ALBERT

Description: Long interspersed nuclear element-1 (L1) retrotransposons are mobile repetitive elements that are abundant in the human genome. L1 elements propagate through RNA intermediates. In the germ line, neighboring, nonrepetitive sequences are occasionally mobilized by the L1 machinery, a process called 3' transduction. Because 3' transductions are potentially mutagenic, we explored the extent to which they occur somatically during tumorigenesis. Studying cancer genomes from 244 patients, we found that tumors from 53% of the patients had somatic retrotranspositions, of which 24% were 3' transductions. Fingerprinting of donor L1s revealed that a handful of source L1 elements in a tumor can spawn from tens to hundreds of 3' transductions, which can themselves seed further retrotranspositions. The activity of individual L1 elements fluctuated during tumor evolution and correlated with L1 promoter hypomethylation. The 3' transductions disseminated genes, exons, and regulatory elements to new locations, most often to heterochromatic regions of the genome.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4380235/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4380235/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tubio, Jose M C -- Li, Yilong -- Ju, Young Seok -- Martincorena, Inigo -- Cooke, Susanna L -- Tojo, Marta -- Gundem, Gunes -- Pipinikas, Christodoulos P -- Zamora, Jorge -- Raine, Keiran -- Menzies, Andrew -- Roman-Garcia, Pablo -- Fullam, Anthony -- Gerstung, Moritz -- Shlien, Adam -- Tarpey, Patrick S -- Papaemmanuil, Elli -- Knappskog, Stian -- Van Loo, Peter -- Ramakrishna, Manasa -- Davies, Helen R -- Marshall, John -- Wedge, David C -- Teague, Jon W -- Butler, Adam P -- Nik-Zainal, Serena -- Alexandrov, Ludmil -- Behjati, Sam -- Yates, Lucy R -- Bolli, Niccolo -- Mudie, Laura -- Hardy, Claire -- Martin, Sancha -- McLaren, Stuart -- O'Meara, Sarah -- Anderson, Elizabeth -- Maddison, Mark -- Gamble, Stephen -- ICGC Breast Cancer Group -- ICGC Bone Cancer Group -- ICGC Prostate Cancer Group -- Foster, Christopher -- Warren, Anne Y -- Whitaker, Hayley -- Brewer, Daniel -- Eeles, Rosalind -- Cooper, Colin -- Neal, David -- Lynch, Andy G -- Visakorpi, Tapio -- Isaacs, William B -- van't Veer, Laura -- Caldas, Carlos -- Desmedt, Christine -- Sotiriou, Christos -- Aparicio, Sam -- Foekens, John A -- Eyfjord, Jorunn Erla -- Lakhani, Sunil R -- Thomas, Gilles -- Myklebost, Ola -- Span, Paul N -- Borresen-Dale, Anne-Lise -- Richardson, Andrea L -- Van de Vijver, Marc -- Vincent-Salomon, Anne -- Van den Eynden, Gert G -- Flanagan, Adrienne M -- Futreal, P Andrew -- Janes, Sam M -- Bova, G Steven -- Stratton, Michael R -- McDermott, Ultan -- Campbell, Peter J -- 088340/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 091730/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 14835/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- C5047/A14835/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- G0900871/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- P30 CA006973/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- WT100183MA/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- Department of Health/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Aug 1;345(6196):1251343. doi: 10.1126/science.1251343.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK. ; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine-Center for Resesarch in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain. ; Lungs for Living Research Centre, Rayne Institute, University College London (UCL), London, UK. ; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK. Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway. ; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK. Human Genome Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics, VIB and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. ; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK. Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK. ; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK. Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. ; University of Liverpool and HCA Pathology Laboratories, London, UK. ; Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK. ; Cancer Research UK (CRUK) Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. ; Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK. University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK. ; Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK. ; Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology-BioMediTech, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland. ; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. ; Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands. ; Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Institut Jules Bordet, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. ; British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada. ; Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands. ; Cancer Research Laboratory, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. ; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. Pathology Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia. UQ Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. ; Universite Lyon 1, Institut National du Cancer (INCa)-Synergie, Lyon, France. ; Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. ; Department of Radiation Oncology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands. ; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA. ; Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands. ; Institut Bergonie, 229 cours de l'Argone, 33076 Bordeaux, France. Institut Curie, Department of Tumor Biology, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris cedex 05, France. ; Translational Cancer Research Unit and Department of Pathology, GZA Hospitals, Antwerp, Belgium. ; Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Middlesex, UK. UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK. ; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK. MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. ; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK. Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK. Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. pc8@sanger.ac.uk.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25082706" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common form of adult kidney cancer, characterized by the presence of inactivating mutations in the VHL gene in most cases, and by infrequent somatic mutations in known cancer genes. To determine further the genetics of ccRCC, we have sequenced 101 cases through 3,544 protein-coding genes. Here we report the identification of inactivating mutations in two genes encoding enzymes involved in histone modification-SETD2, a histone H3 lysine 36 methyltransferase, and JARID1C (also known as KDM5C), a histone H3 lysine 4 demethylase-as well as mutations in the histone H3 lysine 27 demethylase, UTX (KMD6A), that we recently reported. The results highlight the role of mutations in components of the chromatin modification machinery in human cancer. Furthermore, NF2 mutations were found in non-VHL mutated ccRCC, and several other probable cancer genes were identified. These results indicate that substantial genetic heterogeneity exists in a cancer type dominated by mutations in a single gene, and that systematic screens will be key to fully determining the somatic genetic architecture of cancer.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2820242/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2820242/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dalgliesh, Gillian L -- Furge, Kyle -- Greenman, Chris -- Chen, Lina -- Bignell, Graham -- Butler, Adam -- Davies, Helen -- Edkins, Sarah -- Hardy, Claire -- Latimer, Calli -- Teague, Jon -- Andrews, Jenny -- Barthorpe, Syd -- Beare, Dave -- Buck, Gemma -- Campbell, Peter J -- Forbes, Simon -- Jia, Mingming -- Jones, David -- Knott, Henry -- Kok, Chai Yin -- Lau, King Wai -- Leroy, Catherine -- Lin, Meng-Lay -- McBride, David J -- Maddison, Mark -- Maguire, Simon -- McLay, Kirsten -- Menzies, Andrew -- Mironenko, Tatiana -- Mulderrig, Lee -- Mudie, Laura -- O'Meara, Sarah -- Pleasance, Erin -- Rajasingham, Arjunan -- Shepherd, Rebecca -- Smith, Raffaella -- Stebbings, Lucy -- Stephens, Philip -- Tang, Gurpreet -- Tarpey, Patrick S -- Turrell, Kelly -- Dykema, Karl J -- Khoo, Sok Kean -- Petillo, David -- Wondergem, Bill -- Anema, John -- Kahnoski, Richard J -- Teh, Bin Tean -- Stratton, Michael R -- Futreal, P Andrew -- 077012/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 077012/Z/05/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 082359/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 088340/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 093867/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jan 21;463(7279):360-3. doi: 10.1038/nature08672. Epub 2010 Jan 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20054297" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: All cancers carry somatic mutations in their genomes. A subset, known as driver mutations, confer clonal selective advantage on cancer cells and are causally implicated in oncogenesis, and the remainder are passenger mutations. The driver mutations and mutational processes operative in breast cancer have not yet been comprehensively explored. Here we examine the genomes of 100 tumours for somatic copy number changes and mutations in the coding exons of protein-coding genes. The number of somatic mutations varied markedly between individual tumours. We found strong correlations between mutation number, age at which cancer was diagnosed and cancer histological grade, and observed multiple mutational signatures, including one present in about ten per cent of tumours characterized by numerous mutations of cytosine at TpC dinucleotides. Driver mutations were identified in several new cancer genes including AKT2, ARID1B, CASP8, CDKN1B, MAP3K1, MAP3K13, NCOR1, SMARCD1 and TBX3. Among the 100 tumours, we found driver mutations in at least 40 cancer genes and 73 different combinations of mutated cancer genes. The results highlight the substantial genetic diversity underlying this common disease.