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  • 1
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    Fatigue-free and biocompatible electrodes [Physics] (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-10-07
    Description: Next-generation flexible electronics require highly stretchable and transparent electrodes. Few electronic conductors are both transparent and stretchable, and even fewer can be cyclically stretched to a large strain without causing fatigue. Fatigue, which is often an issue of strained materials causing failure at low strain levels of cyclic loading, is...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 2
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    Microglial activation resulting from CD40-CD40L interaction after beta-amyloid stimulation (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-22
    Description: Alzheimer's disease (AD) has a substantial inflammatory component, and activated microglia may play a central role in neuronal degeneration. CD40 expression was increased on cultured microglia treated with freshly solublized amyloid-beta (Abeta, 500 nanomolar) and on microglia from a transgenic murine model of AD (Tg APPsw). Increased tumor necrosis factor alpha production and induction of neuronal injury occurred when Abeta-stimulated microglia were treated with CD40 ligand (CD40L). Microglia from Tg APPsw mice deficient for CD40L demonstrated reduction in activation, suggesting that the CD40-CD40L interaction is necessary for Abeta-induced microglial activation. Finally, abnormal tau phosphorylation was reduced in Tg APPsw animals deficient for CD40L, suggesting that the CD40-CD40L interaction is an early event in AD pathogenesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tan, J -- Town, T -- Paris, D -- Mori, T -- Suo, Z -- Crawford, F -- Mattson, M P -- Flavell, R A -- Mullan, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 17;286(5448):2352-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Roskamp Institute, University of South Florida, 3515 East Fletcher Avenue, Tampa, FL 33613, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10600748" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alzheimer Disease/metabolism ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Animals ; Antigens, CD40/biosynthesis/*metabolism ; CD40 Ligand ; Cell Death ; Cells, Cultured ; Interferon-gamma/pharmacology ; Interleukins/pharmacology ; Ligands ; Membrane Glycoproteins/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Microglia/cytology/immunology/*metabolism ; Neurons/cytology ; Peptide Fragments/pharmacology ; Phosphorylation ; Signal Transduction ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis/pharmacology ; tau Proteins/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Analyses of soft tissue from Tyrannosaurus rex suggest the presence of protein (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-04-14
    Description: We performed multiple analyses of Tyrannosaurus rex (specimen MOR 1125) fibrous cortical and medullary tissues remaining after demineralization. The results indicate that collagen I, the main organic component of bone, has been preserved in low concentrations in these tissues. The findings were independently confirmed by mass spectrometry. We propose a possible chemical pathway that may contribute to this preservation. The presence of endogenous protein in dinosaur bone may validate hypotheses about evolutionary relationships, rates, and patterns of molecular change and degradation, as well as the chemical stability of molecules over time.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schweitzer, Mary Higby -- Suo, Zhiyong -- Avci, Recep -- Asara, John M -- Allen, Mark A -- Arce, Fernando Teran -- Horner, John R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Apr 13;316(5822):277-80.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. schweitzer@ncsu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17431179" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bone and Bones/*chemistry/ultrastructure ; Collagen Type I/*analysis/ultrastructure ; *Dinosaurs ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; *Fossils ; Immunoenzyme Techniques ; Microscopy, Atomic Force ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Spectrometry, Mass, Secondary Ion
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Biomolecular characterization and protein sequences of the Campanian hadrosaur B. canadensis (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-05-02
