ALBERT

Description: The extent to which low-frequency (minor allele frequency (MAF) between 1-5%) and rare (MAF 〈/= 1%) variants contribute to complex traits and disease in the general population is mainly unknown. Bone mineral density (BMD) is highly heritable, a major predictor of osteoporotic fractures, and has been previously associated with common genetic variants, as well as rare, population-specific, coding variants. Here we identify novel non-coding genetic variants with large effects on BMD (ntotal = 53,236) and fracture (ntotal = 508,253) in individuals of European ancestry from the general population. Associations for BMD were derived from whole-genome sequencing (n = 2,882 from UK10K (ref. 10); a population-based genome sequencing consortium), whole-exome sequencing (n = 3,549), deep imputation of genotyped samples using a combined UK10K/1000 Genomes reference panel (n = 26,534), and de novo replication genotyping (n = 20,271). We identified a low-frequency non-coding variant near a novel locus, EN1, with an effect size fourfold larger than the mean of previously reported common variants for lumbar spine BMD (rs11692564(T), MAF = 1.6%, replication effect size = +0.20 s.d., Pmeta = 2 x 10(-14)), which was also associated with a decreased risk of fracture (odds ratio = 0.85; P = 2 x 10(-11); ncases = 98,742 and ncontrols = 409,511). Using an En1(cre/flox) mouse model, we observed that conditional loss of En1 results in low bone mass, probably as a consequence of high bone turnover. We also identified a novel low-frequency non-coding variant with large effects on BMD near WNT16 (rs148771817(T), MAF = 1.2%, replication effect size = +0.41 s.d., Pmeta = 1 x 10(-11)). In general, there was an excess of association signals arising from deleterious coding and conserved non-coding variants. These findings provide evidence that low-frequency non-coding variants have large effects on BMD and fracture, thereby providing rationale for whole-genome sequencing and improved imputation reference panels to study the genetic architecture of complex traits and disease in the general population.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4755714/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4755714/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zheng, Hou-Feng -- Forgetta, Vincenzo -- Hsu, Yi-Hsiang -- Estrada, Karol -- Rosello-Diez, Alberto -- Leo, Paul J -- Dahia, Chitra L -- Park-Min, Kyung Hyun -- Tobias, Jonathan H -- Kooperberg, Charles -- Kleinman, Aaron -- Styrkarsdottir, Unnur -- Liu, Ching-Ti -- Uggla, Charlotta -- Evans, Daniel S -- Nielson, Carrie M -- Walter, Klaudia -- Pettersson-Kymmer, Ulrika -- McCarthy, Shane -- Eriksson, Joel -- Kwan, Tony -- Jhamai, Mila -- Trajanoska, Katerina -- Memari, Yasin -- Min, Josine -- Huang, Jie -- Danecek, Petr -- Wilmot, Beth -- Li, Rui -- Chou, Wen-Chi -- Mokry, Lauren E -- Moayyeri, Alireza -- Claussnitzer, Melina -- Cheng, Chia-Ho -- Cheung, Warren -- Medina-Gomez, Carolina -- Ge, Bing -- Chen, Shu-Huang -- Choi, Kwangbom -- Oei, Ling -- Fraser, James -- Kraaij, Robert -- Hibbs, Matthew A -- Gregson, Celia L -- Paquette, Denis -- Hofman, Albert -- Wibom, Carl -- Tranah, Gregory J -- Marshall, Mhairi -- Gardiner, Brooke B -- Cremin, Katie -- Auer, Paul -- Hsu, Li -- Ring, Sue -- Tung, Joyce Y -- Thorleifsson, Gudmar -- Enneman, Anke W -- van Schoor, Natasja M -- de Groot, Lisette C P G M -- van der Velde, Nathalie -- Melin, Beatrice -- Kemp, John P -- Christiansen, Claus -- Sayers, Adrian -- Zhou, Yanhua -- Calderari, Sophie -- van Rooij, Jeroen -- Carlson, Chris -- Peters, Ulrike -- Berlivet, Soizik -- Dostie, Josee -- Uitterlinden, Andre G -- Williams, Stephen R -- Farber, Charles -- Grinberg, Daniel -- LaCroix, Andrea Z -- Haessler, Jeff -- Chasman, Daniel I -- Giulianini, Franco -- Rose, Lynda M -- Ridker, Paul M -- Eisman, John A -- Nguyen, Tuan V -- Center, Jacqueline R -- Nogues, Xavier -- Garcia-Giralt, Natalia -- Launer, Lenore L -- Gudnason, Vilmunder -- Mellstrom, Dan -- Vandenput, Liesbeth -- Amin, Najaf -- van Duijn, Cornelia M -- Karlsson, Magnus K -- Ljunggren, Osten -- Svensson, Olle -- Hallmans, Goran -- Rousseau, Francois -- Giroux, Sylvie -- Bussiere, Johanne -- Arp, Pascal P -- Koromani, Fjorda -- Prince, Richard L -- Lewis, Joshua R -- Langdahl, Bente L -- Hermann, A Pernille -- Jensen, Jens-Erik B -- Kaptoge, Stephen -- Khaw, Kay-Tee -- Reeve, Jonathan -- Formosa, Melissa M -- Xuereb-Anastasi, Angela -- Akesson, Kristina -- McGuigan, Fiona E -- Garg, Gaurav -- Olmos, Jose M -- Zarrabeitia, Maria T -- Riancho, Jose A -- Ralston, Stuart H -- Alonso, Nerea -- Jiang, Xi -- Goltzman, David -- Pastinen, Tomi -- Grundberg, Elin -- Gauguier, Dominique -- Orwoll, Eric S -- Karasik, David -- Davey-Smith, George -- AOGC Consortium -- Smith, Albert V -- Siggeirsdottir, Kristin -- Harris, Tamara B -- Zillikens, M Carola -- van Meurs, Joyce B J -- Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur -- Maurano, Matthew T -- Timpson, Nicholas J -- Soranzo, Nicole -- Durbin, Richard -- Wilson, Scott G -- Ntzani, Evangelia E -- Brown, Matthew A -- Stefansson, Kari -- Hinds, David A -- Spector, Tim -- Cupples, L Adrienne -- Ohlsson, Claes -- Greenwood, Celia M T -- UK10K Consortium -- Jackson, Rebecca D -- Rowe, David W -- Loomis, Cynthia A -- Evans, David M -- Ackert-Bicknell, Cheryl L -- Joyner, Alexandra L -- Duncan, Emma L -- Kiel, Douglas P -- Rivadeneira, Fernando -- Richards, J Brent -- G1000143/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- K01 AR062655/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- MC_UU_12013/3/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- R01 AG005394/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG005407/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG027574/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG027576/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR035582/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR035583/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- RC2 AR058973/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- U01 AG018197/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- U01 AG042140/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- U01 AG042143/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- U01 AR045580/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- U01 AR045583/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- U01 AR045614/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- U01 AR045632/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- U01 