ALBERT

Description: Brown algae (Phaeophyceae) are complex photosynthetic organisms with a very different evolutionary history to green plants, to which they are only distantly related. These seaweeds are the dominant species in rocky coastal ecosystems and they exhibit many interesting adaptations to these, often harsh, environments. Brown algae are also one of only a small number of eukaryotic lineages that have evolved complex multicellularity (Fig. 1). We report the 214 million base pair (Mbp) genome sequence of the filamentous seaweed Ectocarpus siliculosus (Dillwyn) Lyngbye, a model organism for brown algae, closely related to the kelps (Fig. 1). Genome features such as the presence of an extended set of light-harvesting and pigment biosynthesis genes and new metabolic processes such as halide metabolism help explain the ability of this organism to cope with the highly variable tidal environment. The evolution of multicellularity in this lineage is correlated with the presence of a rich array of signal transduction genes. Of particular interest is the presence of a family of receptor kinases, as the independent evolution of related molecules has been linked with the emergence of multicellularity in both the animal and green plant lineages. The Ectocarpus genome sequence represents an important step towards developing this organism as a model species, providing the possibility to combine genomic and genetic approaches to explore these and other aspects of brown algal biology further.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cock, J Mark -- Sterck, Lieven -- Rouze, Pierre -- Scornet, Delphine -- Allen, Andrew E -- Amoutzias, Grigoris -- Anthouard, Veronique -- Artiguenave, Francois -- Aury, Jean-Marc -- Badger, Jonathan H -- Beszteri, Bank -- Billiau, Kenny -- Bonnet, Eric -- Bothwell, John H -- Bowler, Chris -- Boyen, Catherine -- Brownlee, Colin -- Carrano, Carl J -- Charrier, Benedicte -- Cho, Ga Youn -- Coelho, Susana M -- Collen, Jonas -- Corre, Erwan -- Da Silva, Corinne -- Delage, Ludovic -- Delaroque, Nicolas -- Dittami, Simon M -- Doulbeau, Sylvie -- Elias, Marek -- Farnham, Garry -- Gachon, Claire M M -- Gschloessl, Bernhard -- Heesch, Svenja -- Jabbari, Kamel -- Jubin, Claire -- Kawai, Hiroshi -- Kimura, Kei -- Kloareg, Bernard -- Kupper, Frithjof C -- Lang, Daniel -- Le Bail, Aude -- Leblanc, Catherine -- Lerouge, Patrice -- Lohr, Martin -- Lopez, Pascal J -- Martens, Cindy -- Maumus, Florian -- Michel, Gurvan -- Miranda-Saavedra, Diego -- Morales, Julia -- Moreau, Herve -- Motomura, Taizo -- Nagasato, Chikako -- Napoli, Carolyn A -- Nelson, David R -- Nyvall-Collen, Pi -- Peters, Akira F -- Pommier, Cyril -- Potin, Philippe -- Poulain, Julie -- Quesneville, Hadi -- Read, Betsy -- Rensing, Stefan A -- Ritter, Andres -- Rousvoal, Sylvie -- Samanta, Manoj -- Samson, Gaelle -- Schroeder, Declan C -- Segurens, Beatrice -- Strittmatter, Martina -- Tonon, Thierry -- Tregear, James W -- Valentin, Klaus -- von Dassow, Peter -- Yamagishi, Takahiro -- Van de Peer, Yves -- Wincker, Patrick -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jun 3;465(7298):617-21. doi: 10.1038/nature09016.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉UPMC Universite Paris 6, The Marine Plants and Biomolecules Laboratory, UMR 7139, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, BP74, 29682 Roscoff Cedex, France. cock@sb-roscoff.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20520714" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Most eukaryotic genes are interrupted by non-coding introns that must be accurately removed from pre-messenger RNAs to produce translatable mRNAs. Splicing is guided locally by short conserved sequences, but genes typically contain many potential splice sites, and the mechanisms specifying the correct sites remain poorly understood. In most organisms, short introns recognized by the intron definition mechanism cannot be efficiently predicted solely on the basis of sequence motifs. In multicellular eukaryotes, long introns are recognized through exon definition and most genes produce multiple mRNA variants through alternative splicing. The nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway may further shape the observed sets of variants by selectively degrading those containing premature termination codons, which are frequently produced in mammals. Here we show that the tiny introns of the