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  • 1
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    Early views of the martian surface from the Mars Orbiter Camera of Mars Global Surveyor (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-03-28
    Description: High-resolution images of the martian surface at scales of a few meters show ubiquitous erosional and depositional eolian landforms. Dunes, sandsheets, and drifts are prevalent and exhibit a range of morphology, composition (inferred from albedo), and age (as seen in occurrences of different dune orientations at the same location). Steep walls of topographic depressions such as canyons, valleys, and impact craters show the martian crust to be stratified at scales of a few tens of meters. The south polar layered terrain and superposed permanent ice cap display diverse surface textures that may reflect the complex interplay of volatile and non-volatile components. Low resolution regional views of the planet provide synoptic observations of polar cap retreat, condensate clouds, and the lifecycle of local and regional dust storms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malin, M C -- Carr, M H -- Danielson, G E -- Davies, M E -- Hartmann, W K -- Ingersoll, A P -- James, P B -- Masursky, H -- McEwen, A S -- Soderblom, L A -- Thomas, P -- Veverka, J -- Caplinger, M A -- Ravine, M A -- Soulanille, T A -- Warren, J L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Mar 13;279(5357):1681-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Malin Space Science Systems, Post Office Box 910148, San Diego, CA 92191-0148, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9497280" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon Dioxide ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ice ; *Mars ; Spacecraft
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Seasonal flows on warm Martian slopes (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-06
    Description: Water probably flowed across ancient Mars, but whether it ever exists as a liquid on the surface today remains debatable. Recurring slope lineae (RSL) are narrow (0.5 to 5 meters), relatively dark markings on steep (25 degrees to 40 degrees ) slopes; repeat images from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment show them to appear and incrementally grow during warm seasons and fade in cold seasons. They extend downslope from bedrock outcrops, often associated with small channels, and hundreds of them form in some rare locations. RSL appear and lengthen in the late southern spring and summer from 48 degrees S to 32 degrees S latitudes favoring equator-facing slopes, which are times and places with peak surface temperatures from ~250 to 300 kelvin. Liquid brines near the surface might explain this activity, but the exact mechanism and source of water are not understood.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McEwen, Alfred S -- Ojha, Lujendra -- Dundas, Colin M -- Mattson, Sarah S -- Byrne, Shane -- Wray, James J -- Cull, Selby C -- Murchie, Scott L -- Thomas, Nicolas -- Gulick, Virginia C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Aug 5;333(6043):740-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1204816.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. mcewen@lpl.arizona.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21817049" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Mars ; Salts ; Seasons ; Spacecraft ; Temperature ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Morphology and composition of the surface of Mars: Mars Odyssey THEMIS results (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-07
    Description: The Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) on Mars Odyssey has produced infrared to visible wavelength images of the martian surface that show lithologically distinct layers with variable thickness, implying temporal changes in the processes or environments during or after their formation. Kilometer-scale exposures of bedrock are observed; elsewhere airfall dust completely mantles the surface over thousands of square kilometers. Mars has compositional variations at 100-meter scales, for example, an exposure of olivine-rich basalt in the walls of Ganges Chasma. Thermally distinct ejecta facies occur around some craters with variations associated with crater age. Polar observations have identified temporal patches of water frost in the north polar cap. No thermal signatures associated with endogenic heat sources have been identified.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Christensen, Philip R -- Bandfield, Joshua L -- Bell, James F 3rd -- Gorelick, Noel -- Hamilton, Victoria E -- Ivanov, Anton -- Jakosky, Bruce M -- Kieffer, Hugh H -- Lane, Melissa D -- Malin, Michael C -- McConnochie, Timothy -- McEwen, Alfred S -- McSween, Harry Y Jr -- Mehall, Greg L -- Moersch, Jeffery E -- Nealson, Kenneth H -- Rice, James W Jr -- Richardson, Mark I -- Ruff, Steven W -- Smith, Michael D -- Titus, Timothy N -- Wyatt, Michael B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 27;300(5628):2056-61. Epub 2003 Jun 5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geological Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-6305, USA. phil.christensen@asu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12791998" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon Dioxide ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Geologic Sediments ; Geological Phenomena ; Geology ; *Mars ; Seasons ; Temperature ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    A closer look at water-related geologic activity on Mars (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-09-22
    Description: Water has supposedly marked the surface of Mars and produced characteristic landforms. To understand the history of water on Mars, we take a close look at key locations with the High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, reaching fine spatial scales of 25 to 32 centimeters per pixel. Boulders ranging up to approximately 2 meters in diameter are ubiquitous in the middle to high latitudes, which include deposits previously interpreted as finegrained ocean sediments or dusty snow. Bright gully deposits identify six locations with very recent activity, but these lie on steep (20 degrees to 35 degrees) slopes where dry mass wasting could occur. Thus, we cannot confirm the reality of ancient oceans or water in active gullies but do see evidence of fluvial modification of geologically recent mid-latitude gullies and equatorial impact craters.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McEwen, A S -- Hansen, C J -- Delamere, W A -- Eliason, E M -- Herkenhoff, K E -- Keszthelyi, L -- Gulick, V C -- Kirk, R L -- Mellon, M T -- Grant, J A -- Thomas, N -- Weitz, C M -- Squyres, S W -- Bridges, N T -- Murchie, S L -- Seelos, F -- Seelos, K -- Okubo, C H -- Milazzo, M P -- Tornabene, L L -- Jaeger, W L -- Byrne, S -- Russell, P S -- Griffes, J L -- Martinez-Alonso, S -- Davatzes, A -- Chuang, F C -- Thomson, B J -- Fishbaugh, K E -- Dundas, C M -- Kolb, K J -- Banks, M E -- Wray, J J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Sep 21;317(5845):1706-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. mcewen@lpl.arizona.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17885125" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; Geological Phenomena ; Geology ; *Mars ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Athabasca Valles, Mars: a lava-draped channel system (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-09-22