AR045647/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- U01 AR045654/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- U01 AR066160/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Oct 1;526(7571):112-7. doi: 10.1038/nature14878. Epub 2015 Sep 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departments of Medicine, Human Genetics, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A2, Canada. ; Department of Medicine, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal H3T 1E2, Canada. ; Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, Massachusetts 02131, USA. ; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands. ; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. ; Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane 4102, Australia. ; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Tissue Engineering, Regeneration and Repair Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York 10021, USA. ; Rheumatology Divison, Hospital for Special Surgery New York, New York 10021, USA. ; School of Clinical Science, University of Bristol, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK. ; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK. ; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA. ; Department of Research, 23andMe, Mountain View, California 94041, USA. ; Department of Population Genomics, deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland. ; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA. ; Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg S-413 45, Sweden. ; California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California 94158, USA. ; Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health &Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA. ; Bone &Mineral Unit, Oregon Health &Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA. ; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK. ; Departments of Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences, Umea University, Umea S-901 87, Sweden. ; Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Umea SE-901 87, Sweden. ; Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg S-413 45, Sweden. ; McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal H3A 0G1, Canada. ; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands. ; Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health &Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA. ; Department of Medical and Clinical Informatics, Oregon Health &Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA. ; Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, University College London, London NW1 2DA, UK. ; Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK. ; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1B1, Canada. ; Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden 2300RC, The Netherlands. ; Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montreal H3G 1Y6, Canada. ; Department of Computer Science, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas 78212, USA. ; Musculoskeletal Research Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK. ; Department of Radiation Sciences, Umea University, Umea S-901 87, Sweden. ; School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53726, USA. ; School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK. ; Department of Statistics, deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland. ; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1007 MB, The Netherlands. ; Department of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6700 EV, The Netherlands. ; Department of Internal Medicine, Section Geriatrics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105, The Netherlands. ; Nordic Bioscience, Herlev 2730, Denmark. ; Cordeliers Research Centre, INSERM UMRS 1138, Paris 75006, France. ; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, University Pierre &Marie Curie, Paris 75013, France. ; Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine), Centre for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA. ; Department of Genetics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain. ; U-720, Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Barcelona 28029, Spain. ; Department of Human Molecular Genetics, The Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona 08028, Spain. ; Women's Health Center of Excellence Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California - San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, USA. ; Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. ; Osteoporosis &Bone Biology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney 2010, Australia. ; School of Medicine Sydney, University of Notre Dame Australia, Sydney 6959, Australia. ; St. Vincent's Hospital &Clinical School, NSW University, Sydney 2010, Australia. ; Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques, Barcelona 08003, Spain. ; Cooperative Research Network on Aging and Fragility (RETICEF), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029, Spain. ; Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08193, Spain. ; Neuroepidemiology Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur IS-201, Iceland. ; Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland. ; Genetic epidemiology unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000CA, The Netherlands. ; Department of Orthopaedics, Skane University Hospital Malmo 205 02, Sweden. ; Department of Medical Sciences, University of Uppsala, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden. ; Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Umea Unviersity, Umea 901 85, Sweden. ; Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Universite Laval, Quebec City G1V 0A6, Canada. ; Axe Sante des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Sante, Centre de recherche du CHU de Quebec, Quebec City G1V 4G2, Canada. ; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands 6009, Australia. ; Department of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia. ; Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark. ; Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C 5000, Denmark. ; Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre University Hospital, Hvidovre 2650, Denmark. ; Clinical Gerontology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK. ; Medicine and Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK. ; Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK. ; Department of Applied Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Msida MSD 2080, Malta. ; Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmo, Lund