ALBERT

Description: 〈span〉〈div〉ABSTRACT〈/div〉This study aims to decipher the groundwater status of the parts of Tigray area, Ethiopia using an integrated methodology of remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS). Digitized vector maps of the study area, that is, geology, land use and/or cover, and drainage, were generated and converted to raster data. The theme weight and class weights were assigned to the raster maps of the respective parameters. Weight age to the layers was assigned using an analytical hierarchy process and further overlay analysis was carried out in the ArcGIS environment to decipher the groundwater resources of the study area.〈/span〉

Description: Rocks exposed in NW India constrain the burial, partial melting, and exhumation history of the Himalayan crust. New micro- and meso-scale structural analysis, combined with pressure-temperature estimates from the Haimanta Group exposed in the Sutlej Valley, indicate that the rocks were folded by two generations of NW trending folds. Barrovian metamorphism culminated at ~30 Ma with staurolite and kyanite overgrowths of F2 folds. Crustal thickening created a metamorphic field gradient that increases from the garnet zone (499 ± 99 °C and 4.5 ± 1.4 kbar to 567 ± 105 °C and 6.7 ± 1.6 kbar) to the staurolite-kyanite zone (571 ± 92 °C and 7.8 ± 1.4 kbar). These data are combined with previous studies to modify a two-stage conceptual model for the thermal and deformation conditions of the mid- and upper-crust during the Eocene-Miocene, excluding the late Miocene to recent. In the Miocene (~23 Ma), Barrovian metamorphism was overprinted by decompression during coeval S-directed extrusion of the Greater Himalayan Series beneath the Sangla detachment in the foreland and doming during top-down-to-the-W displacement along the Leo Pargil shear zone in the hinterland. These data demonstrate that shear zones and detachments, such as the South Tibetan detachment that initially formed during crustal thickening (e.g., Eocene-Oligocene), contributed to the subsequent distribution of rocks that experienced different pressure-temperature-time paths, degrees of partial melting, and exhumation histories during the Miocene.

Description: Computational classification of mitochondrial shapes reflects stress and redox state Cell Death and Disease 4, e461 (January 2013). doi:10.1038/cddis.2012.213 Authors: T Ahmad, K Aggarwal, B Pattnaik, S Mukherjee, T Sethi, B K Tiwari, M Kumar, A Micheal, U Mabalirajan, B Ghosh, S Sinha Roy & A Agrawal

Description: The Indus Suture Zone is defined as the plate boundary between India and Eurasia. Here we document geochronological data that suggest that Indian rocks outcrop to the north of this suture zone. The inherited age spectrum of zircons from mylonitic gneiss collected in the southern part of the Karakorum Batholith is similar to those obtained from the Himalayan Terrane, the Pamir and is apparently Gondwanan in its affinity. These data are taken to indicate that the Karakorum Terrane was once a component of Gondwana, or at least derived from the erosion of Gondwanan material. Several continental ribbons (including the Karakorum Terrane) were rifted from the northern margin of Gondwana and accreted to Eurasia prior to India-Eurasia collision. Many therefore consider the Karakorum Terrane is the southern margin of Eurasia. However, we do not know if rifting led to the creation of a new microplate(s) or simply attenuated crust between Gondwana and these continental ribbons. Thus there is a problem using inherited and detrital age data to distinguish what is “Indian” and what is “Eurasian” crust. These findings have implications for other detrital/inherited zircon studies where these data are used to draw inferences about the tectonic history of various terranes around the world.

Description: Among the biological phenomena that fall within the emerging field of “quantum biology” is the suggestion that magnetically sensitive chemical reactions are responsible for the magnetic compass of migratory birds. It has been proposed that transient radical pairs are formed by photo-induced electron transfer reactions in cryptochrome proteins and that their coherent spin dynamics are influenced by the geomagnetic field leading to changes in the quantum yield of the signaling state of the protein. Despite a variety of supporting evidence, it is still not clear whether cryptochromes have the properties required to respond to magnetic interactions orders of magnitude weaker than the thermal energy, kBT. Here we demonstrate that the kinetics and quantum yields of photo-induced flavin—tryptophan radical pairs in cryptochrome are indeed magnetically sensitive. The mechanistic origin of the magnetic field effect is clarified, its dependence on the strength of the magnetic field measured, and the rates of relevant spin-dependent, spin-independent, and spin-decoherence processes determined. We argue that cryptochrome is fit for purpose as a chemical magnetoreceptor.

