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  • Earth Resources and Remote Sensing  (5)
  • Animals  (3)
  • 2000-2004  (8)
  • 1
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    Resistance to an herbivore through engineered cyanogenic glucoside synthesis (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-07-28
    Description: The entire pathway for synthesis of the tyrosine-derived cyanogenic glucoside dhurrin has been transferred from Sorghum bicolor to Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we document that genetically engineered plants are able to synthesize and store large amounts of new natural products. The presence of dhurrin in the transgenic A. thaliana plants confers resistance to the flea beetle Phyllotreta nemorum, which is a natural pest of other members of the crucifer group, demonstrating the potential utility of cyanogenic glucosides in plant defense.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tattersall, D B -- Bak, S -- Jones, P R -- Olsen, C E -- Nielsen, J K -- Hansen, M L -- Hoj, P B -- Moller, B L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 7;293(5536):1826-8. Epub 2001 Jul 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology, Centre for Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Chemistry, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11474068" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Angiosperms/*enzymology/genetics ; Animals ; Arabidopsis/genetics/*metabolism ; Beetles/*physiology ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/genetics/metabolism ; *Eating ; Food Chain ; *Genetic Engineering ; Glucosides/analysis/biosynthesis ; Mixed Function Oxygenases/genetics/metabolism ; Nitriles/analysis/*metabolism ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Plant Leaves/genetics/metabolism ; Plants, Genetically Modified
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Ascent of dinosaurs linked to an iridium anomaly at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-05-23
    Description: Analysis of tetrapod footprints and skeletal material from more than 70 localities in eastern North America shows that large theropod dinosaurs appeared less than 10,000 years after the Triassic-Jurassic boundary and less than 30,000 years after the last Triassic taxa, synchronous with a terrestrial mass extinction. This extraordinary turnover is associated with an iridium anomaly (up to 285 parts per trillion, with an average maximum of 141 parts per trillion) and a fern spore spike, suggesting that a bolide impact was the cause. Eastern North American dinosaurian diversity reached a stable maximum less than 100,000 years after the boundary, marking the establishment of dinosaur-dominated communities that prevailed for the next 135 million years.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Olsen, P E -- Kent, D V -- Sues, H-D -- Koeberl, C -- Huber, H -- Montanari, A -- Rainforth, E C -- Fowell, S J -- Szajna, M J -- Hartline, B W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 17;296(5571):1305-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12016313" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Dinosaurs ; *Ecosystem ; Ferns ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Iridium/*analysis ; Meteoroids ; Minor Planets ; North America ; Spores ; Time
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Human chromosome 19 and related regions in mouse: conservative and lineage-specific evolution (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-07-07
    Description: To illuminate the function and evolutionary history of both genomes, we sequenced mouse DNA related to human chromosome 19. Comparative sequence alignments yielded confirmatory evidence for hypothetical genes and identified exons, regulatory elements, and candidate genes that were missed by other predictive methods. Chromosome-wide comparisons revealed a difference between single-copy HSA19 genes, which are overwhelmingly conserved in mouse, and genes residing in tandem familial clusters, which differ extensively in number, coding capacity, and organization between the two species. Finally, we sequenced breakpoints of all 15 evolutionary rearrangements, providing a view of the forces that drive chromosome evolution in mammals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dehal, P -- Predki, P -- Olsen, A S -- Kobayashi, A -- Folta, P -- Lucas, S -- Land, M -- Terry, A -- Ecale Zhou, C L -- Rash, S -- Zhang, Q -- Gordon, L -- Kim, J -- Elkin, C -- Pollard, M J -- Richardson, P -- Rokhsar, D -- Uberbacher, E -- Hawkins, T -- Branscomb, E -- Stubbs, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 6;293(5527):104-11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11441184" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chromosome Breakage/genetics ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19/*genetics ; Conserved Sequence/*genetics ; Contig Mapping ; DNA, Satellite/genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Exons/genetics ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; Gene Dosage ; Gene Order/genetics ; Genetic Linkage/genetics ; Genome ; Humans ; Long Interspersed Nucleotide Elements/genetics ; Mice ; Multigene Family/genetics ; Open Reading Frames/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Short Interspersed Nucleotide Elements/genetics ; Terminal Repeat Sequences/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Results from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on the EOS Aqua (2003)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) was launched into polar orbit on the EOS Aqua spacecraft on May 4, 2002.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: 30th Annual Remote Sensing of the Environment; Honolulu, HI; United States
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  • 5
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    Clouds Versus Carbon: Predicting Vegetation Roughness by Maximizing Productivity (2004)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-18