University, 205 02, Sweden. ; Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, University of Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain. ; Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital U.M. Valdecilla- IDIVAL, Santander 39008, Spain. ; Department of Legal Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain. ; Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK. ; Department of Reconstructive Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA. ; Department of Medicine and Physiology, McGill University, Montreal H4A 3J1, Canada. ; Department of Medicine, Oregon Health &Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA. ; Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 13010, Israel. ; Laboratory of Epidemiology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. ; School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia. ; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina 45110, Greece. ; Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA. ; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland. ; Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702, USA. ; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A2, Canada. ; Department of Oncology, Gerald Bronfman Centre, McGill University, Montreal H2W 1S6, Canada. ; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA. ; The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology and Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA. ; Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane 4029, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26367794" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The autosomal dominant hyper-IgE syndrome (HIES, 'Job's syndrome') is characterized by recurrent and often severe pulmonary infections, pneumatoceles, eczema, staphylococcal abscesses, mucocutaneous candidiasis, and abnormalities of bone and connective tissue. Mutations presumed to underlie HIES have recently been identified in stat3, the gene encoding STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) (refs 3, 4). Although impaired production of interferon-gamma and tumour-necrosis factor by T cells, diminished memory T-cell populations, decreased delayed-type-hypersensitivity responses and decreased in vitro lymphoproliferation in response to specific antigens have variably been described, specific immunological abnormalities that can explain the unique susceptibility to particular infections seen in HIES have not yet been defined. Here we show that interleukin (IL)-17 production by T cells is absent in HIES individuals. We observed that ex vivo T cells from subjects with HIES failed to produce IL-17, but not IL-2, tumour-necrosis factor or interferon-gamma, on mitogenic stimulation with staphylococcal enterotoxin B or on antigenic stimulation with Candida albicans or streptokinase. Purified naive T cells were unable to differentiate into IL-17-producing (T(H)17) T helper cells in vitro and had lower expression of retinoid-related orphan receptor (ROR)-gammat, which is consistent with a crucial role for STAT3 signalling in the generation of T(H)17 cells. T(H)17 cells have emerged as an important subset of helper T cells that are believed to be critical in the clearance of fungal and extracellular bacterial infections. Thus, our data suggest that the inability to produce T(H)17 cells is a mechanism underlying the susceptibility to the recurrent infections commonly seen in HIES.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2864108/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2864108/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Milner, Joshua D -- Brenchley, Jason M -- Laurence, Arian -- Freeman, Alexandra F -- Hill, Brenna J -- Elias, Kevin M -- Kanno, Yuka -- Spalding, Christine -- Elloumi, Houda Z -- Paulson, Michelle L -- Davis, Joie -- Hsu, Amy -- Asher, Ava I -- O'Shea, John -- Holland, Steven M -- Paul, William E -- Douek, Daniel C -- Z99 AI999999/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Apr 10;452(7188):773-6. doi: 10.1038/nature06764. Epub 2008 Mar 12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Immunology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18337720" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) was launched to coordinate large-scale cancer genome studies in tumours from 50 different cancer types and/or subtypes that are of clinical and societal importance across the globe. Systematic studies of more than 25,000 cancer genomes at the genomic, epigenomic and transcriptomic levels will reveal the repertoire of oncogenic mutations, uncover traces of the mutagenic influences, define clinically relevant subtypes for prognosis and therapeutic management, and enable the development of new cancer therapies.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2902243/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2902243/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉International Cancer Genome Consortium -- Hudson, Thomas J -- Anderson, Warwick -- Artez, Axel -- Barker, Anna D -- Bell, Cindy -- Bernabe, Rosa R -- Bhan, M K -- Calvo, Fabien -- Eerola, Iiro -- Gerhard, Daniela S -- Guttmacher, Alan -- Guyer, Mark -- Hemsley, Fiona M -- Jennings, Jennifer L -- Kerr, David -- Klatt, Peter -- Kolar, Patrik -- Kusada, Jun -- Lane, David P -- Laplace, Frank -- Youyong, Lu -- Nettekoven, Gerd -- Ozenberger, Brad -- Peterson, Jane -- Rao, T S -- Remacle, Jacques -- Schafer, Alan J -- Shibata, Tatsuhiro -- Stratton, Michael R -- Vockley, Joseph G -- Watanabe, Koichi -- Yang, Huanming -- Yuen, Matthew M F -- Knoppers, Bartha M -- Bobrow, Martin -- Cambon-Thomsen, Anne -- Dressler, Lynn G -- Dyke, Stephanie O M -- Joly, Yann -- Kato, Kazuto -- Kennedy, Karen L -- Nicolas, Pilar -- Parker, Michael J -- Rial-Sebbag, Emmanuelle -- Romeo-Casabona, Carlos M -- Shaw, Kenna M -- Wallace, Susan -- Wiesner, Georgia L -- Zeps, Nikolajs -- Lichter, Peter -- Biankin, Andrew V -- Chabannon, Christian -- Chin, Lynda -- Clement, Bruno -- de Alava, Enrique -- Degos, Francoise -- Ferguson, Martin L -- Geary, Peter -- Hayes, D Neil -- Johns, Amber L -- Kasprzyk, Arek -- Nakagawa, Hidewaki -- Penny, Robert -- Piris, Miguel A -- Sarin, Rajiv -- Scarpa, Aldo -- van de Vijver, Marc -- Futreal, P Andrew -- Aburatani, Hiroyuki -- Bayes, Monica -- Botwell, David D L -- Campbell, Peter J -- Estivill, Xavier -- Grimmond, Sean M -- Gut, Ivo -- Hirst, Martin -- Lopez-Otin, Carlos -- Majumder, Partha -- Marra, Marco -- McPherson, John D -- Ning, Zemin -- Puente, Xose S -- Ruan, Yijun -- Stunnenberg, Hendrik G -- Swerdlow, Harold -- Velculescu, Victor E -- Wilson, Richard K -- Xue, Hong H -- Yang, Liu -- Spellman, Paul T -- Bader, Gary D -- Boutros, Paul C -- Flicek, Paul -- Getz, Gad -- Guigo, Roderic -- Guo, Guangwu -- Haussler, David -- Heath, Simon -- Hubbard, Tim J -- Jiang, Tao -- Jones, Steven M -- Li, Qibin -- Lopez-Bigas, Nuria -- Luo, Ruibang -- Muthuswamy, Lakshmi -- Ouellette, B F Francis -- Pearson, John V -- Quesada, Victor -- Raphael, Benjamin J -- Sander, Chris -- Speed, Terence P -- Stein, Lincoln D -- Stuart, Joshua M -- Teague, Jon W -- Totoki, Yasushi -- Tsunoda, Tatsuhiko -- Valencia, Alfonso -- Wheeler, David A -- Wu, Honglong -- Zhao, Shancen -- Zhou, Guangyu -- Lathrop, Mark -- Thomas, Gilles -- Yoshida, Teruhiko -- Axton, Myles -- Gunter, Chris -- Miller, Linda J -- Zhang, Junjun -- Haider, Syed A -- Wang, Jianxin -- Yung, Christina K -- Cros, Anthony -- Liang, Yong -- Gnaneshan, Saravanamuttu -- Guberman, Jonathan -- Hsu, Jack -- Chalmers, Don R C -- Hasel, Karl W -- Kaan, Terry S H -- Lowrance, William W -- Masui, Tohru -- Rodriguez, Laura Lyman -- Vergely, Catherine -- Bowtell, David D L -- Cloonan, Nicole -- deFazio, Anna -- Eshleman, James R -- Etemadmoghadam, Dariush -- Gardiner, Brooke B -- Kench, James G -- Sutherland, Robert L -- Tempero, Margaret A -- Waddell, Nicola J -- Wilson, Peter J -- Gallinger, Steve -- Tsao, Ming-Sound -- Shaw, Patricia A -- Petersen, Gloria M -- Mukhopadhyay, Debabrata -- DePinho, Ronald A -- Thayer, Sarah -- Shazand, Kamran -- Beck, Timothy -- Sam, Michelle -- Timms, Lee -- Ballin, Vanessa -- Lu, Youyong -- Ji, Jiafu -- Zhang, Xiuqing -- Chen, Feng -- Hu, Xueda -- Yang, Qi -- Tian, Geng -- Zhang, Lianhai -- Xing, Xiaofang -- Li, Xianghong -- Zhu, Zhenggang -- Yu, Yingyan -- Yu, Jun -- Tost, Jorg -- Brennan, Paul -- Holcatova, Ivana -- Zaridze, David -- Brazma, Alvis -- Egevard, Lars -- Prokhortchouk, Egor -- Banks, Rosamonde Elizabeth -- Uhlen, Mathias -- Viksna, Juris -- Ponten, Fredrik -- Skryabin, Konstantin -- Birney, Ewan -- Borg, Ake -- Borresen-Dale, Anne-Lise -- Caldas, Carlos -- Foekens, John A -- Martin, Sancha -- Reis-Filho, Jorge S -- Richardson, Andrea L -- Sotiriou, Christos -- Thoms, Giles -- van't Veer, Laura -- Birnbaum, Daniel -- Blanche, Helene -- Boucher, Pascal -- Boyault, Sandrine -- Masson-Jacquemier, Jocelyne D -- Pauporte, Iris -- Pivot, Xavier -- Vincent-Salomon, Anne -- Tabone, Eric -- Theillet, Charles -- Treilleux, Isabelle -- Bioulac-Sage, Paulette -- Decaens, Thomas -- Franco, Dominique -- Gut, Marta -- Samuel, Didier -- Zucman-Rossi, Jessica -- Eils, Roland -- Brors, Benedikt -- Korbel, Jan O -- Korshunov, Andrey -- Landgraf, Pablo -- Lehrach, Hans -- Pfister, Stefan -- Radlwimmer, Bernhard -- Reifenberger, Guido -- Taylor, Michael D -- von Kalle, Christof -- Majumder, Partha P -- Pederzoli, Paolo -- Lawlor, Rita A -- Delledonne, Massimo -- Bardelli, Alberto -- Gress, Thomas -- Klimstra, David -- Zamboni, Giuseppe -- Nakamura, Yusuke -- Miyano, Satoru -- Fujimoto, Akihiro -- Campo, Elias -- de Sanjose, Silvia -- Montserrat, Emili -- Gonzalez-Diaz, Marcos -- Jares, Pedro -- Himmelbauer, Heinz -- Bea, Silvia -- Aparicio, Samuel -- Easton, Douglas F -- Collins, Francis S -- Compton, Carolyn C -- Lander, Eric S -- Burke, Wylie -- Green, Anthony R -- Hamilton, Stanley R -- Kallioniemi, Olli P -- Ley, Timothy J -- Liu, Edison T -- Wainwright, Brandon J -- 077198/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 088340/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 093867/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 6613/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- K08 DK071329/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- K08 DK071329-04/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- K08 DK071329-05/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA117969/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA117969-04S1/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA117969-05/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P50 CA102701/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P50 CA102701-08/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P50 CA127003/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P50 CA127003-04/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P50 CA127003-05/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG001806-02/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2010 Apr 15;464(7291):993-8. doi: 10.1038/nature08987.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20393554" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The Golgi complex has a central role in the intracellular sorting of secretory proteins. Anterograde transport through the Golgi has been explained by the movement of Golgi cisternae, known as cisternal maturation. Because this explanation is now appreciated to be incomplete, interest has developed in understanding tubules that connect the Golgi cisternae. Here we show that the coat protein I (COPI) complex sorts anterograde cargoes into these tubules in human cells. Moreover, the small GTPase CDC42 regulates bidirectional Golgi transport by targeting the dual functions of COPI in cargo sorting and carrier formation. CDC42 also directly imparts membrane curvature to promote COPI tubule formation. Our findings further reveal that COPI tubular transport complements cisternal maturation in explaining how anterograde Golgi transport is achieved, and that bidirectional COPI transport is modulated by environmental cues through CDC42.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4449304/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4449304/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Park, Seung-Yeol -- Yang, Jia-Shu -- Schmider, Angela B -- Soberman, Roy J -- Hsu, Victor W -- 1S10RR027931-01/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- K01DK089145/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM058615/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01AI068871/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01AR065538/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01GM058615/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 May 28;521(7553):529-32. doi: 10.1038/nature14457. Epub 2015 May 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; 1] Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Nephrology Division and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA. ; 1] Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Nephrology Division and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA [3] Molecular Imaging Core, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25945738" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Systematic interrogation of gene function requires the ability to perturb gene expression in a robust and generalizable manner. Here we describe structure-guided engineering of a CRISPR-Cas9 complex to mediate efficient transcriptional activation at endogenous genomic loci. We used these engineered Cas9 activation complexes to investigate single-guide RNA (sgRNA) targeting rules for effective transcriptional activation, to demonstrate multiplexed activation of ten genes simultaneously, and to upregulate long intergenic non-coding RNA (lincRNA) transcripts. We also synthesized a library consisting of 70,290 guides targeting all human RefSeq coding isoforms to screen for genes that, upon activation, confer resistance to a BRAF inhibitor. The top hits included genes previously shown to be able to confer resistance, and novel candidates were validated using individual sgRNA and complementary DNA overexpression. A gene expression signature based on the top screening hits correlated with markers of BRAF inhibitor resistance in cell lines and patient-derived samples. These results collectively demonstrate the potential of Cas9-based activators as a powerful genetic perturbation technology.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4420636/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4420636/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Konermann, Silvana -- Brigham, Mark D -- Trevino, Alexandro E -- Joung, Julia -- Abudayyeh, Omar O -- Barcena, Clea -- Hsu, Patrick D -- Habib, Naomi -- Gootenberg, Jonathan S -- Nishimasu, Hiroshi -- Nureki, Osamu -- Zhang, Feng -- DP1 MH100706/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- DP1-MH100706/DP/NCCDPHP CDC HHS/ -- R01 NS062849/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS073124/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01-NS07312401/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jan 29;517(7536):583-8. doi: 10.1038/nature14136. Epub 2014 Dec 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA [2] McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [3] Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [4] Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ; 1] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA [2] Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. ; 1] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA [2] McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [3] Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [4] Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [5] Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; 1] Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan [2] JST, PRESTO 2-11-16 Yayoi Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan. ; Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25494202" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several risk variants for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). These common variants have replicable but small effects on LOAD risk and generally do not have obvious functional effects. Low-frequency coding variants, not detected by GWAS, are predicted to include functional variants with larger effects on risk. To identify low-frequency coding variants with large effects on LOAD risk, we carried out whole-exome sequencing (WES) in 14 large LOAD families and follow-up analyses of the candidate variants in several large LOAD case-control data sets. A rare variant in PLD3 (phospholipase D3; Val232Met) segregated with disease status in two independent families and doubled risk for Alzheimer's disease in seven independent case-control series with a total of more than 11,000 cases and controls of European descent. Gene-based burden analyses in 4,387 cases and controls of European descent and 302 African American cases and controls, with complete sequence data for PLD3, reveal that several variants in this gene increase risk for Alzheimer's disease in both populations. PLD3 is highly expressed in brain regions that are vulnerable to Alzheimer's disease pathology, including hippocampus and cortex, and is expressed at significantly lower levels in neurons from Alzheimer's disease brains compared to control brains. Overexpression of PLD3 leads to a significant decrease in intracellular amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) and extracellular Abeta42 and Abeta40 (the 42- and 40-residue isoforms of the amyloid-beta peptide), and knockdown of PLD3 leads to a significant increase in extracellular Abeta42 and Abeta40. Together, our genetic and functional data indicate that carriers of PLD3 coding variants have a twofold increased risk for LOAD and that PLD3 influences APP processing. This study provides an example of how densely affected families may help to identify rare variants with large effects on risk for disease or other complex traits.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4050701/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4050701/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cruchaga, Carlos -- Karch, Celeste M -- Jin, Sheng Chih -- Benitez, Bruno A -- Cai, Yefei -- Guerreiro, Rita -- Harari, Oscar -- Norton, Joanne -- Budde, John -- Bertelsen, Sarah -- Jeng, Amanda T -- Cooper, Breanna -- Skorupa, Tara -- Carrell, David -- Levitch, Denise -- Hsu, Simon -- Choi, Jiyoon -- Ryten, Mina -- UK Brain Expression Consortium -- Hardy, John -- Trabzuni, Daniah -- Weale, Michael E -- Ramasamy, Adaikalavan -- Smith, Colin -- Sassi, Celeste -- Bras, Jose -- Gibbs, J Raphael -- Hernandez, Dena G -- Lupton, Michelle K -- Powell, John -- Forabosco, Paola -- Ridge, Perry G -- Corcoran, Christopher D -- Tschanz, Joann T -- Norton, Maria C -- Munger, Ronald G -- Schmutz, Cameron -- Leary, Maegan -- Demirci, F Yesim -- Bamne, Mikhil N -- Wang, Xingbin -- Lopez, Oscar L -- Ganguli, Mary -- Medway, Christopher -- Turton, James -- Lord, Jenny -- Braae, Anne -- Barber, Imelda -- Brown, Kristelle -- Alzheimer's Research UK Consortium -- Passmore, Peter -- Craig, David -- Johnston, Janet -- McGuinness, Bernadette -- Todd, Stephen -- Heun, Reinhard -- Kolsch, Heike -- Kehoe, Patrick G -- Hooper, Nigel M -- Vardy, Emma R L C -- Mann, David M -- Pickering-Brown, Stuart -- Kalsheker, Noor -- Lowe, James -- Morgan, Kevin -- David Smith, A -- Wilcock, Gordon -- Warden, Donald -- Holmes, Clive -- Pastor, Pau -- Lorenzo-Betancor, Oswaldo -- Brkanac, Zoran -- Scott, Erick -- Topol, Eric -- Rogaeva, Ekaterina -- Singleton, Andrew