ALBERT

Description: Recent advances in sequencing technologies have initiated an era of personal genome sequences. To date, human genome sequences have been reported for individuals with ancestry in three distinct geographical regions: a Yoruba African, two individuals of northwest European origin, and a person from China. Here we provide a highly annotated, whole-genome sequence for a Korean individual, known as AK1. The genome of AK1 was determined by an exacting, combined approach that included whole-genome shotgun sequencing (27.8x coverage), targeted bacterial artificial chromosome sequencing, and high-resolution comparative genomic hybridization using custom microarrays featuring more than 24 million probes. Alignment to the NCBI reference, a composite of several ethnic clades, disclosed nearly 3.45 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including 10,162 non-synonymous SNPs, and 170,202 deletion or insertion polymorphisms (indels). SNP and indel densities were strongly correlated genome-wide. Applying very conservative criteria yielded highly reliable copy number variants for clinical considerations. Potential medical phenotypes were annotated for non-synonymous SNPs, coding domain indels, and structural variants. The integration of several human whole-genome sequences derived from several ethnic groups will assist in understanding genetic ancestry, migration patterns and population bottlenecks.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2860965/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2860965/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kim, Jong-Il -- Ju, Young Seok -- Park, Hansoo -- Kim, Sheehyun -- Lee, Seonwook -- Yi, Jae-Hyuk -- Mudge, Joann -- Miller, Neil A -- Hong, Dongwan -- Bell, Callum J -- Kim, Hye-Sun -- Chung, In-Soon -- Lee, Woo-Chung -- Lee, Ji-Sun -- Seo, Seung-Hyun -- Yun, Ji-Young -- Woo, Hyun Nyun -- Lee, Heewook -- Suh, Dongwhan -- Lee, Seungbok -- Kim, Hyun-Jin -- Yavartanoo, Maryam -- Kwak, Minhye -- Zheng, Ying -- Lee, Mi Kyeong -- Park, Hyunjun -- Kim, Jeong Yeon -- Gokcumen, Omer -- Mills, Ryan E -- Zaranek, Alexander Wait -- Thakuria, Joseph -- Wu, Xiaodi -- Kim, Ryan W -- Huntley, Jim J -- Luo, Shujun -- Schroth, Gary P -- Wu, Thomas D -- Kim, HyeRan -- Yang, Kap-Seok -- Park, Woong-Yang -- Kim, Hyungtae -- Church, George M -- Lee, Charles -- Kingsmore, Stephen F -- Seo, Jeong-Sun -- HG004221/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- P20 RR016480/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- P20 RR016480-08/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- RR016480/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI066569/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI066569-04/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U19 HD077693/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Aug 20;460(7258):1011-5. doi: 10.1038/nature08211. Epub 2009 Jul 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19587683" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Long interspersed nuclear element-1 (L1) retrotransposons are mobile repetitive elements that are abundant in the human genome. L1 elements propagate through RNA intermediates. In the germ line, neighboring, nonrepetitive sequences are occasionally mobilized by the L1 machinery, a process called 3' transduction. Because 3' transductions are potentially mutagenic, we explored the extent to which they occur somatically during tumorigenesis. Studying cancer genomes from 244 patients, we found that tumors from 53% of the patients had somatic retrotranspositions, of which 24% were 3' transductions. Fingerprinting of donor L1s revealed that a handful of source L1 elements in a tumor can spawn from tens to hundreds of 3' transductions, which can themselves seed further retrotranspositions. The activity of individual L1 elements fluctuated during tumor evolution and correlated with L1 promoter hypomethylation. The 3' transductions disseminated genes, exons, and regulatory elements to new locations, most often to heterochromatic regions of the genome.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4380235/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4380235/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tubio, Jose M C -- Li, Yilong -- Ju, Young Seok -- Martincorena, Inigo -- Cooke, Susanna L -- Tojo, Marta -- Gundem, Gunes -- Pipinikas, Christodoulos P -- Zamora, Jorge -- Raine, Keiran -- Menzies, Andrew -- Roman-Garcia, Pablo -- Fullam, Anthony -- Gerstung, Moritz -- Shlien, Adam -- Tarpey, Patrick S -- Papaemmanuil, Elli -- Knappskog, Stian -- Van Loo, Peter -- Ramakrishna, Manasa -- Davies, Helen R -- Marshall, John -- Wedge, David C -- Teague, Jon W -- Butler, Adam P -- Nik-Zainal, Serena -- Alexandrov, Ludmil -- Behjati, Sam -- Yates, Lucy R -- Bolli, Niccolo -- Mudie, Laura -- Hardy, Claire -- Martin, Sancha -- McLaren, Stuart -- O'Meara, Sarah -- Anderson, Elizabeth -- Maddison, Mark -- Gamble, Stephen -- ICGC Breast Cancer Group -- ICGC Bone Cancer Group -- ICGC Prostate Cancer Group -- Foster, Christopher -- Warren, Anne Y -- Whitaker, Hayley -- Brewer, Daniel -- Eeles, Rosalind -- Cooper, Colin -- Neal, David -- Lynch, Andy G -- Visakorpi, Tapio -- Isaacs, William B -- van't