ciliate Paramecium tetraurelia are under strong selective pressure to cause premature termination of mRNA translation in the event of intron retention, and that the same bias is observed among the short introns of plants, fungi and animals. By knocking down the two P. tetraurelia genes encoding UPF1, a protein that is crucial in NMD, we show that the intrinsic efficiency of splicing varies widely among introns and that NMD activity can significantly reduce the fraction of unspliced mRNAs. The results suggest that, independently of alternative splicing, species with large intron numbers universally rely on NMD to compensate for suboptimal splicing efficiency and accuracy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jaillon, Olivier -- Bouhouche, Khaled -- Gout, Jean-Francois -- Aury, Jean-Marc -- Noel, Benjamin -- Saudemont, Baptiste -- Nowacki, Mariusz -- Serrano, Vincent -- Porcel, Betina M -- Segurens, Beatrice -- Le Mouel, Anne -- Lepere, Gersende -- Schachter, Vincent -- Betermier, Mireille -- Cohen, Jean -- Wincker, Patrick -- Sperling, Linda -- Duret, Laurent -- Meyer, Eric -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 17;451(7176):359-62. doi: 10.1038/nature06495.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Genoscope (CEA), 2 rue Gaston Cremieux CP5706, 91057 Evry, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18202663" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Genomes of animals as different as sponges and humans show conservation of global architecture. Here we show that multiple genomic features including transposon diversity, developmental gene repertoire, physical gene order, and intron-exon organization are shattered in the tunicate Oikopleura, belonging to the sister group of vertebrates and retaining chordate morphology. Ancestral architecture of animal genomes can be deeply modified and may therefore be largely nonadaptive. This rapidly evolving animal lineage thus offers unique perspectives on the level of genome plasticity. It also illuminates issues as fundamental as the mechanisms of intron gain.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3760481/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3760481/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Denoeud, France -- Henriet, Simon -- Mungpakdee, Sutada -- Aury, Jean-Marc -- Da Silva, Corinne -- Brinkmann, Henner -- Mikhaleva, Jana -- Olsen, Lisbeth Charlotte -- Jubin, Claire -- Canestro, Cristian -- Bouquet, Jean-Marie -- Danks, Gemma -- Poulain, Julie -- Campsteijn, Coen -- Adamski, Marcin -- Cross, Ismael -- Yadetie, Fekadu -- Muffato, Matthieu -- Louis, Alexandra -- Butcher, Stephen -- Tsagkogeorga, Georgia -- Konrad, Anke -- Singh, Sarabdeep -- Jensen, Marit Flo -- Huynh Cong, Evelyne -- Eikeseth-Otteraa, Helen -- Noel, Benjamin -- Anthouard, Veronique -- Porcel, Betina M -- Kachouri-Lafond, Rym -- Nishino, Atsuo -- Ugolini, Matteo -- Chourrout, Pascal -- Nishida, Hiroki -- Aasland, Rein -- Huzurbazar, Snehalata -- Westhof, Eric -- Delsuc, Frederic -- Lehrach, Hans -- Reinhardt, Richard -- Weissenbach, Jean -- Roy, Scott W -- Artiguenave, Francois -- Postlethwait, John H -- Manak, J Robert -- Thompson, Eric M -- Jaillon, Olivier -- Du Pasquier, Louis -- Boudinot, Pierre -- Liberles, David A -- Volff, Jean-Nicolas -- Philippe, Herve -- Lenhard, Boris -- Roest Crollius, Hugues -- Wincker, Patrick -- Chourrout, Daniel -- Z01 LM000073-12/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Dec 3;330(6009):1381-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1194167. Epub 2010 Nov 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, Institut de Genomique, Genoscope, Evry, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21097902" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Coffee is a valuable beverage crop due to its characteristic flavor, aroma, and the stimulating effects of caffeine. We generated a high-quality draft genome of the species Coffea canephora, which displays a conserved chromosomal gene order among asterid angiosperms. Although it shows no sign of the whole-genome triplication identified in Solanaceae species such as tomato, the genome includes several species-specific gene family expansions, among them N-methyltransferases (NMTs) involved in caffeine production, defense-related genes, and alkaloid and flavonoid enzymes involved in secondary compound synthesis. Comparative analyses of caffeine NMTs demonstrate that these genes expanded through sequential tandem duplications independently of genes from cacao and tea, suggesting that caffeine in eudicots is of polyphyletic origin.