B -- Kamboh, M Ilyas -- St George-Hyslop, Peter -- Cairns, Nigel -- Morris, John C -- Kauwe, John S K -- Goate, Alison M -- 081864/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 089698/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 089703/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 100140/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 1R01AG041797/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- 5U24AG026395/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG005133/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG023652/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG030653/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG041718/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG07562/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- G0802189/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0802462/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0901254/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G1100695/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- K01 AG046374/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- MC_G1000734/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- NIH P50 AG05681/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- NIH R01039700/PHS HHS/ -- P01 AG003991/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P01 AG026276/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P01 AG03991/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P30 NS069329/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P30-NS069329/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P50 AG005133/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P50 AG005681/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG011380/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG030653/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG035083/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG039700/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG041718/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG041797/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG042611/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG044546/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01-AG035083/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01-AG042611/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01-AG044546/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01-AG11380/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01-AG18712/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01-AG21136/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01AG21136/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R25 DA027995/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- U24 AG021886/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- U24 AG026395/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- U24AG21886/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- WT089698/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- ZIA AG000950-11/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- ZO1 AG000950-10/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- ZO1AG000950-11/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jan 23;505(7484):550-4. doi: 10.1038/nature12825. Epub 2013 Dec 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, 425 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA [2] Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, Washington University 425 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA. ; 1] Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, 425 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA [2] Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, Washington University 425 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA [3]. ; 1] Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, 425 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA [2]. ; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, 425 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA. ; 1] Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK [2] Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Building 35 Room 1A1014, 35 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK. ; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF UK. ; MRC Sudden Death Brain Bank Project, University of Edinburgh, South Bridge, Edinburgh EH8 9YL UK. ; 1] Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK [2] Neuroimaging Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia. ; Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK. ; Istituto di Genetica delle Popolazioni - CNR, Trav. La Crucca, 3 - Reg. Baldinca - 07100 Li Punti, Sassari, Italy. ; Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA. ; 1] Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA [2] Center for Epidemiologic Studies, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA. ; 1] Center for Epidemiologic Studies, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA [2] Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA. ; 1] Center for Epidemiologic Studies, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA [2] Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA [3] Department of Family Consumer and Human Development, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA. ; 1] Department of Family Consumer and Human Development, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA [2] Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA. ; Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, 130 Desoto Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA. ; 1] Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, 130 Desoto Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA [2] Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 130 Desoto Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA. ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 130 Desoto Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA. ; Human Genetics, School of Molecular Medical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK. ; Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK. ; Royal Derby Hospital, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3NE, UK. ; University of Bonn, Regina-Pacis-Weg 3, 53113 Bonn, Germany. ; University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, City of Bristol BS8 1TH, UK. ; University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, UK. ; University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear NE1 7RU, UK. ; University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, Greater Manchester M13 9PL, UK. ; University of Oxford (OPTIMA), Wellington Square, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK. ; 1] Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Avenida Pio XII, 55. 