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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2014-01-28
    Description: To resolve the mechanisms that switch competition to cooperation is key to understanding biological organization. This is particularly relevant for intrasexual competition, which often leads to males harming females. Recent theory proposes that kin selection may modulate female harm by relaxing competition among male relatives. Here we experimentally manipulate the relatedness of groups of male Drosophila melanogaster competing over females to demonstrate that, as expected, within-group relatedness inhibits male competition and female harm. Females exposed to groups of three brothers unrelated to the female had higher lifetime reproductive success and slower reproductive ageing compared to females exposed to groups of three males unrelated to each other. Triplets of brothers also fought less with each other, courted females less intensively and lived longer than triplets of unrelated males. However, associations among brothers may be vulnerable to invasion by minorities of unrelated males: when two brothers were matched with an unrelated male, the unrelated male sired on average twice as many offspring as either brother. These results demonstrate that relatedness can profoundly affect fitness through its modulation of intrasexual competition, as flies plastically adjust sexual behaviour in a manner consistent with kin-selection theory.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carazo, Pau -- Tan, Cedric K W -- Allen, Felicity -- Wigby, Stuart -- Pizzari, Tommaso -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jan 30;505(7485):672-5. doi: 10.1038/nature12949. Epub 2014 Jan 22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK [2]. ; Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24463521" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Competitive Behavior/physiology ; *Cooperative Behavior ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics/*physiology ; Female ; Heredity/physiology ; Longevity/genetics/physiology ; Male ; Models, Biological ; Reproduction/physiology ; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; *Siblings
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2010-09-03
    Description: China is the world's most populous country and a major emitter of greenhouse gases. Consequently, much research has focused on China's influence on climate change but somewhat less has been written about the impact of climate change on China. China experienced explosive economic growth in recent decades, but with only 7% of the world's arable land available to feed 22% of the world's population, China's economy may be vulnerable to climate change itself. We find, however, that notwithstanding the clear warming that has occurred in China in recent decades, current understanding does not allow a clear assessment of the impact of anthropogenic climate change on China's water resources and agriculture and therefore China's ability to feed its people. To reach a more definitive conclusion, future work must improve regional climate simulations-especially of precipitation-and develop a better understanding of the managed and unmanaged responses of crops to changes in climate, diseases, pests and atmospheric constituents.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Piao, Shilong -- Ciais, Philippe -- Huang, Yao -- Shen, Zehao -- Peng, Shushi -- Li, Junsheng -- Zhou, Liping -- Liu, Hongyan -- Ma, Yuecun -- Ding, Yihui -- Friedlingstein, Pierre -- Liu, Chunzhen -- Tan, Kun -- Yu, Yongqiang -- Zhang, Tianyi -- Fang, Jingyun -- England -- Nature. 2010 Sep 2;467(7311):43-51. doi: 10.1038/nature09364.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, and Center of Climate Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. slpiao@pku.edu.cn〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20811450" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; China ; *Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Economic Development ; Population Dynamics ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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