Veer, Laura -- Caldas, Carlos -- Desmedt, Christine -- Sotiriou, Christos -- Aparicio, Sam -- Foekens, John A -- Eyfjord, Jorunn Erla -- Lakhani, Sunil R -- Thomas, Gilles -- Myklebost, Ola -- Span, Paul N -- Borresen-Dale, Anne-Lise -- Richardson, Andrea L -- Van de Vijver, Marc -- Vincent-Salomon, Anne -- Van den Eynden, Gert G -- Flanagan, Adrienne M -- Futreal, P Andrew -- Janes, Sam M -- Bova, G Steven -- Stratton, Michael R -- McDermott, Ultan -- Campbell, Peter J -- 088340/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 091730/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 14835/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- C5047/A14835/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- G0900871/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- P30 CA006973/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- WT100183MA/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- Department of Health/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Aug 1;345(6196):1251343. doi: 10.1126/science.1251343.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK. ; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine-Center for Resesarch in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain. ; Lungs for Living Research Centre, Rayne Institute, University College London (UCL), London, UK. ; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK. Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway. ; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK. Human Genome Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics, VIB and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. ; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK. Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK. ; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK. Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. ; University of Liverpool and HCA Pathology Laboratories, London, UK. ; Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK. ; Cancer Research UK (CRUK) Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. ; Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK. University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK. ; Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK. ; Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology-BioMediTech, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland. ; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. ; Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands. ; Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Institut Jules Bordet, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. ; British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada. ; Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands. ; Cancer Research Laboratory, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. ; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. Pathology Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia. UQ Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. ; Universite Lyon 1, Institut National du Cancer (INCa)-Synergie, Lyon, France. ; Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. ; Department of Radiation Oncology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands. ; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA. ; Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands. ; Institut Bergonie, 229 cours de l'Argone, 33076 Bordeaux, France. Institut Curie, Department of Tumor Biology, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris cedex 05, France. ; Translational Cancer Research Unit and Department of Pathology, GZA Hospitals, Antwerp, Belgium. ; Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Middlesex, UK. UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK. ; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK. MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. ; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK. Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK. Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. pc8@sanger.ac.uk.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25082706" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: We analysed whole-genome sequences of 560 breast cancers to advance understanding of the driver mutations conferring clonal advantage and the mutational processes generating somatic mutations. We found that 93 protein-coding cancer genes carried probable driver mutations. Some non-coding regions exhibited high mutation frequencies, but most have distinctive structural features probably causing elevated mutation rates and do not contain driver mutations. Mutational signature analysis was extended to genome rearrangements and revealed twelve base substitution and six rearrangement signatures. Three rearrangement signatures, characterized by tandem duplications or deletions, appear associated with defective homologous-recombination-based DNA repair: one with deficient BRCA1 function, another with deficient BRCA1 or BRCA2 function, the cause of the third is unknown. This analysis of all classes of somatic mutation across exons, introns and intergenic regions highlights the repertoire of cancer genes and mutational processes operating, and progresses towards a comprehensive account of the somatic genetic basis of breast cancer.