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Denoeud, France -- Carretero-Paulet, Lorenzo -- Dereeper, Alexis -- Droc, Gaetan -- Guyot, Romain -- Pietrella, Marco -- Zheng, Chunfang -- Alberti, Adriana -- Anthony, Francois -- Aprea, Giuseppe -- Aury, Jean-Marc -- Bento, Pascal -- Bernard, Maria -- Bocs, Stephanie -- Campa, Claudine -- Cenci, Alberto -- Combes, Marie-Christine -- Crouzillat, Dominique -- Da Silva, Corinne -- Daddiego, Loretta -- De Bellis, Fabien -- Dussert, Stephane -- Garsmeur, Olivier -- Gayraud, Thomas -- Guignon, Valentin -- Jahn, Katharina -- Jamilloux, Veronique -- Joet, Thierry -- Labadie, Karine -- Lan, Tianying -- Leclercq, Julie -- Lepelley, Maud -- Leroy, Thierry -- Li, Lei-Ting -- Librado, Pablo -- Lopez, Loredana -- Munoz, Adriana -- Noel, Benjamin -- Pallavicini, Alberto -- Perrotta, Gaetano -- Poncet, Valerie -- Pot, David -- Priyono -- Rigoreau, Michel -- Rouard, Mathieu -- Rozas, Julio -- Tranchant-Dubreuil, Christine -- VanBuren, Robert -- Zhang, Qiong -- Andrade, Alan C -- Argout, Xavier -- Bertrand, Benoit -- de Kochko, Alexandre -- Graziosi, Giorgio -- Henry, Robert J -- Jayarama -- Ming, Ray -- Nagai, Chifumi -- Rounsley, Steve -- Sankoff, David -- Giuliano, Giovanni -- Albert, Victor A -- Wincker, Patrick -- Lashermes, Philippe -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Sep 5;345(6201):1181-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1255274. Epub 2014 Sep 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, Genoscope, Institut de Genomique, BP5706, 91057 Evry, France. CNRS, UMR 8030, CP5706, Evry, France. Universite d'Evry, UMR 8030, CP5706, Evry, France. ; Department of Biological Sciences, 109 Cooke Hall, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, NY 14260, USA. ; Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD), UMR Resistance des Plantes aux Bioagresseurs (RPB) [Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Developpement (CIRAD), IRD, UM2)], BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France. ; CIRAD, UMR Amelioration Genetique et Adaptation des Plantes Mediterraneennes et Tropicales (AGAP), F-34398 Montpellier, France. ; IRD, UMR Diversite Adaptation et Developpement des Plantes (CIRAD, IRD, UM2), BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France. ; Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Development (ENEA) Casaccia Research Center, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Roma, Italy. ; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Ottawa, 585 King Edward Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada. ; Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, Genoscope, Institut de Genomique, BP5706, 91057 Evry, France. ; Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD), UMR Resistance des Plantes aux Bioagresseurs (RPB) [Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Developpement (CIRAD), IRD, UM2)], BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France. Bioversity International, Parc Scientifique Agropolis II, 34397 Montpellier Cedex 5, France. ; Nestle Research and Development Centre, 101 Avenue Gustave Eiffel, Notre-Dame-d'Oe, BP 49716, 37097 Tours Cedex 2, France. ; ENEA Trisaia Research Center, 75026 Rotondella, Italy. ; Bioversity International, Parc Scientifique Agropolis II, 34397 Montpellier Cedex 5, France. ; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Ottawa, 585 King Edward Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada. Center for Biotechnology, Universitat Bielefeld, Universitatsstrasse 27, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany. AG Genominformatik, Technische Fakultat, Universitat Bielefeld, 33594 Bielefeld, Germany. ; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unite de Recherches en Genomique-Info (UR INRA 1164), Centre de Recherche de Versailles, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France. ; Department of Biological Sciences, 109 Cooke Hall, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, NY 14260, USA. Department of Biology, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, 4000042 Chongqing, China. ; Department of Plant Biology, 148 Edward R. Madigan Laboratory, MC-051, 1201 West Gregory