    Description: Molecular preservation in non-avian dinosaurs is controversial. We present multiple lines of evidence that endogenous proteinaceous material is preserved in bone fragments and soft tissues from an 80-million-year-old Campanian hadrosaur, Brachylophosaurus canadensis [Museum of the Rockies (MOR) 2598]. Microstructural and immunological data are consistent with preservation of multiple bone matrix and vessel proteins, and phylogenetic analyses of Brachylophosaurus collagen sequenced by mass spectrometry robustly support the bird-dinosaur clade, consistent with an endogenous source for these collagen peptides. These data complement earlier results from Tyrannosaurus rex (MOR 1125) and confirm that molecular preservation in Cretaceous dinosaurs is not a unique event.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schweitzer, Mary H -- Zheng, Wenxia -- Organ, Chris L -- Avci, Recep -- Suo, Zhiyong -- Freimark, Lisa M -- Lebleu, Valerie S -- Duncan, Michael B -- Vander Heiden, Matthew G -- Neveu, John M -- Lane, William S -- Cottrell, John S -- Horner, John R -- Cantley, Lewis C -- Kalluri, Raghu -- Asara, John M -- AA 13913/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ -- CA 125550/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- DK 55001/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK 61866/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK 62987/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 AA013913/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA125550/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK055001/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK062987/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 May 1;324(5927):626-31. doi: 10.1126/science.1165069.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. schweitzer@ncsu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19407199" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Birds/classification ; Bone Demineralization Technique ; Bone Matrix/chemistry ; Collagen/analysis/*chemistry/isolation & purification ; *Dinosaurs/classification ; Elastin/analysis ; Femur/blood supply/*chemistry/ultrastructure ; *Fossils ; Hemoglobins/analysis ; Immunologic Techniques ; Laminin/analysis ; Mass Spectrometry ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Osteocytes/ultrastructure ; Peptide Fragments/chemistry/isolation & purification ; Phylogeny ; Proteins/analysis/*chemistry/isolation & purification ; Sequence Alignment
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Highly stretchable and tough hydrogels (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-09-08
    Description: Hydrogels are used as scaffolds for tissue engineering, vehicles for drug delivery, actuators for optics and fluidics, and model extracellular matrices for biological studies. The scope of hydrogel applications, however, is often severely limited by their mechanical behaviour. Most hydrogels do not exhibit high stretchability; for example, an alginate hydrogel ruptures when stretched to about 1.2 times its original length. Some synthetic elastic hydrogels have achieved stretches in the range 10-20, but these values are markedly reduced in samples containing notches. Most hydrogels are brittle, with fracture energies of about 10 J m(-2) (ref. 8), as compared with approximately 1,000 J m(-2) for cartilage and approximately 10,000 J m(-2) for natural rubbers. Intense efforts are devoted to synthesizing hydrogels with improved mechanical properties; certain synthetic gels have reached fracture energies of 100-1,000 J m(-2) (refs 11, 14, 17). Here we report the synthesis of hydrogels from polymers forming ionically and covalently crosslinked networks. Although such gels contain approximately 90% water, they can be stretched beyond 20 times their initial length, and have fracture energies of approximately 9,000 J m(-2). Even for samples containing notches, a stretch of 17 is demonstrated. We attribute the gels' toughness to the synergy of two mechanisms: crack bridging by the network of covalent crosslinks, and hysteresis by unzipping the network of ionic crosslinks. Furthermore, the network of covalent crosslinks preserves the memory of the initial state, so that much of the large deformation is removed on unloading. The unzipped ionic crosslinks cause internal damage, which heals by re-zipping. These gels may serve as model systems to explore mechanisms of deformation and energy dissipation, and expand the scope of hydrogel applications.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3642868/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3642868/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sun, Jeong-Yun -- Zhao, Xuanhe -- Illeperuma, Widusha R K -- Chaudhuri, Ovijit -- Oh, Kyu Hwan -- Mooney, David J -- Vlassak, Joost J -- Suo, Zhigang -- R01 DE013033/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- R37 DE013033/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Sep 6;489(7414):133-6. doi: 10.1038/nature11409.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22955625" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acrylic Resins/chemistry ; Alginates/chemistry ; Carbohydrate Sequence ; Elasticity ; Glucuronic Acid/chemistry ; Hexuronic Acids/chemistry ; Hydrogels/chemical synthesis/*chemistry ; Materials Testing ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Polymers/chemical synthesis/chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 6