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nik-Zainal, Serena -- Davies, Helen -- Staaf, Johan -- Ramakrishna, Manasa -- Glodzik, Dominik -- Zou, Xueqing -- Martincorena, Inigo -- Alexandrov, Ludmil B -- Martin, Sancha -- Wedge, David C -- Van Loo, Peter -- Ju, Young Seok -- Smid, Marcel -- Brinkman, Arie B -- Morganella, Sandro -- Aure, Miriam R -- Lingjaerde, Ole Christian -- Langerod, Anita -- Ringner, Markus -- Ahn, Sung-Min -- Boyault, Sandrine -- Brock, Jane E -- Broeks, Annegien -- Butler, Adam -- Desmedt, Christine -- Dirix, Luc -- Dronov, Serge -- Fatima, Aquila -- Foekens, John A -- Gerstung, Moritz -- Hooijer, Gerrit K J -- Jang, Se Jin -- Jones, David R -- Kim, Hyung-Yong -- King, Tari A -- Krishnamurthy, Savitri -- Lee, Hee Jin -- Lee, Jeong-Yeon -- Li, Yilong -- McLaren, Stuart -- Menzies, Andrew -- Mustonen, Ville -- O'Meara, Sarah -- Pauporte, Iris -- Pivot, Xavier -- Purdie, Colin A -- Raine, Keiran -- Ramakrishnan, Kamna -- Rodriguez-Gonzalez, F German -- Romieu, Gilles -- Sieuwerts, Anieta M -- Simpson, Peter T -- Shepherd, Rebecca -- Stebbings, Lucy -- Stefansson, Olafur A -- Teague, Jon -- Tommasi, Stefania -- Treilleux, Isabelle -- Van den Eynden, Gert G -- Vermeulen, Peter -- Vincent-Salomon, Anne -- Yates, Lucy -- Caldas, Carlos -- Veer, Laura Van't -- Tutt, Andrew -- Knappskog, Stian -- Tan, Benita Kiat Tee -- Jonkers, Jos -- Borg, Ake -- Ueno, Naoto T -- Sotiriou, Christos -- Viari, Alain -- Futreal, P Andrew -- Campbell, Peter J -- Span, Paul N -- Van Laere, Steven -- Lakhani, Sunil R -- Eyfjord, Jorunn E -- Thompson, Alastair M -- Birney, Ewan -- Stunnenberg, Hendrik G -- van de Vijver, Marc J -- Martens, John W M -- Borresen-Dale, Anne-Lise -- Richardson, Andrea L -- Kong, Gu -- Thomas, Gilles -- Stratton, Michael R -- Nature. 2016 May 2. doi: 10.1038/nature17676.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK. ; East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 9NB, UK. ; Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund SE-223 81, Sweden. ; Theoretical Biology and Biophysics (T-6), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, New Mexico, USA. ; Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA. ; Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium. ; Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015CN, The Netherlands. ; Radboud University, Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands. ; European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK. ; Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo 0310, Norway. ; K. G. Jebsen Centre for Breast Cancer Research, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo 0310, Norway. ; Department of Computer Science, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. ; Gachon Institute of Genome Medicine and Science, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, South Korea. ; Translational Research Lab, Centre Leon Berard, 28, rue Laennec, 69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France. ; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ; Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Institut Jules Bordet, Bd de Waterloo 121, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium. ; Translational Cancer Research Unit, Center for Oncological Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium. ; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. ; Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ; Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, Ulsan University, Ulsan, South Korea. ; Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea. ; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard., Houston, Texas 77030, USA. ; Institute for Bioengineering and Biopharmaceutical Research (IBBR), Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea. ; Institut National du Cancer, Research Division, Clinical Research Department, 52 avenue Morizet, 92513 Boulogne-Billancourt, France. ; University Hospital of Minjoz, INSERM UMR 1098, Bd Fleming, Besancon 25000, France. ; Pathology Department, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK. ; Oncologie Senologie, ICM Institut Regional du Cancer, Montpellier, France. ; The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research and School of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia. ; Cancer Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland. ; IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy. ; Department of Pathology, Centre Leon Berard, 28 rue Laennec, 69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France. ; Department of Pathology, GZA Hospitals Sint-Augustinus, Antwerp, Belgium. ; Institut Curie, Paris Sciences Lettres University, Department of Pathology and INSERM U934, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France. ; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK. ; Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK. ; Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK. ; Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway. ; Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway. ; National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, 169610, Singapore. ; Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, 