Drive, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. ; Departament de Genetica and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Barcelona 08028, Spain. ; Department of Mathematics, University of Maryland, Mathematics Building 084, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA. School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, 800 King Edward Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada. ; Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy. ; Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Institute, Jember, East Java, Indonesia. ; Laboratorio de Genetica Molecular, Nucleo de Biotecnologia (NTBio), Embrapa Recursos Geneticos e Biotecnologia, Final Av. W/5 Norte, Parque Estacao Biologia, Brasilia-DF 70770-917, Brazil. ; CIRAD, UMR RPB (CIRAD, IRD, UM2), BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France. ; Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy. DNA Analytica Srl, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy. ; Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia. ; Central Coffee Research Institute, Coffee Board, Coffee Research Station (Post) - 577 117 Chikmagalur District, Karnataka State, India. ; Hawaii Agriculture Research Center, Post Office Box 100, Kunia, HI 96759-0100, USA. ; BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, 1657 Helen Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. ; Department of Biological Sciences, 109 Cooke Hall, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, NY 14260, USA. vaalbert@buffalo.edu pwincker@genoscope.cns.fr philippe.lashermes@ird.fr. ; Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, Genoscope, Institut de Genomique, BP5706, 91057 Evry, France. CNRS, UMR 8030, CP5706, Evry, France. Universite d'Evry, UMR 8030, CP5706, Evry, France. vaalbert@buffalo.edu pwincker@genoscope.cns.fr philippe.lashermes@ird.fr. ; Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD), UMR Resistance des Plantes aux Bioagresseurs (RPB) [Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Developpement (CIRAD), IRD, UM2)], BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France. vaalbert@buffalo.edu pwincker@genoscope.cns.fr philippe.lashermes@ird.fr.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25190796" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Quantifying the impact of heritable epigenetic variation on complex traits is an emerging challenge in population genetics. Here, we analyze a population of isogenic Arabidopsis lines that segregate experimentally induced DNA methylation changes at hundreds of regions across the genome. We demonstrate that several of these differentially methylated regions (DMRs) act as bona fide epigenetic quantitative trait loci (QTL(epi)), accounting for 60 to 90% of the heritability for two complex traits, flowering time and primary root length. These QTL(epi) are reproducible and can be subjected to artificial selection. Many of the experimentally induced DMRs are also variable in natural populations of this species and may thus provide an epigenetic basis for Darwinian evolution independently of DNA sequence changes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cortijo, Sandra -- Wardenaar, Rene -- Colome-Tatche, Maria -- Gilly, Arthur -- Etcheverry, Mathilde -- Labadie, Karine -- Caillieux, Erwann -- Hospital, Frederic -- Aury, Jean-Marc -- Wincker, Patrick -- Roudier, Francois -- Jansen, Ritsert C -- Colot, Vincent -- Johannes, Frank -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Mar 7;343(6175):1145-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1248127. Epub 2014 Feb 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Superieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 8197, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U 1024, Paris F-75005, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24505129" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Bananas (Musa spp.), including dessert and cooking types, are giant perennial monocotyledonous herbs of the order Zingiberales, a sister group to the well-studied Poales, which include cereals. Bananas are vital for food security in many tropical and subtropical countries and the most popular fruit in industrialized countries. The Musa domestication process started some 7,000 years ago in Southeast Asia. It involved hybridizations between diverse species and subspecies, fostered by