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3428862/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3428862/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stephens, Philip J -- Tarpey, Patrick S -- Davies, Helen -- Van Loo, Peter -- Greenman, Chris -- Wedge, David C -- Nik-Zainal, Serena -- Martin, Sancha -- Varela, Ignacio -- Bignell, Graham R -- Yates, Lucy R -- Papaemmanuil, Elli -- Beare, David -- Butler, Adam -- Cheverton, Angela -- Gamble, John -- Hinton, Jonathan -- Jia, Mingming -- Jayakumar, Alagu -- Jones, David -- Latimer, Calli -- Lau, King Wai -- McLaren, Stuart -- McBride, David J -- Menzies, Andrew -- Mudie, Laura -- Raine, Keiran -- Rad, Roland -- Chapman, Michael Spencer -- Teague, Jon -- Easton, Douglas -- Langerod, Anita -- Oslo Breast Cancer Consortium (OSBREAC) -- Lee, Ming Ta Michael -- Shen, Chen-Yang -- Tee, Benita Tan Kiat -- Huimin, Bernice Wong -- Broeks, Annegien -- Vargas, Ana Cristina -- Turashvili, Gulisa -- Martens, John -- Fatima, Aquila -- Miron, Penelope -- Chin, Suet-Feung -- Thomas, Gilles -- Boyault, Sandrine -- Mariani, Odette -- Lakhani, Sunil R -- van de Vijver, Marc -- van 't Veer, Laura -- Foekens, John -- Desmedt, Christine -- Sotiriou, Christos -- Tutt, Andrew -- Caldas, Carlos -- Reis-Filho, Jorge S -- Aparicio, Samuel A J R -- Salomon, Anne Vincent -- Borresen-Dale, Anne-Lise -- Richardson, Andrea L -- Campbell, Peter J -- Futreal, P Andrew -- Stratton, Michael R -- 077012/Z/05/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 088340/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 093867/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 10118/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- CA089393/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA016672/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- WT088340MA/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- Chief Scientist Office/United Kingdom -- Department of Health/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2012 May 16;486(7403):400-4. doi: 10.1038/nature11017.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22722201" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The somatic mutations present in the genome of a cell accumulate over the lifetime of a multicellular organism. These mutations can provide insights into the developmental lineage tree, the number of divisions that each cell has undergone and the mutational processes that have been operative. Here we describe whole genomes of clonal lines derived from multiple tissues of healthy mice. Using somatic base substitutions, we reconstructed the early cell divisions of each animal, demonstrating the contributions of embryonic cells to adult tissues. Differences were observed between tissues in the numbers and types of mutations accumulated by each cell, which likely reflect differences in the number of cell divisions they have undergone and varying contributions of different mutational processes. If somatic mutation rates are similar to those in mice, the results indicate that precise insights into development and mutagenesis of normal human cells will be possible.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4227286/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4227286/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Behjati, Sam -- Huch, Meritxell -- van Boxtel, Ruben -- Karthaus, Wouter -- Wedge, David C -- Tamuri, Asif U -- Martincorena, Inigo -- Petljak, Mia -- Alexandrov, Ludmil B -- Gundem, Gunes -- Tarpey, Patrick S -- Roerink, Sophie -- Blokker, Joyce -- Maddison, Mark -- Mudie, Laura -- Robinson, Ben -- Nik-Zainal, Serena -- Campbell, Peter -- Goldman, Nick -- van de Wetering, Marc -- Cuppen, Edwin -- Clevers, Hans -- Stratton, Michael R -- 077012/Z/05/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 088340/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 092096/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 098051/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 104151/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- WT100183MA/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2014 Sep 18;513(7518):422-5. doi: 10.1038/nature13448. Epub 2014 Jun 29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK [2] Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XY, UK. ; 1] Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, CancerGenomiCs.nl &University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands [2] [3] Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK. ; 1] Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, CancerGenomiCs.nl &University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands [2]. ; Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK. ; European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK. ; Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, CancerGenomiCs.nl &University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands. ; 1] Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK [2] East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25043003" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈p〉Adult cancers often arise from premalignant clonal expansions. Whether the same is true of childhood tumors has been unclear. To investigate whether Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma; a childhood kidney cancer) develops from a premalignant background, we examined the phylogenetic relationship between tumors and corresponding normal tissues. In 14 of 23 cases studied (61%), we found premalignant clonal expansions in morphologically normal kidney tissues that preceded tumor development. These clonal expansions were defined by somatic mutations shared between tumor and normal tissues but absent from blood cells. We also found hypermethylation of the 〈i〉H19〈/i〉 locus, a known driver of Wilms tumor development, in 58% of the expansions. Phylogenetic analyses of bilateral tumors indicated that clonal expansions can evolve before the divergence of left and right kidney primordia. These findings reveal embryonal precursors from which unilateral and multifocal cancers develop.〈/p〉