169608, Singapore. ; Equipe Erable, INRIA Grenoble-Rhone-Alpes, 655, Avenue de l'Europe, 38330 Montbonnot-Saint Martin, France. ; Synergie Lyon Cancer, Centre Leon Berard, 28 rue Laennec, Lyon Cedex 08, France. ; Department of Genomic Medicine, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77230, USA. ; Department of Radiation Oncology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525GA, The Netherlands. ; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia. ; Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler Street, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27135926" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈span〉〈div〉ABSTRACT〈/div〉Three-dimensional reservoir modeling is an important aspect to determine the heterogeneity of organic-rich shale reservoirs, an area of study that continues to be explored and refined. A large proportion of data acquired from horizontal wells causes issues in the structural and property modeling for shale reservoirs. Since horizontal wells are designed to drill into a specific, narrow zone, their horizontal section tends to parallel or nearly parallel formation surfaces. As a result, formation surfaces have a much more complex spatial location relationship with horizontal wellbores than with vertical wellbores. The existing algorithms are not good at addressing this issue during structural modeling. The major problem of using horizontal well data in property modeling is the biased data set because their horizontal section tends to stay within a narrow zone. The property distribution feature estimated from this biased data set, as a significant, default input of geostatistical simulation algorithms, causes the constructed property models to deviate away from the real case in the subsurface. A method to infer more formation tops in pseudovertical wells according to a series of assumptions was developed to provide more constraint points for structural modeling within the areas of the horizontal well section. To use the biased database from horizontal wells, distribution function and trend model methods were developed for continuous property modeling, and percentage and probability trend models were developed for discrete property modeling. The Longmaxi–Wufeng shale in the Fuling gas field of Sichuan Basin was used as an example to express and verify these methods.〈/span〉

Description: : FX is an RNA-Seq analysis tool, which runs in parallel on cloud computing infrastructure, for the estimation of gene expression levels and genomic variant calling. In the mapping of short RNA-Seq reads, FX uses a transcriptome-based reference primarily, generated from ~160 000 mRNA sequences from RefSeq, UCSC and Ensembl databases. This approach reduces the misalignment of reads originating from splicing junctions. Unmapped reads not aligned on known transcripts are then mapped on the human genome reference. FX allows analysis of RNA-Seq data on cloud computing infrastructures, supporting access through a user-friendly web interface. Availability: FX is freely available on the web at ( http://fx.gmi.ac.kr ), and can be installed on local Hadoop clusters. Guidance for the installation and operation of FX can be found under the ‘Documentation’ menu on the website. Contact: jeongsun@snu.ac.kr ; jongil@snu.ac.kr Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Description: Solid-state refrigeration offers potential advantages over traditional cooling systems, but few devices offer high specific cooling power with a high coefficient of performance (COP) and the ability to be applied directly to surfaces. We developed a cooling device with a high intrinsic thermodynamic efficiency using a flexible electrocaloric (EC) polymer film and an electrostatic actuation mechanism. Reversible electrostatic forces reduce parasitic power consumption and allow efficient heat transfer through good thermal contacts with the heat source or heat sink. The EC device produced a specific cooling power of 2.8 watts per gram and a COP of 13. The new cooling device is more efficient and compact than existing surface-conformable solid-state cooling technologies, opening a path to using the technology for a variety of practical applications.

Description: 〈p〉Growing concern over the scarcity of freshwater motivates the development of compact and economic vapor capture methods for distributed thermal desalination or harvesting of water. We report a study of water vapor condensation on cold liquid beads traveling down a massive array of vertical cotton threads that act as pseudo-superhydrophilic surfaces. These liquid beads form through intrinsic flow instability and offer localized high-curvature surfaces that enhance vapor diffusion toward the liquid surface, a critical rate-limiting step. As the liquid flow rate increases, the bead spacing decreases, whereas the bead size and speed stay nearly constant. The resulting increase in the spatial bead density leads to mass transfer conductances and hence condensation rates per volume that are almost three times higher than the best reported values. Parallel and contiguous gas flow paths also result in a substantial reduction in gas pressure drop and hence electric fan power consumption.〈/p〉