    Description: Surface roughness is one of the dominant vegetation properties that affects land surface exchange of energy, water, carbon, and momentum with the overlying atmosphere. We hypothesize that the canopy structure of terrestrial vegetation adapts optimally to climate by maximizing productivity, leading to an optimum surface roughness. An optimum should exist because increasing values of surface roughness cause increased surface exchange, leading to increased supply of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. At the same time, increased roughness enhances evapotranspiration and cloud cover, thereby reducing the supply of photosynthetically active radiation. We demonstrate the optimum through sensitivity simulations using a coupled dynamic vegetation-climate model for present day conditions, in which we vary the value of surface roughness for vegetated surfaces. We find that the maximum in productivity occurs at a roughness length of 2 meters, a value commonly used to describe the roughness of today's forested surfaces. The sensitivity simulations also illustrate the strong climatic impacts of vegetation roughness on the energy and water balances over land: with increasing vegetation roughness, solar radiation is reduced by up to 20 W/sq m in the global land mean, causing shifts in the energy partitioning and leading to general cooling of the surface by 1.5 K. We conclude that the roughness of vegetated surfaces can be understood as a reflection of optimum adaptation, and it is associated with substantial changes in the surface energy and water balances over land. The role of the cloud feedback in shaping the optimum underlines the importance of an integrated perspective that views vegetation and its adaptive nature as an integrated component of the Earth system.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: AGU Meeting; Dec 13, 2004 - Dec 17, 2004; San Francisco, CA; United States
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  • 6
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    Metadata Authoring with Versatility and Extensibility (2004)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-18
    Description: NASA's Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) assists the scientific community in the discovery of and linkage to Earth science data sets and related services. The GCMD holds over 13,800 data set descriptions in Directory Interchange Format (DIF) and 700 data service descriptions in Service Entry Resource Format (SERF), encompassing the disciplines of geology, hydrology, oceanography, meteorology, and ecology. Data descriptions also contain geographic coverage information and direct links to the data, thus allowing researchers to discover data pertaining to a geographic location of interest, then quickly acquire those data. The GCMD strives to be the preferred data locator for world-wide directory-level metadata. In this vein, scientists and data providers must have access to intuitive and efficient metadata authoring tools. Existing GCMD tools are attracting widespread usage; however, a need for tools that are portable, customizable and versatile still exists. With tool usage directly influencing metadata population, it has become apparent that new tools are needed to fill these voids. As a result, the GCMD has released a new authoring tool allowing for both web-based and stand-alone authoring of descriptions. Furthermore, this tool incorporates the ability to plug-and-play the metadata format of choice, offering users options of DIF, SERF, FGDC, ISO or any other defined standard. Allowing data holders to work with their preferred format, as well as an option of a stand-alone application or web-based environment, docBUlLDER will assist the scientific community in efficiently creating quality data and services metadata.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: AAG Conference; Mar 14, 2004 - Mar 19, 2004; Philadelphia, PA; United States
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  • 7
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    Stratospheric Water Vapor and the Asian Monsoon: An Adjoint Model Investigation (2003)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-18
    Description: A new adjoint model of the Goddard Parameterized Chemistry and Transport Model is used to investigate the role that the Asian monsoon plays in transporting water to the stratosphere. The adjoint model provides a unique perspective compared to non-diffusive and non-mixing Lagrangian trajectory analysis. The quantity of water vapor transported from the monsoon and the pathways into the stratosphere are examined. The emphasis is on the amount of water originating from the monsoon that contributes to the tropical tape recorder signal. The cross-tropopause flux of water from the monsoon to the midlatitude lower stratosphere will also be discussed.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Fall AGU 2003 Meeting; Dec 08, 2003 - Dec 12, 2003; San Francisco, CA; United States
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  • 8
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    High Lapse Rates in AIRS Retrieved Temperatures in Cold Air Outbreaks (2004)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) experiment, on NASA's Aqua spacecraft, uses a combination of infrared and microwave observations to retrieve cloud and surface properties, plus temperature and water vapor profiles comparable to radiosondes throughout the troposphere, for cloud cover up to 70%. The high spectral resolution of AIRS provides sensitivity to important information about the near-surface atmosphere and underlying surface. A preliminary analysis of AIRS temperature retrievals taken during January 2003 reveals extensive areas of superadiabatic lapse rates in the lowest kilometer of the atmosphere. These areas are found predominantly east of North America over the Gulf Stream, and, off East Asia over the Kuroshio Current. Accompanying the high lapse rates are low air temperatures, large sea-air temperature differences, and low relative humidities. Imagery from a Visible / Near Infrared instrument on the AIRS experiment shows accompanying clouds. These lines of evidence all point to shallow convection in the bottom layer of a cold air mass overlying warm water, with overturning driven by heat flow from ocean to atmosphere. An examination of operational radiosondes at six coastal stations in Japan shows AIRS to be oversensitive to lower tropospheric lapse rates due to systematically warm near-surface air temperatures. The bias in near-surface air temperature is seen to be independent of sea surface temperature, however. AIRS is therefore sensitive to air-sea temperature difference, but with a warm atmospheric bias. A regression fit to radiosondes is used to correct AIRS near-surface retrieved temperatures, and thereby obtain an estimate of the true atmosphere-ocean thermal contrast in five subtropical regions across the north Pacific. Moving eastward, we show a systematic shift in this air-sea temperature differences toward more isothermal conditions. These results, while preliminary, have implications for our understanding of heat flow from ocean to atmosphere. We anticipate future improvements in the AIRS retrieval algorithm will lead to improved understanding of the exchange of sensible and latent heat from ocean to atmosphere, and more realistic near-surface lapse rates.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: 13th Conference on Interactions of the Sea and Atmosphere; Aug 09, 2004 - Aug 13, 2004; Portland, ME; United States
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