Description: Building of the Himalaya and Tibetan Plateau involved an interplay between crustal thickening and extension. The NW Indian Himalaya near the Leo Pargil dome contains approximately N-trending brittle normal faults and NE-trending normal-sense shear zones (i.e., bounding Leo Pargil dome) between the South Tibetan detachment system to the south and the Karakoram fault to the north. The Leo Pargil shear zone bounds the southwest flank of the Leo Pargil dome. Estimates of deformation temperatures and mean kinematic vorticity ( W m ) from the shear zone were integrated with pressure-temperature estimates to evaluate its kinematic and thermal evolution. Oblique quartz fabrics yielded kinematic vorticity estimates indicating the rocks within the shear zone were thinned by up to 62% during W-directed shearing. Top-down-to-the-W ductile deformation is recorded at temperatures from 〉650 °C at the deepest structural levels within the dome and from 400–500 °C at shallower structural depths. Hanging wall rocks record much lower temperatures. Pressure-temperature data indicate that rocks in the dome were exhumed from depths of ~36 to 22 km. In contrast to other mechanisms proposed for dome formation across the Himalaya, initiation of ductile movement on the Leo Pargil shear zone occurred at mid-crustal levels in a region of localized syn-convergent extension at 〉23 Ma. The timing and kinematic setting of deformation on the Leo Pargil shear zone suggests that exhumation could be related to a localized zone of transtension near the Karakoram fault zone.

Description: F1-ATPase, the catalytic complex of the ATP synthase, is a molecular motor that can consume ATP to drive rotation of the γ-subunit inside the ring of three αβ-subunit heterodimers in 120° power strokes. To elucidate the mechanism of ATPase-powered rotation, we determined the angular velocity as a function of rotational...

Description: Copy number variants (CNVs) account for a major proportion of human genetic polymorphism and have been predicted to have an important role in genetic susceptibility to common disease. To address this we undertook a large, direct genome-wide study of association between CNVs and eight common human diseases. Using a purpose-designed array we typed approximately 19,000 individuals into distinct copy-number classes at 3,432 polymorphic CNVs, including an estimated approximately 50% of all common CNVs larger than 500 base pairs. We identified several biological artefacts that lead to false-positive associations, including systematic CNV differences between DNAs derived from blood and cell lines. Association testing and follow-up replication analyses confirmed three loci where CNVs were associated with disease-IRGM for Crohn's disease, HLA for Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes, and TSPAN8 for type 2 diabetes-although in each case the locus had previously been identified in single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based studies, reflecting our observation that most common CNVs that are well-typed on our array are well tagged by SNPs and so have been indirectly explored through SNP studies. We conclude that common CNVs that can be typed on existing platforms are unlikely to contribute greatly to the genetic basis of common human diseases.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2892339/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2892339/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium -- Craddock, Nick -- Hurles, Matthew E -- Cardin, Niall -- Pearson, Richard D -- Plagnol, Vincent -- Robson, Samuel -- Vukcevic, Damjan -- Barnes, Chris -- Conrad, Donald F -- Giannoulatou, Eleni -- Holmes, Chris -- Marchini, Jonathan L -- Stirrups, Kathy -- Tobin, Martin D -- Wain, Louise V -- Yau, Chris -- Aerts, Jan -- Ahmad, Tariq -- Andrews, T Daniel -- Arbury, Hazel -- Attwood, Anthony -- Auton, Adam -- Ball, Stephen G -- Balmforth, Anthony J -- Barrett, Jeffrey C -- Barroso, Ines -- Barton, Anne -- Bennett, Amanda J -- Bhaskar, Sanjeev -- Blaszczyk, Katarzyna -- Bowes, John -- Brand, Oliver J -- Braund, Peter S -- Bredin, Francesca -- Breen, Gerome -- Brown, Morris J -- Bruce, Ian N -- Bull, Jaswinder -- Burren, Oliver S -- Burton, John -- Byrnes, Jake -- Caesar, Sian -- Clee, Chris M -- Coffey, Alison J -- Connell, John M C -- Cooper, Jason D -- Dominiczak, Anna F -- Downes, Kate -- Drummond, Hazel E -- Dudakia, Darshna -- Dunham, Andrew -- Ebbs, Bernadette -- Eccles, Diana -- Edkins, Sarah -- Edwards, Cathryn -- Elliot, Anna -- Emery, Paul -- Evans, David M -- Evans, Gareth -- Eyre, Steve -- Farmer, Anne -- Ferrier, I Nicol -- Feuk, Lars -- Fitzgerald, Tomas -- Flynn, Edward -- Forbes, Alistair -- Forty, Liz -- Franklyn, Jayne A -- Freathy, Rachel M -- Gibbs, Polly -- Gilbert, Paul -- Gokumen, Omer -- Gordon-Smith, Katherine -- Gray, Emma -- Green, Elaine -- Groves, Chris J -- Grozeva, Detelina -- Gwilliam, Rhian -- Hall, Anita -- Hammond, Naomi -- Hardy, Matt -- Harrison, Pile -- Hassanali, Neelam -- Hebaishi, Husam -- Hines, Sarah -- Hinks, Anne -- Hitman, Graham A -- Hocking, Lynne -- Howard, Eleanor -- Howard, Philip -- Howson, Joanna M M -- Hughes, Debbie -- Hunt, Sarah -- Isaacs, John D -- Jain, Mahim -- Jewell, Derek P -- Johnson, Toby -- Jolley, Jennifer D -- Jones, Ian R -- Jones, Lisa A -- Kirov, George -- Langford, Cordelia F -- Lango-Allen, Hana -- Lathrop, G Mark -- Lee, James -- Lee, Kate L -- Lees, Charlie -- Lewis, Kevin -- Lindgren, Cecilia M -- Maisuria-Armer, Meeta -- Maller, Julian -- Mansfield, John -- Martin, Paul -- Massey, Dunecan C O -- McArdle, Wendy L -- McGuffin, Peter -- McLay, Kirsten E -- Mentzer, Alex -- Mimmack, Michael L -- Morgan, Ann E -- Morris, Andrew P -- Mowat, Craig -- Myers, Simon -- Newman, William -- Nimmo, Elaine R -- O'Donovan, Michael C -- Onipinla, Abiodun -- Onyiah, Ifejinelo -- Ovington, Nigel R -- Owen, Michael J -- Palin, Kimmo -- Parnell, Kirstie -- Pernet, David -- Perry, John R B -- Phillips, Anne -- Pinto, Dalila -- Prescott, Natalie J -- Prokopenko, Inga -- Quail, Michael A -- Rafelt, Suzanne -- Rayner, Nigel W -- Redon, Richard -- Reid, David M -- Renwick -- Ring, Susan M -- Robertson, Neil -- Russell, Ellie -- St Clair, David -- Sambrook, Jennifer G -- Sanderson, Jeremy D -- Schuilenburg, Helen -- Scott, Carol E -- Scott, Richard -- Seal, Sheila -- Shaw-Hawkins, Sue -- Shields, Beverley M -- Simmonds, Matthew J -- Smyth, Debbie J -- Somaskantharajah, Elilan -- Spanova, Katarina -- Steer, Sophia -- Stephens, Jonathan -- Stevens, Helen E -- Stone, Millicent A -- Su, Zhan -- Symmons, Deborah P M -- Thompson, John R -- Thomson, Wendy -- Travers, Mary E -- Turnbull, Clare -- Valsesia, Armand -- Walker, Mark -- Walker, Neil M -- Wallace, Chris -- Warren-Perry, Margaret -- Watkins, Nicholas A -- Webster, John -- Weedon, Michael N -- Wilson, Anthony G -- Woodburn, Matthew -- Wordsworth, B Paul -- Young, Allan H -- Zeggini, Eleftheria -- Carter, Nigel P -- Frayling, Timothy M -- Lee, Charles -- McVean, Gil -- Munroe, Patricia B -- Palotie, Aarno -- Sawcer, Stephen J -- Scherer, Stephen W -- Strachan, David P -- Tyler-Smith, Chris -- Brown, Matthew A -- Burton, Paul R -- Caulfield, Mark J -- Compston, Alastair -- Farrall, Martin -- Gough, Stephen C L -- Hall, Alistair S -- Hattersley, Andrew T -- Hill, Adrian V S -- Mathew, Christopher G -- Pembrey, Marcus -- Satsangi, Jack -- Stratton, Michael R -- Worthington, Jane -- Deloukas, Panos -- Duncanson, Audrey -- Kwiatkowski, Dominic P -- McCarthy, Mark I -- Ouwehand, Willem -- Parkes, Miles -- Rahman, Nazneen -- Todd, John A -- Samani, Nilesh J -- Donnelly, Peter -- 061858/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 083948/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 089989/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 090532/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 17552/Arthritis Research UK/United Kingdom -- CZB/4/540/Chief Scientist Office/United Kingdom -- ETM/137/Chief Scientist Office/United Kingdom -- ETM/75/Chief Scientist Office/United Kingdom -- G0000934/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0400874/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0500115/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0501942/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0600329/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0600705/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0700491/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0701003/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0701420/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0701810/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0701810(85517)/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0800383/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0800509/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0800759/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G19/9/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G90/106/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G9521010/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_UP_A390_1107/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- RG/09/012/28096/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2010 Apr 1;464(7289):713-20. doi: 10.1038/nature08979.