human migrations, and selection of diploid and triploid seedless, parthenocarpic hybrids thereafter widely dispersed by vegetative propagation. Half of the current production relies on somaclones derived from a single triploid genotype (Cavendish). Pests and diseases have gradually become adapted, representing an imminent danger for global banana production. Here we describe the draft sequence of the 523-megabase genome of a Musa acuminata doubled-haploid genotype, providing a crucial stepping-stone for genetic improvement of banana. We detected three rounds of whole-genome duplications in the Musa lineage, independently of those previously described in the Poales lineage and the one we detected in the Arecales lineage. This first monocotyledon high-continuity whole-genome sequence reported outside Poales represents an essential bridge for comparative genome analysis in plants. As such, it clarifies commelinid-monocotyledon phylogenetic relationships, reveals Poaceae-specific features and has led to the discovery of conserved non-coding sequences predating monocotyledon-eudicotyledon divergence.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉D'Hont, Angelique -- Denoeud, France -- Aury, Jean-Marc -- Baurens, Franc-Christophe -- Carreel, Francoise -- Garsmeur, Olivier -- Noel, Benjamin -- Bocs, Stephanie -- Droc, Gaetan -- Rouard, Mathieu -- Da Silva, Corinne -- Jabbari, Kamel -- Cardi, Celine -- Poulain, Julie -- Souquet, Marlene -- Labadie, Karine -- Jourda, Cyril -- Lengelle, Juliette -- Rodier-Goud, Marguerite -- Alberti, Adriana -- Bernard, Maria -- Correa, Margot -- Ayyampalayam, Saravanaraj -- Mckain, Michael R -- Leebens-Mack, Jim -- Burgess, Diane -- Freeling, Mike -- Mbeguie-A-Mbeguie, Didier -- Chabannes, Matthieu -- Wicker, Thomas -- Panaud, Olivier -- Barbosa, Jose -- Hribova, Eva -- Heslop-Harrison, Pat -- Habas, Remy -- Rivallan, Ronan -- Francois, Philippe -- Poiron, Claire -- Kilian, Andrzej -- Burthia, Dheema -- Jenny, Christophe -- Bakry, Frederic -- Brown, Spencer -- Guignon, Valentin -- Kema, Gert -- Dita, Miguel -- Waalwijk, Cees -- Joseph, Steeve -- Dievart, Anne -- Jaillon, Olivier -- Leclercq, Julie -- Argout, Xavier -- Lyons, Eric -- Almeida, Ana -- Jeridi, Mouna -- Dolezel, Jaroslav -- Roux, Nicolas -- Risterucci, Ange-Marie -- Weissenbach, Jean -- Ruiz, Manuel -- Glaszmann, Jean-Christophe -- Quetier, Francis -- Yahiaoui, Nabila -- Wincker, Patrick -- England -- Nature. 2012 Aug 9;488(7410):213-7. doi: 10.1038/nature11241.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre de cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Developpement, UMR AGAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France. angelique.d'hont@cirad.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22801500" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Loss of sexual reproduction is considered an evolutionary dead end for metazoans, but bdelloid rotifers challenge this view as they appear to have persisted asexually for millions of years. Neither male sex organs nor meiosis have ever been observed in these microscopic animals: oocytes are formed through mitotic divisions, with no reduction of chromosome number and no indication of chromosome pairing. However, current evidence does not exclude that they may engage in sex on rare, cryptic occasions. Here we report the genome of a bdelloid rotifer, Adineta vaga (Davis, 1873), and show that its structure is incompatible with conventional meiosis. At gene scale, the genome of A. vaga is tetraploid and comprises both anciently duplicated segments and less divergent allelic regions. However, in contrast to sexual species, the allelic regions are rearranged and sometimes even found on the same chromosome. Such structure does not allow meiotic pairing; instead, we find abundant evidence of gene conversion, which may limit the accumulation of deleterious mutations in the absence of meiosis. Gene families involved in resistance to oxidation, carbohydrate metabolism and defence against transposons are significantly expanded, which may explain why transposable elements cover only 3% of the assembled sequence. Furthermore, 8% of the genes are likely to be of non-metazoan origin and were probably acquired horizontally. This apparent convergence between bdelloids and prokaryotes sheds new light on the evolutionary significance of sex.