    Description: Athabasca Valles is a young outflow channel system on Mars that may have been carved by catastrophic water floods. However, images acquired by the High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment camera onboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter spacecraft reveal that Athabasca Valles is now entirely draped by a thin layer of solidified lava-the remnant of a once-swollen river of molten rock. The lava erupted from a fissure, inundated the channels, and drained downstream in geologically recent times. Purported ice features in Athabasca Valles and its distal basin, Cerberus Palus, are actually composed of this lava. Similar volcanic processes may have operated in other ostensibly fluvial channels, which could explain in part why the landers sent to investigate sites of ancient flooding on Mars have predominantly found lava at the surface instead.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jaeger, W L -- Keszthelyi, L P -- McEwen, A S -- Dundas, C M -- Russell, P S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Sep 21;317(5845):1709-11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Astrogeology Team,U.S. Geological Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA. wjaeger@usgs.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17885126" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; Geological Phenomena ; Geology ; *Mars ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Meter-scale morphology of the north polar region of Mars (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-09-22
    Description: Mars' north pole is covered by a dome of layered ice deposits. Detailed ( approximately 30 centimeters per pixel) images of this region were obtained with the High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). Planum Boreum basal unit scarps reveal cross-bedding and show evidence for recent mass wasting, flow, and debris accumulation. The north polar layers themselves are as thin as 10 centimeters but appear to be covered by a dusty veneer in places, which may obscure thinner layers. Repetition of particular layer types implies that quasi-periodic climate changes influenced the stratigraphic sequence in the polar layered deposits, informing models for recent climate variations on Mars.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Herkenhoff, K E -- Byrne, S -- Russell, P S -- Fishbaugh, K E -- McEwen, A S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Sep 21;317(5845):1711-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Astrogeology Team, United States Geological Survey (USGS), Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA. kherkenhoff@usgs.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17885127" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ice ; *Mars
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Quasi-periodic bedding in the sedimentary rock record of Mars (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-12-06
    Description: Widespread sedimentary rocks on Mars preserve evidence of surface conditions different from the modern cold and dry environment, although it is unknown how long conditions favorable to deposition persisted. We used 1-meter stereo topographic maps to demonstrate the presence of rhythmic bedding at several outcrops in the Arabia Terra region. Repeating beds are approximately 10 meters thick, and one site contains hundreds of meters of strata bundled into larger units at a approximately 10:1 thickness ratio. This repetition likely points to cyclicity in environmental conditions, possibly as a result of astronomical forcing. If deposition were forced by orbital variation, the rocks may have been deposited over tens of millions of years.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lewis, Kevin W -- Aharonson, Oded -- Grotzinger, John P -- Kirk, Randolph L -- McEwen, Alfred S -- Suer, Terry-Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Dec 5;322(5907):1532-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1161870.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Divison of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, 150-21, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. klewis@gps.caltech.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19056983" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; Geologic Sediments ; *Mars
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Distribution of mid-latitude ground ice on Mars from new impact craters (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-09-26
    Description: New impact craters at five sites in the martian mid-latitudes excavated material from depths of decimeters that has a brightness and color indicative of water ice. Near-infrared spectra of the largest example confirm this composition, and repeated imaging showed fading over several months, as expected for sublimating ice. Thermal models of one site show that millimeters of sublimation occurred during this fading period, indicating clean ice rather than ice in soil pores. Our derived ice-table depths are consistent with models using higher long-term average atmospheric water vapor content than present values. Craters at most of these sites may have excavated completely through this clean ice, probing the ice table to previously unsampled depths of meters and revealing substantial heterogeneity in the vertical distribution of the ice itself.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Byrne, Shane -- Dundas, Colin M -- Kennedy, Megan R -- Mellon, Michael T -- McEwen, Alfred S -- Cull, Selby C -- Daubar, Ingrid J -- Shean, David E -- Seelos, Kimberly D -- Murchie, Scott L -- Cantor, Bruce A -- Arvidson, Raymond E -- Edgett, Kenneth S -- Reufer, Andreas -- Thomas, Nicolas -- Harrison, Tanya N -- Posiolova, Liliya V -- Seelos, Frank P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Sep 25;325(5948):1674-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1175307.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. shane@lpl.arizona.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19779195" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Ice ; *Mars ; Meteoroids ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Seasonal erosion and restoration of Mars' northern polar dunes (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-02-05
    Description: Despite radically different environmental conditions, terrestrial and martian dunes bear a strong resemblance, indicating that the basic processes of saltation and grainfall (sand avalanching down the dune slipface) operate on both worlds. Here, we show that martian dunes are subject to an additional modification process not found on Earth: springtime sublimation of Mars' CO(2) seasonal polar caps. Numerous dunes in Mars' north polar region have experienced morphological changes within a Mars year, detected in images acquired by the High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. Dunes show new alcoves, gullies, and dune apron extension. This is followed by remobilization of the fresh deposits by the wind, forming ripples and erasing gullies. The widespread nature of these rapid changes, and the pristine appearance of most dunes in the area, implicates active sand transport in the vast polar erg in Mars' current climate.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hansen, C J -- Bourke, M -- Bridges, N T -- Byrne, S -- Colon, C -- Diniega, S -- Dundas, C -- Herkenhoff, K -- McEwen, A -- Mellon, M -- Portyankina, G -- Thomas, N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Feb 4;331(6017):575-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1197636.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA. cjhansen@psi.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21292976" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Carbon Dioxide ; Dry Ice ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Mars
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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