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20360734" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, the two common forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), affect over 2.5 million people of European ancestry, with rising prevalence in other populations. Genome-wide association studies and subsequent meta-analyses of these two diseases as separate phenotypes have implicated previously unsuspected mechanisms, such as autophagy, in their pathogenesis and showed that some IBD loci are shared with other inflammatory diseases. Here we expand on the knowledge of relevant pathways by undertaking a meta-analysis of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis genome-wide association scans, followed by extensive validation of significant findings, with a combined total of more than 75,000 cases and controls. We identify 71 new associations, for a total of 163 IBD loci, that meet genome-wide significance thresholds. Most loci contribute to both phenotypes, and both directional (consistently favouring one allele over the course of human history) and balancing (favouring the retention of both alleles within populations) selection effects are evident. Many IBD loci are also implicated in other immune-mediated disorders, most notably with ankylosing spondylitis and psoriasis. We also observe considerable overlap between susceptibility loci for IBD and mycobacterial infection. Gene co-expression network analysis emphasizes this relationship, with pathways shared between host responses to mycobacteria and those predisposing to IBD.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3491803/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3491803/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jostins, Luke -- Ripke, Stephan -- Weersma, Rinse K -- Duerr, Richard H -- McGovern, Dermot P -- Hui, Ken Y -- Lee, James C -- Schumm, L Philip -- Sharma, Yashoda -- Anderson, Carl A -- Essers, Jonah -- Mitrovic, Mitja -- Ning, Kaida -- Cleynen, Isabelle -- Theatre, Emilie -- Spain, Sarah L -- Raychaudhuri, Soumya -- Goyette, Philippe -- Wei, Zhi -- Abraham, Clara -- Achkar, Jean-Paul -- Ahmad, Tariq -- Amininejad, Leila -- Ananthakrishnan, Ashwin N -- Andersen, Vibeke -- Andrews, Jane M -- Baidoo, Leonard -- Balschun, Tobias -- Bampton, Peter A -- Bitton, Alain -- Boucher, Gabrielle -- Brand, Stephan -- Buning, Carsten -- Cohain, Ariella -- Cichon, Sven -- D'Amato, Mauro -- De Jong, Dirk -- Devaney, Kathy L -- Dubinsky, Marla -- Edwards, Cathryn -- Ellinghaus, David -- Ferguson, Lynnette R -- Franchimont, Denis -- Fransen, Karin -- Gearry, Richard -- Georges, Michel -- Gieger, Christian -- Glas, Jurgen -- Haritunians, Talin -- Hart, Ailsa -- Hawkey, Chris -- Hedl, Matija -- Hu, Xinli -- Karlsen, Tom H -- Kupcinskas, Limas -- Kugathasan, Subra -- Latiano, Anna -- Laukens, Debby -- Lawrance, Ian C -- Lees, Charlie W -- Louis, Edouard -- Mahy, Gillian -- Mansfield, John -- Morgan, Angharad R -- Mowat, Craig -- Newman, William -- Palmieri, Orazio -- Ponsioen, Cyriel Y -- Potocnik, Uros -- Prescott, Natalie J -- Regueiro, Miguel -- Rotter, Jerome I -- Russell, Richard K -- Sanderson, Jeremy D -- Sans, Miquel -- Satsangi, Jack -- Schreiber, Stefan -- Simms, Lisa A -- Sventoraityte, Jurgita -- Targan, Stephan R -- Taylor, Kent D -- Tremelling, Mark -- Verspaget, Hein W -- De Vos, Martine -- Wijmenga, Cisca -- Wilson, David C -- Winkelmann, Juliane -- Xavier, Ramnik J -- Zeissig, Sebastian -- Zhang, Bin -- Zhang, Clarence K -- Zhao, Hongyu -- International IBD Genetics Consortium (IIBDGC) -- Silverberg, Mark S -- Annese, Vito -- Hakonarson, Hakon -- Brant, Steven R -- Radford-Smith, Graham -- Mathew, Christopher G -- Rioux, John D -- Schadt, Eric E -- Daly, Mark J -- Franke, Andre -- Parkes, Miles -- Vermeire, Severine -- Barrett, Jeffrey C -- Cho, Judy H -- 068545/Z/02/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 083948/Z/07/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 085475/B/08/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 085475/Z/08/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 089120/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 090532/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 098051/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- AI062773/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA141743/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CZB/4/540/Chief Scientist Office/United Kingdom -- DK043351/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK062413/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK062420/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK062422/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK062423/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK062429/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK062429-S1/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK062431/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK062432/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK063491/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK076984/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK084554/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK83756/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- ETM/137/Chief Scientist Office/United Kingdom -- ETM/75/Chief Scientist Office/United Kingdom -- G0000934/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom -- G0600329/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0800675/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0800759/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G1002033/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- K23 