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Flot, Jean-Francois -- Hespeels, Boris -- Li, Xiang -- Noel, Benjamin -- Arkhipova, Irina -- Danchin, Etienne G J -- Hejnol, Andreas -- Henrissat, Bernard -- Koszul, Romain -- Aury, Jean-Marc -- Barbe, Valerie -- Barthelemy, Roxane-Marie -- Bast, Jens -- Bazykin, Georgii A -- Chabrol, Olivier -- Couloux, Arnaud -- Da Rocha, Martine -- Da Silva, Corinne -- Gladyshev, Eugene -- Gouret, Philippe -- Hallatschek, Oskar -- Hecox-Lea, Bette -- Labadie, Karine -- Lejeune, Benjamin -- Piskurek, Oliver -- Poulain, Julie -- Rodriguez, Fernando -- Ryan, Joseph F -- Vakhrusheva, Olga A -- Wajnberg, Eric -- Wirth, Benedicte -- Yushenova, Irina -- Kellis, Manolis -- Kondrashov, Alexey S -- Mark Welch, David B -- Pontarotti, Pierre -- Weissenbach, Jean -- Wincker, Patrick -- Jaillon, Olivier -- Van Doninck, Karine -- England -- Nature. 2013 Aug 22;500(7463):453-7. doi: 10.1038/nature12326. Epub 2013 Jul 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Namur, Department of Biology, URBE, Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics and Ecology, 5000 Namur, Belgium. jean-francois.flot@ds.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23873043" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: In the ciliate Paramecium, transposable elements and their single-copy remnants are deleted during the development of somatic macronuclei from germline micronuclei, at each sexual generation. Deletions are targeted by scnRNAs, small RNAs produced from the germ line during meiosis that first scan the maternal macronuclear genome to identify missing sequences, and then allow the zygotic macronucleus to reproduce the same deletions. Here we show that this process accounts for the maternal inheritance of mating types in Paramecium tetraurelia, a long-standing problem in epigenetics. Mating type E depends on expression of the transmembrane protein mtA, and the default type O is determined during development by scnRNA-dependent excision of the mtA promoter. In the sibling species Paramecium septaurelia, mating type O is determined by coding-sequence deletions in a different gene, mtB, which is specifically required for mtA expression. These independently evolved mechanisms suggest frequent exaptation of the scnRNA pathway to regulate cellular genes and mediate transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of essential phenotypic polymorphisms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Singh, Deepankar Pratap -- Saudemont, Baptiste -- Guglielmi, Gerard -- Arnaiz, Olivier -- Gout, Jean-Francois -- Prajer, Malgorzata -- Potekhin, Alexey -- Przybos, Ewa -- Aubusson-Fleury, Anne -- Bhullar, Simran -- Bouhouche, Khaled -- Lhuillier-Akakpo, Maoussi -- Tanty, Veronique -- Blugeon, Corinne -- Alberti, Adriana -- Labadie, Karine -- Aury, Jean-Marc -- Sperling, Linda -- Duharcourt, Sandra -- Meyer, Eric -- England -- Nature. 2014 May 22;509(7501):447-52. doi: 10.1038/nature13318. Epub 2014 May 7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Ecole Normale Superieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, IBENS; Inserm, U1024; CNRS, UMR 8197 Paris F-75005, France [2] Sorbonne Universites, UPMC Univ., IFD, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France. ; 1] Ecole Normale Superieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, IBENS; Inserm, U1024; CNRS, UMR 8197 Paris F-75005, France [2] Sorbonne Universites, UPMC Univ., IFD, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France [3] Laboratoire de Biochimie, Unite Mixte de Recherche 8231, Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles, 75231 Paris, France (B.S.); Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA (J.-F.G.); INRA, UMR 1061 Unite de Genetique Moleculaire Animale, Universite de Limoges, IFR 145, Faculte des Sciences et Techniques, 87060 Limoges, France (K.B.). ; Ecole Normale Superieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, IBENS; Inserm, U1024; CNRS, UMR 8197 Paris F-75005, France. ; CNRS UPR3404 Centre de Genetique Moleculaire, Gif-sur-Yvette F-91198, and Universite Paris-Sud, Departement de Biologie, Orsay F-91405, France. ; 1] CNRS UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biometrie et Biologie Evolutive, Universite de Lyon, 43 boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, Villeurbanne F-69622, France [2] Laboratoire de Biochimie, Unite Mixte de Recherche 8231, Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles, 75231 Paris, France (B.S.); Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA (J.