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    Stretchable, transparent, ionic conductors (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Existing stretchable, transparent conductors are mostly electronic conductors. They limit the performance of interconnects, sensors, and actuators as components of stretchable electronics and soft machines. We describe a class of devices enabled by ionic conductors that are highly stretchable, fully transparent to light of all colors, and capable of operation at frequencies beyond 10 kilohertz and voltages above 10 kilovolts. We demonstrate a transparent actuator that can generate large strains and a transparent loudspeaker that produces sound over the entire audible range. The electromechanical transduction is achieved without electrochemical reaction. The ionic conductors have higher resistivity than many electronic conductors; however, when large stretchability and high transmittance are required, the ionic conductors have lower sheet resistance than all existing electronic conductors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Keplinger, Christoph -- Sun, Jeong-Yun -- Foo, Choon Chiang -- Rothemund, Philipp -- Whitesides, George M -- Suo, Zhigang -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 30;341(6149):984-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1240228.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23990555" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    Biomaterials. Electronic dura mater for long-term multimodal neural interfaces (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-01-13
    Description: The mechanical mismatch between soft neural tissues and stiff neural implants hinders the long-term performance of implantable neuroprostheses. Here, we designed and fabricated soft neural implants with the shape and elasticity of dura mater, the protective membrane of the brain and spinal cord. The electronic dura mater, which we call e-dura, embeds interconnects, electrodes, and chemotrodes that sustain millions of mechanical stretch cycles, electrical stimulation pulses, and chemical injections. These integrated modalities enable multiple neuroprosthetic applications. The soft implants extracted cortical states in freely behaving animals for brain-machine interface and delivered electrochemical spinal neuromodulation that restored locomotion after paralyzing spinal cord injury.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Minev, Ivan R -- Musienko, Pavel -- Hirsch, Arthur -- Barraud, Quentin -- Wenger, Nikolaus -- Moraud, Eduardo Martin -- Gandar, Jerome -- Capogrosso, Marco -- Milekovic, Tomislav -- Asboth, Leonie -- Torres, Rafael Fajardo -- Vachicouras, Nicolas -- Liu, Qihan -- Pavlova, Natalia -- Duis, Simone -- Larmagnac, Alexandre -- Voros, Janos -- Micera, Silvestro -- Suo, Zhigang -- Courtine, Gregoire -- Lacour, Stephanie P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jan 9;347(6218):159-63. doi: 10.1126/science.1260318.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Neuroprosthetic Technology, Laboratory for Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces, Centre for Neuroprosthetics, Institute of Microengineering and Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland. ; International Paraplegic Foundation Chair in Spinal Cord Repair, Centre for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Switzerland. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, St. Petersburg, Russia. ; International Paraplegic Foundation Chair in Spinal Cord Repair, Centre for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Switzerland. ; Translational Neural Engineering Laboratory, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland. ; Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Neuroprosthetic Technology, Laboratory for Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces, Centre for Neuroprosthetics, Institute of Microengineering and Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland. International Paraplegic Foundation Chair in Spinal Cord Repair, Centre for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Switzerland. ; School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. ; Laboratory for Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Switzerland. ; Translational Neural Engineering Laboratory, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland. The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa 56025, Italy. ; International Paraplegic Foundation Chair in Spinal Cord Repair, Centre for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Switzerland. gregoire.courtine@epfl.ch stephanie.lacour@epfl.ch. ; Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Neuroprosthetic Technology, Laboratory for Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces, Centre for Neuroprosthetics, Institute of Microengineering and Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland. gregoire.courtine@epfl.ch stephanie.lacour@epfl.ch.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25574019" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biocompatible Materials/therapeutic use ; Brain-Computer Interfaces ; Drug Delivery Systems/*methods ; *Dura Mater ; Elasticity ; Electric Stimulation/*methods ; Electrochemotherapy/*methods ; *Electrodes, Implanted ; Locomotion ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Motor Cortex/physiopathology ; Multimodal Imaging ; Neurons/physiology ; Paralysis/etiology/physiopathology/*therapy ; Platinum ; *Prostheses and Implants ; Silicon ; Spinal Cord/physiopathology ; Spinal Cord Injuries/complications/physiopathology/*therapy