DK097142/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- M01-RR00425/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- P01 DK046763/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P01DK046763/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK043351/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA141743/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK055731/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007205/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32GM07205/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U01 DK062418/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- U01 DK062420/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- U01 DK062422/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- U01 DK062429/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- U01 DK062431/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- U01 DK062432/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- UL1 TR000005/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ -- UL1 TR000124/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ -- UL1 TR000124-01/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2012 Nov 1;491(7422):119-24. doi: 10.1038/nature11582.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23128233" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified common variants of modest-effect size at hundreds of loci for common autoimmune diseases; however, a substantial fraction of heritability remains unexplained, to which rare variants may contribute. To discover rare variants and test them for association with a phenotype, most studies re-sequence a small initial sample size and then genotype the discovered variants in a larger sample set. This approach fails to analyse a large fraction of the rare variants present in the entire sample set. Here we perform simultaneous amplicon-sequencing-based variant discovery and genotyping for coding exons of 25 GWAS risk genes in 41,911 UK residents of white European origin, comprising 24,892 subjects with six autoimmune disease phenotypes and 17,019 controls, and show that rare coding-region variants at known loci have a negligible role in common autoimmune disease susceptibility. These results do not support the rare-variant synthetic genome-wide-association hypothesis (in which unobserved rare causal variants lead to association detected at common tag variants). Many known autoimmune disease risk loci contain multiple, independently associated, common and low-frequency variants, and so genes at these loci are a priori stronger candidates for harbouring rare coding-region variants than other genes. Our data indicate that the missing heritability for common autoimmune diseases may not be attributable to the rare coding-region variant portion of the allelic spectrum, but perhaps, as others have proposed, may be a result of many common-variant loci of weak effect.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3736321/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3736321/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hunt, Karen A -- Mistry, Vanisha -- Bockett, Nicholas A -- Ahmad, Tariq -- Ban, Maria -- Barker, Jonathan N -- Barrett, Jeffrey C -- Blackburn, Hannah -- Brand, Oliver -- Burren, Oliver -- Capon, Francesca -- Compston, Alastair -- Gough, Stephen C L -- Jostins, Luke -- Kong, Yong -- Lee, James C -- Lek, Monkol -- MacArthur, Daniel G -- Mansfield, John C -- Mathew, Christopher G -- Mein, Charles A -- Mirza, Muddassar -- Nutland, Sarah -- Onengut-Gumuscu, Suna -- Papouli, Efterpi -- Parkes, Miles -- Rich, Stephen S -- Sawcer, Steven -- Satsangi, Jack -- Simmonds, Matthew J -- Trembath, Richard C -- Walker, Neil M -- Wozniak, Eva -- Todd, John A -- Simpson, Michael A -- Plagnol, Vincent -- van Heel, David A -- 068181/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 068545/Z/02/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 076113/C/04/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 091157/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 100140/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- CZB/4/540/Chief Scientist Office/United Kingdom -- ETM/137/Chief Scientist Office/United Kingdom -- ETM/75/Chief Scientist Office/United Kingdom -- G0000934/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0600329/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0601387/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0800759/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G1001158/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G1001158(95979)/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- JDRF 4-2001-1008/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- WT061858/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2013 Jun 13;498(7453):232-5. doi: 10.1038/nature12170. Epub 2013 May 22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23698362" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