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain [2] Department of Neurology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, School of Medicine, University of Navarra Avenida Pio XII, 36. 31008 Pamplona, Spain [3] CIBERNED, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain. ; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Avenida Pio XII, 55. 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain. ; University of Washington, 325 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98104-2499, USA. ; The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 3344 North Torrey Pines Court, La Jolla, California 92037, USA. ; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada. ; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Building 35 Room 1A1014, 35 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; 1] Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, 130 Desoto Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA [2] Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, 130 Desoto Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA [3] Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 130 Desoto Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA. ; 1] Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada [2] Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK. ; 1] Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, Washington University 425 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA [2] Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, 425 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA. ; 1] Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, 425 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA [2] Department of Neurology, Washington University, 425 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA [3] Knight ADRC, Washington University, 425 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA. ; 1] Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, 425 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA [2] Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, Washington University 425 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA [3] Department of Neurology, Washington University, 425 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA [4] Knight ADRC, Washington University, 425 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA [5] Department of Genetics, Washington University, 425 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24336208" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: MYC (also known as c-MYC) overexpression or hyperactivation is one of the most common drivers of human cancer. Despite intensive study, the MYC oncogene remains recalcitrant to therapeutic inhibition. MYC is a transcription factor, and many of its pro-tumorigenic functions have been attributed to its ability to regulate gene expression programs. Notably, oncogenic MYC activation has also been shown to increase total RNA and protein production in many tissue and disease contexts. While such increases in RNA and protein production may endow cancer cells with pro-tumour hallmarks, this increase in synthesis may also generate new or heightened burden on MYC-driven cancer cells to process these macromolecules properly. Here we discover that the spliceosome is a new target of oncogenic stress in MYC-driven cancers. We identify BUD31 as a MYC-synthetic lethal gene in human mammary epithelial cells, and demonstrate that BUD31 is a component of the core spliceosome required for its assembly and catalytic activity. Core spliceosomal factors (such as SF3B1 and U2AF1) associated with BUD31 are also required to tolerate oncogenic MYC. Notably, MYC hyperactivation induces an increase in total precursor messenger RNA synthesis, suggesting an increased burden on the core spliceosome to process pre-mRNA. In contrast to normal cells, partial inhibition of the spliceosome in MYC-hyperactivated cells leads to global intron retention, widespread defects in pre-mRNA maturation, and deregulation of many essential cell processes. Notably, genetic or pharmacological inhibition of the spliceosome in vivo impairs survival, tumorigenicity and metastatic proclivity of MYC-dependent breast cancers. Collectively, these data suggest that oncogenic MYC confers a collateral stress on splicing, and that components of the spliceosome may be therapeutic entry points for aggressive MYC-driven cancers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hsu, Tiffany Y-T -- Simon, Lukas M -- Neill, Nicholas J -- Marcotte, Richard -- Sayad, Azin -- Bland, Christopher S -- Echeverria, Gloria V -- Sun, Tingting -- Kurley, Sarah J -- Tyagi, Siddhartha -- Karlin, Kristen L -- Dominguez-Vidana, Rocio -- Hartman, Jessica D -- Renwick, Alexander -- Scorsone, Kathleen -- Bernardi, Ronald J -- Skinner, Samuel O -- Jain, Antrix -- Orellana, Mayra -- Lagisetti, Chandraiah -- Golding, Ido -- Jung, Sung Y -- Neilson, Joel R -- Zhang, Xiang H-F -- Cooper, Thomas A -- Webb, Thomas R -- Neel, Benjamin G -- Shaw, Chad A -- Westbrook, Thomas F -- 1F30CA180447/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- 1R01CA178039-01/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P30 AI036211/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P30CA125123/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR045653/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR060733/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA140474/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL045565/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- S10 RR024574/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- U54-CA149196/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Sep 17;525(7569):384-8. doi: 10.1038/nature14985. Epub 2015 Sep 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Verna &Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. ; Interdepartmental Program in Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. ; Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. ; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. ; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto M5G 2C4, Canada. ; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. ; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. ; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. ; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. ; Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA. ; Center