-F.G.); INRA, UMR 1061 Unite de Genetique Moleculaire Animale, Universite de Limoges, IFR 145, Faculte des Sciences et Techniques, 87060 Limoges, France (K.B.). ; Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Slawkowska 17, 31-016 Krakow, Poland. ; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, St Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia. ; 1] Ecole Normale Superieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, IBENS; Inserm, U1024; CNRS, UMR 8197 Paris F-75005, France [2] Laboratoire de Biochimie, Unite Mixte de Recherche 8231, Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles, 75231 Paris, France (B.S.); Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA (J.-F.G.); INRA, UMR 1061 Unite de Genetique Moleculaire Animale, Universite de Limoges, IFR 145, Faculte des Sciences et Techniques, 87060 Limoges, France (K.B.). ; 1] Sorbonne Universites, UPMC Univ., IFD, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France [2] Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Universite Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris F-75205, France. ; Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Genomique (IG), Genoscope, 2 rue Gaston Cremieux, BP5706, 91057 Evry, France. ; Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Universite Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris F-75205, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24805235" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The Perigord black truffle (Tuber melanosporum Vittad.) and the Piedmont white truffle dominate today's truffle market. The hypogeous fruiting body of T. melanosporum is a gastronomic delicacy produced by an ectomycorrhizal symbiont endemic to calcareous soils in southern Europe. The worldwide demand for this truffle has fuelled intense efforts at cultivation. Identification of processes that condition and trigger fruit body and symbiosis formation, ultimately leading to efficient crop production, will be facilitated by a thorough analysis of truffle genomic traits. In the ectomycorrhizal Laccaria bicolor, the expansion of gene families may have acted as a 'symbiosis toolbox'. This feature may however reflect evolution of this particular taxon and not a general trait shared by all ectomycorrhizal species. To get a better understanding of the biology and evolution of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, we report here the sequence of the haploid genome of T. melanosporum, which at approximately 125 megabases is the largest and most complex fungal genome sequenced so far. This expansion results from a proliferation of transposable elements accounting for approximately 58% of the genome. In contrast, this genome only contains approximately 7,500 protein-coding genes with very rare multigene families. It lacks large sets of carbohydrate cleaving enzymes, but a few of them involved in degradation of plant cell walls are induced in symbiotic tissues. The latter feature and the upregulation of genes encoding for lipases and multicopper oxidases suggest that T. melanosporum degrades its host cell walls during colonization. Symbiosis induces an increased expression of carbohydrate and amino acid transporters in both L. bicolor and T. melanosporum, but the comparison of genomic traits in the two ectomycorrhizal fungi showed that genetic predispositions for symbiosis-'the symbiosis toolbox'-evolved along different ways in ascomycetes and basidiomycetes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Martin, Francis -- Kohler, Annegret -- Murat, Claude -- Balestrini, Raffaella -- Coutinho, Pedro M -- Jaillon, Olivier -- Montanini, Barbara -- Morin, Emmanuelle -- Noel, Benjamin -- Percudani, Riccardo -- Porcel, Bettina -- Rubini, Andrea -- Amicucci, Antonella -- Amselem, Joelle -- Anthouard, Veronique -- Arcioni, Sergio -- Artiguenave, Francois -- Aury, Jean-Marc -- Ballario, Paola -- Bolchi, Angelo -- Brenna, Andrea -- Brun, Annick -- Buee, Marc -- Cantarel, Brandi -- Chevalier, Gerard -- Couloux, Arnaud -- Da Silva, Corinne -- Denoeud, France -- Duplessis, Sebastien -- Ghignone, Stefano -- Hilselberger, Benoit -- Iotti, Mirco -- Marcais, Benoit -- Mello, Antonietta -- Miranda, Michele -- Pacioni, Giovanni -- Quesneville, Hadi -- Riccioni, Claudia -- Ruotolo, Roberta -- Splivallo, Richard -- Stocchi, Vilberto -- Tisserant, Emilie -- Viscomi, Arturo Roberto -- Zambonelli, Alessandra -- Zampieri, Elisa -- Henrissat, Bernard -- Lebrun, Marc-Henri -- Paolocci, Francesco -- Bonfante, Paola -- Ottonello, Simone -- Wincker, Patrick -- England -- Nature. 