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A simulation of electromigration-induced transgranular slits (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 2394-2403 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An on-chip aluminum interconnect carries an intense electric current at an elevated temperature, motivating atoms to diffuse in the solid state, and inducing voids that may cause an open failure. Recent observations have shown that a void sometimes collapses to a slit running nearly perpendicular to the electric current direction. Such a slit often lies inside a grain rather than along a grain boundary. An earlier calculation showed that diffusion on the void surface, driven by the electric current, can cause a circular void to translate in an infinite, isotropic interconnect. It was suggested recently that this solution may be unstable, and that two forces compete in determining the void stability: surface tension favors a rounded void, and the electric current favors a slit. A linear perturbation analysis, surprisingly, revealed that the translating circular void is stable against infinitesimal shape perturbation. Consequently, the slit instability must have resulted from finite imperfections. This article reviews the experimental and theoretical findings, and describes a numerical simulation of finite void shape change. We determine the electric field by a conformal mapping of complex variables, and update the void shape for a time step by a variational method. The simulation shows that a finite void shape imperfection or surface tension anisotropy can cause a void to collapse to a slit. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.361166
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-resolution determination of the stress in individual interconnect lines and the variation due to electromigration (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 78 (1995), S. 1614-1622 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Large tensile stresses usually exist in metallic interconnect lines on silicon substrates as a result of thermal mismatch. When a current is subsequently passed any divergence of atomic flux can create superimposed stress variations along the line. Together, these stresses can significantly influence the growth of voids and therefore affect interconnect reliability. In this work, a high-resolution (∼2 μm) optical spectroscopy method has been used to measure the localized stresses around passivated aluminum lines on a silicon wafer, both as-fabricated and after electromigration testing. The method is based on the piezospectroscopic properties of silicon, specifically the frequency shift of the Raman line at 520 R cm−1. By focusing a laser beam at points adjacent to the aluminum lines, the Raman signal was excited and collected. The stresses in the aluminum lines can then be derived from the stresses in the silicon using finite element methods. Large variations of stress along an electromigration-tested line were observed and compared to a theoretical model based on differences in effective diffusivities from grain to grain in a polycrystalline interconnect line. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.360255
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diffusive void bifurcation in stressed solid (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 76 (1994), S. 3410-3421 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Interconnects are susceptible to solid diffusion under residual stress, electric current, and elevated temperature. As atoms diffuse, voids nucleate, drift, and enlarge. At some point, the voids of rounded shape can collapse to narrow slits and sever the interconnects. The fatal slits are often found to be transgranular, i.e., each slit cuts across a single grain. They have raised many concerns, but the underlying mechanism has remained unclear. It is proposed that a void changes shape due to surface diffusion under the combined action of surface energy, elastic energy, and electric current. The void will be rounded if surface energy prevails, but will collapse to a slit if the elastic energy or the electric current prevails. A cylindrical void in an infinite crystal under biaxial stresses, but under no electric current, is analyzed. Four things are done, as follows: (1) A suitable thermodynamic potential is minimized and maximized to select, among a family of ellipses, equilibrium void shapes. The bifurcation diagram consists of a subcritical pitchfork and two Griffith cracks. (2) A void under biased stresses is analyzed to illustrate the effect of imperfections. (3) Exact initial bifurcation modes are determined. The critical loads for the successive modes are closely separated, indicating that the shape evolution will be sensitive to initial imperfections. (4) A variational principle for shape evolution under stress, current and surface energy is identified. Stress-induced evolution time is estimated by using this variational principle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.357471
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