Sarah -- Gabelica, Zelimir -- Lerche, Michael -- Nuevo, Michel -- Girten, Beverly -- Worden, Simon P -- Sutter's Mill Meteorite Consortium -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Dec 21;338(6114):1583-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1227163.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA. petrus.m.jenniskens@nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23258889" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2013-12-11
    Description: H2O, CO2, SO2, O2, H2, H2S, HCl, chlorinated hydrocarbons, NO, and other trace gases were evolved during pyrolysis of two mudstone samples acquired by the Curiosity rover at Yellowknife Bay within Gale crater, Mars. H2O/OH-bearing phases included 2:1 phyllosilicate(s), bassanite, akaganeite, and amorphous materials. Thermal decomposition of carbonates and combustion of organic materials are candidate sources for the CO2. Concurrent evolution of O2 and chlorinated hydrocarbons suggests the presence of oxychlorine phase(s). Sulfides are likely sources for sulfur-bearing species. Higher abundances of chlorinated hydrocarbons in the mudstone compared with Rocknest windblown materials previously analyzed by Curiosity suggest that indigenous martian or meteoritic organic carbon sources may be preserved in the mudstone; however, the carbon source for the chlorinated hydrocarbons is not definitively of martian origin.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ming, D W -- Archer, P D Jr -- Glavin, D P -- Eigenbrode, J L -- Franz, H B -- Sutter, B -- Brunner, A E -- Stern, J C -- Freissinet, C -- McAdam, A C -- Mahaffy, P R -- Cabane, M -- Coll, P -- Campbell, J L -- Atreya, S K -- Niles, P B -- Bell, J F 3rd -- Bish, D L -- Brinckerhoff, W B -- Buch, A -- Conrad, P G -- Des Marais, D J -- Ehlmann, B L -- Fairen, A G -- Farley, K -- Flesch, G J -- Francois, P -- Gellert, R -- Grant, J A -- Grotzinger, J P -- Gupta, S -- Herkenhoff, K E -- Hurowitz, J A -- Leshin, L A -- Lewis, K W -- McLennan, S M -- Miller, K E -- Moersch, J -- Morris, R V -- Navarro-Gonzalez, R -- Pavlov, A A -- Perrett, G M -- Pradler, I -- Squyres, S W -- Summons, R E -- Steele, A -- Stolper, E M -- Sumner, D Y -- Szopa, C -- Teinturier, S -- Trainer, M G -- Treiman, A H -- Vaniman, D T -- Vasavada, A R -- Webster, C R -- Wray, J J -- Yingst, R A -- MSL Science Team -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 24;343(6169):1245267. doi: 10.1126/science.1245267. Epub 2013 Dec 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Directorate, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24324276" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bays ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis/chemistry ; *Exobiology ; Extraterrestrial Environment/*chemistry ; Geologic Sediments/analysis/chemistry ; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated/*analysis ; *Mars ; Oxygen/analysis/chemistry ; Sulfides/analysis/chemistry ; Volatile Organic Compounds/*analysis ; Water/analysis/chemistry
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2014-12-18
    Description: Reports of plumes or patches of methane in the martian atmosphere that vary over monthly time scales have defied explanation to date. From in situ measurements made over a 20-month period by the tunable laser spectrometer of the Sample Analysis at Mars instrument suite on Curiosity at Gale crater, we report detection of background levels of atmospheric methane of mean value 0.69 +/- 0.25 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) at the 95% confidence interval (CI). This abundance is lower than model estimates of ultraviolet degradation of accreted interplanetary dust particles or carbonaceous chondrite material. Additionally, in four sequential measurements spanning a 60-sol period (where 1 sol is a martian day), we observed elevated levels of methane of 7.2 +/- 2.1 ppbv (95% CI), implying that Mars is episodically producing methane from an additional unknown source.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Webster, Christopher R -- Mahaffy, Paul R -- Atreya, Sushil K -- Flesch, Gregory J -- Mischna, Michael A -- Meslin, Pierre-Yves -- Farley, Kenneth A -- Conrad, Pamela G -- Christensen, Lance E -- Pavlov, Alexander A -- Martin-Torres, Javier -- Zorzano, Maria-Paz -- McConnochie, Timothy H -- Owen, Tobias -- Eigenbrode, Jennifer L -- Glavin, Daniel P -- Steele, Andrew -- Malespin, Charles A -- Archer, P Douglas Jr -- Sutter, Brad -- Coll, Patrice -- Freissinet, Caroline -- McKay, Christopher P -- Moores, John E -- Schwenzer, Susanne P -- Bridges, John C -- Navarro-Gonzalez, Rafael -- Gellert, Ralf -- Lemmon, Mark T -- MSL Science Team -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jan 23;347(6220):415-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1261713. Epub 2014 Dec 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA. chris.r.webster@jpl.nasa.gov. ; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA. ; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. ; Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA. ; Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planetologie, UPS-OMP, CNRS, 31028 Toulouse, France. ; California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. ; Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra [Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC)-Universidad de Granada], Granada, Spain. Division of Space Technology, Lulea University of Technology, Kiruna, Sweden. ; Centro de Astrobiologia, Instituto Nacional de Tecnica Aeroespacial-CSIC, Madrid, Spain. ; Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA. ; University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. ; Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC 20015, USA. ; Jacobs Technology, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA. ; Laboratoire Inter-Universitaires Des Systemes Atmospheriques (LISA), UMR CNRS 7583, Paris, France. ; NASA Ames Research Center, Mountain View, CA 94035, USA. ; York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada. ; The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK. ; Space Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK. ; Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico. ; University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada. ; Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25515120" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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