2010 Apr 15;464(7291):1033-8. doi: 10.1038/nature08867. Epub 2010 Mar 28.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉INRA, UMR 1136, INRA-Nancy Universite, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, 54280 Champenoux, France. fmartin@nancy.inra.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20348908" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: We produced a reference sequence of the 1-gigabase chromosome 3B of hexaploid bread wheat. By sequencing 8452 bacterial artificial chromosomes in pools, we assembled a sequence of 774 megabases carrying 5326 protein-coding genes, 1938 pseudogenes, and 85% of transposable elements. The distribution of structural and functional features along the chromosome revealed partitioning correlated with meiotic recombination. Comparative analyses indicated high wheat-specific inter- and intrachromosomal gene duplication activities that are potential sources of variability for adaption. In addition to providing a better understanding of the organization, function, and evolution of a large and polyploid genome, the availability of a high-quality sequence anchored to genetic maps will accelerate the identification of genes underlying important agronomic traits.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Choulet, Frederic -- Alberti, Adriana -- Theil, Sebastien -- Glover, Natasha -- Barbe, Valerie -- Daron, Josquin -- Pingault, Lise -- Sourdille, Pierre -- Couloux, Arnaud -- Paux, Etienne -- Leroy, Philippe -- Mangenot, Sophie -- Guilhot, Nicolas -- Le Gouis, Jacques -- Balfourier, Francois -- Alaux, Michael -- Jamilloux, Veronique -- Poulain, Julie -- Durand, Celine -- Bellec, Arnaud -- Gaspin, Christine -- Safar, Jan -- Dolezel, Jaroslav -- Rogers, Jane -- Vandepoele, Klaas -- Aury, Jean-Marc -- Mayer, Klaus -- Berges, Helene -- Quesneville, Hadi -- Wincker, Patrick -- Feuillet, Catherine -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jul 18;345(6194):1249721. doi: 10.1126/science.1249721.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR1095, Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 5 Chemin de Beaulieu, 63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France. University Blaise Pascal, UMR1095, Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 5 Chemin de Beaulieu, 63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France. frederic.choulet@clermont.inra.fr. ; Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Genomique, Genoscope, 2 Rue Gaston Cremieux, 91000 Evry, France. ; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR1095, Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 5 Chemin de Beaulieu, 63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France. University Blaise Pascal, UMR1095, Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 5 Chemin de Beaulieu, 63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France. ; INRA, UR1164 Unite de Recherche Genomique Info Research Unit in Genomics-Info, INRA de Versailles, Route de Saint-Cyr, 78026 Versailles, France. ; Centre National des Ressources Genomiques Vegetales, INRA UPR 1258, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France. ; Biometrie et Intelligence Artificielle, INRA, Chemin de Borde Rouge, BP 27, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France. ; Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany, Slechtitelu 31, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic. ; The Genome Analysis Centre, Norwich, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK. ; Department of Plant Systems Biology (VIB) and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics (Ghent University), Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium. ; Munich Information Center for Protein Sequences, Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany. ; Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Genomique, Genoscope, 2 Rue Gaston Cremieux, 91000 Evry, France. CNRS UMR 8030, 2 Rue Gaston Cremieux, 91000 Evry, France. Universite d'Evry, CP5706 Evry, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25035497" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