for Chemical Biology, Bioscience Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA. ; The Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. ; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 2J7, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26331541" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Cancer cells adapt their metabolic processes to drive macromolecular biosynthesis for rapid cell growth and proliferation. RNA interference (RNAi)-based loss-of-function screening has proven powerful for the identification of new and interesting cancer targets, and recent studies have used this technology in vivo to identify novel tumour suppressor genes. Here we developed a method for identifying novel cancer targets via negative-selection RNAi screening using a human breast cancer xenograft model at an orthotopic site in the mouse. Using this method, we screened a set of metabolic genes associated with aggressive breast cancer and stemness to identify those required for in vivo tumorigenesis. Among the genes identified, phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) is in a genomic region of recurrent copy number gain in breast cancer and PHGDH protein levels are elevated in 70% of oestrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancers. PHGDH catalyses the first step in the serine biosynthesis pathway, and breast cancer cells with high PHGDH expression have increased serine synthesis flux. Suppression of PHGDH in cell lines with elevated PHGDH expression, but not in those without, causes a strong decrease in cell proliferation and a reduction in serine synthesis. We find that PHGDH suppression does not affect intracellular serine levels, but causes a drop in the levels of alpha-ketoglutarate, another output of the pathway and a tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediate. In cells with high PHGDH expression, the serine synthesis pathway contributes approximately 50% of the total anaplerotic flux of glutamine into the TCA cycle. These results reveal that certain breast cancers are dependent upon increased serine pathway flux caused by PHGDH overexpression and demonstrate the utility of in vivo negative-selection RNAi screens for finding potential anticancer targets.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3353325/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3353325/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Possemato, Richard -- Marks, Kevin M -- Shaul, Yoav D -- Pacold, Michael E -- Kim, Dohoon -- Birsoy, Kivanc -- Sethumadhavan, Shalini -- Woo, Hin-Koon -- Jang, Hyun G -- Jha, Abhishek K -- Chen, Walter W -- Barrett, Francesca G -- Stransky, Nicolas -- Tsun, Zhi-Yang -- Cowley, Glenn S -- Barretina, Jordi -- Kalaany, Nada Y -- Hsu, Peggy P -- Ottina, Kathleen -- Chan, Albert M -- Yuan, Bingbing -- Garraway, Levi A -- Root, David E -- Mino-Kenudson, Mari -- Brachtel, Elena F -- Driggers, Edward M -- Sabatini, David M -- CA103866/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA103866/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA103866-06A1/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA103866-07/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA129105/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA129105-02/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA129105-05/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007753/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2011 Aug 18;476(7360):346-50. doi: 10.1038/nature10350.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21760589" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are generated by two-step processing to yield small RNAs that negatively regulate target gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Deregulation of miRNAs has been linked to diverse pathological processes, including cancer. Recent studies have also implicated miRNAs in the regulation of cellular response to a spectrum of stresses, such as hypoxia, which is frequently encountered in the poorly angiogenic core of a solid tumour. However, the upstream regulators of miRNA biogenesis machineries remain obscure, raising the question of how tumour cells efficiently coordinate and impose specificity on miRNA expression and function in response to stresses. Here we show that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which is the product of a well-characterized oncogene in human cancers, suppresses the maturation of specific tumour-suppressor-like miRNAs in response to hypoxic stress through phosphorylation of argonaute 2 (AGO2) at Tyr 393. The association between EGFR and AGO2 is enhanced by hypoxia, leading to elevated AGO2-Y393 phosphorylation, which in turn reduces the binding of Dicer to AGO2 and inhibits miRNA processing from precursor miRNAs to mature miRNAs. We also identify a long-loop structure in precursor miRNAs as a critical regulatory element in phospho-Y393-AGO2-mediated miRNA maturation. Furthermore, AGO2-Y393 phosphorylation mediates EGFR-enhanced cell survival and invasiveness under hypoxia, and correlates with poorer overall survival in breast cancer patients. Our study reveals a previously unrecognized function of EGFR in miRNA maturation and demonstrates how EGFR is likely to function as a regulator of AGO2 through novel post-translational modification. These findings suggest that modulation of miRNA biogenesis is important for stress response in tumour cells and has potential clinical implications.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3717558/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3717558/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shen, Jia -- Xia, Weiya -- Khotskaya, Yekaterina B -- Huo, Longfei -- Nakanishi, Kotaro -- Lim, Seung-Oe -- Du, Yi -- Wang, Yan -- Chang, Wei-Chao -- Chen, Chung-Hsuan -- Hsu, Jennifer L -- Wu, Yun -- Lam, Yung Carmen -- James, Brian P -- Liu, Xiuping -- Liu, Chang-Gong -- Patel, Dinshaw J -- Hung, Mien-Chie -- CA099031/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA109311/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA16672/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA099031/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA016672/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA109311/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 May 16;497(7449):383-7. doi: 10.1038/nature12080. Epub 2013 May 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23636329" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